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PHOTOEMISSION EXAFS MEASUREMENTS OF Al-0 BOND LENGTHS IN Al FILMS

K. Choudhary, S. Kim, J. Lee, S. Shah, M. den Boer, G. Williams, G.

Rothberg

To cite this version:

K. Choudhary, S. Kim, J. Lee, S. Shah, M. den Boer, et al.. PHOTOEMISSION EXAFS MEASURE-

MENTS OF Al-0 BOND LENGTHS IN Al FILMS. Journal de Physique Colloques, 1986, 47 (C8),

pp.C8-203-C8-207. �10.1051/jphyscol:1986838�. �jpa-00226160�

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JOURNAL DE PHYSIQUE

Colloque C8, suppl6ment au n o 12, Tome 47, d6cembre 1986

PHOTOEMISSION EXAFS MEASUREMENTS OF A1-0 BOND LENGTHS IN A1 FILMS

K.M. CHOUDHARY, S.T. KIM, J.H. LEE, S.N. SHAH, M.L. DEN BOER", G.P. WILLIAMS" and G.M. ROTHBERG

Department of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ 07030, U.S.A.

'~epartment of Physics, Hunter College of CUNY, New York, NY 10021, U.S.A.

" NSLS, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, U. S. A.

ABSTRACT

P h o t o e m i s s i o n EXAFS (PEXAFS) r e s u l t s h a v e b e e n o b t a i n e d o n t h e s u r f a c e s t r u c t u r e s o f e v a p o r a t e d , p o l y c r y s t a l l i n e a l u m i n u m f i l m s e x p o s e d t o a p p r o x i m a t e l y 25L o f o x y g e n a t room t e m p e r a t u r e . By

m e a s u r i n g o n l y PEXAFS a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e u n s h i f t e d A 1 2 p p h o t o p e a k we s t u d i e d t h e e n v i r o n m e n t s p e c i f i c a l l y o f t h e s e a t o m s a n d n o t o f t h o s e c h e m i c a l l y s h i f t e d . T h e A1-0 d i s t a n c e i s f o u n d t o b e 1 . 7 6 k 0 . 0 4 A . The A 1 - A 1 s p a c i n g i s 3 . 0 0 + 0 . 0 5 A , s o m e w h a t l a r g e r t h a n t h e 2 . 8 6 A o f b u l k a l u m i n u m . R e s u l t s u s i n g t h e b u l k a n d s u r f a c e p l a s m o n l o s s p e a k s o b t a i n e d o n a n o t h e r l o w e x p o s u r e f i l m a g r e e w i t h t h e s e v a l u e s . A f i l m o f A1+1000L o x y g e n g a v e t h e s a m e A1-0 v a l u e when t h e u n s h i f t e d 2 p p e a k was u s e d a n d a v a l u e 0 . 0 4 t 0 . 0 1 A l a r g e r when t h e p e a k c h e m i c a l l y s h i f t e d by 2 . 7 eV w a s u s e d . The p l a s m o n a n d lOOOL r e s u l t s w i l l b e d e s c r i b e d e l s e w h e r e .

1 . I N T R O D U C T I O N

Oxygen c h e m i s o r p t i o n o n a l u m i n u m s u r f a c e s i s o f s c i e n t i f i c a n d t e c h n o l o g i c a l i n t e r e s t a n d a c o n s i d e r a b l e l i t e r a t u r e e x i s t s [ I ] . I n f e r e n c e s a b o u t t h e l o c a t i o n o f t h e o x y g e n a t l o w e x p o s u r e ( 0 t o 1 0 0 0 L ) h a v e b e e n made f r o m many k i n d s o f m e a s u r e m e n t s , b u t r e l a t i v e l y d i r e c t m e a s u r e m e n t s o f A1-0 b o n d l e n g t h s h a v e come f r o m l o w e n e r g y e l e c t r o n d i f f r a c t i o n (LEED) 1 2 - 5 1 , s u r f a c e e x t e n d e d x - r a y a b s o r p t i o n f i n e s t r u c t u r e (SEXAFS) [ 6 - 9 3 , s u r f a c e e x t e n d e d e n e r g y l o s s f i n e s t r u c t u r e (SEELFS) 1 1 0 1 a n d e x t e n d e d a p p e a r a n c e p o t e n t i a l f i n e

