Garbage Collection of Persistent Objects in Distributed Shared Memory

HAL Id: inria-00444630

https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00444630

Submitted on 7 Jan 2010

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- entific research documents, whether they are pub- lished or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers.

L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

Garbage Collection of Persistent Objects in Distributed Shared Memory

Paulo Ferreira, Marc Shapiro

To cite this version:

Paulo Ferreira, Marc Shapiro. Garbage Collection of Persistent Objects in Distributed Shared Memory.

pos, 1994, Tarascon, France, France. pp.176–191. �inria-00444630�

"#%$ & ' (*)% + ,.-/+

0 !1 24365

798;:6<>= ?A@CBDBE@GFHBI8KJ

LNMPOQLSR%TVUXWZYG[S\^]P_a`9O

OQYb^ced\DfgbhYCdgWZ]XTVi;WkjGfgbh\

l%8gBEm!npoV8;qrFHBE=

LNMPOQLSR%TVUXWZYG[S\^]P_a`9O

OQYb^ced\DfgbhYCdgWZ]XTVi;WkjGfgbh\

stKuwvyxyze{|v

}6~G€ƒ‚e„^‚…w†ˆ‡G…y€N‰k†>‹Š…y€ˆ„Œ|„D†NŠe„^Œ|…‰kŽD‹…y‰’‘N‹Ž|“”„^‹ŒDŽ|†>‘S~•—–˜Ž|†X‡G€H‘S†>‹Š™C‘S…w‡‚…k†>š

€H€H‘S…w“I‘AŽDŠC›œ…y‰’‘Z€6‹“„‹ŽIŽE€>…kž‰kŽ|™C‚C‹…y‡ “…k‘œŸ6ŽD†N ŽD–KŸrŽ|†N G€H‘Z„^‘N‹ŽD“e€k¡6¢XŠC›œ…y‰’‘Z€6„^†N…

„D‰w‰k…y€N€>…w‡£I„„Ÿ6…y„^ ¤ž‰kŽD“e€H€H‘S…w“I‘V€>~e„^†N…y‡‡¤€H‘S†>ŠC™C‘S…y‡£I‹†>‘S™e„h;•…k•Ž|†>žŸA‘S~

†N…w‰kŽh£E…w†S„DŠG‹…‚†NŽD‚…w†>‘N‹…y€k¡P¥¦…9„|‡‡G†N…y€N€ƒ‘S~C…§€>‚…y‰’¨e‰9‚†NŽDŠC‹…w•*Ž^–rŒ|„D†NŠ„DŒ|… ‰’ŽDš

‹…y‰Z‘N“CŒ„©„^†NŒ|…©„D•ŽD™“I‘ªŽD–‡G€H‘S†>‹Š™C‘S…w‡9‚…w†S€H€H‘S…w“I‘«Ž|ŠG›H…w‰’‘Z€k¬¤‰w„D‰Z~C…y‡9ŽD“§€>…w£E…k†S„^

“CŽ¤‡C…y€6–˜Ž|†V…k­ ‰’‹…w“I‘ƒ€>~e„^†>‹“ŒC¡

®Ž|†9‰’‹™e€H‘S…w†>‹“Œ¯‚C™†N‚Ž|€>…y€k¬«Ž|ŠG›H…y‰Z‘Z€„D†N…„^‹Ž¤‰w„h‘S…y‡¦ŸA‹‘S~G‹“€>…wŒ|•…w“I‘Z€k¬«„^“e‡

€>…kŒ|•…w“I‘Z€(„^†N…°‹Ž|ŒD‰w„h‹žŒ|†NŽD™‚…y‡±“I‘SŽ³²k´¤µ¶k·G¸’¹S¡º}6~C…¦ŒE„^†NŠe„DŒD…‰kŽD‹…y‰’‘N‹ŽD“

€>™CŠe€HžC€H‘S…w•»‰kŽ|•9ŠC‹“…y€P‘S~†N…w…€>™ŠCšœ„hŒDŽ|†>‘S~• €k¼‘S~…°²k´Gµe¶k·”½E¾D¿k²Z¾w½I¸”¶SÀ|ÁÂÁ‹¸N¶kÃÄÀD¿

‘S~„^‘9‰’‹…y„^“e€QŽ|“… ŠC™“e‰S~ÆÅǂŽ|€N€H‹ŠCž¦•9™C‘N‹‚Cž¤šH‰k„|‰S~…y‡È©‹“e‡C…k‚…w“e‡G…w“I‘N‹žÉŽ^–X„^“Iž

Ž^‘S~…w†w¬‘S~…§¹’¶kÊËÀDµ¦¶wÁ‹¸S¾^µa¸’¿A‘S~e„h‘X‚C†NŽ|‚„DŒE„h‘S…y€X„D‰w‰k…y€N€H‹ŠG‹‘Hž¯‹“G–ÂŽ|†N• „h‘N‹Ž|“É„|‰k†NŽ|€N€

ŠC™“‰Z~C…y€k¬I„^“e‡9‘S~C…©½D¿NÀD´h̽E¾D¿k²S¾y½I¸ˆ¶SÀ|ÁÂÁ‹¸N¶kÃÄÀD¿p„h•…w‡§„^‘͆N…y‰’„^‹•§‹“Œˆ‹“I‘S…w†>šÄŠ™C“e‰S~

‰Zž‰Z…w€VŽ^–«‡C…w„|‡ŽDŠC›œ…y‰’‘Z€k¡

}6~C…y€>…«‘S~†N…w…p€>™ŠGšœ„^‹Œ|ŽD†>‹‘S~C• €;„^†N…«~C‹Œ|~G‹žƒ‹“e‡C…k‚…w“e‡G…w“I‘y¡Î}6~¤™e€k¬y‘S~C…«ŒE„D†NŠ„DŒD…

‰’ŽD‹…y‰’‘N‹Ž|“€>™Še€HžC€H‘S…w•Ï~e„D€6„Q~C‹Œ|~‡C…wŒD†N…w…XŽ^–΀N‰k„^„DŠG‹‘Hž„^“e‡ ‚e„D†S„h…’‹€>•(¡r¢X“

‘SŽD‚9Ž^–‘S~G˜€k¬^‘ª†N…y‰’„h• €ª‰Zž‰Z…w€ÎŽD–eŒ|„D†NŠ„DŒ|…D¬|‘p‡CŽI…y€;“ŽD‘«†N…wФ™G‹†N…6„D“Iž‚„D†>‘N‰k™G˜„^†

‰’Ž|••™C“C‰w„h‘NŽD“€>™‚‚ŽD†>‘A€>™‰Z~„|€6‰k„D™e€N„h‹‘œžŽ|†A„h‘SŽ|•§‰’‘HžI¬G„^“e‡˜€pŸ6…k;€>™C‘S…y‡

‘SŽ9˜„^†NŒ|…P€N‰w„h…Q“C…k‘HŸrŽ|†N G€k¡

Ñ Ò6Ó¯ÔAÕVÖ¦×ØوÔAÚDÖ(Ó

ÛjGWkÜajGÝG\QbhYCށޘ\Db^]ZߘYCf¦àNۍáâAßÂã©j§äÄdgfaåajGæ\|fC]kj¤ÞÎbhYæç;YCfa\Df]VY¤äpjçޘjG]SäËYW’æ—ã’dgçaçgYWZ]’ߘfaÝ

åßÂãZ]kWZßÂÜad]’\Då!çg\|W’ã’ߘã’]Z\|f]QYCÜe[S\|bh]kã^èRPãjÉæ(j¤]’]Z\DWPY¤äAäÄjCbh]^éªjCçaçޘߘbDj¤]ZߘYCfgãPjGW’\Ü;\Db^YCæߘfaÝ

æYCW’\ÉjGfgåæYWZ\”bhYCæ(çޘ\hêªé6jGfaå±]’ë\DߘWYCÜe[S\|bh] ÝW’jCçaëaã\^êe]kWZ\|æ\^ޘì!ßÂf]’W’ߘbDj¤]Z\Cèíëedaã^é

æ(jGfedajGÞÍã’]ZYCWkj¤ÝC\ æ(jGfajGÝG\Dæ\|fC]Pߘã9ߘfgb^W’\DjGã’ßÂfÝGޘì”å߁îb^dޘ]§jGfaå¦\|W’W’YCWZT>çgWZYf\Gèˆï©ðC\Df°ßÂf

ñ¤ò T>Üa߁]jGågåaWZ\|ã’ãˆãkçajGb^\DãDéæ\|æYCW’ìÉWZ\DYCW’ÝCjCf߁ó|j¤]’߁YfjGfaå°jGågåaWZ\|ã’ãˆW’\Db^ìeb^ށßÂfÝ(jGW’\fa\Dbh\|ãST

ãkjGW’ìô‹õ|ö|÷>èÆ`9]’ëa\DW’øß˜ã’\GérÝCjCW’ÜajGÝG\(\DfgåaãdaçùgށޘßÂfÝú]kë\Éã’\DbhYfaåajCWZìÆãZ]’YCWkj¤ÝG\CéÍjCfaåû]’ë\

jGågåaWZ\|ã’ããkçajCbh\§Üg\|bhYCæ\|ãˆäÄW’jGÝCæ\Df]’\Dåªè

`daWۍáüå\|ãZߘÝCf!ߘã ߘf]Z\DÝCWkj¤]’\DåÆߘfûjýçÞÂj¤]ZäËYCWkæ°éÍb^jGށޘ\DåÆþˆÿ àœþˆdgfabyëÆÿújGfajGÝG\|W

ïVê\|b^d]’߁ðC\EâQôñ ÷>éã’daçgçgYWZ]’ߘfÝåßÂãZ]kWZßÂÜad]’\Dåç;\DWkãZßÂã’]Z\Df]ƒYCÜe[S\|bh]’ãDéefYG]ƒYCfޘì(ðßÂj jøƒ\|jށì

! #"$%#'&( ) +*,-%. ##/01(#223 -

4657

89& :(;<>=#?@<A<&(;

5

@BAAC#=3D=EF>G-#=EH##-I

J

LK1M% 5 N!#2K' # O#2$PQ;<8K1R$S#<TS&(VU*WYX <U0Z[

XS-!>L\]\^=%#!RK'% _:`a##E!

5

:Rb6 " cTFd(a #;< 6eSEQ. DI

Z6a(#f3!#!#>gDha##IH# -i6 # _I$P>=*Wj[U'*,Z@=U' d(aa= X6IhIB^-?(=klB>?][mDSeS#%:

eS!#8)n=HhUZLjLeT=#cogVpL]]`qB>r']As\]s?t2^l=EH%.)gpL]]`qB>r]As\]<?]<]^I

u

&(a##E! 5 :vxwj'*eyH#K'# O$F"Q;zeS ,{# _|q,3a#"-}rQI<Z6x.~< _.!MK[

bDj¤Þ˜Þ˜ãàœOQUˆáâyèCíë\PÝCjGWkÜajGÝG\bhYCށޘ\Db^]ZߘYCf(å\Dã’ߘÝCf(ßÂãAޘjCfÝCdgj¤ÝG\ßÂfaå\|çg\|faå\|fC]XjGfaå(bDjGf¯Ü;\

daã’\Då”ßÂf”YC]’ë\|WãZìã’]Z\|æããkdaçaç;YCW’]ZßÂfݯåßÂãZ]kWZßÂÜad]’\Då¦ç;\DWkãZßÂãZ]’\Df]YCÜ[S\Dbh]kã^è

LSf”]’ëßÂãçajGç;\DWDéøX\PäËYb^dgãˆYCdaWˆj¤]’]Z\|fC]’߁YfÉYfÝjGWkÜaj¤ÝC\9bhYCށޘ\Db^]ZßÂfÝ(jã’ߘfaÝGޘ\jCåaåaW’\Dãkã

ãkçajGb^\ûàÄßÂæçaށ\|æ\|f]Z\Dåøß˜]’ëj _ÿ æ\DbyëajCfßÂã’æâãkçajGfafaߘfÝã’\^ðC\DWkj¤Þæ(jGbyëßÂf\Dã(Yf

j!f\^]NøXYCW.KéAߘfab^ޘdgåߘfaÝÆã’\Db^YCfaåajCWZìûã’]ZYCWkj¤ÝC\àœã’\^\°U©ÞÂj¤ßÂfeäËYã’ã\ô‹õy÷ˆäËYCWۍá—YGäPYCÜe[S\|bh]kã

jCb^bh\|ã’ã’\Dåðeߘj OQUˆáâyèCíë\|WZ\QjCWZ\]NøXY§äÄdafaåajCæ\Df]’jGÞ;çaW’YCÜޘ\Dæ(ãVW’\^ÞÂj¤]’\Då(]’Yۍá±ßÂfãkdabyë

j _ÿ çaޘjG]SäËYCWkæ ƒàœßÇâVëYIø]ZY ÝjGWkÜaj¤ÝC\ˆb^YGޘށ\|bh]V]kë\PÞÂjGW’ÝG\QjCæYCdaf]VYGäÎYÜe[S\Db^]’ãƒb^jGbyëa\Då

Yfúã’\^ðG\|W’jGÞÍfYå\|ãøß]këYCd]ã’]ZYçaçßÂfÝÉ]kë\¯ãZìã’]Z\Dæ°é«jCfaå±àœßßËâ9ëYIø4]ZYýç;\DWZäËYCWkæ»jýۍá

øß˜]’ëYd]ߘf]Z\|WSäË\|WZßÂfÝÆøß]kë±]kë\ýbhYCfgãZßÂãZ]’\Dfab^ìçaWZYC]ZYbhYCޜè§d\¦]ZYûã’çgjGbh\”ށßÂæ߁]kj¤]’߁Yfaã^é

ßÂf]këߘãçgjGç;\DWøƒ\(jGågåaWZ\|ã’ã9YCfaށìý]kë\ùKW’ã’]§ß˜ãkã’da\Gè íë\¯ã’\DbhYfaåýYf\ßÂã§jGåaågWZ\|ã’ã’\DåÜì

i;\DWkWZ\DߘWkj;ô^÷Hè

íëßÂã”çgjGç;\DWßÂãYWZÝjGfߘó^\|å³jCã¯äËYCށޘYIøQã^è4íë\Æf\hê]Éã’\Db^]ZߘYCf çaW’\Dã’\Df]kã]’ëa\úæYCã’]

ßÂæ(çgYWZ]kjGf]jGãkçg\|bh]kã¯Y¤ä§]’ë\ýþˆÿ çޘjG]SäËYW’æ°è LSfÏ_\|bh]’߁YfûøX\å\|ã’bDWZßÂÜg\¦]kë\Æۍá

å\|ãZߘÝCf«è_\Db^]ZߘYCfaã

ò

éé«jGfgå

ñ

å\|ã’bDWZßÂÜg\]’ëa\¯Ûá/ã’daÜT>jGށÝCYCW’߁]këaæ(ã^éÎjGfaåû_\Db^]ZߘYCf

çaW’\Dã’\Df]kã ]’ëa\ÉßÂæçaށ\|æ\|f]’j¤]’߁Yfªèûíë\”çajCçg\|W \|faåaãøß]kë ã’\Dbh]’߁Yfaã Yf±W’\^ÞÂj¤]Z\|åøXYCW.

jCfaå”b^YCfab^ޘdgãZߘYCfªè

ÔGÖ¯Õ!

