Article
Reference
Observation of a Centrality-Dependent Dijet Asymmetry in Lead-Lead Collisions at √s
NN=2.76 TeV with the ATLAS Detector at the LHC
ATLAS Collaboration
ABDELALIM ALY, Ahmed Aly (Collab.), et al.
Abstract
By using the ATLAS detector, observations have been made of a centrality-dependent dijet asymmetry in the collisions of lead ions at the Large Hadron Collider. In a sample of lead-lead events with a per-nucleon center of mass energy of 2.76 TeV, selected with a minimum bias trigger, jets are reconstructed in fine-grained, longitudinally segmented electromagnetic and hadronic calorimeters. The transverse energies of dijets in opposite hemispheres are observed to become systematically more unbalanced with increasing event centrality leading to a large number of events which contain highly asymmetric dijets. This is the first observation of an enhancement of events with such large dijet asymmetries, not observed in proton-proton collisions, which may point to an interpretation in terms of strong jet energy loss in a hot, dense medium.
ATLAS Collaboration, ABDELALIM ALY, Ahmed Aly (Collab.), et al . Observation of a Centrality-Dependent Dijet Asymmetry in Lead-Lead Collisions at √s
NN=2.76 TeV with the ATLAS Detector at the LHC. Physical Review Letters , 2010, vol. 105, no. 05, p. 052303
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.105.252303
Available at:
http://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/unige:41589
Disclaimer: layout of this document may differ from the published version.
Observation of a Centrality-Dependent Dijet Asymmetry in Lead-Lead Collisions at p ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi s
NN¼ 2:76 TeV with the ATLAS Detector at the LHC
G. Aadet al.* (ATLAS Collaboration)
(Received 25 November 2010; published 13 December 2010)
By using the ATLAS detector, observations have been made of a centrality-dependent dijet asymmetry in the collisions of lead ions at the Large Hadron Collider. In a sample of lead-lead events with a per- nucleon center of mass energy of 2.76 TeV, selected with a minimum bias trigger, jets are reconstructed in fine-grained, longitudinally segmented electromagnetic and hadronic calorimeters. The transverse ener- gies of dijets in opposite hemispheres are observed to become systematically more unbalanced with increasing event centrality leading to a large number of events which contain highly asymmetric dijets.
This is the first observation of an enhancement of events with such large dijet asymmetries, not observed in proton-proton collisions, which may point to an interpretation in terms of strong jet energy loss in a hot, dense medium.
DOI:10.1103/PhysRevLett.105.252303 PACS numbers: 25.75.Bh
Collisions of heavy ions at ultrarelativistic energies are expected to produce an evanescent hot, dense state, with temperatures exceeding21012 K, in which the relevant degrees of freedom are not hadrons but quarks and gluons.
In this medium, high-energy quarks and gluons are ex- pected to transfer energy to the medium by multiple inter- actions with the ambient plasma. There is a rich theoretical literature on in-medium QCD energy loss extending back to Bjorken, who proposed to look for ‘‘jet quenching’’ in proton-proton collisions [1]. This work also suggested the observation of highly unbalanced dijets when one jet is produced at the periphery of the collision. For comprehen- sive reviews of recent theoretical work in this area, see Refs. [2,3].
Single particle measurements made by Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider experiments established that high transverse momentum (pT) hadrons are produced at rates a factor of 5 or more lower than expected by assuming QCD factorization holds in every binary collision of nu- cleons in the oncoming nuclei [4,5]. This observation is characterized by measurements ofRAA, the ratio of yields in heavy ion collisions to proton-proton collisions, divided by the number of binary collisions. Dihadron measure- ments also showed a clear absence of back-to-back hadron production in more central heavy ion collisions [5], strongly suggestive of jet suppression. The limited rapidity coverage of the experiment, and jet energies comparable to the underlying event energy, prevented a stronger conclu- sion being drawn from these data.
The LHC heavy ion program was foreseen to provide an opportunity to study jet quenching at much higher jet energies than achieved at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. This Letter provides the first measurements of jet production in lead-lead collisions atpffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffisNN¼2:76 TeV per nucleon-nucleon collision, the highest center of mass energy ever achieved for nuclear collisions. At this energy, next-to-leading-order QCD calculations [6] predict abun- dant rates of jets above 100 GeV produced in the pseudor- apidity regionjj<4:5[7], which can be reconstructed by ATLAS.
The data in this Letter were obtained by ATLAS during the 2010 lead-lead run at the LHC and correspond to an integrated luminosity of approximately1:7b1.
For this study, the focus is on the balance between the highest transverse energy pair of jets in events where those jets have an azimuthal angle separation¼ j1 2j> =2 to reduce contributions from multijet final states. In this Letter, jets with > =2are labeled as being in opposite hemispheres. The jet energy imbalance is expressed in terms of the asymmetryAJ:
AJ ¼ET1ET2
ET1þET2; >
2; (1) where the first jet is required to have a transverse energy ET1>100 GeV, and the second jet is the highest trans- verse energy jet in the opposite hemisphere with ET2>
25 GeV. The average contribution of the underlying event energy is subtracted when deriving the individual jet trans- verse energies. The event selection is chosen such that the first jet has high reconstruction efficiency and the second jet is above the distribution of background fluctuations and the intrinsic soft jets associated with the collision. Dijet events are expected to have AJ near zero, with deviations expected from gluon radiation falling outside the jet cone,
*Full author list given at the end of the article.