s t r u c t u r e (EAPFS) [ I l l . T h e s e d i r e c t m e a s u r e m e n t s w e r e made o n s i n g l e c r y s t a l s u r f a c e s e x c e p t f o r SEELFS, w h i c h w a s d o n e o n a b u l k

p o l y c r y s t a l , a n d a l l t h e f i n e s t r u c t u r e s o b s e r v e d w e r e t h o s e a s s o c i a t e d w i t h e x c i t a t i o n o f t h e o x y g e n a t o m s ; t h u s t h e a t o m i c s t r u c t u r e a r o u n d t h e o x y g e n a t o m s w a s d e t e r m i n e d , a n d t h i s i s n o t n e c e s s a r i l y t h e s a m e a s t h e s t r u c t u r e a r o u n d t h e a l u m i n u m a t o m s .

I n t h i s p a p e r we r e p o r t p h o t o e m i s s i o n EXAFS (PEXAFS) [ 1 2 - 1 4 1 r e s u l t s o n p o l y c r y s t a l l i n e A 1 t h i n f i l m s e x p o s e d t o a p p r o x i m a t e l y 25L o f o x y g e n a t room t e m p e r a t u r e . The i n t e n s i t y o f p h o t o e m i s s i o n f r o m t h e A 1 2 p o u t e r c o r e l e v e l was m e a s u r e d d i r e c t l y a s a f u n c t i o n o f p h o t o n e n e r g y t o o b t a i n PEXAFS. To e l i m i n a t e a l l d i f f r a c t i o n e f f e c t s o t h e r t h a n t h e b a c k s c a t t e r i n g t h a t g i v e s r i s e t o t h e EXAFS C151

p o l y c r y s t a l l i n e s a m p l e s a n d a c y l i n d r i c a l m i r r o r a n a l y z e r ( C M A ) w e r e

Article published online by EDP Sciences and available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jphyscol:1986838

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C8-204 JOURNAL DE PHYSIQUE

u s e d . S u r f a c e s e n s i t i v i t y w a s a c h i e v e d a s a r e s u l t o f t h e s h o r t e s c a p e d e p t h s o f e l a s t i c p h o t o e l e c t r o n s , w h i c h a r e t y p i c a l l y a b o u t 5 A i n t h e k i n e t i c e n e r g y r a n g e o f o u r e x p e r i m e n t s .

F i g u r e 1 s h o w s a n e n e r g y d i s t r i b u t i o n c u r v e (EDC) t a k e n a t 1 8 0 eV p h o t o n e n e r g y i n t h e f i x e d - r e t a r d i n g - r a t i o mode ( F R R ) [ I 6 1 Of CMA o p e r a t i o n . T h e A 1 2 p e l a s t i c p h o t o p e a k a n d t h e s u r f a c e a n d b u l k p l a s m o n l o s s p e a k s a r e i d e n t i f i e d . T h e s m a l l p e a k o n t h e l e f t s l o p e o f t h e 2 p p e a k w i t h a b o u t 1 . 4 eV m o r e b i n d i n g e n e r g y i s a t t r i b u t e d t o c h e m i s o r p t i o n o f o x y g e n C 1 7 1 . I n t h i s w o r k we m e a s u r e d t h e u n s h i f t e d 2 p p e a k a n d t h e r e f o r e o b t a i n e d t h e l o c a l e n v i r o n m e n t s p e c i f i c a l l y o f t h o s e A 1 a t o m s 124 c h e m i c a l l y s h i f t e d f r o m t h e c l e a n A 1 b i n d i n g e n e r g y . I n a d d i t i o n , we h a v e m e a s u r e d PEXAFS a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e u n s h i f t e d 2 p p e a k a n d a p e a k s h i f t e d b y 2 . 7 e V o n p o l y A 1 + 1 0 0 0 L 0 , a s w e l l a s t h a t a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e b u i k a n d s u r f a c e p l a s m o n l o s s p e a k s e v i d e n t i n f i g u r e 1 . T h e s e r e s u l t s , t o b e r e p o r t e d e l s e w h e r e ,

d e m o n s t r a t e t h e c h e m i c a l s p e c i f i c i t y o f PEXAFS.