íëßÂã§ãZ\|bh]’߁Yfå\Dãkb^W’ßÂÜg\|ã9]kë\(æYãZ]ßÂæç;YCW’]’jCf]9jGãkç;\Dbh]kãY¤ä©]kë\þˆÿ*çÞÂj¤]ZäËYCWkæ ]’ëajG]

jCWZ\W’\^ޘ\^ðIjGf]äËYW ]kë\¦Ûá—å\|ãZߘÝCfàHãZ\D\Éi;\DWkWZ\DߘWkj;ô

ñ

÷ƒäËYWæYCW’\Éå\D]’j¤ß˜ÞËâwèþˆÿ Y#"Î\DWkã

j

ñ¤ò

TNÜߘ]ã’ßÂfÝGޘ\”jCåaåaW’\DãkããkçajGb^\”ãkçajGfgfߘfaÝÆjGށÞX]’ë\ýfYå\|ãY¤ä9j!f\^]NøXYCW.KéAߘfab^ޘdgåߘfaÝ

ã’\Db^YCfaåajCWZìã’]ZYW’jGÝG\Cè

$&%(' )+*-,/.1032435768.:9!;<.:=&2435?>@=BADCEF=B0HGB.:4

R9fýYCÜe[S\|bh]9ߘãjÉb^YCf]ZߘÝCdYdaãPã’\Dced\|fabh\Y¤ä©Üìe]Z\DãDè9íëa\ÝW’jCfdaޘjCWZߘ]NìY¤äVßÂå\|fC]’ß‹ùKb^j¤]’߁Yf

jCfaå¯ßÂfCðCYb^j¤]’߁Yf(ߘãƒ]’ëa\PYCÜ[S\Dbh]DèARPfYÜe[S\Db^]©ßÂã©ßÂå\|fC]’ß‹ù;\DåÜì(߁]kãˆjGåaåaW’\DãkãDè:IÆ\jCã’ãkdaæ\

]këaj¤]YCÜe[S\|bh]’ãjGW’\”çgjGãkãZߘðG\ÉjCfaåÝC\Df\|W’jGށޘìÆãkæ(j¤Þ˜ÞœéAßHè\Gè˜éA]’ë\¦ãZߘó^\”Y¤äPæYCã’]YÜe[S\Db^]’ãߘã

ædabyë”ãkæ(j¤Þ˜Þ\|Wˆ]’ëajCf¦jðeßÂWZ]kdaj¤Þ«æ\|æYWZì”çaj¤ÝC\Gè

igYWbhÞÂdaã’]Z\DW’ßÂfÝçgdaW’ç;YCã’\§YCÜe[S\|bh]kãXjCWZ\§j¤Þ˜Þ˜YebDj¤]’\Då”øß]këߘf°ã’\^ÝCæ\|fC]kã^èAR<JLKNM#OPKLQHRÎߘã

jã’\^]PY¤ä©bhYf]ZߘÝCdYdaãðeߘW’]’dgj¤ÞÍçgj¤ÝG\|ã^èíë\ãZߘó^\Y¤äVjã’\^ÝCæ\|fC]Pߘã9å\hù;fa\DåjG]Pb^W’\DjG]ZߘYCf

]’ߘæ\jGfaå”WZ\|æ(j¤ßÂfaãˆbhYCfgãZ]kjGf]^è6þˆÿ%\DfaãkdaW’\DãX]’ëajG]ãZ\DÝCæ\Df]’ãˆëajEðC\9fYfeT>YIðG\DW’ÞÂjGçaçßÂfÝ

jCåaåaW’\DãkãZ\|ã^è

_\DÝCæ\Df]’ã©jGW’\ÞYCÝGßÂb^j¤Þ˜Þ˜ìÝCW’YCdaç;\DåßÂfC]’YTSVUQXWZYKZJAÜ;\Db^jCdaã’\Qjã’ßÂfÝGޘ\QãZ\DÝCæ\Df]AßÂãVfYC]

[ \^êߘÜޘ\X\DfYdÝCë§äËYW6ëYGÞÂåßÂfÝjCf jGçgçށßÂb^jG]ZߘYCf]\ã6åaj¤]kj àÄäËYCWrߘfgãZ]kjGfab^\Gé¤ã’\^ÝCæ\|fC]rYIðG\|W[ YIø

b^YCdÞÂåúYbDb^daWyâwè¯ïXjGbyëÆÜadafabyëÆëajGãjGfÆjGãkãZYbhßÂj¤]’\DåúYIøQf\DWjCfaå!çgWZYC]Z\Db^]ZߘYCfÆj¤]’]’W’ߘÜada]Z\Dã

àœ]’ë\¦daãkdaj¤Þ8^9f߁ê W’\DjGå«éAøQWZߘ]Z\°jGfaå\^ê\Db^da]Z\¦çg\|W’æßÂã’ã’߁YfaãyâwéVjGfgå±júã’\^]Y¤ä9æ(jGfgj¤ÝG\|W

æ\^]këYåaã]këaj¤]QçaW’YIðeߘåa\j(ãkçg\|bh߁ù;bæ(jGfajGÝG\Dæ\|fC]ˆç;YGޘߘb^ìÉY¤är]’ë\\|fabhޘYCã’\Då”YCÜ[S\Dbh]kã^è

$&%_$ `badce9ead>@;f;fg(=B9ihjckAl.:m

íë\daã’\DWçaWZYCÝCWkjGæ àœdaãkdaj¤Þ˜Þ˜ìb^j¤Þ˜Þ˜\Dåý]kë\nOoUR_pqR_rqsßÂfý]’ë\ۍá%ޘ߁]’\DWkj¤]kdaWZ\°ôI÷ËâPãZ\D\Dãj

ëedÝC\ÝCWkjGçaë”Y¤ä6YCÜe[S\|bh]kãQj¤Þ˜ÞYbDj¤]Z\|åÉøß˜]’ëaߘfjÞÂjGW’ÝG\fedaæÜ;\DWQY¤äVÜadafabyëa\DãDèƒíë\ Üadgfabyë

øQë\|WZ\°jGf YCÜe[S\|bh]ßÂã]ZYÆÜg\ýj¤Þ˜Þ˜YebDj¤]’\DåßÂãbyëaYCã’\Df±Üì]’ëa\°çaW’YGÝW’jCæ(æ\|W]’jnߘfÝ!ߘf]’Y

jCb^bhYdaf]Qߘ]’ã§çaW’YG]Z\|bh]’߁Yfj¤]’]’W’ߘÜada]Z\DãjGfgå]’ëa\æ(jGfajGÝG\|æ\|f]9ç;YGޘߘb^ì¦çgWZYIðeßÂå\DåÜì¦]’ëa\

Ü;\DbhYæ\DãQj(ç;\DWkãZßÂãZ]’\Df]QÜadafgbyë;jCfÉYÜe[S\Db^]QÜg\|bhYCæ\|ãQçg\|W’ã’ßÂãZ]’\Df]ÜCì°WZ\|jGbyëajCÜߘށߘ]NìGéßHè\Cèé

øQë\|f”ߘ]QÜ;\DbhYæ\DãW’\DjGbyëgjGÜޘ\PäÄW’YCæ ]’ë\ç;\DWkãZßÂã’]Z\Df]QW’YeYG]^è

þdafabyë\|ãjGW’\æjCçaç;\Då°ß˜f¦ãkëajGW’\Då°æ\DæYCW’ìGéajCfaå°b^jGf¦Ü;\ ãZßÂædaށ]kjGf\DYCdaã’ށì”b^jGbyëa\Då

YCfã’\^ðG\|W’jGÞfYå\Dã6YGäK]kë\f\^]NøXYCW.KèpigYWAbhYfaãZßÂã’]Z\DfgbhìçadgW’ç;YCã’\DãDéI]’ë\Qã’ìãZ]’\Dæ/ãkdaçaç;YCW’]’ã

j§øX\Djޘì bhYfaãZßÂã’]Z\Df]@ _ÿ øß]kë]’ë\\|fC]kWZìbhYfaãZßÂã’]Z\DfgbhìçaW’YG]’YbhYGÞ«ôöE÷>èríëaߘãVçgWZYC]ZYbhYCÞ

ãkdaçaç;YCW’]’ã]’ë\]’WkjGåa߁]’߁Yfaj¤Þ6æYeåa\^ÞrY¤äƒædށ]’ߘçaށ\(WZ\|jGå\|W’ãjGfgåjÉã’ߘfaÝGޘ\øQW’߁]’\DWDèíëa\DW’\

b^jCf Ü;\©\^ߘ]’ëa\DWrãZ\DðG\DWkj¤ÞWZ\|jGå§]’Yn¤\|faãDé|YWVàœ\hêabhÞÂdaã’߁ðC\^ޘìaâªjPã’ߘfÝCށ\ƒøQWZߘ]Z\ƒ]ZYD¤\DfjCã’ã’YbhßÂj¤]’\Då

øß˜]’ë\DjCbyëYCÜe[S\|bh]^èÏMPYå\DãÉëYGÞÂåßÂfݱjWZ\|jGå]ZYD¤\|f³jCWZ\¦\Dfgã’daW’\Då]’Y±Üg\úW’\DjCåßÂfÝj

bhYfaã’ߘã’]Z\|fC]©ðG\DWkã’߁YfYGäª]’ë\9YCÜe[S\|bh]^èAíë\9çgYã’ã’\DãkãZߘYCfYGäÎ]kë\PøQW’ߘ]Z\Q]’Yn¤\|f(\DfaãkdaW’\DãA]këaj¤]

]’ëa\DW’\XßÂãVfY§YC]’ë\|WAbhYCfgãZßÂãZ]’\Df]AbhYçCìYGä;]kë\YCÜe[S\|bh]6ßÂfjCfì YG]kë\DWAfYå\ˆYGä;]’ëa\Qf\^]NøXYCW.Kè

`9]’ëa\DW’øß˜ã’\Gé«ßHè\Gè˜ép߁äXj¦çaW’Yeb^\Dãkã§åYe\DãfYC]§ç;YCãkã’\DãkãZ\|ãj°]’Yn¤\|fªé«]kë\(YCÜaã’\DW’ðG\|åYCÜ[S\Dbh]\ã

ã’]’j¤]’\ß˜ãdgfaå\hùKf\Dåªè

íë\|WZ\ýßÂãjfYC]ZߘYCfY¤ä§YCÜe[S\|bh]¯YIøQf\|W^éXøQëßÂbyëߘã¯\D߁]kë\DW]’ë\úfaYeåa\ëYGÞÂåßÂfÝ]’ë\

bhYW’W’\Dãkç;YCfaåßÂfÝýøQW’߁]’\É]’Yn¤\|fªéAYCW]’ë\°fYå\É]këaj¤]ÞÂjGã’]ë\^ÞÂå±ß˜]^èÆR øQW’ߘ]Z\É]’YnG\Dfb^jCf

YCfaށì¦Üg\YCÜ]kj¤ßÂf\Då°äÄW’YCæ ]’ëa\YIøQf\|W^égjCfaåjW’\DjCå°]ZYnG\DfýbDjGfýÜ;\ YCÜ]kj¤ßÂf\DåýäÄWZYæ jCfCì

fYå\ˆj¤ÞÂWZ\|jGåìëYCޘåaߘfݧjWZ\|jGå]’Yn¤\|fªèÍíëedaãDéI]’ëa\ˆb^YCçìT>ã’\^]ÍY¤ä;jCf YÜe[S\Db^]©àœã’\^]6YGä;fYå\Dã

øß˜]’ë jQW’\DjCå§]ZYD¤\DfKâKߘãÍfYG]Íbh\Df]kW’jGށߘó^\|åÜCìߘ]’ã«YIøQfa\DWEWkj¤]kë\DWDé|߁]ÍߘãÍåߘã’]’W’ßÂÜad]Z\|å jGæYfÝ

]’ëa\YIøQf\|WQjGfaå]’ëYãZ\faYeåa\DãPëaYGÞÂåߘfaÝÉjW’\DjGå¦]’YnG\Df¦]’ëgj¤]9ëgjEðG\ÝGߘðG\|fýjW’\DjGå°]’Yn¤\|f

]ZY¦YC]’ë\|WfaYeåa\DãDèíë\(]’Yn¤\|fúæ(jGfgj¤ÝG\|æ\Df]9ßÂãåYf\(øß]kë!jCf!jGށÝCYCW’߁]këaæ ãZßÂæ߁ÞÂjGW]’Y

pß\ãåìfajCæߘb”åߘã’]’W’ßÂÜad]Z\|å æ(jGfgj¤ÝG\|Wøß˜]’ë åaߘã’]’W’ߘÜgd]Z\|å bhYçìÆã’\^]kã°ô‹õ |÷>è!íëedaãDé6äËYCW

\DjCbyëÉYÜe[S\Db^]^éa]kë\DW’\ßÂãjäËYCW’øXjCW’åßÂfÝ(çgYCߘf]’\DWæ\DbyëajCfßÂã’æ ßÂfaåßÂb^jG]ZßÂfݯøQëßÂbyë¦fYå\ß˜ã

]’ëa\ b^daWkWZ\|f]XYÜe[S\Db^]L\ãˆYIøQf\DWDèI!\ bDj¤Þ˜Þ«ã’dgbyë”j(ç;YGßÂfC]’\DWDé ;è

LSf%YCWkå\DW¦]’YÏãkdaçaç;YCW’]çg\|W’ã’ߘã’]Z\|f]ýYCÜe[S\|bh]’ãúb^jGçgjGÜޘ\ûY¤ä¯ã’daW’ðe߁ðeßÂfÝ øXYCW.ã’]’jG]ZߘYCf

b^WkjGãkë\|ã^éVÜadgfabyë\Dã(jCWZ\°ã’daçgçgYWZ]’\Då±Üì±jÆWZ\|bhYIðG\|W’jCÜޘ\¯ðßÂW’]’dajGÞXæ\DæYWZìæ\DbyëajCfßÂã’æ

ô‹õE÷>è I ë\Df ]kë\DW’\ßÂãjGfYÜe[S\Db^]¯äÄjGdaށ]àœ]’ë\ÆjGçaçaށßÂb^jG]ZߘYCfߘãÉ]’W’ìeߘfÝ]’Y±ßÂfCðCYnG\¦jCf

YCÜ[S\Dbh]fYG]ށYbDj¤Þ˜Þìûæ(jGçaç;\Då;â ]’ëa\Éþˆÿ ÝC\^]kã]kë\É\|fabhޘYCã’ߘfaÝúÜadafabyë jGfaå±æ(jCçaã ߘ]^è

íëßÂã”æ(jCçaçßÂfÝ jGda]ZYCæ(jG]ZßÂb^j¤Þ˜Þ˜ì³ßÂfߘ]ZßÂj¤]Z\|ã”j±ÞYCÝGÝGßÂfݱæ\DbyëgjGfßÂã’æ äËYCWÉ]’ë\ÆW’jCfÝG\úY¤ä

jGågåaWZ\|ã’ã’\Dã]këaj¤]øß˜ÞÞƒÜg\æYå߁ùg\DåÜì]kë\jGçaçaށßÂb^jG]ZߘYCfªèíëedaãDép\DðG\DW’ìæYåߋùKb^j¤]’߁Yf

ç;\DWZäËYCWkæ\|å Yf±]këaj¤]¯WkjGfÝC\ÉY¤ä§jGåaågWZ\|ã’ã’\DãëajGã(jCf³jCã’ã’YbhßÂj¤]Z\|åޘYGÝgéXjGfaå³b^jCf Ü;\WZ\^T

bhYIðC\DW’\DåýßÂfúbDjGã’\YGäƒj°b^WkjGãkëªéªdaãZßÂfݦj”æ\|byëajGfßÂãkæ Y¤äƒW’\Db^YIðG\DWkjGÜaށ\ ðeßÂWZ]kdaj¤Þ6æ\DæYCW’ìGè

þˆ\häËYWZ\dafT>æ(jGçgçߘfaÝújýÜadafabyë«ér]kë\Éã’ìãZ]’\Dæ jGd]’YCæ(j¤]’ߘbDj¤Þ˜Þì [ daãkë\Dã]’ë\ÉjCã’ã’YbhßÂj¤]’\Då

ޘYGݦàÄßÂf]Z\DWkæ\DåßÂj¤]’\ [ daãkë\DãbDjGf°Üg\ jGޘã’Y¯æ(jGå\Iâwè

Õ Ö ÙˆÔAÚDÖ(ÓjrÚ¯Ó

LSf”]’ëßÂããZ\|bh]’߁YføX\§åa\Dãkb^W’ߘÜ;\9]kë\æ(j¤ßÂf”çaW’YCÜaށ\|æãX]kë\ۍá å\|ãZߘÝCf”ëajGãX]ZY¯å\|j¤ÞÎøß˜]’ëªé

jGfgå(]’ë\QÝdßÂå\^ޘߘfa\DãAYGäÎ]kë\Pb^YCWkWZ\|ã’ç;YCfaåaߘfݍã’YGÞÂd]ZߘYCfgã^é¤ßHè\Gè˜éC]kë\Q]’ëgWZ\D\Qã’daÜT>jGށÝCYCW’߁]këaæ(ã

]’ëgj¤]QjGW’\d]Zߘޘ߁óD\Dåªè

-% ' hj>@g = 4 4 EB.:4

íë\ ãkçg\|bh߁ù;bçaW’YCÜޘ\Dæ(ãˆ]kë\ۍáßÂãˆäÄjGb^\Då”øß]kë¦b^jGf¦Ü;\ ã’dgææ(jCWZߘó^\|åÉjGãXäËYCށޘYIøQã

