THE APPLICATION OF SONIC AGGLOMERATION FOR THE CONTROL OF PARTICULATE EMISSION

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THE APPLICATION OF SONIC AGGLOMERATION FOR THE CONTROL OF PARTICULATE EMISSION

D. Shaw, J. Wegrzyn, S. Patel, Gm. Chen

To cite this version:

D. Shaw, J. Wegrzyn, S. Patel, Gm. Chen. THE APPLICATION OF SONIC AGGLOMERATION

FOR THE CONTROL OF PARTICULATE EMISSION. Journal de Physique Colloques, 1979, 40

(C8), pp.C8-356-C8-361. �10.1051/jphyscol:1979864�. �jpa-00219570�

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THE APPLICATION OF SONIC ABGLOKERATION

FG!?

THE CONTROL OF PARTICULATE EMISSION*

D. SHALJ

,

J. IlEGRZYN

,

S . PATEL and M.T. CHENG.

State University of New York a t Buffalo, buffalo, New Y o r k , USA.

ABSTRACT.

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The f e a s i b i l i t y o f u s i n g s o n i c agglomeration f o r p a r t i c u l a t e emission c o n t r o l i n i n d u s t r y i s evaluated based on new experiinental 6ata obtained a t SU~;Y/Buffalo. Experimental measurements have been c a r r i e d o u t i n b o t h standing-wave and traveling-wave modes u s i n g a com- b i n a t i o n o f h i g h power electromagnetic speakers, aerodynamic s i r e n s and mechanically v i b r a t i n g p i s t o n . Agglomeration mechanisms a r e discussed : t h e i n e r t i a l capture and t h e hydrodynamic c o l l i s i o n . Based on t h e estimated agglomerator s i z e and t h e s p e c i f i c energy consumption, p o s s i b l e a p p l i c a t i o n s o f t h e a c o u s t i c agglomerator i n i n d u s t r y i s discussed, w i t h s p e c i a l emphasis on thes p o s s i b l e use o f such a device i n an environment i n which t h e combined e f f e c t s o f high-pressure, temperature and chemical c o r r o s i o n make i t d i f f i c u l t t o use t h e conventional devices.

1. IIJTRODUCTIO~~.

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The agglomeration o f a i r b o r n e p a r t i c l e s i s one o f t h e many i n t e r e s t i n g phenomena o f h i g h i n t e n s i t y sound waves. Recent developments i n energy-envi ronmental research has brought about a renewal o f i n t e r e s t i n t h e use o f a c o u s t i c agglomerators f o r p a r t i c u l a t e emission c o n t r o l . i n cer- t a i n s i t u a t i o n s , t h e conventional p o l l u t i o n abate- ment equipment

-

such as scrubbers, f i l t e r s and e l e c t r o s t a t i c p r e c i p i t a t o r s

-

cannot f u n c t i o n e f - f e c t i v e l y because o f t h e unusually h i g h temperature and pressure environment under which t h e p a r t i c u l a - t e m a t t e r must be removed. Examples o f some possi- b l e new a p p l i c a t i o n s f o r a c o u s t i c agglomerators i n c l u d e t h e emission c o n t r o l i n gas-turbine power p l a n t s using c o a l - g a s i f i e d f u e l o r p r e s s u r i z e d f l u i d i z e d - b e d b o i l e r s , t h e s o l id-seed s e p a r a t i o n . i n Mid2 power g e n e r a t i n g p l a n t s , t h e suppression o f sodium-fire aerosol i n a h y p o t h e t i c a l accident i n

t h e i n e r t i a l capture of small cloud d r o p l e t s by r a i n - drops i f t h e motion o f t h e o s c i l l a t i o n p a r t i c l e s a r e t r e a t e d as a quasi-steady s t a t e motion. An im- p o r t a n t concept here i s t h e agglomeration volume enclosed by t h e c r i t i c a l t r a j e c t o r i e s as shown i n F i g . 1 (curve AB)

.