2 . EXPERIMENT

T h e e x p e r i m e n t w a s c a r r i e d o u t a t t h e N a t i o n a l S y n c h r o t r o n L i g h t S o u r c e o n t h e V U V b e a m l i n e U14A. We u s e d a p l a n e g r a t i n g

m o n o c h r o m a t o r w i t h a t y p i c a l r e s o l u t i o n o f 1 eV a n d a d o u b l e p a s s CMA o p e r a t e d i n t h e ERR

m o y y .

T h e u l t r a h i g h v a c u u m c h a m b e r u s e d h a d a b a s e p r e s s u r e o f 6 x 1 0 t o r r . P o l y c r y s t a l l i n e t h i n f i l m s w e r e v a p o r d e p o s i t e d o n a p o l i s h e d t i t a n i u m s u b s t r a t e , c h o s e n b e c a u s e i t p o d u c e s n o i n t e r f e r i n g p e a k s . T h e p r e s s u r e d u r i n g d e p o s i t i a n w a s 2 x 1 0

'

t o r r . T h e e x p o s u r e o f t h e s a m p l e t o t h e r e s i d u a l o x y g e n i n t h e c h a m b e r w a s e s t i m a t e d t o b e l e s s t h a n 2 5 L f r o m m e a s u r e m e n t o f t h e t i m e o f e x p o s u r e u n t i l PEXAFS d a t a w e r e o b t a i n e d a n d a l s o f r o m t h e r e l a t i v e s i z e o f t h e 1 . 4 eV s h i f t e d p e a k C 1 7 1 .

T h e i n t e n s i t y o f t h e A 1 2 p p h o t o p e a k w a s m e a s u r e d o v e r t h e p h o t o n e n e r g y r a n g e 1 0 0 - 2 8 0 eV u s i n g c o n s t a n t i n i t i a l s t a t e s p e c t r o s c o p y ( C I S ) [ I 2 1 i n w h i c h t h e p h o t o n e n e r g y a n d t h e k i n e t i c e n e r g y w i n d o w o f t h e e l e c t r o n a n a l y z e r a r e v a r i e d s i m u l t a n e o u s l y s o t h a t p h o t o e m i s s i o n f r o m t h e s a m e i n i t i a l s t a t e i s a l w a y s m e a s u r e d . I n e a c h p h o t o n e n e r g y s c a n b o t h a p o i n t o n t h e 2 p p e a k q n d o n t h e b a c k g r o u n d w e r e m e a s u r e d . EDCs w e r e t a k e n a t v a r i o u s p h o t o n e n e r g y i n t e r v a l s t o v e r i f y t h a t t h e a p p a r e n t e l e c t r o n b i n d i n g e n e r g y d i d n o t c h a n g e , t h a t i s , t h a t t h e m o n o c h r o m a t o r c a l i b r a t i o n w a s c o r r e c t . T h e p h o t o n f l u x w a s m o n i t o r e d d u r i n g e a c h s c a n b y m e a s u r i n g w i t h a c h a n n e l e l e c t r o n m u l t i p l i e r (CEM) t h e t o t a l e l e c t r o n y i e l d f r o m a h i g h t r a n s m i s s i o n g r i d c o a t e d i n s i t u w i t h L i F . T h e f l u x m o n i t o r w a s s h i e l d e d c a r e f u l l y t o p r e v e n t s t r a y e l e c t r o n s f r o m r e a c h i n g t h e CEM. T h e o u t p u t p u l s e s f r o m t h e f l u x m o n i t o r s e r v e d a s c l o c k p u l s e s f o r t h e C I S d a t a c o l l e c t i o n a n d , t h u s , e l e c t r o n c o u n t s w e r e a u t o m a t i c a l l y n o r m a l i z e d t o c o n s t a n t p h o t o n f l u x .