!#"

O r#UQHR r%$r/S'&LK WLRJyè íë\¦ÝCWkjGçgë±Y¤äYCÜe[S\|bh]kãßÂã(\DfaYCWkæYdaã(jGfaå³øßÂå\^ޘì åßÂãST

]’W’ߘÜada]Z\Då«éa]’ë\|WZ\^äËYCW’\§ß]ßÂãfYG]ˆäË\|jGã’ߘÜaށ\§]ZYb^YGޘށ\|bh]ˆ]’ëa\Dæ jGށޫjG]]’ë\ ãkjGæ\§]ZßÂæ\Gè

íë\ã’YGÞÂd]ZߘYCf¦ßÂãQ]’YÉWZ\|bhÞÂj¤ßÂæ ÝWZYdaçaãYGäVWZ\DޘjG]Z\Då¦YÜe[S\Db^]’ãPߘfaåa\Dç;\Dfaå\|f]Zޘì3ˆ\|jGbyë

]’ë\ ãkjGæ\Üadafabyë°YfÉYC]’ë\|WfYå\DãDè

!#"

W W KZJ JSR 3s r dpLM pqRrqQ;èˆÛW’YCdaçßÂfÝ YÜe[S\Db^]’ãƒß˜f]’YÜadgfabyë\DãXWkj¤ßÂãZ\|ãV]’ëa\çaW’YCÜT

ށ\|æ Y¤äXçaWZYçaj¤Ýj¤]’ߘfÝ°jGbDbh\Dãkã’ߘÜߘޘ߁]NìýßÂfeäËYCWkæ(j¤]’߁Yf!b^YCfab^\DWkfߘfaÝÉßÂfC]’\DWZT>ÜgdafabyëÆWZ\^äÇT

\DW’\Dfab^\DãDè

íë\ JVWrqQ WK pqQXKVs9ߘã]kë\ãkdaÜeTNj¤Þ˜ÝGYWZߘ]’ëgæ ]këaj¤]ßÂãW’\Dãkç;YCfaã’ߘÜaށ\äËYCWçaW’YCçajGÝCj¤]ZT

ߘfÝjGbDbh\Dãkã’ߘÜߘޘ߁]NìߘfäËYCWkæjG]ZߘYCfªéejGfgååßÂã’b^YIðG\DW’ßÂfݧøQëߘbyëYCÜe[S\|bh]’ãXjGW’\PfYށYfÝG\|W

WZ\|jGbyëajCÜށ\9äÄW’YCæºYC]’ë\|WÜadafabyëa\DãˆYCWXäÄW’YCæºYG]’ëa\DWbhYçߘ\DãˆY¤är]’ë\ ãkjGæ\Üadafgbyëªè

!

WKVJ r$7M pqsLS pLM KhèÆLSfaå\|çg\|faå\|fC]ۍáüY¤äQÜadgfabyë\Dã”àÄþPۍáâøß]kë±jGbDbh\Dãkã’ߘÜߘށT

߁]Nì¦çaW’YCçajGÝCj¤]’߁YfúàHã’b^߁Yf¦bhޘ\DjGfa\DWyâ©äÄj¤ß˜Þ˜ãP]ZYÉb^YGޘށ\|bh]ßÂfC]’\DWZT>Ügdafabyë¦bhìbhޘ\DãPY¤äAå\DjCå

YCÜe[S\|bh]’ãDè

íë\ M s rqU TM pqsLS pLM K W rK WLR_rqsQàNۍۍáâVb^YGޘށ\|bh]’ã©ÝCW’YCdaçgãAY¤ä«Üadafgbyë\Dã©ß˜f¯YW’åa\DWA]’Y

WZ\|bhÞÂj¤ßÂæ ߘf]’\DWZT>Üadgfabyë”b^ìbhޘ\DãˆY¤äAå\|jGå”YCÜe[S\|bh]’ãDè

!

KVs'$Vr#sZO p#Q3W K^èXíë\ æd]’jG]ZYWædaã’]QfYG]QÜ;\ãkdaÜe[S\|bh]Z\|å°]ZY¯Þ˜YCfݯçajCdaãZ\|ãåad\]’Y

]’ë\ۍá9è

íë\DW’\häËYWZ\CéÍøX\”daã’\ÉjCfûߘfabDWZ\|æ\Df]’jGރbhYçìßÂfÝjGށÝCYCW’߁]këaæ àÄäËYCW]’ë\”þQۍáüjCfaå

ۍۍáâwéCjCfaå]’ë\§ÛáYGäªåaß"Î\DW’\Df]VÜadafgbyë\DãàœYCWAYGäÎåaß"Î\DW’\Df]VbhYçߘ\DãAYGäK]kë\PãkjGæ\

Üadafabyë;âƒßÂãQåYf\§ß˜f¦çajCW’jGށޘ\^ÞÎøß˜]’ëýfY¯ã’ìfabyëaW’YCfߘóDjG]ZߘYCfÉb^YCfaã’]’Wkj¤ßÂf]’ãDè

-%_$ ) Ek2dm g(=l. c 2dGB. m(9eceaHg 2GF;f4

íÍYyG\^\|ç]’ë\¦ßÂãZYCޘjG]ZߘYCfYGäj!Üadafabyë äËYCW]’ëa\°çadgW’ç;YCã’\”YGä§Ûá9éVjGfgå±ßÂf jGågå߁]’߁Yf±]’Y

]kë\ã’\^]QYGäAYCd]’ÝGYGßÂfÝÉjCfaå¦\Df]’\DW’ߘfÝ ée\DjGbyë¦bDjGbyë\|åýbhYCçì°Y¤äVjÜadgfabyëëajCã

]NøXY³jCã’ã’YbhßÂj¤]Z\|å]’jCÜށ\|ãúàHãZ\D\!i6ߘÝCdaW’\±õIâwè íë\ JVWrqQ R_p SK°bhYfC]kj¤ßÂfaã”ߘfeäËYW’æ(jG]ZߘYCf

jCÜgYd]PøQëßÂbyëýYÜe[S\Db^]’ãjGW’\WZ\^äË\DW’\Dfab^\Då¦äÄW’YCæ»øQëßÂbyëýYC]’ë\|W9Üadgfabyë\DãDè§íë\ JZRUHSoRNp/SK

b^YCf]’jGߘfaãÉߘfäËYCWkæjG]ZߘYCf jCÜgYd]ÉøQëßÂbyë W’\häË\|WZ\|fabh\|åYCÜe[S\|bh]’ã°jGW’\újGށޘYb^j¤]’\DåßÂf øQëßÂbyë

YC]’ë\|WÜgdafabyë\|ã^èíëedaãDéªäËYW9\|jGbyë!ãZ]kdaÜú]kë\DW’\ߘã§j°bhYCWkW’\DãkçgYfaåßÂfݔãkbhߘYCf]9]’ë\|ãZ\(]NøXY

\|fC]’߁]’߁\|ãˆäËYCWkæºj(ã’]’daÜeTNãkbhߘYCf°çaj¤ßÂW§à>_a_eUˆâIè

íë\|WZ\jGW’\ˆ]NøƒYMßÂfaåaã6Y¤äÎãZޘߘÝCë]Zޘìåß"K\|WZ\|f]ƒ_a_UƒãÍjCfQ RNKLs(SLUQ3WVYP_g_U±å\Dãkb^W’ßÂÜg\|ã

ßÂf]Z\DWZTNÜadafabyëÆWZ\^äË\DW’\Dfab^\DãrjCfQ Rs p(SLUQ3WVY°_a_U/W’\DbhYW’ågãW’\^ޘ\^ðIjCfC]å\|çg\|faå\|fabhߘ\Dã Ü;\hT

]NøX\^\|f”W’\DçޘßÂb^jGãˆYGärjÝGߘðG\|f”Ügdafabyëªè

LSf]Z\|WSTNÜadafabyë°_a_UƒãXëajEðC\Q]’ë\§ãkjGæ\9åßÂW’\Dbh]’߁Yf¯Y¤äÍ]’ë\ߘf]’\DWZT>Üadgfabyë¯WZ\^äË\DW’\Dfab^\P]kë\^ì

W’\DçaW’\Dã’\Df]ƒàÄ\GèÝgè˜é !#" $ßÂfi6ߘÝgèeõEâyèÍLSf]kW’j¤T>Üadgfabyë_a_eUƒã6ëajEðG\X]’ëa\XYçaç;YCã’߁]’\ˆåaߘW’\Db^]ZߘYCf

YGä]kë\!b^YCWkWZ\|ã’ç;YCfaåaߘfÝ ;éƒßœè\Gè˜éˆ]’ë\Dìã’]’jCWZ]jG]]’ëa\YIøQf\DW¯faYeåa\Gè4íëßÂã¯ß˜ã

åada\]’Y”]kë\¯çadaWkçgYãZ\]’ëa\^ìúã’\DW’ðG\/Q]ZYýçaW’\Dã’\DW’ðG\jGfYÜe[S\Db^]L\ã§WZ\|çށßÂb^j°j¤]§j°fYå\(]’ëajG]

ã’]ZYWZ\|ã ßÂfC]’\DWZT>Ügdafabyëã’]’daÜaãb^W’\DjG]Z\|åûøQë\Df ]’ë\°fYå\ÉøˆjGãçaWZ\Dðe߁YdaãZޘìÆ]’ë\”YIøQf\DWY¤ä

]kë\YÜe[S\Db^]^é;Ügd]PßÂãPfY”ށYfÝG\|WQã’YgèˆigYWQ\hêajCæçaށ\CégßÂfã’ça߁]’\Y¤äVÜ;\^ßÂfݔdgfaWZ\|jGbyëajCÜޘ\§Üì

]kë\æd]’jG]ZYW’ã9j¤]&%('CéÎYCÜe[S\|bh])+*”ædgãZ]§Üg\ ¤\|ç]9jGށߘðG\Üg\|b^jCdaãZ\߁]9ߘã§W’\DjCbyëajGÜޘ\Üìýj

æd]’jG]ZYCW6ßÂf,%#-géCjGfaå]’ë\|WZ\ßÂãAjGfßÂf]Z\DWZTNÜadafabyëWZ\^äË\DW’\Dfab^\ãZ]kjGW’]ZßÂfÝäÄWZYæ. *gé¤äËYCW6øQëßÂbyë

]kë\ bhYW’W’\DãkçgYfaåßÂfÝã’]’dgܔßÂãQjGށޘYb^j¤]’\Då”ߘf/%('Cè

ïƒjCbyë±\^êe\|b^d]’߁Yf±YGä9]’ëa\°Þ˜Yb^jGÞXþPۍá*W’\Db^YCfaã’]’Wkdab^]’ãjÆfa\^øºðC\DWkãZߘYCfYGä9]kë\ýãZ]kdaÜ

]kjGÜޘ\ ßÂfýøQëßÂbyëý\DjCbyë¦\Df]’W’ì°ç;YGßÂf]’ã9]ZYÉW’\DæYC]Z\ãkbhߘYCfgãQãZ]’߁ޘÞ6WZ\|jGbyëajCÜށ\ j¤äË]Z\|WP]kë\b^YGށT

ޘ\Db^]ZߘYCfªéVjCfaå j!f\^øºÞ˜ßÂãZ]Y¤äPYd]ZÝCYGßÂfÝ úàœfYfeT>YIøQf\DåYÜe[S\Db^]’ããZ]’߁ޘޝj¤Þ˜ßðC\

0 4 a<a 521 % `|;2aQ ;<#2% #M#`a#! U[Ve 1o5 ! ! 5 a!

:(;<43BA65

5

a#:|#6a#!|$P[ #! 8 #=%#.L >=#8:O

7

a#[a) _:x!#.Q

a#8a##.6!# 5 L8G-68$#>=##!x!s#[$; -: 1( !x$h;`% #"7.a# 1

Node N2

O2

O1

Bunch B1 Bunch B2

Node N3 Node N1

O7

local root local root

SSP

N3 B2 O7 O5

N2 B1 O7 O5

O3 N1 N2

O3

local root

O3 Bunch B1

O3

O2 O5

O1 O6

(ro)

(r) (ro)

(i) (w)

(r)

(ro) (w)

(w)

stub scion

scion stub

inter-bunch stub-scion

pair

inter-bunch reference

inter-bunch stub

intra bunch

i6߁ÝdaW’\õ

‘S™CŠ „D“‡€N‰’‹ŽD“‘Z„^ŠC‹…y€6‰kŽD“I‘Z„^‹“‹“I‘S…w†>šÄŠ™C“e‰S~„D“‡§“I‘S†S„hšœŠC™“‰Z~

€k¡«®eŽ|†Í…y„|‰S~

Ž|ŠG›H…w‰’‘X‘S~C…Q€H‘Z„^‘S…PŽD–ª‘Z€V‘SŽD E…w“(€A“‡G‰w„h‘S…y‡¯„|€A–ÂŽ^‹‹ŽyŸ©€k¼A‹…k‘N‘S…w†S€„^“e‡ ‹“e‡¤‰w„^‘S…‘S~e„h‘ƒ‘S~C…

“Ž¤‡G…Q~e„|€ƒ„†N…y„|‡(ŽD†ˆ„ŸV†>‘S…P‘SŽD E…w“¯†N…y€>‚…w‰’‘N‹£E…kž •…w„D“e€6‘S~„^‘©‘S~…Q“Ž¤‡G…Q€V‘S~…QŽ|ŠG›H…y‰Z‘€

ŽyŸV“…w†9ō„D†N…Q“CŽD‘ƒ†N…w‚†N…y€>…k“¤‘S…w‡eÈ 9€ƒ™€>…y‡–˜Ž|†ƒ‹“‰kŽ|“€H˜€H‘S…k“¤‘X‰kŽD‚C‹…y€k¡©}6~…

‹“‰’‹™e‡C…w€A‘S~C…ˆ•™G‘Z„^‘SŽD†S€A€H‘Z„|‰S C€k¡

ޘYebDj¤Þ˜Þìgâyè I ë\|f³]kë\¦ÞYbDj¤ÞˆþPۍá*]Z\|W’æßÂfaj¤]’\DãDé©]kë\ýf\^ø»ãZ]kdaÜ ]kjGÜޘ\ýjGfaå ]’ë\fa\^ø

ޘߘã’]ˆY¤ä jCWZ\ãZ\|fC]ˆ]’YYC]’ë\|WXfaYeåa\DãXYCf”øQëßÂbyë]’ëa\§ãkbhߘYCf”bhޘ\DjCf\DWàœÜgjGã’\DåYf

]’ëa\WZ\|bh\^ߘðG\|åýßÂfeäËYCWkæ(j¤]ZߘYCfKâwé«øß˜ÞÞVåa\^ޘ\^]Z\(]kë\¯dafaW’\DjGbyëgjGÜޘ\ãkbhߘYCfgãjCfaåúdgfaf\Db^\Dãkã’jCWZì

\Df]’\DW’ߘfÝ è rj¤]’\DWDéÍ]këYCã’\ÉYÜe[S\Db^]’ã ]këaj¤]øƒ\|WZ\”WZ\|jGbyëajCÜށ\¯YfޘìúäÄW’YCæ ]’ë\

[Zdaã’]å\^ޘ\^]’\DåÉãkbhߘYCfgã©YWV\Df]’\DW’ߘfÝ é¤øß˜ÞÞªÜ;\W’\Db^ޘjGߘæ\|åÜì]kë\§ÞYbDj¤ÞKþQۍá9è

I ë\|f]kë\QãkbhߘYCf(bhޘ\DjCf\DWrޘYYDeãAj¤]Vj§ã’b^߁YfߘfYCWkå\|WÍ]’Y§ù;faå߁äKߘ]VßÂãAãZ]’߁ޘÞgW’\DjGbyëgjGÜޘ\

àÄ\CèÝ;èé! 6%#*"$# -" !"6 $&%(ߘf±irߘÝgèXõEâyéA߁]ã’bDjGfaã]’ë\°ãZ]kdaܱ]kjGÜޘ\ÉYGä]’ë\¦ãZYdaWkbh\ÉÜadgfabyë

ßÂfaåßÂb^j¤]’\Då!ÜCì¦]kë\ãkbhߘYCf±à'# -”ߘfú]’ëßÂã§b^jGã’\Eâyè9M9YG]’\]’ëgj¤]]’ë\(ã’b^߁Yfbhޘ\DjCf\DWåYe\DãfYC]