FkG. A

These a r e t h e t r a j e c t o r i e s i n which t h e small par- t i c l e s w i t h r a d i u s ap make j u s t g r a z i n g c o n t a c t w i t h t h e c o l l e c t i n g p a r t i c l e w i t h r a d i u s al. For a a L i q u i d Metal Fast Breeder Reactor, and t h e pre-

given sound wave small p a r t i c l e s tend t o o s c i l l a t e c o n d i t i o n i n g o f f i n e p a r t i c l e s (diameter < 1 micron)

t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e gas medium w h i l e l a r g e ones tend from c e n t r a l power s t a t i o n s . A general discussion

t o remain s t a t i o n a r y . These r e l a t i v e motions would o f t h e use o f a c o u s t i c agglomerators i n these ap-

i d e a l l y l e a d t o t h e complete capture o f a l l small p l i c a t i o n s can be found i n reference 1.

p a r t i c l e s w i t h r a d i u s a2 o r smaller, l o c a t e d i n s i - 2 . MEDNIKSV'S MODEL.

-

The a c o u s t i c agglomeration

mechanisms have been e x t e n s i v e l y discussed by Med- n i k o v [ Z ]

.

F i g u r e 1 i s constructed t o d e s c r i b e these mechanisms. He p o s t u l a t e d t h a t t h e most im- p o r t a n t mechanism f o r p a r t i c l e agglomeration i s t h e s o - c a l l e d o r t n o k i n e t i c int.eractions. This i s a simple process i n which small p a r t i c l e s a r e c o l l e c - t e d by iarge ones because o f t h e re1 a t i v e o s c i l l a - t i n g motion caused by t h e imposed acoustic f i e l d . T h i s i s b a s i c a l l y t h e same process as, f o r example,

de t h e agglomeration volume, by t h e l a r g e p a r t i c l e s i n one c y c l e o f o s c i l l a t i o n . The d i s t a n c e between t h e c r i t i c a l p a r t i c l e t r a j e c t o r y and t h e c e n t e r l i n e through t h e l a r g e p a r t i c l e 1 i s c a l l e d t h e c r i t i c a l distance yc. The q u a n t i t y

2

E = y c

(al + a2) 2 (1)

i s o f t e n c a l l e d t h e p a r t i c t e c o l l i s i o n e f f i c i e n c y . I f one excludes e l e c t r o s t a t i c a t t r a c t i v e f o r c e s

Article published online by EDP Sciences and available at

Article published online by EDP Sciences and available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jphyscol:1979864

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JOURNAL DE PHYSIQUE

between t h e p a r t i c l e s , e i s always l e s s than 1.

When al >> a2

,

reduces t o t h e capture c o e f f i c i e n t o f Medn i kov /2/.

Once ^Ei s determined, t h e sonic agglomera

-

t i o n constant Ka can be w r i t t e n as

where s u b s c r i p t 1 and 2 correspond t o l a r g e and small p a r t i c l e s , r e s p e c t i v e l y , a i s t h e r e f i l l fac- t o r , E i s t h e p a r t i c l e c o l l e c t i o n e f f i c i e n c y , nl i s the concentration o f l a r g e p a r t i c l e , Pl2 i s the r e l a t i v e antrainement, U i n Eq. (2) i s t h e amplitude o f the p a r t i c l e o s c i l l a t i n g v e l o c i t y . 9

I t i s obvious t h a t i f the o r t h o k i n e t i c i n e r - t i a l capture i s the o n l y mechanism responsible f o r acoustic agglomeration, then t h e a p p l i c a t i o n o f a sound f i e l d t o a monodisperse aerosol should n o t l e a d t o any measurable agglomeration. This, however, i s n o t t h e case. Experiments show t h a t r e l a t i v e l y monodi sperse aerosols agglomerate r a p i d l y under e i

-

t h e r s t a n d i ng-wave/3/ o r t r a v e l i ng-wave c o n d i t i o n s /4/. I n f a c t hydrodynamic i n t e r a c t i o n s a r e consi- dered t o be the most important agglomeration mechanism f o r aerosols o f r e l a t i v e l y l a r g e sizes.