T h e b a c k g r o u n d C I S d a t a w e r e s h i f t e d i n k i n e t i c e n e r g y b y a n a m o u n t e q u a l t o t h e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e e n e r g i e s o f t h e p h o t o p e a k a n d t h e b a c k g r o u n d p o i n t , a n d t h e n t h e b a c k g r o u n d d a t a w e r e s u b t r a c t e d f r o m t h e p e a k d a t a . I n t h i s way t h e b a c k g r o u n d a n d t h e l o w k i n e t i c e n e r g y A u g e r p e a k s w e r e r e m o v e d . T h i s p r o c e d u r e w o r k s b e c a u s e i n a l u m i n u m t h e b a c k g r o u n d i s s m a l l e x c e p t when t h e A u g e r s p a s s t h r o u g h . T h e r e s u l t i n g PEXAFS s p e c t r u m i s s h o w n i n f i g u r e 2 a l o n g w i t h a f i t t e d s m o o t h c u r v e d i s c u s s e d b e l o w .

3.. DATA ANALYSIS

T h e EXAFS f u n c t i o n ~ ( k ) i s g i v e n b y I 1 8 1

~ ( k ) = Z A i ( k ) s i n [ 2 k ~ ~ + @ i ( k ) ]

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w h e r e i l a b e l s n e a r n e i g h b o r a b s o r b e r - b a c k s c a t t e r e r a t o m i c p a i r s , w a v e v e c t o r k i s

h v i s p h o t o n e n e r g y , E i s EXAFS t h r e s h o l d e n e r g y , R i i s i n t e r a t o m i c bond l e n g t h , A . ( k ) i s g m p l i t u d e f u n c t i o n , $ ~ ~ ( k ) i s p h a s e f u n c t i o n a n d m i s t h e e l e c t h o n m a s s .

A s m o o t h b a c k g r o u n d was f i t t o t h e PEXAFS s p e c t r u m . A f o u r t h d e g r e e p o l y n o m i a l d e s c r i b e d t h e b a c k g r o u n d w e l l ( f i g u r e 2 ) a s d i d a c u b i c s p l i n e f u n c t i o n w i t h t w o s p l i n e r a n g e s . A c u b i c p o l y n o m i a l c a n a l s o be u s e d w i t h n o c h a n g e i n r e s u l t s b u t t h e b a c k g r o u n d f i t was n o t a s g o o d . ~ ( k ) was t h e n o b t a i n e d by s u b t r a c t i n g t h i s b a c k g r o u n d f r o m t h e s p e c t r u m a n d d i v i d i n g by i t [ 1 8 1 . The EXAFS s i g n a l k 3 x ( k ) shown i n f i g u r e 3 a was F o u r i e r t r a n s f o r m e d a c c o r d i n g t o t h e e q u a t i o n

w h e r e W(k) i s a Hamming window f u n c t i o n 1 1 8 1 a n d k , a n d k , a r e t h e d a t a l i m i t s . F i g u r e 3 b s h o w s t h e F o u r i e r t r a n s f o r m o f k 3 x ( k ) . P e a k 1 r e p r e s e n t s t h e A1-0 bond l e n g t h . I t was v e r i f i e d by c o m p u t e r