Published by The American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License. Further distri- bution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article’s title, journal citation, and DOI.
PRL105,252303 (2010) 17 DECEMBER 2010
as well as from instrumental effects. Energy loss in the medium could lead to much stronger deviations in the reconstructed energy balance.
The ATLAS detector [8] is well-suited for measuring jets due to its large acceptance, highly segmented electro- magnetic and hadronic calorimeters. These allow efficient reconstruction of jets over a wide range in the region jj<4:5. The detector also provides precise charged par- ticle and muon tracking. An event display showing the inner detector and calorimeter systems is shown in Fig.1.
Liquid argon technology providing excellent energy and position resolution is used in the electromagnetic calorime- ter that covers the pseudorapidity range jj<3:2. The hadronic calorimetry in the range jj<1:7 is provided by a sampling calorimeter made of steel and scintillating tiles. In the end caps (1:5<jj<3:2), liquid argon tech- nology is also used for the hadronic calorimeters, matching the outerjjlimits of the electromagnetic calorimeters. To complete the coverage, the liquid argon forward calo- rimeters provide both electromagnetic and hadronic energy measurements, extending the coverage up to jj ¼4:9. The calorimeter (and) granularities are0:10:1for the hadronic calorimeters up to jj ¼2:5(except for the third layer of the tile calorimeter, which has a segmentation of 0:20:1 up to jj ¼1:7) and then 0:20:2 up to jj ¼4:9. The electromagnetic calorimeters are longitudi- nally segmented into three compartments and feature a much finer readout granularity varying by layer, with cells as small as 0:0250:025 extending to jj ¼2:5 in the middle layer. In the data-taking period considered, ap- proximately 187 000 calorimeter cells (98% of the total) were usable for event reconstruction.
The bulk of the data reported here were triggered by using coincidence signals from two sets of minimum bias trigger scintillator detectors, positioned at z¼ 3:56 m,
covering the full azimuth between2:09<jj<3:84and divided into eight sectors and two sectors.
Coincidences in the zero degree calorimeter and luminos- ity measurement using a Cherenkov integrating detector were also used as primary triggers, since these detectors were far less susceptible to LHC beam backgrounds. These triggers have a large overlap and are close to fully efficient for the events studied here.
In the offline analysis, events are required to have a time difference between the two sets of minimum bias trigger scintillator counters oft <3 nsand a reconstructed ver- tex to efficiently reject beam-halo backgrounds. The pri- mary vertex is derived from the reconstructed tracks in the inner detector, which covers jj<2:5 by using silicon pixel and strip detectors surrounded by straw tubes.
These event selection criteria have been estimated to ac- cept over 98% of the total lead-lead inelastic cross section.
The level of event activity or ‘‘centrality’’ is character- ized by using the total transverse energy (ET) deposited in the forward calorimeters (FCal), which cover 3:2<
jj<4:9, shown in Fig.2. Bins are defined in centrality according to fractions of the total lead-lead cross section selected by the trigger and are expressed in terms of percentiles (0%–10%, 10%–20%, 20%–40%, and 40%–100%) with 0% representing the upper end of the ET distribution. Previous heavy ion experiments have shown a clear correlation of the ET with the geometry of the overlap region of the colliding nuclei and, corre- spondingly, the total event multiplicity. This is verified in the bottom panel of Fig.2, which shows a tight correlation between the energy flow near midrapidity and the forward ET. The forwardET is used for this analysis to avoid biasing the centrality measurement with jets.
Jets have been reconstructed by using the infrared-safe anti-ktjet clustering algorithm [9] with the radius parame-
FIG. 1 (color online). Event display of a highly asymmetric dijet event, with one jet withET>100 GeVand no evident recoiling jet and with high-energy calorimeter cell deposits distributed over a wide azimuthal region. By selecting tracks withpT>2:6 GeVand applying cell thresholds in the calorimeters (ET>700 MeV in the electromagnetic calorimeter, andE >1 GeVin the hadronic calorimeter), the recoil can be seen dispersed widely over the azimuth.
PRL105,252303 (2010) P H Y S I C A L R E V I E W L E T T E R S 17 DECEMBER 2010
terR¼0:4. The inputs to this algorithm are ‘‘towers’’ of calorimeter cells of size ¼0:10:1with the input cells weighted by using energy-density-dependent factors to correct for calorimeter noncompensation and other energy losses. Jet four-momenta are constructed by the vectorial addition of cells, treating each cell as anðE; ~pÞ four-vector with zero mass.
The jets reconstructed by using the anti-kt algorithm contain a mix of genuine jets and jet-sized patches of the underlying event. For each event, we estimate the average transverse energy density in each calorimeter layer in bins of width ¼0:1 and averaged over the azimuth. In the averaging, we exclude jets with D¼ETðmaxÞ=hETi, the ratio of the maximum tower energy over the mean tower energy, greater than 5. The valueDcut ¼5is chosen based upon simulation studies, and the results have been tested to be stable against variations in this parameter.
These average energies are subtracted layer by layer from the cells that make up each jet, scaling appropriately
for the cell area. The final reported four-momentum for each jet is then recalculated from the remaining energy in the cells.