ëajEðC\ý]ZY±ãkb^jGf]kë\úã’]’daÜ]kjGÜޘ\DãÉY¤äj¤Þ˜ÞPb^jCbyë\DåbhYçߘ\Dã¯YGä§]kë\úã’YCdaWkbh\ýÜadgfabyëªè%igYCW

\hêajCæçaށ\Cé©\^ðC\Df ߋä(# -ÆøˆjGã(bDjGbyë\|å±YCf³fYå\Dã %#*ûjCfaå%*)ÎéV]’ëa\¦ãkbhߘYCf³bhޘ\DjCf\DWYCfaށì

ëajCã¯]ZY±ãkb^jCf ]kë\úã’]’daÜ]’jCÜޘ\ýY¤ä§]’ë\bDjGbyë\|åb^YCçì±ßÂfaåßÂb^jG]Z\DåÜì ]kë\ãkbhߘYCfÜg\DߘfaÝ

bhYfaã’ߘå\|WZ\|åúàHãZ\D\_\Db^]ZߘYCfèöCâyè

íë\§þPۍájGfgå”ãkbhߘYCf”bhޘ\DjGfa\DWˆåY(fYG]W’\DbhÞÂj¤ßÂæ bhìb^ށ\|ãƒYGärå\|jGåÉYCÜe[S\|bh]’ãˆãkçajGfgfߘfaÝ

æYCW’\V]’ëgjGfYf\©ÜadafgbyëªèríÍYPb^YGޘށ\|bh]«]kë\Dæ.ßÂfðGYGޘðG\|ã«ãkb^jGfgfߘfaݝ\^ðG\|WZì§Üadafgbyë bhYfC]kj¤ßÂfßÂfÝ

jGf³YCÜ[S\Dbh](YGäãkdabyë³jÆbhìb^ށ\Cè³i;YCW(]’ëaߘã¯çadgW’ç;YCã’\Géƒ]’ë\!ۍۍá ÝCW’YCdaçaã(Üadgfabyë\Dã(ßÂfj

åìfajCæßÂb¯øˆjEìGèýíë\°ë\DdaW’ßÂãZ]’ߘbdgãZ\|åÆäËYCW ÝWZYdaçßÂfÝÜadafgbyë\DãåYe\DãfaYG]åßÂãkW’daça] ]’ë\

jGçgçށßÂb^jG]ZߘYCfaã9øXYCW.CßÂfÝÉã’\^]§Ü;\Db^jCdaã’\ߘ]9]kj¤\|ãQßÂf]ZY¦jGb^b^YCdaf]9]’ë\DߘW9ށYbDj¤Þ˜ß]NìýÜ;\DëajEðeߘYCWDé

jGãåa\Dãkb^W’ߘÜ;\Då°ßÂf¦_\|bh]’߁Yf

ñ è

íë\9]’ëaW’\^\PãkdaÜeTNj¤Þ˜ÝGYWZߘ]’ëgæã©jGÜ;YIðG\QYd]Zޘߘfa\Dåç;\DWZäËYCWkæüb^YCæ(çޘ\Dæ\Df]kjGW’ì]kjGã.ãpޘY¤T

b^jGޝbhYGޘޘ\Dbh]’߁YfY¤äj!Üadgfabyë àœþQۍáâyé6ù;faå øQëߘbyë YCÜe[S\|bh]kãjCWZ\°fYÆށYfÝG\|WW’\DjGbyëgjGÜޘ\

äÄW’YCæºYC]’ë\|WÜadafabyëa\Dã§àœãkbhߘYCf°bhޘ\DjCf\DWyâwéajCfaå¦WZ\|bhÞÂj¤ßÂæ*ߘf]’\DWZT>Üadgfabyë”b^ìbhޘ\DãˆY¤ä6ÝCjCW’Ügj¤ÝG\Cè

íÍYGÝG\D]’ë\|W^é]kë\Dã’\ã’dgÜeT>jGށÝCYCW’߁]këaæ(ãˆã’daçgçgYWZ]QjCfÉßÂf]Z\^ÝW’jGÞpۍá ã’YGÞÂd]ZߘYCfÉäËYCW- _ÿ±è

+ ØÓÙ& Õ Ö ÙˆÔ6Ö¯Õ

LSf±YW’åa\DW ]’YÆæ(jGߘf]’jGߘf±]’ë\¦Üadafabyë±ß˜ã’YGÞÂj¤]’߁YfûäËYCW]’ë\¦çadaWkç;YCã’\ÉY¤äۍá9é6]kë\°ã’ìãZ]’\Dæ

ædgãZ] G\^\|ç]’WkjGbYGä§\^êaçgYWZ]’\Då jGfgåߘæ(ç;YCW’]Z\Då W’\häË\|WZ\|fabh\|ã¦àÄøß˜]’ë W’\Dãkç;\Dbh]É]ZY±\|jGbyë

Üadafgbyë;âwéXøß]këYCda]WZ\|åadabhßÂfÝûjGçaçaށßÂb^jG]ZߘYCfaã¯ç;\DWZäËYCWkæ(jGfab^\Gè³íëaߘã¯W’\häË\|WZ\|fabh\°]’WkjGbßÂfÝ

ßÂããZßÂæ߁ÞÂjGW(]’Yû]’ë\ýßÂf]Z\DWZT>ÝG\Dfa\DWkj¤]ZߘYCf çgYCߘf]Z\|W¯]’WkjGbßÂfÝûçg\|WSäËYW’æ\Då³ßÂf³ÝC\Df\|W’jG]ZߘYCfajGÞ

f\Dø³ç;YGßÂf]Z\DWAbDWZYã’ã’\Dãrj§Üadafabyë(Ü;YCdafgåajGW’ì¯àËäÄW’YCæ/j§ã’YCdaWkbh\ˆÜadafgbyë]’Y jP]kjGW’ÝG\^]AÜadgfabyë;âwè

L>äªãZY;é¤]’ëa\Df]XàÄßËârb^W’\DjG]Z\ˆjãZ]kdaÜßÂf]’ë\Qã’YCdgW’b^\ˆÜgdafabyë]\ãAãZ]kdaÜ]’jCÜށ\CéCjCfaåÉàœßßËârb^W’\DjG]Z\ˆ]’ëa\

b^YCWkWZ\|ã’ç;YCfaåaߘfݍãkbhߘYCfßÂf¯]’ë\P]’jGW’ÝG\D]VÜadafabyë \ãƒã’b^߁Yf(]’jGÜaށ\ àHãZ\D\QßÂfC]’\DWZT>Ügdafabyë(WZ\^äË\DW’\Dfab^\

!#" $ßÂf°irߘÝgèªõIâwèƒ_\|bh]’߁Yf aèöå\|ã’bDWZßÂÜg\|ãˆ]’ë\ bDWZ\|j¤]’߁YfÉYGärãkdabyë¦jGfý_a_Uߘf¦å\D]’jG߁ÞHè

igYW]kë\°ÞYb^jGރþPۍá9ér\^ðC\DW’ìÆYÜe[S\Db^]W’\häË\|WZ\|fabh\|å àÄ\D߁]kë\DWåßÂWZ\|bh]ZޘìûYCWߘfgåߘW’\Db^]Zޘìgâ

äÄW’YCæ ]’ë\W’YeYG]¯ßÂãbhYfaãZßÂå\|WZ\|å ޘ߁ðC\Gè%íë\WZYeYC]YGä§jûޘYb^jGÞQþPۍá ßÂã¯]’ëa\údafߘYCfY¤ä

ޘYb^j¤Þæd]’jG]ZYCWkã6ãZ]kjGbeãDé|ßÂf]’WkjITNÜadafabyëjGfaåߘf]’\DWZT>ÜadgfabyëãkbhߘYCfgã^é¤jCfaå ]këYCã’\ˆYCÜe[S\|bh]’ãÍäËYW

øQëßÂbyë¦]’ëa\DW’\ ߘã9j¤]Qޘ\DjCãZ]Yf\ \|fC]’\DW’ߘfaÝ Kè©íë\ãZ\D]PY¤äA\|fC]’\DW’ߘfaÝ

\|faã’dgWZ\¦]’ëgj¤]jûã’ëgjGW’\Då³YCÜe[S\|bh](ށYbDj¤Þ˜Þì±YIøQfa\DåjGfaåfYûޘYCfÝC\DW(WZ\|jGbyëajCÜޘ\°Üì ޘYb^jGÞ

æd]’jG]ZYCWkãDé|ßÂãL¤\|ç]rjGށߘðG\ˆjGãÍޘYCfݧjGãÍ]’ë\|WZ\ˆjGW’\ ƒb^YCæߘfaÝPäÄW’YCæ.YC]’ë\|WÍfYå\|ã^è

R9ãåa\Dãkb^W’ߘÜ;\Dåúߘfû_\Db^]ZߘYCfè˜õGéªj”ãkëajCWZ\|åýYCÜe[S\|bh]ߘã§å\D]Z\|bh]Z\|åújCãÜ;\^ßÂfݦå\DjCåúÜìý]’ëa\

ޘYb^j¤ÞKþPۍá³\hê\DbDd]Z\|åj¤]Xߘ]’ãƒYIøQf\DWƒfYå\GèVR f\Db^\Dãkã’jCWZì(bhYfaåߘ]ZߘYCf(äËYWƒãkdabyëå\|j¤]kë¯ß˜ã

]kë\ daf\^êeßÂã’]Z\Dfgbh\§Y¤ä6\Df]Z\|WZßÂfÝ äËYCWˆ]këaj¤]YÜe[S\Db^]^è

ïƒjCbyë(Üadafabyë(ßÂã©b^ށ\|jGf\|åÜì߁]kãVYIøQfÝCjCW’Ügj¤ÝG\b^YGޘށ\|bh]ZYWLÍ]’ë\PþQۍá ßÂfab^W’\Dæ\|fC]kj¤Þ˜Þì

b^YCçߘ\Dã6ޘ߁ðC\YCÜe[S\|bh]kãräÄWZYæ4äÄW’YCæT>ãkçajCbh\X]ZY]ZYGT>ãkçajCbh\Xøß]këߘf(]kë\QãkjGæ\QÜadafabyë«è1I ë\|f¯j

ÜadgfabyëëajCãƒã’\^ðC\DWkj¤Þgb^YCçߘ\DãDéC]kë\PþPۍá³ßÂãƒb^YCæ(ç;YCã’\Då¯YGäpj ÝCjCW’Ügj¤ÝG\b^YGޘށ\|bh]ZYW©ç;\DWXbhYçCì

àœÞYb^jGÞVþPۍáâwèpíëa\ށYbDj¤Þ©b^YGޘށ\|bh]ZߘYCf!Y¤äQjýÜadgfabyëûb^jGfûçaW’Ybh\D\DåÆߘfgå\Dç;\Dfaåa\Df]Zޘì³àœßœè\Gè

jCãZìfabyëaW’YCfaYCdaã’ށìCé¤øß˜]’ëÉfaYã’ìefgbyëaWZYfߘóDj¤]’߁Yf;âpäÄW’YCæ—]’ë\§bhYCށޘ\Db^]ZߘYCf(YGäpYG]kë\DWƒÜadafabyë\|ã^é

jCfaåäÄW’YCæº]’ë\ b^YGޘށ\|bh]ZߘYCf”Y¤äAbhYçߘ\DãˆY¤är]’ë\ ãkjGæ\Üadafgbyë°jG]YG]kë\DWfYå\|ã^è

íë\þPۍá ߘãQjCf°ß˜fabDWZ\|æ\Df]’jGÞ«bhYCçìeßÂfݯbhYGޘޘ\Dbh]’YCWDèI!\ daã’\ j¯bhYçìßÂfÝ(j¤Þ˜ÝGYWZߘ]’ëaæ

Ü;\DbDjGdaã’\§]’ëßÂããZYCޘda]ZߘYCf°ãZ\D\Dæ(ãˆ]ZY¯Ü;\ æYWZ\§\^î¯b^߁\|f]X]këajGf°YC]’ë\|W’ãôö,é;öaõy÷ߘf¦çajCWZ]’ߘbhT

dÞÂjGWDée߁]ßÂæ(çaW’YIðG\DãXޘYb^j¤Þ˜ß˜]NìGèPYIøX\^ðC\DWDéjCfCì¯YC]’ë\|Wj¤Þ˜ÝGYWZߘ]’ëaæ b^YCdÞÂå°Üg\ daã’\Då°jGãXøX\^ޘޜè

áXdaWkW’\Df]ZޘìGéC]’ë\QþPۍá ßÂãVÜajGã’\Då(YfMP\^]’]Zޘ\Dã\ãXj¤Þ˜ÝGYWZߘ]’ëgæ ôõ

ñ

÷>è IÆ\Pdaã’\Q]këߘã©]Z\|byëafßÂcda\

Ü;\DbDjGdaã’\ƒß˜]AßÂãÍßÂã6øX\^ޘÞaã’dߘ]Z\|å]’YãZìã’]Z\Dæ(ãrßÂføQëßÂbyë]’ë\|WZ\ˆßÂãrjGޘW’\DjCåì j9ށYCÝàÄäËYCWAæ(jßÂfÝ

YÜe[S\Db^]’ãˆ]ZYCށ\|W’jCf]ƒ]’Yb^WkjGãkë\DãyâwéjGãˆßÂã]kë\ b^jCãZ\§Y¤ärþˆÿ àœã’\^\_\|bh]ZߘYCfýöaèöâwè

LN](øƒYdÞÂå ã’\^\Dæ ]’ëajG](b^YCçìeߘfaÝúޘ߁ðC\°YÜe[S\Db^]’ãøXYCdÞÂå±ßÂf]Z\DWZäË\DW’\°øß]kë³b^YCfaã’ߘã’]Z\|fabhì

Ü;\DbDjGdaã’\ÉbhYçìßÂfÝjýޘߘðG\¯YCÜ[S\Dbh]ߘfðIj¤Þ˜ß˜ågj¤]Z\|ãjGށރ߁]kãb^jCbyë\Dåb^YCçߘ\DãDèPYIøX\^ðC\DWDépYCdgW

ã’YGÞÂd]ZߘYCf³jEðGYCߘåaããkdabyë jÆf\^Ýj¤]’߁ðC\É\V"Î\Db^]^èíë\ýæjGߘf³ßÂå\DjÆbhYfaãZßÂã’]’ãY¤ä !àÄßËâjÆޘ߁ðC\

YÜe[S\Db^]VߘãXbhYçߘ\Då¯Üì(]’ë\9ށYb^jGÞgþPۍá³YCfaށì(j¤]ƒß]kã©YIøQf\|WVfYå\CéejCfaå¦àÄߘßËâA]kë\9ãkb^jCfafßÂfÝ

YGä9jޘ߁ðC\”YÜe[S\Db^]bDjGf Ü;\¦åYCf\°YCf jGf±ßÂfab^YCfaã’ߘã’]Z\|f]b^YCçìàÄ]’ëaߘã(W’\Dãkdށ]kãßÂfjúæYCW’\

b^YCfaã’\DW’ðIj¤]ZߘðG\jCçaçaW’YCjCbyëøèWDè]Dè—ãkb^jCfafßÂfݳj³bhYfaãZßÂã’]Z\Df]°bhYCçìgâwè*íëßÂã”ã’YGÞÂd]’߁Yf ߘã

ÜajCãZ\|åYfÉ]kë\§YCÜaã’\DW’ðIj¤]ZߘYCfÉ]’ëajG]Pۍá f\D\DåaãˆßÂf°]Z\DWkæ(ãXY¤ärb^YCfaã’ßÂãZ]’\Dfab^ìGéajGW’\ށ\|ã’ãˆã’]’W’ߘb^]

]këajGf°jGçaçaށßÂb^jG]ZߘYCfaã\èƒ_e\^\§ig\|W’W’\^ßÂW’jKô^÷päËYCWæYCW’\åa\^]’jG߁ÞHè

I ë\|f ]’ëa\ƒþPۍáûb^YCçߘ\DãrjQޘ߁ðC\©YÜe[S\Db^]päÄW’YCæ äÄW’YCæT>ãkçajCbh\V]’YP]ZYGT>ãkçajCbh\Pàœß˜f]’ë\ˆãkjGæ\