s i m u l a t i o n s t h a t p e a k 2 c o r r e s p o n d s t o A 1 - A 1 a t o m i c p a i r s . P e a k s 1 a n d 2 w e r e s e p a r a t e l y f i l t e r e d o u t by windaw f u n c t i o n s W(R) a n d F o u r i e r b a c k t r a n s f o r m e d , f r o m w h i c h c o m p l e x k \ . ( k ) w e r e c o m p u t e d . F i g u r e s 3 c a n d 3 e d e p i c t t h e a m p l i t u d e s a n d o f t h e s e c o m p l e x f u n c t i o n s . T h e o r e t i c a l p h a s e f u n c t i o n d a t a o f Teo a n d Lee C191 w e r e s u b t r a c t e d f r o m t h e t o t a l p h a s e [ 2 k R . + $ . ( k ) l ; t h e a b s o r b e r a n d b a c k s c a t t e r e r p h a s e s h i f t s c o m p u t e d

h i t h

u s e o f H e r m a n - S k i l l m a n w a v e f u n c t i o n s w e r e u s e d . O n l y p-d t r a n s i t i o n s w e r e c o n s i d e r e d t o b e s i g n i f i c a n t , a s c a n b e v e r i f i e d f r o m t h e A 1 2 p a t o m i c c r o s s s e c t i o n c a l c u l a t i o n s o f M c G u i r e 1 2 0 1 . E was a l s o v a r i e d t o i m p r o v e t h e a c c u r a c y o f t h e r e s u l t s [ 1 8 1 .

T W ~ ,

r e s u l t i n g v a l u e s o f 2kR. v e r s u s k a r e p l o t t e d i n f i g u r e s 3 d a n d 3 f . T h e i r i n t e r c e p t s o n t h e l y - a x i s a r e z e r o o r m u l t i p l e s o f 2n a s t h e y s h o u l d b e . The s l o p e s o f t h e s e l i n e s t h e n y i e l d e d t h e i n t e r a t o m i c d i s t a n c e s .

4 . RESULTS

--- ---

A N D DISCUSSION

---

The r e s u l t s o f t h i s a n a l y s i s show t h e A1-0 s p a c i n g f o r p o l y A1+25L 0 , i s 1 . 7 6 t 0 . 0 4 A a n d E i s 8 6 eV. T h i s s p a c i n g i s t h e s a m e a s t h a t m e a s u r e d by S t 6 h r e t a l h 6 - 8 1 o n A l ( 1 1 1 ) a t mono- a n d s u b m o n o l a y e r c o v e r a g e . T h i s a g r e e m e n t , h o w e v e r , c o u l d b e f o r t u i t o u s a s t h e r e a r e a number o f s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n t h e i r m e a s u r e m e n t s a n d o u r s . The s u r f a c e r e g i o n o f a p o l y c r y s t a l n e e d n o t r e s e m b l e a p a r t i c u l a r f a c e t o f a s i n g l e c r y s t a l . S t B h r e t a l . m e a s u r e d t h e f i n e s t r u c t u r e a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e o x y g e n 1 s a b s o r p t i o n , t h u s o b t a i n i n g t h e l o c a l e n v i r o n m e n t a b o u t t h e o x y g e n a t o m s . Our m e a s u r e m e n t s c o m p l e m e n t t h e i r s . M o r e o v e r , a s i s e v i d e n t f r o m f i g u r e 1 , t h e r e a r e t w c k i n d s o f A 1 i n t h e s u r f a c e r e g i o n ; we h a v e m e a s u r e d o n l y t h e e n v i r o n m e n t o f t h o s e A 1 a t o m s w i t h u n s h i f t e d 2 p p e a k s . M e a s u r e m e n t s u s i n g o x y g e n a s t h e a b s o r b e r m u s t a v e r a g e o v e r t h e s e a t o m s a n d t h o s e w i t h 2p p e a k s s h i f t e d by 1 . 4 eV. The e x i s t e n c e o f t h e u n s h i f t e d p e a k i n t h e

p r e s e n c e o f o x y g e n i s p e r h a p s d u e t o t h e s h o r t Thomas-Fermi s c r e e n i n g l e n g t h o f a b o u t 0 . 5 A i n A 1 m e t a l [ I ] .