I t i s a w e l l known f a c t t h a t t h e r e are hydrodynamic f o r c e s between two p a r t i c l e s moving r e l a - t i v e t o each other. Bjerknes /5/ and L a t e r K t n i g /6/

i n v e s t i g a t e d t h e i n t e r a c t i o n force between two sphe- res under i d e a l flow. This force i s n o t i m p o r t a n t unless t h e p a r t i c l e s are v e r y c l o s e together since t h e f o r c e i s i n v e r s e l y p r o p o r t i o n a l t o t h e f o u r t h power o f t h e p a r t i c l e separation. An a7 t e r n a t i v e approach t o t r e a t t h e hydrodynamic f o r c e s between two osci 1 la t i n g p a r t i c l e s has been used by several authors /7-lo/. Pshenai-Severin analysed the i n t e - r a c t i o n between p a r t i c l e s o f the same s i z e s on t h e b a s i s o f the Oseen dhydrodynamic f o r c e s /7/. Timo- schenko expanded h i s a n a l y s i s t o i n c l u d e the i n t e - r a c t i o n o f n o n i d e n t i c a l p a r t i c l e s /8/. P o d o l s k i i e t a l . /9, 10/ introduced c e r t a i n refinements and found t h a t the convergence r a t e has a v e r y weak de- pendence on t h e acoustic frequency. This i s i n con- t r a s t t o the o r t h o k i n e t i c i n t e r a c t i o n whose o p t i - mum o p e r a t i o n frequency increases as t h e c o n t r o l l e d p a r t i c l e s i z e decreases.

A l l t h e papers mentioned above have i n v e s t i g a - t e d o n l y t h e r e l a t i v e convergence v e l o c i t y Urel between two i n t e r a c t i n g p a r t i c l e s . No r e l a t i o n s h i p

has been obtained on the a c o u s t i c agglomeration constant which i s d e f i n e d i n Eq. ( 2 ) .

3. Hydrodynamic i n t e r a c t i o n .

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I n a r e c e n t paper by Shaw and Rajendran /11/ t h e c o l l i s i o n e f f i c i e n c y

E i n Eq. (2) f o r the hydrodynamic c o l l i s i o n s i s estimated by t h e use o f t h e dimensional s i m i l a r i t y p r i n c i p l e between a c o u s t i c and g r a v i t a t i o n a l agglo- merations. I n doing so, we i g n o r e completely t h e phase o s c i l l a t i n g r e l a t i o n s and r e l y o n l y on t h e amplitude o s c i l l a t i o n . I n t h i s case, the hydrodynamic f o r c e s on the two p a r t i c l e s approaching each o t h e r a r e caused by t h e r e l a t i v e motions between t h e two p a r t i c l e s which can be described by t h e f o l l o - -wing equations o f motion

where u and u a r e the v e l o c i t i e s o f the two

PI ~ 2

p a r t i c l e s , T1 and T2 a r e the drag functions which are l i n e a r l y dependent on t h e p a r t i c l e v e l o c i t y and have been completely determined and t a b u l a t e d as f u n c t i o n s o f s/2al where s i s t h e d i s t a n c e between the p a r t i c l e surfaces along t h e l i n e o f centers.

I t i s shown t h a t under t h e assumption /11/

we have

where T i s t h e a c o u s t i c o s c i l l a t i n g p e r i o d and i s t h e l a r g e p a r t i c l e r e l a x a t i o n time. I i s t h e i n t e r c e p t i o n number 1 =1a2/a1. p1 and p2 a r e cons- t a n t s such t h a t & = 0 ,T when I=O, 1, r e s p e c t i v e - X l y and a r e determined by i t e r a t i o n f o r each al.

a, i s t h e e f f e c t i v e r a d i u s o f an acoustic e q u i v a l e n t

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p a r t i c l e whose g r a v i t a t i o n a l s e t t l i n g v e l o c i t y i s t h e same as t h e average flow-around v e l o c i t y o f t h e l a r g e p a r t i c l e o f r a d i u s al.