Üadgfabyë;âwéˆj!äËYCW’øXjCW’åaߘfÝÆçgYCߘf]’\DW(ßÂã(øQWZߘ]Z]’\Df³ß˜f]’ëa\ýYCÜe[S\|bh]L\ã(ë\DjCå\DW¦àœÞ\^äË]¯ß˜fçÞÂjGb^\

YGäˆ]kë\”b^YCçߘ\Då±YCÜe[S\|bh]wâyèÆ`9]’ëa\DWW’\häË\|WZ\|fabh\|ã]ZY!]’ëajG]ãkjGæ\YCÜ[S\Dbh]øßÞ˜ÞˆÜg\°daç;ågj¤]Z\|å

jCb^bhYW’åaߘfÝCށìCèLSfûçajCWZ]’ߘbDdÞÂjGWDépWZ\|æYG]Z\¯W’\häË\|WZ\|fabh\|ãàÄäÄWZYæ YÜe[S\Db^]’ã§ßÂf!YC]’ë\|WÜadafabyëa\Dãyâ

ædaãZ]Ü;\daçKåaj¤]’\DåÜ;\Db^jCdaã’\ßÂf]Z\|WSTNÜadafabyëÆW’\häË\DW’\Dfgbh\Dã§jCWZ\¯åßÂWZ\|bh](àÄßHè\Gè˜éA_a_eUƒãåYýfYC]

çaW’YIðeߘåa\jGfìúßÂfaåßÂWZ\|bh]’߁Yf;âwè!_edgbyëjGfdaçKåaj¤]’\ßÂãåYf\¯ÞÂj¤ó^ߘޘìGéAjGfaååaY\|ãfYC] ßÂæçaށì

ã’\DfaåaߘfÝ\^ê]’Wkjæ\|ã’ãkj¤ÝC\DãDèÏLSfäÄjCbh]^éãkdabyëßÂfeäËYCWkæ(j¤]ZߘYCf%àœYCÜe[S\|bh]L\ãÉfa\^ø jGåaåaW’\Dãkã¯ßÂf

]’Y¤TNã’çajCbh\ ã’\^Ýæ\|f]wâˆßÂãPça߁ÝCÝGìT>ÜgjGb¤\|å°YCfýæ\Dãkã’jGÝG\|ã\^ߘ]’ë\|W9dgãZ\|åýÜCì¦]kë\b^YCfaã’ߘã’]Z\|fabhì

çaW’YG]’YbhYGÞHéeYCWb^YCf]’jGߘfßÂfݯf\Dø ã’]’daÜ°]’jCÜޘ\DãDèVíëdgã^éajCçaçޘߘbDj¤]ZߘYCfgãjGW’\fYC]QåßÂã’Wkdaç]’\Dåªè

íë\ûã’b^߁Yf bhޘ\DjCf\DW°çaW’YCçajGÝCjG]Z\DãÉjGb^b^\DãkãZßÂÜߘށߘ]NìߘfäËYCWkæjG]ZߘYCfªé9jGfaå åaߘãkbhYIðC\DWkãøQëßÂbyë

ãkbhߘYCfaãjGW’\ÉfYޘYCfÝC\DWWZ\|jGbyëajCÜށ\(äÄW’YCæ jGfìûãZ]kdaܱjCfaåøQëßÂbyëû\Df]Z\|WZßÂfÝ

jGW’\9faYޘYCfÝC\DWXf\Db^\Dãkã’jCWZìCèÍLSfÉ]’ëßÂãˆãZ\|bh]’߁YføX\Pù;Wkã’]Xå\|ã’bDWZßÂÜ;\ëYIø ßÂf]’WkjITNÜadafabyë°_a_Uƒã

jGW’\b^W’\DjG]Z\Då°jGfgå”å\Dށ\D]Z\|åªèVíë\Df«éaߘf]’\DWZT>Üadgfabyë¦_g_UƒãjCWZ\bhYfaã’ߘå\|WZ\|åªè

&% ' =!2ad>*FEB=F0HG 6F68`b4

LSf]’WkjITNÜadafabyëã’b^߁YfaãAjGW’\ˆb^W’\Dj¤]’\DåøQë\Df]’ëa\XYIøQfa\DWkã’ëßÂç YGäÎjCf YÜe[S\Db^]6æYIðC\DãÍäÄWZYæ4YCfa\

fYå\(]ZY¦jGfaYG]’ëa\DW§jGfaåú]’ë\(YCޘåúYIøQf\DW§ëYCޘåaã§jCfßÂfC]’\DWZT>Ügdafabyëúã’]’dgÜäËYW9]këßÂã§YCÜe[S\|bh]^è

íëedaãDéC]kë\QßÂfC]kW’j¤T>Ügdafabyë¯_a_U±]kj¤\|ãAb^jCWZ\YGäªbDWZ\|j¤]’ߘfݍjäËYWZøˆjGWkåßÂfݧށßÂfhÜg\D]Nøƒ\D\Df]’ë\

f\Dø YIøQf\|WÍjCfaå ]kë\ƒßÂf]Z\|WSTNÜadafabyëãZ]kdaÜjG]Í]kë\ˆYGÞÂå YIøQf\|W^èpigYCWr\^êjCæ(çށ\CéIߘfi6߁ÝdaW’\PõGé

øQë\|fú]kë\(YIøQf\DWkã’ëaߘçýYGä *”ÝGYe\Dã9äÄW’YCæ %('°àÄøQëa\DW’\]kë\(ߘf]Z\|WSTNÜadafgbyëúW’\häË\DW’\Dfgbh\øXjCã

b^W’\DjG]Z\|å;â©]ZY %#-;é]’ë\ b^YCWkWZ\|ã’ç;YCfaåaߘfÝߘf]kW’j¤T>Üadgfabyë¦_g_UäÄWZYæ %#-(]ZY %('§ßÂãb^W’\DjG]Z\Då«è

igYW\DjGbyë!ã’ëgjGW’\Då!YCÜe[S\|bh]]’ë\|WZ\(ßÂãjÉäËYWZøˆjGWkåßÂfݔç;YGßÂf]Z\|WdgãZ\|åäËYW§]’ë\¯çadaWkç;YCã’\

Y¤äX]ZYD¤\DfúæjCfaj¤ÝC\Dæ\Df]Déªßœè\Gè˜é«jGf ”çgYCߘf]ZßÂfݦ]ZY°]’ëa\YÜe[S\Db^]L\ãPYIøQfa\DW§fYå\Gè

RPãÉށYfݱjGãÉã’dabyëjCf³YÜe[S\Db^]¯ß˜ã”j¤Þ˜ßðC\GéX]’ë\|WZ\ýßÂãÉjCfߘf]’WkjITNÜadafgbyë_a_eUºÝGYCߘfÝÆäÄW’YCæ

]’ëa\úYCÜ[S\Dbh]\ãÉYIøQf\DW]ZY±\DðG\DW’ì fYå\Æã’ëgjGW’ߘfÝ]këaj¤]ÉYCÜe[S\|bh]àœYCçaç;YCã’߁]’\úåßÂWZ\|bh]’߁YfY¤ä

Câaߘf§øQëaߘbyë]’ëa\DW’\VߘãpjGf§jGãkãZYb^ߘjG]Z\DåßÂf]Z\DWZTNÜadafabyë§ã’]’daܪèÍMPYIøéEã’dgçaçgYãZ\A]këaj¤]

j(ã’ëgjGW’\DåYÜe[S\Db^]ˆß˜ãfY(ޘYCfÝC\DWXWZ\|jGbyëajCÜޘ\ÜìÉjCfCìæd]’jG]ZYWƒßÂf°jGfìÉfYå\Cè6íëedaãDé]’ëaߘã

YCÜ[S\Dbh]PߘãPߘf°äÄjCbh]På\|jGåªèíë\(ۍáÏãkdaÜaã’ìãZ]’\Dæ øßÞ˜ÞÍåa\^]Z\|bh]Pãkdabyëýå\|j¤]këýjGã\^êçaޘjGߘf\|å

fYIøè

R/ޘYb^jGÞÍþPۍá%ã’]’jGW’]’ããkb^jGfgfߘfaÝ]’ëYãZ\YCÜe[S\|bh]kãP]këaj¤]§jGW’\W’\häË\DW’\Dfgbh\Då°äÄW’YCæ Þ˜Yb^j¤Þ

æda]’j¤]’YCWã’]’jCbeã^éƒß˜f]Z\|WSTNÜadafgbyëãkbhߘYCfgã^éˆjGfaå\|fC]’\DW’ߘfaÝ ÆàœYCÜe[S\|bh]kã¯ÞYbDj¤Þ˜Þì

YIøQf\|åýãZ]’߁ޘÞÍjGށߘðG\ Yf¦YG]kë\DWQfaYeåa\DãyâwèkI ëߘށ\]’ë\ށYbDj¤Þ«þPۍáÏߘã9\hê\|b^d]’ߘfÝ;é;fYC]QYCfaށì

jûf\^ø ã’]’daÜ]’jCÜޘ\°ßÂãbDWZ\|j¤]Z\|åÏàHbhYfC]kj¤ßÂfßÂfÝ!ßÂf]Z\|WSTNÜadafabyëjGfgå³ßÂf]’WkjITNÜadafabyë³ãZ]kdaÜaãyâwé

Üad](j¤ÞÂã’Y!júfa\^øºã’\^]Y¤äQ\hêߘ]ZßÂfÝ úàœß˜faåaߘbDj¤]ZßÂfÝ!]’ë\°YIøQf\DWfYå\”Y¤äP\|jGbyë

fYC]¯ÞYb^jGށޘìYIøQf\|å ޘ߁ðC\¦YCÜe[S\|bh]wâyè RPfYCÜ[S\Dbh]¯fYC](ށYb^jGށޘì±YIøQf\|å ]këaj¤]¯ßÂã¯fYC]ޘY¤T

b^jGށޘìúW’\DjCbyëajGÜޘ\GéÎßÂãfYG]§äËYdafaåÆÜì]’ë\(ޘYb^j¤ÞAþPۍá9è«íë\|WZ\^äËYCW’\Géª]kë\bhYW’W’\DãkçgYfaåßÂfÝ

øß˜Þ˜Þ«fYG]QÜ;\ çajGW’]ˆY¤ä6]’ë\ fa\^ø ã’\^]YGärYd]ZÝCYGßÂfÝ è

íë\|fªéE]’ë\VޘYb^jGÞ¤þPۍáãkb^jCfaãª]’ëaYCã’\AYCÜe[S\|bh]’ãp]’ëajG]pjGW’\AWZ\|jGbyëajCÜޘ\ÍäÄW’YCæ ßÂfC]kW’j¤T>Ügdafabyë

ãkbhߘYCfaãDèAáƒYf]’WkjGW’ì ]ZY ]kë\PçaW’\^ðeߘYCdaã©ã’bDjGfafßÂfݯàHåYCf\QäÄWZYæ/]’ëa\QYG]kë\DW©\^ޘ\Dæ\Df]’ã©Y¤äÎ]’ë\

W’YYC]wâyé;]kë\W’\Dãkdޘ]ZßÂfÝYd]ZÝCYGßÂfÝ jCWZ\fYG]b^W’\Dj¤]’\Dåªè9RPãjæ(j¤]Z]’\DW9Y¤äAäÄjCbh]^é

ãkdabyëúYÜe[S\Db^]’ãjCWZ\(j¤Þ˜ßðC\YfޘìúÜg\|b^jCdaãZ\(]kë\^ìújCWZ\¯W’\DjCbyëajGÜޘ\ äÄW’YCæ ãZYæ\(æda]’j¤]’YCWjG]

ã’YCæ\”YC]’ë\|WfaYeåa\°jCfaå±]kë\DW’\”ßÂã(j¤]ށ\|jGã’]jCf±jGãkã’Yeb^ߘjG]Z\|åߘf]’\DWZT>Üadgfabyë ã’]’daÜ ß˜f ]’ë\

ޘYebDj¤ÞAfYå\Cè`fށì¦]kë\¯WZ\|ã’dޘ]ZßÂfÝ°ãZ]kdaÜaã§jGW’\ßÂfaã’\DW’]Z\Dåúߘfú]’ë\(f\DøãZ]kdaÜ!]’jGÜaށ\(Üg\DߘfaÝ

b^W’\DjG]Z\|å”Üì]kë\ÞYbDj¤ÞªþPۍá4àHãZ\D\ *(j¤] %('§ßÂf”i6ߘÝgèªõIâwè

i6ߘfgj¤Þ˜ÞìCép]’ëa\Éf\^ø—ßÂfC]kW’j¤T>ÜgdafabyëÆãZ]kdaÜaã b^YCfaã’]’Wkdabh]’\DåÆÜìú]’ëa\¯ÞYb^jGÞAþPۍá àHåad\]’Y

ޘYebDj¤Þ˜Þì°YIøQf\|åýށߘðG\YCÜe[S\|bh]’ãyâwéÎjGW’\ã’\Df]P]’YYG]kë\DW9fYå\DããkëajGW’ߘfaݯ]’ë\(bhYW’W’\DãkçgYfaåßÂfÝ

YCÜ[S\Dbh]kã^éajCfaå°]’ë\ fa\^ø ã’\^]YGäÍ\^êeߘ]ZßÂfÝ (àœfaYG]Þ˜YebDj¤Þ˜ÞìÉYIøQf\Då”ށߘðG\§YÜe[S\Db^]’ãyâ

ßÂãã’\Df]]ZYÆ]’ë\¦fYå\Dã]’ëa\^ì±ç;YGßÂfC]]ZY;è`fgbh\¦WZ\|bh\^ߘðG\|åÜìÆ]kë\¦å\Dã’]ZßÂfaj¤]’߁Yf fYå\|ã^é

]’ëa\ßÂf]’WkjITNÜadafabyë”ãZ]kdaÜaãjCWZ\ã’bDjGfaf\|å”Üì¯]kë\ã’b^߁YfÉbhޘ\DjCf\DWƒäËYWƒ]kë\çadaWkçgYãZ\Y¤äÍù;faåeT

ßÂfݔ]kë\(dafaW’\DjGbyëgjGÜޘ\ßÂf]’WkjITNÜadafabyëãkbhߘYCfgã^èíë\¯ãkjGæ\W’\DjCãZYfߘfaÝÉjGçaçaށߘ\Dã]ZY°\Df]’\DWZT

ßÂfÝ èþˆYG]’ëÆdafaW’\DjCbyëajGÜaށ\(ã’b^߁Yfaã§jGfaåÆdafedaã’\Då!\Df]Z\|WZßÂfÝ ¯jGW’\

å\Dށ\D]Z\Då«è

P\|fabh\CéGjã’ëajCWZ\|å YÜe[S\Db^]rfY§Þ˜YCfÝC\DWrWZ\|jGbyëajCÜޘ\ƒÜì jGfì æda]’j¤]’YCW6j¤]AjCfCì faYeåa\Gé¤øß˜ÞÞ

\DfgådgçfYC]AÜg\DߘfÝ W’\häË\|WZ\|fabh\|åÜìjCfCì\Df]Z\|WZßÂfÝ 9ߘfߘ]’ãAYIøQf\|W6fYå\Gè6íëedaã^é

øQë\|f¦]’ë\Þ˜Yb^j¤ÞpþQۍáÏj¤]]kë\YIøQf\|WfYå\ ßÂã\hê\DbDd]Z\|åªéa]kë\ æ\Df]ZߘYCf\|å¦YCÜe[S\|bh]øß˜ÞÞ

O1 Bunch B on Node N1

(ro)

O1 N2

O1 N3 ownerPtr (from N2)

intra-bunch SSP to N2

ownerPtr (from N3) intra-bunch SSP to N3

i6ߘÝCdaW’\”ö

…w‰’„D• „^‘N‹ŽD“úŽ^–ƒ„É€>~„D†N…y‡¦ŽDŠC›œ…y‰’‘y¼ €‰w„D‰Z~C…y‡¦Ž|““CŽ¤‡C…y€|¬ G¬Í„^“e‡C¡

H“É“Ž¤‡G…y€„^“e‡‘S~…w†N…9˜€„^“”‹“I‘S…w†>šÄŠ™C“e‰S~”€H‘S™CŠ°‡G™…‘SŽ(Å‘S~„^‘ˆ€ˆŸV~Iž¯‘S~…w†N…€„^“