The efficiency of the jet reconstruction algorithm and other event properties have been studied by usingPYTHIA
[10] events superimposed on HIJINGevents [11]. There is no parton-level interference between the PYTHIA and
HIJINGgenerated events. AGEANT4[12] simulation models the detector response [13] to all the final state particles from the two generated events. TheHIJINGparameters used do not include jet quenching, but variations in flow as a function of centrality are added. It is found that jets with ET>100 GeV are reconstructed with nearly 100% effi- ciency at all centralities.
Simulations have been used to check the overall linearity and resolution of the reconstruction with respect to the primary jet energy, assuming jet shapes similar to those found in proton-proton collisions [14]. However, the effi- ciency, linearity, and resolution for reconstructing jets may be poorer if the jets are substantially modified by the medium. To check the sensitivity to such effects, the jet shape, characterized here as the ratio of the ‘‘core’’ energy (integrated over ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
2þ2
p <0:2) to the total energy, has been studied. This ratio shows only a weak dependence on centrality, providing evidence that the high-energy jets do look approximately like jets measured in proton-proton collisions and that the energy subtraction procedure does not introduce significant biases.
After event selection, the requirement of a leading jet withET>100 GeVandjj<2:8yields a sample of 1693 events. These are called the ‘‘jet-selected events.’’ The lead-lead data are also compared with a sample of 17 nb1 of proton-proton collision data [14], which yields 6732 events.
A striking feature of this sample is the appearance of events with only one high ET jet clearly visible in the calorimeter and no high ET jet opposite to it in azimuth.
Such an event is shown in Fig.1. The calorimeterET and charged particlepTare shown in regions of¼ 0:10:1. Inspection of this event shows a highly asym- metric pair of jets with the particles recoiling against the leading jet being widely distributed in the azimuth.
To quantify the transverse energy balance between jets in these events, we calculate the dijet asymmetry AJ in different centrality bins between the highest ET (leading) jet and the highest ET jet in the opposite hemisphere (second jet). The second jet is required to have ET>
25 GeVin order to discriminate against background from the underlying event. This excludes around 5% of the jet- selected events in the most central 40% of the cross section and accepts nearly all of the more peripheral events.
The dijet asymmetry anddistributions are shown in four centrality bins in Fig.3, where they are compared with proton-proton data and with fully reconstructed HIJINGþ
PYTHIA simulated events. The simulated events are in-
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
]-1 [ TeVTdN/dE
102
103
104
105
106
(0-10)%
(10-20)%
(20-40)%
(40-100)%
ATLAS
=2.76 TeV sNN
Pb+Pb
|<4.9) [TeV]
η (3.2<|
ET
Σ FCal
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
] [ TeVTdN/dE
102
103
104
105
106
|<4.9) [TeV]
η (3.2<|
ET
Σ FCal
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
|<3.2) [TeV]η (|T EΣ
0 2 4 6 8
10 ATLAS
=2.76 TeV sNN
Pb+Pb
FIG. 2 (color online). (Top) Distribution of uncorrectedET
in the FCal. Bins in event activity or centrality are indicated by the alternating bands (see text for details) and labeled according to increasing fraction of lead-lead total cross section starting from the largest measuredET. (Bottom) Correlation of uncor- rectedET injj<3:2with that measured in the FCal (3:2<
jj<4:9).
tended to illustrate the effect of the heavy ion background on jet reconstruction, not any underlying physics process.
The dijet asymmetry in peripheral lead-lead events is similar to that in both proton-proton and simulated events;
however, as the events become more central, the lead-lead data distributions develop different characteristics, indicat- ing an increased rate of highly asymmetric dijet events.
The asymmetry distribution broadens; the mean shifts to higher values; the peak at zero asymmetry is no longer visible; and for the most central events a peak is visible at higher asymmetry values (asymmetries larger than 0.6 can exist only for leading jets substantially above the kinematic threshold of 100 GeV transverse energy). Thedistri- butions show that the leading and second jets are primarily back-to-back in all centrality bins; however, a systematic increase is observed in the rate of second jets at large angles relative to the recoil direction as the events become more central.
Numerous studies have been performed to verify that the events with large asymmetry are not produced by back- grounds or detector effects. Detector effects primarily in- clude readout errors and local acceptance loss due to dead channels and detector cracks. All of the jet events in this sample were checked, and no events were flagged as problematic. The analysis was repeated first by requiring both jets to be withinjj<1andjj<2, to see if there is any effect related to boundaries between the calorimeter sections, and no change to the distribution was observed.
Furthermore, the highly asymmetric dijets were not found to populate any specific region of the calorimeter, indicat-
ing that no substantial fraction of produced energy was lost in an inefficient or uncovered region.
To investigate the effect of the underlying event, the jet radius parameterRwas varied from 0.4 to 0.2 and 0.6 with the result that the large asymmetry was not reduced. In fact, the asymmetry increased for the smaller radius, which would not be expected if detector effects are dominant. The analysis was independently corroborated by a study of
‘‘track jets,’’ reconstructed with inner detector tracks of pT>4 GeV using the same jet algorithms. The inner detector has an estimated efficiency for reconstructing charged hadrons above pT>1 GeV of approximately 80% in the most peripheral events (the same as that found in 7 TeV proton-proton operation) and 70% in the most central events, due to the approximately 10% occupancy reached in the silicon strips. A similar asymmetry effect is also observed with track jets. The jet energy scale and underlying event subtraction were also validated by corre- lating calorimeter and track-based jet measurements.