Experimental v e r i f i c a t i o n o f Eq. (5) has been c a r r i e d o u t u s i n g e i t h e r a h i g h power electromagne- t i c speaker (Fig..2) o r an aerodynamic s i r e n (Fig.3) as t h e sound source. Aerosols used i n t h e e x p e r i -

t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e t h e o r e t i c a l p r e d i c t i o n s . The Brownian c o a g u l a t i o n c o n s t a n t as taken from r e f e - rence 12 i s a l s o i n c l u d e d i n t h e f i g u r e f o r r e f e - rence purposes. Three PSL p a r t i c l e r a d i i a r e used : 0.085, 0.5 and 1.0 pm w i t h geometric standard de- v i a t i o n ranging from 1.25 t o 1.30 as shown i n Table I . Two DOP p a r t i c l e r a d i i (a=0.12 and 0.1km) have a standard d e v i a t i o n o f 1.4. To compare these data w i t h t h e o r e t i c a l c a l c u l a t i o n , t h e spread i n s i z e d i s t r i b u t i o n must be taken i n t o c o n s i d e r a t i o n . Thus, t h e value o f t h e t h e o r e t i c a l a c o u s t i c aggln- meration constant has t o be expressed as an i n t e - g r a t e d average value g i v e n by

where n(a) i s assumed t o be a lognormal d i s t r i b u - t i o n f u n c t i o n . Using Eqs. ( 2 ) and (5) f o r Ka, the r e s u l t s o f Eq. ( 6 ) f o r t h r e e a c o u s t i c frequencies a r e shown i n F i g . 4. The d e t a i l e d d e s c r i p t i o n tif t h e numerical method used i n t h e i n t e g r a t i o n o f Eq. (6) has been discussed elsewhere /13/ and w i l l Fig. 2

n o t be repeated here.

The r e s u l t s i n Fig.4. though s t i l l q u i t e pre- 1 im i r a r y , i n d i c a t e t h a t f o r r e l a t i v e l y l a r g e p a r - t i c l e s ( r a d i u s >0.5um) i n t h e a u d i b l e frequency r e g i o n ( f <10

kHz) ,

t h e hydrodynamic i n t e r a c t i o n as described by Eq. ( 5 ) p l a y s an i m p o r t a n t r o l e i n a c o u s t i c agglomeration. The experimental data obtained w i t h moderately monodisperse aerosol

(geometric standard d e v i a t i o n <1.4) agree s a t i s f a c - t o r i l y w i t h Eqs. (5) and (6). Thus, t h e a c o u s t i c agglomeration constant due t o hydrodynamic i n t e - r a c t i o n increases r a p i d l y w i t h the p a r t i c l e s i z e f o r a g i v e n s e t of a c o u s t i c c o n d i t i o n s . Furthermore, t h e hydrodynamic i n t e r a c t i o n i s r e 1 a t i v e l y insensi;

t i v e t o t h e frequency change. This makes i t more s u i t a b l e f o r 1 arge-scale i n d u s t r i a l a p p l i c a t i o n s o f a c o u s t i c agglomeration s i n c e t h e a t t e n u a t i o n losses a r e s m a l l e r f o r low-frequency sonic waves. T h i s weak frequency dependance o f hydrodynamic i n t e r a c - t i o n has been p r e d i c t e d t h e o r e t i c a l l y i n several S o v i e t papers /14, 15, 16/. It i s n o t p o s s i b l e , however, t o make d i r e c t comparisons between t h e i r include both dioctyl ,,hthalate (DOP) and poly. p r e d i c t i o n s and our r e s u l t s since o n l y t h e r e l a t i v e styrene l a t e x (PSL) p a r t i c l e s . The c o n d i t i o n s o f d r i f t v e l o c i t i e s are determined i n t h e S o v i e t t h e experiments are l i s t e d i n Table I. papers.