‹“¤‘S†S„hšÄŠ™“‰Z~

*

–˜†NŽ|•‘SŽ9…y„|‰S~(Ž|“C…ŽD–ΑS~CŽE€>…“CŽ¤‡C…y€SȒ¡

f\Dø/ãZ]kdaÜ]kjGÜޘ\Gè§íë\ã’b^߁Yfbhޘ\DjCf\DWW’dgfafßÂfݔjG]PYG]kë\DWfYå\|ã^éªjIäË]’\DWWZ\|bh\D߁ðeßÂfÝ]’ëa\

f\Dø ߘf]kW’j¤T>Üadgfabyëã’]’daÜaãƒäÄW’YCæ—]’ëa\9YIøQf\|W^éøß˜ÞÞÎå\^ޘ\^]’\9]kë\§dafaW’\DjGbyëgjGÜޘ\QßÂfC]kW’j¤T>Ügdafabyë

ãkbhߘYCfªàHãwâyéajGfaå°]kë\ WZ\^äË\DW’\Dfab^\DåÉYCÜe[S\|bh]øß˜ÞÞpÜ;\ W’\DbhÞÂj¤ßÂæ\Då”ÜCì”]’ë\ fa\hê]ÞYbDj¤ÞªþPۍá9è

i6߁ÝdaW’\öß˜Þ˜Þ˜daã’]’Wkj¤]’\DãƒëYIø jãkëajGW’\Då(YÜe[S\Db^]©ßÂãƒW’\Db^ޘjGߘæ\|å] '9ßÂãƒfYށYfÝG\|W©W’\DjCbyëeT

jCÜށ\ÜìÆjGfì!æd]’jG]ZYCWj¤]jCfCì!fYå\GéAjGfgå!]kë\ޘYb^j¤Þ©þQۍáüëajCã fYC] ãZ]kjGW’]Z\DåûìC\^]ßÂf

jCfCìýfYå\CèMPYIøé«ãkdaçaç;YCã’\]këaj¤]]’ëa\ޘYb^jGÞÍþPۍá%ßÂfúM§ößÂã\hê\DbDd]Z\|åªè íë\(f\^øüãZ\D]

YGäp\hêߘ]ZßÂfÝ QäÄW’YCæ %#-øßÞ˜ÞªfYޘYCfaÝG\DWXbhYf]’j¤ßÂf¯]kë\ b^YCWkWZ\|ã’ç;YCfgåeT

ßÂfݦ]ZY 'CèíëßÂã§äÄjCbh]§øßÞ˜ÞVÜ;\bhYCæ(ædafßÂb^j¤]’\Då!]ZY %('CépjGfaå!]’ëa\¯ÞYb^jGÞVã’b^߁Yfúb^ށ\|jGf\|W

øß˜ÞÞƒå\^ޘ\^]’\¯]’ë\\|f]Z\DW’ßÂfÝ ”äÄW’YCæ %#-;è¯þˆ\Db^jCdaã’\]kë\DW’\¯ßÂã ãZ]’߁ޘީjCf!\|f]Z\DW’ßÂfÝ

§äÄW’YCæ % *;é 'Qøß˜ÞÞªÜ;\RG\Dç]Xj¤Þ˜ßðC\PÜì]kë\PޘYb^jGÞ;þPۍá³ßÂf %('GéejGfgå¯]’ë\9ߘf]kW’j¤T

Üadgfabyë”_a_UXã©\|faãkdaWZ\9]’ëajG] 'W’\Dæ(j¤ßÂfaã©jGށߘðG\9ߘf %#-jCfaå%#*;èrRQäË]Z\|Wƒ]kë\ށYb^jGÞ;þPۍá³ßÂf

%#*ëajGãƒ\hê\DbDd]Z\|åjGfgå¯]’ë\§f\Dø ãZ\D]©Y¤äÍ\hê߁]’ߘfaÝ PëgjGãXÜg\D\DfÉb^YCæ(ædgfߘbDj¤]’\Då

]’Y % 'Cé]kë\DW’\øßÞ˜ÞpÜ;\ fY¯\Df]’\DW’ߘfÝ §ßÂf/%('GéajCfaå°]’ë\Þ˜Yb^jGÞ«þPۍá øß˜ÞÞÍbhYCfT

ã’ߘåa\DW '(]ZYýÜ;\(åa\DjGå«è(íëedaãDé«]kë\(ߘf]’WkjITNÜadafgbyë!ã’]’daÜgã§ß˜f!]’ë\(ù;ÝCdaW’\øß˜Þ˜Þ©fY¦ÞYfÝG\|W

\^êeßÂã’]ßÂf!]’ë\¯f\Dø—ã’]’daÜ!]’jCÜޘ\GépjCfaåú]këßÂã§ß˜feäËYW’æ(jG]ZߘYCf!ߘãb^YCæ(ædafaߘbDj¤]Z\|å]’Y/%#-¦jCfaå

%#*;èýíë\”ãkbhߘYCfûbhޘ\DjCf\DWjGfaåû]kë\ÉޘYb^jGÞ©þPۍáߘfû]kë\Dã’\É]NøXYfYå\Dãøß˜ÞÞXå\^ޘ\^]’\É]’ëa\

dafgWZ\|jGbyëajCÜށ\ßÂfC]kW’j¤T>Ügdafabyë°ã’b^߁YfaãˆjGfaå¦W’\DbhÞÂj¤ßÂæ YÜe[S\Db^] 'CéaW’\Dãkçg\|bh]ZߘðG\DށìCè

i6ߘfgj¤Þ˜ÞìCéafYG]’\]këaj¤]jf\^ø%ãZ]kdaܔ]’jGÜaށ\jGfgåEYWƒjf\^ø%ãZ\D]ˆY¤äp\^êeߘ]ZßÂfÝ é

bDjGfÜ;\XçߘÝGÝCìT>ÜajCb¤\|å9ßÂf æ\Dãkãkj¤ÝG\|ã«daã’\Då Üì§]’ëa\Xb^YCfaã’ߘã’]Z\|fabhì§çaW’YG]’Yeb^YGÞHéDYWp\^êabyëajGfÝC\Då

ßÂf°]’ë\ ÜajCbÝCW’YCdafaå«èríëedaãDé]’ë\Dì”åY¯fYC]QåßÂã’Wkdaç]jGçgçށßÂb^jG]ZߘYCfaãXäÄdgfabh]’߁YfߘfaÝgè

&%_$ =!2. a *FEF=B0 G 6B68` 4

LSfo _ÿ ]’ë\|WZ\ßÂãAYfށìYCf\øˆjEìäËYWAb^W’\Dj¤]’ߘfaݧjCfߘf]Z\|WSTNÜadafgbyëW’\häË\|WZ\|fabh\§àHãZ\D\irߘÝgè/â

jCã’ã’߁Ýfaæ\Df]QYçg\|W’jG]ZߘYCfý]këaj¤]WZ\|jGåaãjÉW’\häË\|WZ\|fabh\äÄW’YCæ jCfýYCÜ[S\Dbh]b^jCbyë\DåýYfã’\^ðG\|W’jGÞ

fYå\|ãPàœ\GèÝgè˜é 'EâyéjCfaåøQW’ߘ]Z\DãXߘ]ƒßÂf]ZY(jGfYC]’ë\|W©YÜe[S\Db^]Pà+-âyè6íëedaãDéäËYCWXßÂfaãZ]kjGfab^\Gée]’ëa\

W’\häË\|WZ\|fabh\]ZY *¦ëajGã§Ü;\^\DfÆçajCã’ã’\Dåú]ZYýfYå\,% -;éª]këaWZYdÝCë ']’ëajG]ßÂãb^jCbyë\DåúYCf % '

jCfaå %#-¦àHWZ\^äË\DW’\Dfab^\DãˆYfށìÉ]’WkjEðG\^ÞªÜ;\^]NøX\^\|f°faYeåa\DãˆßÂfaãZßÂå\YÜe[S\Db^]’ãyâwè

I ë\|fb^W’\DjG]ZßÂfÝ jGf/ߘf]Z\|WSTNÜadafgbyë4WZ\^äË\DW’\Dfab^\Gé\D߁]kë\DW!ÜgYC]’ëüãZYdaW’b^\±jGfaå/]’jGW’ÝG\D]

Üadgfabyë\Dã(jCWZ\¦j¤ÞÂWZ\|jGåì±æ(jCçaçg\|å Yf ]kë\¦ÞYbDj¤ÞfYå\GéXYCWYfށì]kë\¦]’jCWZÝC\^](Üadafabyë³ß˜ã

fYC]ìC\^]ށYbDj¤Þ˜Þì±æ(jGçgçg\|åªè LSf ]’ë\°ù;WkãZ](b^jCãZ\CéV]’ëa\¦b^YCWkWZ\|ã’ç;YCfgåߘfaÝÆ_a_U*ßÂãbDWZ\|j¤]’\Då

ޘYb^j¤Þ˜Þ˜ìGèûíë\”ã’\Db^YCfaå±bDjGã’\GéVW’\DcedßÂWZ\|ãã’\DfaåaߘfÝÆjúæ\Dãkãkj¤ÝG\É]ZYú]kë\¦fYå\”øQëa\DW’\É]’ëa\

]kjGW’ÝG\^]Üadafabyëߘã§æ(jGçaç;\Då«è íëߘãæ\Dãkã’jGÝG\ߘãb^jGށޘ\Då+JVWrqQ_O KVJ JLpLM K§jGfaåýßÂã§daã’\Dåý]’Y

ßÂfeäËYCWkæ*]’ëa\9]kjGW’ÝG\^]XÜadafabyë”jGÜ;YCd]X]’ëa\f\Dø/àÄßÂf]Z\|WSTNfYå\EâVßÂfC]’\DWZT>ÜgdafabyëW’\häË\|WZ\|fabh\9]’ëajG]

ëajCã§Üg\D\DfÆb^W’\Dj¤]’\Dåªé«jCfaå]kë\¯f\Db^\DãkãZߘ]NìýY¤äˆb^W’\DjG]ZßÂfÝÉ]kë\bhYW’W’\DãkçgYfaåßÂfÝÉãkbhߘYCfªèi6߁ÝGT

daW’\ ¦ß˜ÞÞÂdaã’]’Wkj¤]Z\|ãÜgYC]’ëbDjGã’\DãÞYb^jGށޘì!bDWZ\|j¤]’\Då_a_U/bhYW’W’\Dãkç;YCfaåßÂfݦ]ZY '" )ýYf

local root local root

O3 O4

O1 O1 O2

B1 B2

B3

Node N1 Node N2

Node N3

B4 B1

(w)

(ro)

(w)

(r) (w)

inter bunch SSP

bunch inter SSP

inter bunch SSP

stub ST1 stub ST2

scion

SC1 SC2

scion

i6߁ÝdaW’\ H

™“‰Z~ X€V‰w„|‰S~…w‡ŽD““Ž¤‡G…y€ |¬„D“‡ G¡ ™“‰Z~9€6• „D‚C‚…y‡ Ž|“Cž ŽD“ C¡

¢XŠG›H…y‰’‘ PŸ6„|€ƒ‹“G‹‘N„h‹ž• „^‚‚…y‡(ŽD“Cž¯Ž|“ D¡}6~…k“;¬g„|€©‘S~…Q†N…y€>™C‘Ž^–6„^“ ¬

‘Š…y‰kŽD•…y€X• „^‚‚…y‡¯„h˜€>ŽŽ|“ G¡9¢XŠG›H…w‰’‘ ˜€ƒ“ŽD‘ˆ†N…y„|‰S~e„^ŠC‹…9–˜†NŽ|•ü‘S~C…•9™C‘Z„^‘SŽD†S€©‹“

ÅǓŽ†N…k–Â…w†N…k“e‰k…y€A–†NŽD•.‘S~… ¤È’¡

I ë\|fújGfúYCÜe[S\|bh]Üg\|bhYCæ\|ãbDjGbyë\|åýYCfúædޘ]ZßÂçޘ\(faYeåa\DãDéK]kë\ߘf]Z\|WSTNÜadafgbyëúã’]’daÜaã

]’ëgj¤]PjCWZ\åad\]’Y¯ß]kãQW’\häË\DW’\Dfgbh\DãåaYfYëajEðG\§]’Y(Ü;\W’\DçޘßÂb^j¤]’\Dåªè©LSfÉäÄjCbh]Déaߘf]’\DWZT>Üadgfabyë

ã’]’daÜaãjGfgå±ã’b^߁Yfaã jCWZ\ÉfaYG]\^êajGbh]’ށìÆ]’ëa\”ãkjGæ\ßÂf\^ðC\DW’ì!bhYçì!YGäˆ]kë\”ãkjGæ\°Üadafabyëªè

íëßÂãÉßÂã°fYG]ÉçgWZYÜށ\|æ(j¤]ZßÂbÜ;\DbDjGdaã’\!j±ã’ßÂfÝGޘ\Æ_a_U ߘã”\DfaYCdÝë]ZY G\^\Dç ]’ë\!]’jGW’ÝG\D]

YCÜ[S\Dbh]jGށߘðG\CèrLSfgãZ]’\DjGåÉY¤ä6WZ\|çށßÂb^jG]ZßÂfÝߘf]Z\|WSTNÜadafgbyë°_a_UXã^éøX\daã’\9ßÂf]’WkjITNÜadafabyë¦_a_Uƒã

Ü;\Db^jCdaã’\fYã’b^߁Yf!æ\|ã’ãkj¤ÝC\ßÂã f\|bh\|ã’ãkjGW’ìújGfgåú]kë\ÉjGæYdaf]Y¤äæ\|æYCW’ìúbhYfaã’dgæ\|å

äËYCWˆÛá³çadaWkçgYãZ\|ãVßÂã©ãkæjGށޘ\DWDèrirߘÝCdgWZ\lß˜Þ˜Þ˜daã’]’Wkj¤]’\Dãƒã’dabyë¯jã’ߘ]’dajG]ZߘYCf]rߘfÉã’çߘ]Z\PY¤äª]’ë\

äÄjGb^]Q]’ëgj¤]& '§ßÂãPb^jCbyë\Då”YCf/%('jCfaå/% -;éa]kë\DW’\ßÂãYCfޘìÉYf\§ß˜f]’\DWZT>Üadgfabyë¦ãZ]kdaܦåad\ ]’Y

'" *(]këaj¤]ßÂã`¤\|ç]Qj¤] %('¯àHfYå\øQë\|WZ\§]’ëa\ ߘf]’\DWZT>Üadgfabyë”W’\häË\|WZ\|fabh\§øˆjGãbDWZ\|j¤]Z\|å;âwè

L>ä 'Ü;\DbhYæ\DãXWZ\|jGbyëajCÜށ\PYCfޘì(äÄWZYæ*]’ë\ޘYebDj¤ÞÎWZYeYC]ƒj¤] %#-;é '9øß˜ÞÞªÜ;\xG\Dç]ˆj¤Þ˜ßðC\9jG]

%('Üì]’ëa\ bhYCWkW’\DãkçgYfaåßÂfÝ\|f]Z\DW’ßÂfÝ ]’ëajG]QbhYæ\|ãXäÄWZYæ %#-;è

RPãj¤ÞÂWZ\|jGåì!æ\|f]ZߘYCf\|åªéÍ\|jGbyëÆ]ZßÂæ\Éj¦Þ˜YebDj¤ÞVþPۍáßÂã\hê\DbDd]Z\|åªé6jf\^ø—ðG\|W’ã’ߘYCf

Y¤äX]’ë\Ügdafabyë]\ã§ãZ]kdaÜÆ]’jGÜaށ\(ßÂãbhYCfgãZ]kW’dab^]Z\|åªèR*ÜadafgbyëúYfށì!WZ\|bh\^ߘðG\|ã§f\^øüðG\DWkã’߁Yfaã

Y¤äˆãZ]kdaÜÆ]’jCÜށ\|ã9äÄWZYæ YG]kë\DWÜadgfabyë\Dã]këaj¤] jCWZ\(æ(jGçaç;\Då!\^ߘ]’ë\|W§YCf!]’ë\¯ãkjGæ\¯fYå\Gé

YCWQYCf¦j¯fYå\äÄW’YCæ øQëߘbyë¦j¯ãkbhߘYCfeTNæ\Dãkã’jGÝG\ëajCãQj¤ÞÂWZ\|jGåì”Üg\D\Df¦WZ\|bh\D߁ðC\DåªèXíëdgã^é # *