I t i s i n t e r e s t i n g , a l t h o u g h p e r h a p s n o t r e l e v a n t , t o c o n s i d e r a s t r u c t u r e w i t h a n o x y g e n a t o m i n t h e c e n t e r o f a n e q u i l a t e r a l t r i a n g l e o f A 1 a t o m s a s i n a t h r e e - f o l d s i t e o n t h e A l ( 1 1 1 ) s u r f a c e . I n t h i s s i t u a t i o n , w i t h t h e o x y g e n i n t h e s u r f a c e p l a n e , i f t h e A1-0 d i s t a n c e i s 1 . 7 6 A t h e A 1 - A 1 s p a c i n g i s 3 . 0 4 A . Our m e a s u r e m e n t s show a n A 1 - A 1

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J O U R N A L D E PHYSIQUE

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8 0 9 0 1 0 0 1 1 0

K I N E T I C E N E R G Y ( e V )

F i g u r e 1 . EDC o f A l + 2 5 L 0 , a t 1 8 0 eV p h o t o n e n e r g y .

F i g u r e 3 . A 1 2 p PEXAFS a n a l y s i s , k 3 X ( k ) . ( b ) F o u r i e r t r a n s f o r m o f p h a s e f u n c t i o n s o f k 3 X , a n d k 3 x , , a n a l y s i s o f k 3 x X , a n d k 3 X , , r e s p e c t

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s i g n i f i c a n t l y l a r g e r , b y f f . 9 p e r c e n t , t h a n t h e b u l k v a l u e o f A 1 m e t a l o f 2 . 8 6 A C 2 1 1 . S a l a h u b e t a l . C 2 2 1 , u s i n g a c l u s t e r m o d e l f o r t h e A l ( 1 1 1 ) s u r f a c e w i t h o x y g e n , p r e d i c t e d t h a t o x y g e n c a n s i t i n t h e A l ( 1 1 1 ) p l a n e i n t h e c e n t e r o f a n e x p a n d e d t r i a n g l e , a l t h o u g h t h e i r d i s t a n c e s d i f f e r f r o m o u r s . We e m p h a s i z e t h i s c o i n c i d e n c e may b e i r r e l e v a n t f o r a p o l y c r y s t a l .

O t h e r r e s u l t s n o t d e s c r i b e d h e r e h a v e a l s o b e e n o b t a i n e d . U s i n g a n o t h e r A 1 f i l m w i t h a s i m i l a r l y l o w 0 , e x p o s u r e we m e a s u r e d f o r t h e f i r s t t i m e PEXAFS u s i n g t h e b u l k a n d s u r f a c e p l a s m o n l o s s p e a k s . T h e A1-0 a n d A 1 - A 1 s p a c i n g s o b t a i n e d a g r e e w i t h t h o s e o b t a i n e d u s i n g t h e A 1 2 p e l a s t i c p e a k o n t h a t f i l m a n d a s d e s c r i b e d h e r e . We a l s o m e a s u r e d o n a n A 1 f i l m e x p o s e d t o lOOOL 0 , PEXAFS a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e A 1 2 p p e a k s h i f t e d b y 2 . 7 eV w h i c h f o r m s a t t h i s h i g h e r e x p o s u r e . F o r t h e s e a t o m s t h e A1-0 d i s t a n c e i s 1 . 8 0 + 0 . 0 4 A , l a r g e r b y 0 . 0 4 + 0 . 0 1 A t h a n t h e A 1 - 0 s p a c i n g d e s c r i b e d h e r e . ( R e l a t i v e s p a c i n g s c a n b e d e t e r m i n e d m o r e a c c u r a t e l y t h a n a b s o l u t e l e n g t h s . ) F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e u n s h i f t e d p e a k o n t h e h i g h e x p o s u r e s a m p l e g i v e s a g r e e m e n t w i t h t h e l o w e x p o s u r e r e s u l t s h e r e . T h i s d r a m a t i c a l l y i l l u s t r a t e s t h e c h e m i c a l s t a t e s p e c i f i c i t y a v a i l a b l e w i t h PEXAFS.

T h i s w o r k w a s s u p p o r t e d b y DOE g r a n t D E - F G 0 2 - 8 4 E R 4 5 0 9 1 .