The missingETdistribution was measured for minimum bias heavy ion events as a function of the totalETdeposited in the calorimeters up to aboutET ¼10 TeV. The reso- lution as a function of totalET shows the same behavior as in proton-proton collisions. None of the events in the jet- selected sample was found to have an anomalously large missingET.
The events containing high-pT jets were studied for the presence of high-pTmuons that could carry a large fraction of the recoil energy. Fewer than 2% of the events have a muon withpT>10 GeV, potentially recoiling against the
AJ
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
J) dN/dA evt(1/N
0 1 2 3 4
40-100%
AJ
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
J) dN/dA evt(1/N
0 1 2 3 4
20-40%
AJ
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
J) dN/dA evt(1/N
0 1 2 3 4
10-20%
AJ
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
J) dN/dA evt(1/N
0 1 2 3 4
0-10%
ATLAS Pb+Pb
=2.76 TeV sNN
b-1
µ
int=1.7 L
φ
∆
2 2.5 3
φ∆) dN/d evt(1/N
10-2 10-1 1 10
φ
∆
2 2.5 3
φ∆) dN/d evt(1/N
10-2 10-1 1 10
φ
∆
2 2.5 3
φ∆) dN/d evt(1/N
10-2 10-1 1 10
φ
∆
2 2.5 3
φ∆) dN/d evt(1/N
10-2 10-1 1 10
Pb+Pb Data p+p Data HIJING+PYTHIA
FIG. 3 (color online). (Top) Dijet asymmetry distributions for data (points) and unquenchedHIJINGwith superimposedPYTHIAdijets (solid yellow histograms), as a function of collision centrality (left to right from peripheral to central events). Proton-proton data fromffiffiffi ps
¼7 TeV, analyzed with the same jet selection, are shown as open circles. (Bottom) Distribution of, the azimuthal angle between the two jets, for data andHIJINGþPYTHIA, also as a function of centrality.
PRL105,252303 (2010) P H Y S I C A L R E V I E W L E T T E R S 17 DECEMBER 2010
leading jet, so this can not explain the prevalence of highly asymmetric dijet topologies in more central events.
None of these investigations indicate that the highly asymmetric dijet events arise from backgrounds or detector-related effects.
In summary, first results are presented on jet reconstruc- tion in lead-lead collisions, with the ATLAS detector at the LHC. In a sample of events with a reconstructed jet with transverse energy of 100 GeV or more, an asymmetry is observed between the transverse energies of the leading and second jets that increases with the centrality of the collisions. This has a natural interpretation in terms of QCD energy loss, where the second jet is attenuated, in some cases leading to striking highly asymmetric dijet events. This observation is the first of an enhancement of such large dijet asymmetries, not observed in proton- proton collisions, which may point to an interpretation in terms of strong jet energy loss in a hot, dense medium.
We thank CERN for the efficient commissioning and operation of the LHC during this initial high-energy data- taking period as well as the support staff from our institu- tions without whom ATLAS could not be operated effi- ciently. We acknowledge the support of ANPCyT, Argentina; YerPhI, Armenia; ARC, Australia; BMWF, Austria; ANAS, Azerbaijan; SSTC, Belarus; CNPq and FAPESP, Brazil; NSERC, NRC, and CFI, Canada;
CERN; CONICYT, Chile; CAS, MOST, and NSFC, China; COLCIENCIAS, Colombia; MEYS (MSMT), MPO, and CCRC, Czech Republic; DNRF, DNSRC, and Lundbeck Foundation, Denmark; ARTEMIS, European Union; IN2P3-CNRS and CEA-DSM/IRFU, France;
GNAS, Georgia; BMBF, DFG, HGF, MPG, and AvH Foundation, Germany; GSRT, Greece; ISF, MINERVA, GIF, DIP, and Benoziyo Center, Israel; INFN, Italy;
MEXT and JSPS, Japan; CNRST, Morocco; FOM and NWO, The Netherlands; RCN, Norway; MNiSW, Poland; GRICES and FCT, Portugal; MERYS (MECTS), Romania; MES of Russia and ROSATOM, Russian Federation; JINR; MSTD, Serbia; MSSR, Slovakia;
ARRS and MVZT, Slovenia; DST/NRF, South Africa;
MICINN, Spain; SRC and Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden; SER, SNSF, and Cantons of Bern and Geneva, Switzerland; NSC, Taiwan; TAEK, Turkey; STFC, the
Royal Society, and Leverhulme Trust, United Kingdom;
DOE and NSF, USA. The crucial computing support from all WLCG partners is acknowledged gratefully, in particu- lar, from CERN and the ATLAS Tier-1 facilities at TRIUMF (Canada), NDGF (Denmark, Norway, and Sweden), CC-IN2P3 (France), KIT/GridKA (Germany), INFN-CNAF (Italy), NL-T1 (The Netherlands), PIC (Spain), ASGC (Taiwan), RAL (United Kingdom), and BNL (USA) and in the Tier-2 facilities worldwide.