ædgãZ] W’\Db^\^ߘðG\j¦ãkbhߘYCfeTNæ\Dãkã’jGÝG\äÄWZYæ % '¯øQë\Df!]’ë\¯ßÂf]Z\|WSTNÜadafabyë!WZ\^äË\DW’\Dfab^\ '" +*

ßÂãQb^W’\DjG]Z\Då«èX`9]’ë\|WZøßÂã’\Géa]kë\ ã’b^߁Yf¦bhޘ\DjGfa\DWˆßÂf % *¯ß˜ãQfaYG]QjEøˆjGW’\9YGä6ãkdabyë°ß˜f]’\DWZT>Üadgfabyë

W’\häË\DW’\Dfgbh\GèAíë\ ãkjGæ\W’\DjGã’YCfaߘfÝ(jGçgçށߘ\Dãˆ]’Y(]’ë\ W’\häË\|WZ\|fabh\ -#" *;è

íë\ÆæjGߘfÏjGåðIjGf]kj¤ÝG\ýYGäãZ\|faåßÂfݳã’]’dgÜ ]’jCÜށ\Ææ\Dãkã’jGÝG\DãÉYIðG\|WãZ\|faåßÂfݱßÂfab^W’\hT

æ\Df] ¤å\DbDWZ\|æ\Df]¯æ\|ã’ãkj¤ÝC\Dã¦ôI÷Pߘã]këaj¤]¯]kë\°äËYCWkæ\|W(jGW’\”ßÂå\Dæ(ç;YG]’\Df]^èLSfb^jGã’\°Y¤ä

ޘYCã’\]’ë\Dì°bDjGfýÜ;\WZ\D]’W’߁\|åªégjCfaå¦ß˜ãPfYG]Pfa\Dbh\|ã’ãkjGW’ìÉj¯W’\^ޘߘjCÜޘ\ bhYCæ(ædafßÂb^j¤]’߁Yf¦çaWZYC]ZYGT

bhYCޜè 9YIøƒ\DðG\|W^éeã’b^߁Yf”æ\|ã’ãkj¤ÝC\DãˆjGfaå°ã’]’daÜ°]’jCÜޘ\DãædgãZ]QÜ;\ WZ\|bh\D߁ðC\DåßÂf°i6LNi6`.YW’åa\DWDè

`9]’ëa\DW’øß˜ã’\Géª]kë\¯ã’b^߁Yfúbhޘ\DjCf\DWæ(jEìdaã’\(jCfYCޘå!ãZ]kdaÜú]kjGÜޘ\(]’ëajG]9ßÂãfYC]b^YCfaã’ߘã’]Z\|f]

øß˜]’ë³]’ë\¦ã’b^߁YfaãÜg\DߘfÝûbhYfaã’ߘå\|WZ\|åªè _edabyë ߘfab^YCfaã’ßÂãZ]’\Dfab^ìûb^YCdÞÂå W’\Dãkdޘ]ßÂf±]kë\¦\DWZT

W’YCf\DYCdaãå\^ޘ\^]’߁YfúYGäƒj°ã’b^߁YfªèigYW9\^êajGæ(çޘ\”àHãZ\D\i6ߘÝCdaW’\ ò âwéªßäXj°ã’b^߁Yfúæ\Dãkãkj¤ÝG\ߘã

N1

N2

SC1 created

t

t new stub table

scion message

scion cleaner local BGC

=>

ST1 created

SC1 deleted

i6ߘÝCdaW’\

ò

“C…kŸÆ‹“I‘S…w†>šÄŠ™C“e‰S~†N…k–˜…w†N…w“e‰’…ƒ€r‰k†N…w„^‘S…y‡Š…k‘œŸ6…w…w““CŽ¤‡C…y€ ƒ„D“e‡ G¼«€H‘S™e„h‘NŽD“

‹“úŸV~G˜‰S~!‘S~C…(€N‰’‹ŽD“CšÄ•…y€N€N„DŒD…¯„D“‡!„”€H‘S™Š‘Z„DŠG…•…y€N€N„DŒD…„D†N…†N…y‰k…k‹£E…y‡‹“ú‘S~C…Ž|‚C‚ŽE€H‘S…

Ž|†S‡G…w†AŸ¡†w¡‘y¡«‘S~…’†©€>…w“‡G‹“ŒG¡

]kë\ýã’b^߁Yf³b^ށ\|jGf\|WßÂf³]’ë\ýW’\Dbh\D߁ðeßÂfÝûfYå\¦øßÞ˜ÞPfYC]ùKfaå ]kë\ã’]’daÜbhYW’W’\DãkçgYfaåßÂfÝ

]’Y]’ë\”ã’b^߁YfÉ[ZdgãZ]b^W’\Dj¤]’\Dåà('Iâwérߘfû]kë\”fa\^ø ãZ]kdaÜû]’jCÜޘ\Gèú_ßÂfabh\]kë\Dã’\Éæ\Dãkãkj¤ÝG\|ã

jCWZ\§\hêabyëajCfÝG\|å¦Üg\D]Nøƒ\D\Df¦j¯çaj¤ßÂWYGäAfaYeåa\DãàHçgYCߘf]ST>]ZYGT>ç;YGßÂf]QbhYæædafßÂb^jG]ZߘYCf;âyéai6LNi6`

YW’å\|WZßÂfÝߘãˆ\|jGã’߁ޘìÝdajGWkjGf]Z\D\Då”ÜCì”fdgæÜ;\DW’ߘfÝ(]kë\Dæ°è

&% >@0X. c!=BAFg_2dg c!=F4

R äÄdafaågjGæ\Df]’jGÞQßÂã’ãkd\¦]’ëajG]¯jGW’ߘã’\DãßÂf³]kë\ýbhYfC]’\hê](Y¤ä§åߘã’]’W’ßÂÜad]Z\|å ۍá ßÂã(]’ëajG](Y¤ä

WkjGb^\DãDèrR%W’jCbh\Pã’ߘ]’dajG]ZߘYCfYbDb^daWkã©øQëa\Dfªéåad\]ZY]’ëa\åß"Î\DW’\Df]XjCæYCdaf]©YGäp]ZßÂæ\9]kjG\Df

ÜìW’\^ÞÂj¤]Z\|å!æ\|ã’ãkj¤ÝC\DããZ\|fC]äÄW’YCæ åß"Î\DW’\Df]fYå\Dã§]’Y¦W’\DjCbyëý]’ëa\ã’jCæ\]’jCWZÝC\^]§fYå\Gé

Yf\YW9æYCW’\YÜe[S\Db^]’ãæ߁ÝëC]§Ü;\DbhYæ\\|W’W’YCf\DYCdaã’Þ˜ì”dafaW’\DjCbyëajGÜaށ\äÄWZYæ ]kë\(çgYCߘf]Y¤ä

ðeߘ\^ø—Y¤ä]’ë\ýۍáüj¤Þ˜ÝGYCW’ߘ]’ëaæ°èÉLSfû]këßÂãã’\Dbh]’߁Yfªé6øß]këû]’ë\”ë\^ÞÂçûY¤äQj¦äË\Dø—\^êajGæ(çޘ\DãDé

øX\ å\Dãkb^W’ßÂÜg\ëaYIø%ãkdabyë¦W’jCbh\ çaW’YCÜaށ\|æãPjGW’\§ã’YGޘðG\|å°ß˜f¦YdaW9ۍá ã’dgÜaãZìã’]Z\|æ”èXMP\D߁]kë\DW

\^êe]kW’jæ\Dãkã’jGÝG\|ã^éfYWb^jGdgã’jGÞ«bhYCæ(ædafßÂb^j¤]’߁Yf”ãkdaçaç;YCW’]ˆß˜ãPf\Db^\Dãkã’jCWZìCè

áƒYCfgãZßÂå\DW irߘÝCdgWZ\TýjG] ]’ëa\ÉæYCæ\Df] øQë\|fû]’ë\Éߘf]Z\|WSTNÜadafgbyëWZ\^äË\DW’\Dfab^\ +-#" *

ëajCãfYG]Ü;\^\|f°bDWZ\|j¤]’\Då”ìG\^]DèAMPYIø ]’ë\ ã’ìãZ]’\Dæ \DðGYGޘðG\|ãˆjGãXäËYGޘޘYIøQã§àœã’\^\§i6߁ÝdaWZ\ â

õCèíë\°æd]’jG]ZYW ßÂf%#-úW’\DjCåaã]’ë\°çgYCߘf]Z\|W]’Y *úäÄWZYæ 'CéAjGfgå ã’]ZYCW’\Dã߁]ߘf]’Y

+-;èAíëßÂãƒjCã’ã’ߘÝCfaæ\Df]©bDWZ\|j¤]’\Dã©jCfýàÄßÂf]Z\|WSTNfYå\EâAߘf]’\DWZT>Üadgfabyë¯WZ\^äË\DW’\Dfab^\Gè6íëedaã^é

ãZ]kdaÜ -¦ßÂãÞ˜Yb^j¤Þ˜Þ˜ìúb^W’\DjG]Z\Då«épjGfaåûj¦ãkbhߘYCfeTNæ\Dãkã’jGÝG\ßÂã ã’\Df]]ZY # *¦Yf %#*;é«ßÂf

YCWkå\DWˆ]’Y(bDWZ\|j¤]’\]kë\ bhYW’W’\Dãkç;YCfaåßÂfÝã’b^߁Yf#-;è

öaèR4æd]kj¤]ZYWˆß˜f/%('jCb^cedßÂWZ\|ãƒ]kë\øQW’߁]’\]’YnG\Df”Y¤ä 'jCfaå¦å\^ޘ\^]’\Dãˆ]kë\ WZ\^äË\DW’\Dfab^\

]ZY *;è

gèíë\ÞYbDj¤Þ«þPۍá Y¤ä # ' ߘãˆ\^êe\|b^d]’\Då¦j¤] %('§øQëaߘbyë¦W’\Dãkdށ]kãˆß˜f¦]kë\ b^W’\DjG]ZߘYCf”Y¤äAj

f\^ø.ãZ]kdaÜ°]’jCÜށ\]këaj¤]åYe\|ãQfYG]b^YCf]’jGߘf°ãZ]kdaÜ('Cè

ò èˆþˆdgfabyë # *§W’\Dbh\D߁ðC\Dã # ' \ãrf\^øãZ]kdaÜ ]kjGÜޘ\©äÄW’YCæ %('Cé¤jGfgå ]’ëa\ˆãkbhߘYCfbhޘ\DjCf\DWpù;faåaã

YCd]]këaj¤]QãkbhߘYCf 'ßÂãQfY(ޘYCfÝC\DWˆW’\DjGbyëgjGÜޘ\GèAíëedaãDé]’ëßÂãQãkbhߘYCf”ߘãå\Dށ\D]Z\|åªè

aèíë\ÞYbDj¤ÞªþPۍá YGä # *(ßÂãˆ\hê\DbDd]Z\|å¦jGfaå *ߘã àÄ\DWkW’YCf\DYCdaã’ށìgâ©bhYCށޘ\Db^]Z\Då«è

ñ

èíë\¯ã’b^߁YfeT>æ\|ã’ãkj¤ÝC\ãZ\|f]9ßÂf]kë\ù;W’ã’]§ãZ]’\DçújCW’W’ߘðG\Dãj¤]§fYå\,%#*¦Üad]§ß]ßÂã§]ZYeY

ޘjG]Z\Gè

íëßÂã WkjGbh\(çaW’YCÜޘ\Dæ ߘãã’YGޘðG\|å!Üì\|faã’dgWZßÂfݦ]’ëajG]§]’ë\ãkbhߘYCfeTNæ\Dãkã’jGÝG\ãZ\|fC]§äÄW’YCæ

N1

N3 N2

t

create SC2 t

t is created

O2 -> O3 acquireWrite(O1)

create ST2

local BGC is deleted

O1 -> O3

reply

scion message invalidate

new stub table

SC1

delete local BGC of B3 reclaim O3

=>

i6ߘÝCdaW’\

}r‹•…Q‡G„DŒD†S„D•€>~ŽyŸA‹“Œ§„†S„|‰k…Q‚C†NŽ|ŠC‹…w•(¡

]’ëa\(fa\^ø # '/\ããZ]kdaÜ!]’jGÜaށ\Cè§íëaߘã§b^jCfÜ;\(åaYCf\øß]këYCd]§jGfìý\^êe]kW’jÉbhYCæ(ædafßÂb^j¤]’߁Yf

YIðG\|W’ëa\DjGå°Üì”]kjßÂfÝÉjGåaðEjCf]’j¤ÝC\Y¤äVbhYfaã’ߘã’]Z\|fabhì°çaWZYC]ZYbhYCÞpå\|åߘbDj¤]’\Dåæ\Dãkãkj¤ÝG\|ã^èˆRPã

]’ëa\jGbDcedߘã’ߘ]ZߘYCf°Y¤äA]’ëa\ øQWZߘ]Z\]ZYnG\Df°Y¤ä4 ' Üì¦fYå\ %('ßÂæ(çޘ߁\|ãQ]’ëa\ ߘfðIj¤Þ˜ßÂåaj¤]’߁Yf¦Y¤ä

\^ðC\DW’ìýbhYCçì¦Y¤ä '°àHbhYçCìTNãZ\D]PßÂãߘf % 'Iâyéª]’ë\¯ãkbhߘYCfeTNæ\Dãkã’jGÝG\ßÂãça߁ÝCÝGìT>ÜgjGb¤\|å¦ß˜fú]’ë\

W’\DçޘìàÄ]ZYÆ]’ëa\”ßÂfðEjGށßÂåajG]ZߘYCfæ\Dãkã’jGÝG\Iâã’\Df] äÄW’YCæ %#-!]ZY %('Cè I ëa\Df±]kë\¦f\^ø # '/\ã

ã’]’daܦ]kjGÜޘ\ ßÂãQãZ\|f]]ZY%#*;éaߘ]QøßÞ˜ÞÍbDjGWkWZìjGށYfݯ]’ëa\ã’b^߁YfeTNæ\|ã’ãkj¤ÝC\GèVíëedaãDéa]’ëa\ã’b^߁Yf

bhޘ\DjCf\DW6ßÂf,%#*§øßÞ˜Þù;Wkã’]Vb^W’\Dj¤]’\ã’b^߁Yf #-;éGjGfaåYfށì]’ë\|fåa\^ޘ\^]Z\|ãVãkbhߘYCf ('Cè P\Dfgbh\Gé

]’ëa\ÞYb^jGÞªþPۍá YGä # *(øß˜ÞÞpfaYG]QW’\DbhÞÂj¤ßÂæ *;è

RPfaYG]’ëa\DW¯WkjGbh\°ãZߘ]’dgj¤]ZߘYCf³ßÂf øQëßÂbyë +*ûb^YCdÞÂåÜg\¦\DWkW’YCf\DYCdaã’ށìb^YGޘށ\|bh]Z\|å ßÂã]’ë\

äËYGޘޘYIøß˜fÝ!àœb^YCfaã’ߘåa\DW9]’ë\(ã’jCæ\ßÂf߁]’ߘjGÞAbhYCfgå߁]’߁YfYGä©]’ë\(çaW’\^ðeߘYCdaã9\hêajGæ(çޘ\jCfaåߘ]’ã

ù;WkãZ]Qã’]Z\|ç”jGޘW’\DjCåìåYf\EâZ

õCèíë\æd]’jG]ZYW’ã9YCffaYeåa\Dã %('jCfaå %#-°å\Dށ\D]Z\(]’ë\DߘW§W’\häË\|WZ\|fabh\|ãäÄW’YCæ ]’ëa\ޘYb^j¤Þ

WZYeYG]ˆ]’Y 'Cè

öaèP`f\ýYCWæYWZ\¦Þ˜YebDj¤ÞQþPۍáXã”jGW’\°\^ê\Db^da]Z\Då jG]fYå\Dã %('ýjGfaå %#-;éˆbhYGޘޘ\Dbh]’ߘfaÝ

Üadafabyë # 'Gè(þˆ\DbDjGdaã’\ 'ßÂã å\|jGåªép]’ë\¯Þ˜Yb^j¤Þ6þPۍá/Y¤ä# '(jG] % 'øß˜Þ˜Þ©b^W’\DjG]Z\(j