REFERENCES

---

[ l l I . P . B a t r a a n d L. K l e i n m a n , J . E l e c . S p e c . 3 3 ( 1 9 8 4 ) 1 7 5 . [ 2 1 C.W.B. M a r t i n s o n e t a l . , S u r f . S c i . 8 9 ( 1 9 7 9 ) 1 0 2 .

C31 H.L. Yu, M.C. MuRoz a n d F . S o r i a , S u r f . S c i . 9 4 ( 1 9 8 0 ) L 1 8 4 . C41 F . S o r i a e t a l . , P h y s . R e v . B 2 4 ( 1 9 8 1 ) 6 9 2 6 .

[ 5 1 V . M a r t i n e z e t a l . , S u r f . S c i . 1 2 8 ( 1 9 8 3 ) 4 2 4 .

C61 D . N o r m a n , R . J a e g e r a n d J . S t o h r , S u r f . S c i . 1 0 5 ( 1 9 8 1 ) L 2 9 7 . [ 7 1 L . I . J o h a n s s o n a n d J . S t a h r , P h y s . R e v . L e t t . 4 3 ( 1 9 7 9 ) 1 8 8 2 . C81 J . S t o h r e t a l . , P h y s . R e v . B 2 2 ( 1 9 8 0 ) 4 0 5 2 .

[ 9 ] R . Z . B a c h r a c h , G . V . H a n s s o n a n d R . S . B a u e r . S u r f . S c i . 1 0 9 ( 1 9 8 1 ) L 5 6 0 .

[ l o ] M . De C r e s c e n z i e t a l . , S o l . S t . Comm. 4 4 ( t 9 8 2 ) 8 4 5 . [ I l l M.L. d e n B o e r e t a l . , P h y s . R e v . L e t t . 4 4 ( 1 9 8 9 ) 4 9 6 . [ I 2 1 G . M . R o t h b e r g e t a l . , P h y s . R e v . L e t t . 5 3 ( 1 9 8 4 ) 1 4 8 3 .

C 1 3 1 K . M . C h o u d h a r y e t a l . , i n "EXAFS a n d N e a r E d g e S t r u c t u r e 111"

( S p r i n g e r , New Y o r k . 1 9 8 4 ) K . O . H o d g s o n e t a l . . a d p . , p . 2 6 4 . [ I 4 1 K . M . C h o u d h a r y , P h . D . d i s s e r t . , S . I . T . ( 1 9 8 5 ) .

C 1 5 1 P.A. L e e , P h y s . R e v . B 1 3 ( 1 9 7 6 ) 5 2 6 1 .

[ I 6 1 M . H . H e c h t a n d I . L i n d a u , N u c l . I n s t r u m . M e t h . 1 g x 5 ( 1 q 8 2 ) 3 3 9 . C 1 7 1 S.A. F l o d s t r 6 m e t a l . , P h y s . Rev. L e t t . 4 0 ( 1 9 7 8 ) 9 0 7 ; 3 7 ( 1 9 7 6 ) 1 2 8 2 . [ I 8 1 J . S t i 3 h r . R . J a e g e r a n d S . B r e n n a n , S u r f . S c i . 1 1 7 ( 1 9 8 2 ) 5 0 3 . C 1 9 1 B.K. T e o a n d P . A . L e e , J . A m . Chem. S o c . 1 0 1 ( 1 9 7 9 ) 2 8 1 6 . C201 E . J . M c G u i r e , S a n d i a L a b o r a t o r i e s r e p o r t S C - R R - 7 0 - 7 2 1 .

C 2 1 1 R . W . G . W y c k o f f , e d . , " C r y s t a l S t r u c t u r e s " ( W i l e y , N e w Y o r k . 1 9 8 4 ) 2 n d e d .

C221 D . R . S a l a h u b , M . R o c h e a n d R . P . M e s s m e r . P h y s . R e v . B 1 8 ( 1 9 7 8 ) 6 4 9 5 .

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