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O. Biebel,98J. Biesiada,14M. Biglietti,132a,132bH. Bilokon,47M. Bindi,19a,19bA. Bingul,18cC. Bini,132a,132b C. Biscarat,177U. Bitenc,48K. M. Black,21R. E. Blair,5J-B Blanchard,115G. Blanchot,29C. Blocker,22J. Blocki,38
A. Blondel,49W. Blum,81U. Blumenschein,54G. J. Bobbink,105V. B. Bobrovnikov,107A. Bocci,44R. Bock,29 C. R. Boddy,118M. Boehler,41J. Boek,174N. Boelaert,35S. Bo¨ser,77J. A. Bogaerts,29A. Bogdanchikov,107 A. Bogouch,90,aC. Bohm,146aV. Boisvert,76T. Bold,163,gV. Boldea,25aM. Boonekamp,136G. Boorman,76 C. N. Booth,139P. Booth,139J. R. A. Booth,17S. Bordoni,78C. Borer,16A. Borisov,128G. Borissov,71I. Borjanovic,12a S. Borroni,132a,132bK. Bos,105D. Boscherini,19aM. Bosman,11H. Boterenbrood,105D. Botterill,129J. Bouchami,93
J. Boudreau,123E. V. Bouhova-Thacker,71C. Boulahouache,123C. Bourdarios,115N. Bousson,83A. Boveia,30 J. Boyd,29I. R. Boyko,65N. I. Bozhko,128I. Bozovic-Jelisavcic,12bJ. Bracinik,17A. Braem,29E. Brambilla,72a,72b P. Branchini,134aG. W. Brandenburg,57A. Brandt,7G. Brandt,41O. Brandt,54U. Bratzler,156B. Brau,84J. E. Brau,114
H. M. Braun,174B. Brelier,158J. Bremer,29R. Brenner,166S. Bressler,152D. Breton,115N. D. Brett,118 P. G. Bright-Thomas,17D. Britton,53F. M. Brochu,27I. Brock,20R. Brock,88T. J. Brodbeck,71E. Brodet,153
F. Broggi,89aC. Bromberg,88G. Brooijmans,34W. K. Brooks,31bG. Brown,82E. Brubaker,30 P. A. Bruckman de Renstrom,38D. Bruncko,144bR. Bruneliere,48S. Brunet,61A. Bruni,19aG. Bruni,19a M. Bruschi,19aT. Buanes,13F. Bucci,49J. Buchanan,118N. J. Buchanan,2P. Buchholz,141R. M. Buckingham,118
A. G. Buckley,45S. I. Buda,25aI. A. Budagov,65B. Budick,108V. Bu¨scher,81L. Bugge,117D. Buira-Clark,118 E. J. Buis,105O. Bulekov,96M. Bunse,42T. Buran,117H. Burckhart,29S. Burdin,73T. Burgess,13S. Burke,129
E. Busato,33P. Bussey,53C. P. Buszello,166F. Butin,29B. Butler,143J. M. Butler,21C. M. Buttar,53
J. M. Butterworth,77W. Buttinger,27T. Byatt,77S. Cabrera Urba´n,167M. Caccia,89a,89bD. Caforio,19a,19bO. Cakir,3a P. Calafiura,14G. Calderini,78P. Calfayan,98R. Calkins,106L. P. Caloba,23aR. Caloi,132a,132bD. Calvet,33S. Calvet,33
A. Camard,78P. Camarri,133a,133bM. Cambiaghi,119a,119bD. Cameron,117J. Cammin,20S. Campana,29 M. Campanelli,77V. Canale,102a,102bF. Canelli,30A. Canepa,159aJ. Cantero,80L. Capasso,102a,102b M. D. M. Capeans Garrido,29I. Caprini,25aM. Caprini,25aD. Capriotti,99M. Capua,36a,36bR. Caputo,148 C. Caramarcu,25aR. Cardarelli,133aT. Carli,29G. Carlino,102aL. Carminati,89a,89bB. Caron,159aS. Caron,48 C. Carpentieri,48G. D. Carrillo Montoya,172S. Carron Montero,158A. A. Carter,75J. R. Carter,27J. Carvalho,124a,h
D. Casadei,108M. P. Casado,11M. Cascella,122a,122bC. Caso,50a,50b,aA. M. Castaneda Hernandez,172 PRL105,252303 (2010) P H Y S I C A L R E V I E W L E T T E R S 17 DECEMBER 2010
E. Castaneda-Miranda,172V. Castillo Gimenez,167N. F. Castro,124b,bG. Cataldi,72aF. Cataneo,29A. Catinaccio,29 J. R. Catmore,71A. Cattai,29G. Cattani,133a,133bS. Caughron,88A. Cavallari,132a,132bP. Cavalleri,78D. Cavalli,89a M. Cavalli-Sforza,11V. Cavasinni,122a,122bA. Cazzato,72a,72bF. Ceradini,134a,134bC. Cerna,83A. S. Cerqueira,23a A. Cerri,29L. Cerrito,75F. Cerutti,47S. A. Cetin,18bF. Cevenini,102a,102bA. Chafaq,135aD. Chakraborty,106K. Chan,2
B Chapleau,85J. D. Chapman,27J. W. Chapman,87E. Chareyre,78D. G. Charlton,17V. Chavda,82S. Cheatham,71 S. Chekanov,5S. V. Chekulaev,159aG. A. Chelkov,65H. Chen,24L. Chen,2S. Chen,32cT. Chen,32cX. Chen,172