ãZ]kdaÜÆ]’jGÜaށ\¯øß˜]’ëYd]ã’]’daÜ 'CèÉíëßÂã ãZ]kdaÜÆ]’jCÜށ\¯ßÂã ]kë\DfûçaW’YCçgj¤ÝCjG]Z\|å]ZY %#*

jGfaå°WZ\|ã’daށ]kãˆß˜f°]’ëa\ å\^ޘ\^]’߁Yf”YGärãkbhߘYCf ' ÜCìÉ]’ë\ ãkbhߘYCf°bhޘ\DjCf\DWDè

gèíë\ÞYbDj¤ÞªþPۍáYGä # *(ßÂãˆ\hê\DbDd]Z\|å¦jGfaå *(ߘã§àœ\DWkWZYf\^Ydaã’ށìgâ©bhYGޘޘ\Dbh]’\Dåªè

ò èíë\ãkbhߘYCfT>æ\Dãkãkj¤ÝG\ãZ\|fC]ßÂfú]kë\ùKW’ã’]ãZ]’\DçújCW’W’ߘðG\Dã9j¤]§fYå\ %#*”Ügd]§ß]§ßÂã9]’YeY

ޘjG]Z\Gè

LSf³]’ëßÂã¯b^jCãZ\Cé©jGãYCçgçgYãZ\|å±]ZYû]kë\ýçaWZ\Dðe߁YdaãYCf\Cé©]’ëa\DW’\”ßÂã¯fYûbhYCæ(ædafßÂb^j¤]’߁Yf

Ü;\^]NøX\^\DfýfaYeåa\Dã %('jGfaå/%#-¯YfýÜg\|ëaj¤ÞäAY¤äA]’ë\bhYCfgãZßÂãZ]’\Dfab^ì”çaW’YG]’YbhYGÞHèƒíëedaãDégøX\ b^jCf

fYC]Vç߁ÝCÝGìTNÜajGb]kë\QãkbhߘYCfeTNæ\Dãkã’jGÝG\ˆjGã6ßÂf(]’ë\QçaW’\^ðeߘYCdaã©ãZYCޘd]’߁YfªèÍíÍY ã’YGޘðG\ˆ]’ëßÂã©WkjGb^\

çaW’YCÜޘ\Dæ øX\Éædaã’]\|faãkdaWZ\É]’ëajG]YCÜ[S\Dbh],'ÉßÂãv¤\|ç]jGށߘðG\dgfC]’߁ÞX]’ëa\”ãkbhߘYCfeTNæ\Dãkã’jGÝG\

ßÂãÉW’\Dbh\D߁ðC\DåÜì %#*;éjGfaå]kë\!b^YCWkWZ\|ã’ç;YCfgåߘfaÝûãkbhߘYCf #-±bDWZ\|j¤]’\Dåªè/`ÜðߘYCdgãZޘìGéˆøX\

æ(j¤ßÂf]’j¤ßÂf]kë\WZ\|cedߘW’\Dæ\|fC]ƒY¤äpÝC\Df\|W’jG]ZßÂfÝjæߘfaߘædaæºfedaæÜ;\DWXYGäp\hê]’Wkjæ\|ã’ãkj¤ÝC\DãDè

P\|fabh\CéeøQë\Df”jW’\häË\DW’\Dfgbh\P]’Y, *ߘãXã’]ZYCW’\Dåߘf]ZY -gé]ZY\DfaãkdaW’\P]këaj¤] 'PßÂã2¤\Dça]XjGށߘðG\Cé

ߘ]XßÂãˆbhYfaãZ\|WZðIjG]ZߘðG\^ޘì¯b^W’\DjG]Z\DåÉjãkçg\|bhßÂj¤Þp_a_UYfÉfYå\ %#-äÄWZYæ # -]’Y# 'Cè I ë\Df”]’ë\

W’\Dçޘì]’Y]’ë\PãkbhߘYCfT>æ\Dãkãkj¤ÝG\XßÂãVWZ\|bh\D߁ðC\Dåj¤]%#-;éG]’ëa\Pã’ç;\Db^ߘjGÞK_a_UßÂãVå\Dށ\D]Z\|åªè©áƒÞ\|jGW’ށìCé

æda]’j¤]’YCWkãAßÂf % -åYfYC]©ëajEðC\X]’Y øˆj¤ß˜]AäËYCWA]kë\PW’\Dçޘì]’Y ]’ëa\Pã’b^߁YfeTNæ\|ã’ãkj¤ÝC\Gé¤ßHè\Gè˜éC]kë\^ì

æ(jEìýbhYCf]’ߘfed\]ZY”\hê\DbDd]Z\äÄWZ\D\^ޘìjGã9ߋäXfYúàœß˜f]Z\|WSTNfYå\IâßÂf]Z\DWZTNÜadafabyëW’\häË\|WZ\|fabh\ëajGã

%#*!Üg\|b^jGdgãZ\ÉÜgdafabyë # *úߘãfYG]b^jGbyëa\DåûYCf% -;èýL>ä # *úøXjCãj¤ÞÂã’Yúb^jCbyë\DåûYf % -;é6]’ëa\

ãkbhߘYCfeTNæ\Dãkã’jGÝG\|ãPøXYCdÞÂåûfYG] Ü;\f\|bh\DãkãkjGW’ìÜg\|b^jGdgãZ\¯\DðG\DW’ìýßÂfC]’\DWZT>Ügdafabyë±_a_U4øXYCdÞÂå

Ü;\ÞYbDj¤Þ˜ÞìÉbDWZ\|j¤]’\Dåàœß˜f %#-âwè

R ç;YCãkã’ߘÜޘ\Yç]ZßÂæ߁ó|j¤]ZߘYCfb^YCfab^\DWkfßÂfÝ]’ëa\ÉjGbDbh\Dãkã’ߘÜߘޘ߁]NìûçaW’YCçajGÝCj¤]’߁YfªéÍb^YCfaã’ßÂãZ]kã

YGärjEðGYCߘåaߘfÝ]ZY¯ã’\Dfaå°j(ã’b^߁YfeTNæ\|ã’ãkj¤ÝC\9ç;\DW\|jGbyë”f\^ø—àÄßÂf]Z\DWZTNfYå\Eâ©ßÂfC]’\DWZT>Ügdafabyë°WZ\^äÇT

\|WZ\|fabh\b^W’\Dj¤]’\DåªèAíëedaãDéYCfޘì¯]’ëa\Pù;Wkã’]ˆãkbhߘYCfT>æ\Dãkãkj¤ÝG\9ædaã’]XÜ;\ãZ\|f]^è©_edabyë°æ\Dãkã’jGÝG\

ßÂfeäËYCWkæ(ã¯]’ëa\å\Dã’]ZßÂfaj¤]’߁YffYå\ý]’ëajG]]’ëa\DW’\jGW’\¦ã’YCæ\¦ßÂfC]’\DWZT>ÜgdafabyëWZ\^äË\DW’\Dfab^\DãäËYW

øQëßÂbyë³]’ë\úb^YCWkWZ\|ã’ç;YCfgåߘfaÝ!ãkbhߘYCfaã¯æ(jEì fYC]ëajEðG\ýÜ;\^\|fbDWZ\|j¤]’\Då³ìG\^]Dè _ßÂfabh\ãkdabyë

ãkbhߘYCfaã¯jCWZ\¦Yfށìf\Db^\Dãkã’jCWZì±äËYCW(]’ëa\úçadaWkçgYãZ\ýYGä]kë\ýޘYebDj¤ÞQþPۍáºYCf]’ëa\úå\Dã’]ZßÂfaj¤T

]’߁YffYå\GéK]’ëa\TO J JQ MãkbhߘYCfeTNæ\Dãkã’jGÝG\|ãb^jGfúÜg\çgYãZ]kçgYf\Dåýdaf]’߁Þr\hêaçޘߘb^߁]’ށìýjCã>G\Då

àHÜg\^äËYCW’\§ã’]’jCWZ]’ߘfaÝ(jޘYb^j¤ÞªþPۍáâyè

ÕVÖ¯Ø Õ ÖP§ÙˆÔrÖ¯Õ

íë\(ۍۍá%ëajGãP]’ë\ÝGYCjGÞ«Y¤äVW’\Db^ޘjGߘæßÂfݯߘf]’\DWZT>Üadgfabyëýbhìbhޘ\DãPY¤äAÝCjCW’Ügj¤ÝG\CèXíëa\j¤Þ˜ÝGYGT

W’߁]këaæ ßÂãˆÜajGã’ߘbDj¤Þ˜Þì(]kë\ã’jCæ\§daã’\Då°Üì¯]’ë\§þPۍá9éYCfޘì¯]’ëgj¤]ˆß]ˆYçg\|W’jG]Z\DãƒYCf”jÝWZYdaç

YGäpÜadafabyë\|ã^éWkj¤]kë\DW©]’ëajCfYCfÉjã’ߘfÝCށ\9ÜadafabyëªèVíëa\9W’YYC]©YGä«]’ë\ ۍۍáßÂfabhÞÂdaå\|ãL6ædeT

]kj¤]ZYW’ããZ]kjGbeã^érßÂfC]kW’j¤T>ÜgdafabyëãkbhߘYCfaãDé6\Df]Z\|WZßÂfÝ épjCfaå]këYCã’\ßÂfC]’\DWZT>Ügdafabyë

ãkbhߘYCfaã©ß˜åa\Df]Z߁äËìeߘfÝ(ã’YCdaWkbh\PÜgdafabyë\|ãƒ]këaj¤]ˆjGW’\ QXrqRÎæ\|æÜ;\DWkãXY¤ä«]’ëa\9ÝWZYdaç¯Üg\DߘfaÝb^YGށT

ޘ\Db^]Z\Då«è6íëa\Qߘf]’\DWZT>Üadgfabyë¯ã’b^߁YfaãVb^YCWkWZ\|ã’ç;YCfaåaߘfݍ]’Y_a_UXãV]këaj¤]VYWZߘÝGßÂfajG]Z\øß˜]’ëßÂf¯]’ëa\

ÝWZYdaçÆ]’ëajG]ßÂãÜ;\^ßÂfÝ!b^YGޘށ\|bh]’\DåjGW’\ÉfYC]çajCWZ]Y¤äQ]’ëa\”W’YYC]^èíë\|WZ\^äËYCW’\Gé6YCÜ[S\Dbh]kã ßÂf

]kë\ÝCW’YCdgçªéÍøQëaߘbyëjCWZ\fYC]W’\DjGbyëgjGÜޘ\äÄWZYæ jCfCìÆãZYdaWkbh\Dã YG]’ëa\DW]këajGfû]kë\Dã’\¦_a_eUƒãDé

øß˜ÞÞÎÜ;\b^YGޘށ\|bh]Z\|åªè6LSfÉçajCWZ]’ߘbDdÞÂjGWDéGYCÜ[S\Dbh]kã©]këaj¤]ƒäËYCWkæ*jGf¯ßÂf]Z\|WSTNÜadafabyëÉbhìbhޘ\GéeÜad]ˆjGW’\

fYfeTNWZ\|jGbyëajCÜށ\§äÄW’YCæ Üadgfabyë\DãYd]’ã’ߘåa\]’ëa\ÝWZYdaçýYCW9]’ëa\æd]’jG]ZYCW\ãPã’]’jGbKéÎøß˜ÞÞAÜ;\

b^YGޘށ\|bh]Z\|åªé«Ü;\Db^jCdaã’\]kë\^ìújCWZ\fYG]jCWZ]’ß‹ù;b^ߘjGށޘìë\DޘåúYIðG\DWÜì!_a_UXãPäÄW’YCæ øß]këߘf!]’ëa\

ÝWZYdaçªè

igYWÝWZYdaçßÂfÝúÜadgfabyë\DãDéA]’ëa\ýۍۍá—daã’\DãjðC\DW’ìãZßÂæ(çށ\°ë\DdgWZßÂãZ]’ߘb jÝWZYdaçûߘã

b^YCfaã’]Zߘ]’d]’\Då”ÜCìÜgdafabyë\|ã©]këaj¤]jGW’\PjGޘW’\DjCåì¯æjCçaç;\DåYf]kë\9ޘYb^jGÞKfYå\Cè@I!\\hêaç;\Db^]

]këߘãë\|daWZßÂã’]ZßÂb]ZYÆÜg\°\V"Î\Db^]ZߘðG\”YCf±b^YGޘށ\|bh]ZßÂfÝúb^ìbhޘ\DãY¤äQÝCjCW’Ügj¤ÝG\Ü;\DbDjGdaã’\ÉÜadgfabyë\Dã

øß˜ÞÞrÜg\]’WkjEðG\^ޘßÂfÝ(]’ëaW’YCdÝë°]’ë\fa\^]NøXYCW.(äÄWZYæ faYeåa\ ]ZYfYå\Cèíëdgã^éa]këßÂãPë\|daWZßÂã’]ZßÂb

W’\^ޘ߁\|ãˆYCf°jGçaçaށßÂb^jG]ZߘYCfaãˆÞ˜Yb^j¤Þ˜ß˜]NìGè

íëßÂã6ށYbDj¤Þ˜ß]NìTNÜajGã’\Då ëa\DdaW’ߘã’]ZßÂbˆåYe\Dã6fYC]6b^YGޘށ\|bh]Abhìb^ށ\|ãÍYGä;ÝjGWkÜaj¤ÝC\V]’ëajG]AçajGW’]ZßÂj¤Þ˜Þì

W’\Dã’ߘåa\”Yfåaߘã.Ké©ßHè\Cèéˆbhìbhޘ\Dã(øß˜]’ëYÜe[S\Db^]’ã(ßÂf³Üadgfabyë\DãÉfYG]¯b^dgW’W’\Df]Zޘì±æ(jGçaç;\DåßÂf

æ\DæYWZìCè”áƒYGޘށ\|bh]ZßÂfÝýãkdabyëûjýbhìbhޘ\(ߘfðGYCށðC\DãßÂfaçad]ZTHYd]’çada]bhYãZ]kã]’ëajG] f\^\|åÆ]ZYÜ;\

ÜajGޘjCfabh\|å jGÝCj¤ßÂfaã’]]kë\¦\hêaç;\Dbh]’\Då³ÝCjGߘfªèLSfjGåaåߘ]ZߘYCf«é©ßä§jCf jGçgçށßÂb^jG]ZߘYCfåYe\Dã(fYC]

æYIðG\”Üadafabyë\|ãjCWZYdafaå]kë\”faYeåa\Dã]’ë\|WZ\”ߘãjúç;YCãkã’ߘÜߘޘ߁]Nìû]’ëgj¤](ãZYæ\°å\DjCå±bhìb^ށ\|ã

æ(jEì¦fYG]\^ðC\DWPÜ;\b^YGޘށ\|bh]’\DåjG]9j¤Þ˜ÞHèFIÆ\Ü;\^ޘߘ\^ðG\]’ëajG]9ã’YCæ\YGäV]’ë\|ãZ\bhìbhޘ\Dãb^jCfÜ;\

W’\DæYIðG\|åÉÜìÉßÂæ(çaW’YIðßÂfÝ(]’ëa\ ë\DdaW’ßÂãZ]’ߘbGè PYIøX\^ðC\DWDéøX\ßÂfC]’\Dfaå°]’YåY¯]’ëajG]YCfޘì”j¤äË]Z\|W

ëajEðeßÂfݯ\hêaç;\DW’ߘæ\|fC]’\Då¦øß˜]’ëý]kë\ ޘYb^j¤Þ˜ß˜]NìCTNÜajCãZ\|å°ëa\DdaW’ߘã’]ZßÂb¤èˆL>äV\^êç;\DW’ßÂæ\|f]’j¤ÞrWZ\|ã’daށ]kã

æ(jGfgåaj¤]’\ߘ]^égøƒ\§øß˜ÞÞ«\^êaçށYWZ\æYCW’\bhYæçaށ\^ê”ë\DdgWZßÂãZ]’ߘbDã^è

ÛW’YCdaçßÂfÝýøˆjGã§ùKW’ã’]çaW’YCç;YCã’\DåûÜì rjGfÝÎôõ |÷Hè9YIøƒ\DðG\DWDépYdaW ã’YGÞÂd]ZߘYCfûßÂã ædabyë

ã’ߘæ(çޘ\DWƒÜg\|b^jCdaãZ\9j ÝCW’YCdgçb^YGޘށ\|bh]’߁Yf(YebDb^daWkã©jG]©j ã’ߘfaÝGޘ\9ã’߁]’\GèAíë\DW’\häËYWZ\CéGøX\Q\hêaç;\Db^]