The experimental r e s u l t s are p l o t t e d i n Fig.4

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I 1 I I 1

16' 10.' lo"

FIGURE 4 : Comparison o f experimental measurements -and t h e o r e t i c a l p r e d i c t i o n s o f t h e a c o u s t i c agglome-

r a t i o n constant.--- t h e o r e t i c a l p r e d i c t i o n o f t h e a c o u s t i c agglomeration constant,

-

^{coagul a-}

t i o n constant w i t h o u t a c o u s t i c f i e l d , experimental data are taken a t t h r e e frequencies (0-1 kHz, 8-3 kHz, 0 -10 kHz).

4. Acoustic agglomeraticm 'in standing-waves.

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Acoustic agglomeration under t h e standing-wave c o n d i t i o n s has been i n v e s t i g a t e d b y many authors i n t h e past. St. C l a i r i n v e s t i g a t e d t h e problem theo- r e t i c a l l y by considering t h e r a t e a t which p a r t i - c l e s are pushed toward the v i b r a t i o n a l l o o p by t h e r a d i a t i o n d r i f t /17/. However, t h i s r e s u l t i s con- t r a r y t o experimental observations which show t h a t p a r t i c l e s are d r i f t e d toward t h e node p o i n t s . Dukhin /18/ showed t h a t such a d r i f t i s caused by asymmetric v i b r a t i o n o f p a r t i c l e s ina. standing- wave. Several e a r l y papers have r e p o r t e d on t h e streaming f l o w p a t t e r n and r a d i a t i o n pressure i n an acoustic "Kundt" tube /2, p.24/. However, few o f these p r o v i d e any data on acoustic agglomeration o f p a r t i c l e s i n t h e tube.

Dianbv, Merkulov and N i k i t e n k o /19/ i n v e s t i g a - t e d the a c o u s t i c agglomeration i n a standing-wave chamber. Based on t h e l i g h t - t r a n s m i s s i o n measurement, t h e s e t t l i n g time, d e f i n e d as t h e time f o r t h e l i g h t transmission t o be n e a r l y

loo%,

was found t o vary i n v e r s e l y w i t h t h e sound i n t e n s i t y R i n t h e h i g h i n t e n s i t y r e g i o n (R > 160 db a t the node p o i n t )

Furthermore, i t was shown t h a t the aerosol s e t t l i n g r a t e i s r e 1 a t i v e l y independent o f the acoustic f r e -

quency. This i s shown i n Fig. 5. i n t h e v a r i a t i o n o f t h e nephelometer c u r r e n t p e r u n i t time i s p l o t - ted a g a i n s t t h e frequency f o r a g i v e n mass l o a d i n g

FIGURE 5 : The v a r i a t i o n i n nephelometer c u r r e n t per u n i t d I / d t versus frequency taken from r e f . 64.

Acoustic pressure = 3500 bar, aerosol c o n c e n t r a t i o n

= 5 g/m3

and acoustic i n t e n s i t y . As t h e acoustic frequency v a r i e s from 0.2 kHz t o 20 kHz, the value of d I / d t (which i s p r o p o r t i o n a l t o t h e a c o u s t i c agglomera- t i o n constant) reduces l e s s than 20%.

I n a r e c e n t paper, Rajendran, Vegrzyn, Cheng and Shaw /20/ made s i m i l a r measurement i n an enclosed aerosol chamber as those performed i n r e f e - rence 19. However, a d d i t i o n a l measurements were c a r r i e d o u t i n a flow-through system t o i n v e s t i - gate t h e e f f e c t o f a steady gas v e l o c i t y on acous- t i c agglomeration. Results a r e summarized i n Fig.5.