S. Cheng,32aA. Cheplakov,65V. F. Chepurnov,65R. Cherkaoui El Moursli,135dV. Tcherniatine,24E. Cheu,6 S. L. Cheung,158L. Chevalier,136F. Chevallier,136G. Chiefari,102a,102bL. Chikovani,51J. T. Childers,58a A. Chilingarov,71G. Chiodini,72aM. V. Chizhov,65G. Choudalakis,30S. Chouridou,137I. A. Christidi,77 A. Christov,48D. Chromek-Burckhart,29M. L. Chu,151J. Chudoba,125G. Ciapetti,132a,132bA. K. Ciftci,3aR. Ciftci,3a D. Cinca,33V. Cindro,74M. D. Ciobotaru,163C. Ciocca,19a,19bA. Ciocio,14M. Cirilli,87M. Ciubancan,25aA. Clark,49
P. J. Clark,45W. Cleland,123J. C. Clemens,83B. Clement,55C. Clement,146a,146bR. W. Clifft,129Y. Coadou,83 M. Cobal,164a,164cA. Coccaro,50a,50bJ. Cochran,64P. Coe,118J. G. Cogan,143J. Coggeshall,165E. Cogneras,177 C. D. Cojocaru,28J. Colas,4B. Cole,34A. P. Colijn,105C. Collard,115N. J. Collins,17C. Collins-Tooth,53J. Collot,55 G. Colon,84R. Coluccia,72a,72bG. Comune,88P. Conde Muin˜o,124aE. Coniavitis,118M. C. Conidi,11M. Consonni,104
S. Constantinescu,25aC. Conta,119a,119bF. Conventi,102a,iJ. Cook,29M. Cooke,14B. D. Cooper,75 A. M. Cooper-Sarkar,118N. J. Cooper-Smith,76K. Copic,34T. Cornelissen,50a,50bM. Corradi,19aS. Correard,83 F. Corriveau,85,jA. Cortes-Gonzalez,165G. Cortiana,99G. Costa,89aM. J. Costa,167D. Costanzo,139T. Costin,30
D. Coˆte´,29R. Coura Torres,23aL. Courneyea,169G. Cowan,76C. Cowden,27B. E. Cox,82K. Cranmer,108 M. Cristinziani,20G. Crosetti,36a,36bR. Crupi,72a,72bS. Cre´pe´-Renaudin,55C. Cuenca Almenar,175 T. Cuhadar Donszelmann,139S. Cuneo,50a,50bM. Curatolo,47C. J. Curtis,17P. Cwetanski,61H. Czirr,141
Z. Czyczula,117S. D’Auria,53M. D’Onofrio,73A. D’Orazio,132a,132bA. Da Rocha Gesualdi Mello,23a P. V. M. Da Silva,23aC Da Via,82W. Dabrowski,37A. Dahlhoff,48T. Dai,87C. Dallapiccola,84S. J. Dallison,129,a
M. Dam,35M. Dameri,50a,50bD. S. Damiani,137H. O. Danielsson,29R. Dankers,105D. Dannheim,99V. Dao,49 G. Darbo,50aG. L. Darlea,25bC. Daum,105J. P. Dauvergne,29W. Davey,86T. Davidek,126N. Davidson,86 R. Davidson,71M. Davies,93A. R. Davison,77E. Dawe,142I. Dawson,139J. W. Dawson,5,aR. K. Daya,39K. De,7
R. de Asmundis,102aS. De Castro,19a,19bS. De Cecco,78J. de Graat,98N. De Groot,104P. de Jong,105 E. De La Cruz-Burelo,87C. De La Taille,115B. De Lotto,164a,164cL. De Mora,71L. De Nooij,105
M. De Oliveira Branco,29D. De Pedis,132aP. de Saintignon,55A. De Salvo,132aU. De Sanctis,164a,164cA. De Santo,149 J. B. De Vivie De Regie,115S. Dean,77R. Debbe,24G. Dedes,99D. V. Dedovich,65J. Degenhardt,120M. Dehchar,118
M. Deile,98C. Del Papa,164a,164cJ. Del Peso,80T. Del Prete,122a,122bA. Dell’Acqua,29L. Dell’Asta,89a,89b M. Della Pietra,102a,kD. della Volpe,102a,102bM. Delmastro,29P. Delpierre,83N. Delruelle,29P. A. Delsart,55
C. Deluca,148S. Demers,175M. Demichev,65B. Demirkoz,11J. Deng,163S. P. Denisov,128C. Dennis,118 D. Derendarz,38J. E. Derkaoui,135cF. Derue,78P. Dervan,73K. Desch,20E. Devetak,148P. O. Deviveiros,158
A. Dewhurst,129B. DeWilde,148S. Dhaliwal,158R. Dhullipudi,24,lA. Di Ciaccio,133a,133bL. Di Ciaccio,4 A. Di Girolamo,29B. Di Girolamo,29S. Di Luise,134a,134bA. Di Mattia,88R. Di Nardo,133a,133bA. Di Simone,133a,133b R. Di Sipio,19a,19bM. A. Diaz,31aF. Diblen,18cE. B. Diehl,87H. Dietl,99J. Dietrich,48T. A. Dietzsch,58aS. Diglio,115 K. Dindar Yagci,39J. Dingfelder,20C. Dionisi,132a,132bP. Dita,25aS. Dita,25aF. Dittus,29F. Djama,83R. Djilkibaev,108