The mass removal r a t e constant k is defined by m

I t i s seen t h a t i n t h e low i n t e n s i t y r e g i o n (nodal p o i n t standing-wave i n t e n s i t y < 160 db) a small Flow v e l o c i t y g r e a t l y reduces t h e values of t h e mass removal r a t e constant km. The magnitude o f t h i s r e d u c t i o n decreases r a p i d l y as t h e i n t e n s i t y i s increased. When t h e nodal p o i n t i n t e n s i t y i s 160 db t h e r e i s a v e r y small d i f f e r e n c e between t h e values o f km obtained from t h e flow-through system and t h e s t a t i o n a r y system. The r e d u c t i o n o f km i n t h e flow-through system i s a t t r i b u e d t o t h e r e d u c t i o n i n a c o u s t i c turbulence. Based on t h e r e s u l t s shown i n Fig.6. i t seems t h a t i n t h e standing-wave a c o u s t i c agglomerator, turbulence p l a y s an important r o l e i n p a r t i c l e agglomeration. No t h e o r y e x i s t s a t t h e present time f o r t h e mechanism r e s p o n s i b l e f o r p a r t i c l e agglomeration i n a stan- d i n g a c o u s t i c wave.

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The importance of acoustic turbulence i s a l s o r e f l e c t e d i n another experiment i n which t h e agglomeration tube and t h e a c o u s t i c source a r e arranged

STANDING-WNE NODAL-POINT INTENSITY (DBI

OPEN AIR INTENSITY (DB)

FIGURE 6 : Removal r a t e constant Kavs. i n t e n s i t y f o r d i f f e r e n t frequencies f o r s t a t i o n a r y system and f o r f l o w i n g system.

S t a t i o n a r y System Flowing System 1070 Hz

640 Hz A 2 l i t / m i n

850 Hz B 1 l i t / m i n

0 1070 Hz @ 3 l i t / m i n

A 1700 Hz

i n d i f f e r e n t p o s i t i o n s . F i g u r e 7 shows t h e r e s u l t s 'of t h e measured mass removal r a t e constant k, i n a s t a t i o n a r y system f o r t h r e e cases : h o r i z o n t a l tube, v e r t i c a l tube which t h e sound source a t e i t h e r

I I I

100 110 120

OPEN-AIR WENSiTY (061

FIGURE 7 : P l o t o f removal r a t e constant Kavs. i n - t e n s i t y f o r d i f f e r e n t o r i e n t a t i o n s o f t h e chamber.

h h o r i z o n t a l ,

a

v e r t i c a l - d r i v e r a t top, 0 v e r t i c a l - d r i v e r a t bottom.

t o p o r bottom p o s i t i o n . There i s v i r t u a l l y no d i f - ference i n whetherthe a c o u s t i c source i s a t t h e

t o p o r bottom p o s i t i o n , b u t a small improvement i s measured when the tube i s h o r i z o n t a l , which i s a l s o t h e p o s i t i o n where a s l i g h t l y h i g h e r degree of t u r - bulence i s v i s u a b l y observed.

/1/ Shaw, D.T., Recent Developments i n Aerosol Science, ed. D.T., Shaw, J. Wiley, New York

press) 1978.

/2/ Mednikov, E.P., Acoustic Coagulation and Pre- c i p i t a t i o n o f Aerosols, trans1 ated from Russian by L a r r i c k , C.V., Consultants Bureau, New York, 1965.

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TABLE I

SUMMARY OF EXPERIMENTAL DATA ON HYDRODYNAMIC INTERACTION

Aerosol Acoustic F i e l d Acoustic ~ a ( c m ~ / s e c ) Brownian Ka (Ka) a c o u s t i c

ExP. NO. of- Type Radius Standard Generator Frequency I n t e n s i t y Mean- Data-spread U n c e r t a i n t y (cm3/sec) (Ka)Brownian

No. Runs D e v i a t i o n

PSL PSL DOP DO?

DOP DOP FS L PS L PSL E L

KL

0.085 1.3 EM

0.12 1.4 EM

0.17 1.4 EM

0.5 1.25 EM

1.0 1.25 EM

1.0 1.25 S i r e n

1 KHz 145 7x10-'

3 KHz 145 7x10-'

1 KHz 145 6x10-'

3 KHz 145 6x10-'

1 KHz 145 ~XIO-'

3 KHz 145 5 x 1 0 - ~

I KHZ 145 EXIO-~

3 KHz 145 1 . 5 x 1 0 - ~ 1 KHz 145 2 x 1 0 - ~ 3 KHZ 145 1 . 2 ~ 1 0 - ~

10 KHz 145 3.0x10-'