T. Djobava,51M. A. B. do Vale,23aA. Do Valle Wemans,124aT. K. O. Doan,4M. Dobbs,85R. Dobinson,29,a D. Dobos,42E. Dobson,29M. Dobson,163J. Dodd,34O. B. Dogan,18a,aC. Doglioni,118T. Doherty,53Y. Doi,66,a
J. Dolejsi,126I. Dolenc,74Z. Dolezal,126B. A. Dolgoshein,96T. Dohmae,155M. Donadelli,23bM. Donega,120 J. Donini,55J. Dopke,174A. Doria,102aA. Dos Anjos,172M. Dosil,11A. Dotti,122a,122bM. T. Dova,70J. D. Dowell,17
A. D. Doxiadis,105A. T. Doyle,53Z. Drasal,126J. Drees,174N. Dressnandt,120H. Drevermann,29C. Driouichi,35 M. Dris,9J. G. Drohan,77J. Dubbert,99T. Dubbs,137S. Dube,14E. Duchovni,171G. Duckeck,98A. Dudarev,29 F. Dudziak,115M. Du¨hrssen,29I. P. Duerdoth,82L. Duflot,115M-A. Dufour,85M. Dunford,29H. Duran Yildiz,3b
R. Duxfield,139M. Dwuznik,37F. Dydak,29D. Dzahini,55M. Du¨ren,52J. Ebke,98S. Eckert,48S. Eckweiler,81 K. Edmonds,81C. A. Edwards,76I. Efthymiopoulos,49W. Ehrenfeld,41T. Ehrich,99T. Eifert,29G. Eigen,13 K. Einsweiler,14E. Eisenhandler,75T. Ekelof,166M. El Kacimi,4M. Ellert,166S. Elles,4F. Ellinghaus,81K. Ellis,75
N. Ellis,29J. Elmsheuser,98M. Elsing,29R. Ely,14D. Emeliyanov,129R. Engelmann,148A. Engl,98B. Epp,62 A. Eppig,87J. Erdmann,54A. Ereditato,16D. Eriksson,146aJ. Ernst,1M. Ernst,24J. Ernwein,136D. Errede,165
S. Errede,165E. Ertel,81M. Escalier,115C. Escobar,167X. Espinal Curull,11B. Esposito,47F. Etienne,83
A. I. Etienvre,136E. Etzion,153D. Evangelakou,54H. Evans,61L. Fabbri,19a,19bC. Fabre,29K. Facius,35 R. M. Fakhrutdinov,128S. Falciano,132aA. C. Falou,115Y. Fang,172M. Fanti,89a,89bA. Farbin,7A. Farilla,134a J. Farley,148T. Farooque,158S. M. Farrington,118P. Farthouat,29D. Fasching,172P. Fassnacht,29D. Fassouliotis,8 B. Fatholahzadeh,158A. Favareto,89a,89bL. Fayard,115S. Fazio,36a,36bR. Febbraro,33P. Federic,144aO. L. Fedin,121
I. Fedorko,29W. Fedorko,88M. Fehling-Kaschek,48L. Feligioni,83D. Fellmann,5C. U. Felzmann,86C. Feng,32d E. J. Feng,30A. B. Fenyuk,128J. Ferencei,144bD. Ferguson,172J. Ferland,93B. Fernandes,124a,mW. Fernando,109 S. Ferrag,53J. Ferrando,118V. Ferrara,41A. Ferrari,166P. Ferrari,105R. Ferrari,119aA. Ferrer,167M. L. Ferrer,47
D. Ferrere,49C. Ferretti,87A. Ferretto Parodi,50a,50bM. Fiascaris,30F. Fiedler,81A. Filipcˇicˇ,74A. Filippas,9 F. Filthaut,104M. Fincke-Keeler,169M. C. N. Fiolhais,124a,hL. Fiorini,11A. Firan,39G. Fischer,41P. Fischer,20
M. J. Fisher,109S. M. Fisher,129J. Flammer,29M. Flechl,48I. Fleck,141J. Fleckner,81P. Fleischmann,173 S. Fleischmann,20T. Flick,174L. R. Flores Castillo,172M. J. Flowerdew,99F. Fo¨hlisch,58aM. Fokitis,9 T. Fonseca Martin,16D. A. Forbush,138A. Formica,136A. Forti,82D. Fortin,159aJ. M. Foster,82D. Fournier,115 A. Foussat,29A. J. Fowler,44K. Fowler,137H. Fox,71P. Francavilla,122a,122bS. Franchino,119a,119bD. Francis,29
T. Frank,171M. Franklin,57S. Franz,29M. Fraternali,119a,119bS. Fratina,120S. T. French,27R. Froeschl,29 D. Froidevaux,29J. A. Frost,27C. Fukunaga,156E. Fullana Torregrosa,29J. Fuster,167C. Gabaldon,29O. Gabizon,171 T. Gadfort,24S. Gadomski,49G. Gagliardi,50a,50bP. Gagnon,61C. Galea,98E. J. Gallas,118M. V. Gallas,29V. Gallo,16
B. J. Gallop,129P. Gallus,125E. Galyaev,40K. K. Gan,109Y. S. Gao,143,nV. A. Gapienko,128A. Gaponenko,14 F. Garberson,175M. Garcia-Sciveres,14C. Garcı´a,167J. E. Garcı´a Navarro,49R. W. Gardner,30N. Garelli,29 H. Garitaonandia,105V. Garonne,29J. Garvey,17C. Gatti,47G. Gaudio,119aO. Gaumer,49B. Gaur,141L. Gauthier,136
I. L. Gavrilenko,94C. Gay,168G. Gaycken,20J-C. Gayde,29E. N. Gazis,9P. Ge,32dC. N. P. Gee,129 Ch. Geich-Gimbel,20K. Gellerstedt,146a,146bC. Gemme,50aM. H. Genest,98S. Gentile,132a,132bF. Georgatos,9
S. George,76P. Gerlach,174A. Gershon,153C. Geweniger,58aH. Ghazlane,135dP. Ghez,4N. Ghodbane,33 B. Giacobbe,19aS. Giagu,132a,132bV. Giakoumopoulou,8V. Giangiobbe,122a,122bF. Gianotti,29B. Gibbard,24
A. Gibson,158S. M. Gibson,29G. F. Gieraltowski,5L. M. Gilbert,118M. Gilchriese,14O. Gildemeister,29 V. Gilewsky,91D. Gillberg,28A. R. Gillman,129D. M. Gingrich,2,oJ. Ginzburg,153N. Giokaris,8R. Giordano,102a,102b
F. M. Giorgi,15P. Giovannini,99P. F. Giraud,136D. Giugni,89aP. Giusti,19aB. K. Gjelsten,117L. K. Gladilin,97 C. Glasman,80J Glatzer,48A. Glazov,41K. W. Glitza,174G. L. Glonti,65J. Godfrey,142J. Godlewski,29M. Goebel,41 T. Go¨pfert,43C. Goeringer,81C. Go¨ssling,42T. Go¨ttfert,99S. Goldfarb,87D. Goldin,39T. Golling,175N. P. Gollub,29 S. N. Golovnia,128A. Gomes,124a,pL. S. Gomez Fajardo,41R. Gonc¸alo,76L. Gonella,20C. Gong,32bA. Gonidec,29
S. Gonzalez,172S. Gonza´lez de la Hoz,167M. L. Gonzalez Silva,26S. Gonzalez-Sevilla,49J. J. Goodson,148 L. Goossens,29P. A. Gorbounov,95H. A. Gordon,24I. Gorelov,103G. Gorfine,174B. Gorini,29E. Gorini,72a,72b A. Gorisˇek,74E. Gornicki,38S. A. Gorokhov,128B. T. Gorski,29V. N. Goryachev,128B. Gosdzik,41M. Gosselink,105
M. I. Gostkin,65M. Gouane`re,4I. Gough Eschrich,163M. Gouighri,135aD. Goujdami,135aM. P. Goulette,49 A. G. Goussiou,138C. Goy,4I. Grabowska-Bold,163,gV. Grabski,176P. Grafstro¨m,29C. Grah,174K-J. Grahn,147
F. Grancagnolo,72aS. Grancagnolo,15V. Grassi,148V. Gratchev,121N. Grau,34H. M. Gray,34,qJ. A. Gray,148 E. Graziani,134aO. G. Grebenyuk,121D. Greenfield,129T. Greenshaw,73Z. D. Greenwood,24,rI. M. Gregor,41 P. Grenier,143E. Griesmayer,46J. Griffiths,138N. Grigalashvili,65A. A. Grillo,137K. Grimm,148S. Grinstein,11
P. L. Y. Gris,33Y. V. Grishkevich,97J.-F. Grivaz,115J. Grognuz,29M. Groh,99E. Gross,171J. Grosse-Knetter,54 J. Groth-Jensen,79M. Gruwe,29K. Grybel,141V. J. Guarino,5C. Guicheney,33A. Guida,72a,72bT. Guillemin,4 S. Guindon,54H. Guler,85,sJ. Gunther,125B. Guo,158J. Guo,34A. Gupta,30Y. Gusakov,65V. N. Gushchin,128 A. Gutierrez,93P. Gutierrez,111N. Guttman,153O. Gutzwiller,172C. Guyot,136C. Gwenlan,118C. B. Gwilliam,73 A. Haas,143S. Haas,29C. Haber,14R. Hackenburg,24H. K. Hadavand,39D. R. Hadley,17P. Haefner,99F. Hahn,29 S. Haider,29Z. Hajduk,38H. Hakobyan,176J. Haller,54,tK. Hamacher,174A. Hamilton,49S. Hamilton,161H. Han,32a L. Han,32bK. Hanagaki,116M. Hance,120C. Handel,81P. Hanke,58aC. J. Hansen,166J. R. Hansen,35J. B. Hansen,35
J. D. Hansen,35P. H. Hansen,35P. Hansson,143K. Hara,160G. A. Hare,137T. Harenberg,174D. Harper,87 R. D. Harrington,21O. M. Harris,138K Harrison,17J. C. Hart,129J. Hartert,48F. Hartjes,105T. Haruyama,66 A. Harvey,56S. Hasegawa,101Y. Hasegawa,140S. Hassani,136M. Hatch,29D. Hauff,99S. Haug,16M. Hauschild,29 R. Hauser,88M. Havranek,125B. M. Hawes,118C. M. Hawkes,17R. J. Hawkings,29D. Hawkins,163T. Hayakawa,67 D Hayden,76H. S. Hayward,73S. J. Haywood,129E. Hazen,21M. He,32dS. J. Head,17V. Hedberg,79L. Heelan,28
S. Heim,88B. Heinemann,14S. Heisterkamp,35L. Helary,4M. Heldmann,48M. Heller,115S. Hellman,146a,146b C. Helsens,11R. C. W. Henderson,71M. Henke,58aA. Henrichs,54A. M. Henriques Correia,29S. Henrot-Versille,115 PRL105,252303 (2010) P H Y S I C A L R E V I E W L E T T E R S 17 DECEMBER 2010
