DARI
BASIC COURSE
SEMESTER 1 Lessons 9-12
TEACHER COPY
VALIDATION EDITION 2005
SEMESTER 1 Lessons 9-12
June 2005
Permission to use text and/or graphic images in this Dari language course has been received from the following copyright holders:
Luke Powell (photographs from www.lukepowell.com) Rahmatullah Omid (photographs from personal collection) Homayoun Seddiq (photographs from personal collection) Wida Ahmad (photographs from personal collection) Najib Rezai (photographs from personal collection) Kiyoshi Inoue (photographs from www.flyingkong.com)
AGSL American Geographical Society Library, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Libraries (photographs from the Harrison Forman collection)
ASC (photographs from www.photoarchive.saudiaramcoworld.com,
courtesy of Saudi Aramco World / PADIA / Aramco Services Corporation) UNESCO (photographs from www.unesco.org/photobank)
UNEP (photographs from http://postconflict.unep.ch/afg_new.htm.) Robert W. Kranz (photographs from www.war-correspondent.com) Keith Cook (photographs from www.themenupage.com.)
Mustafa Rasuli (photographs from www.rasuli.com) John Patton (photographs from
http://mysite.mweb.co.za/residents/ekawasa/JohnPattenGraphics/index.html) Dominic Medley/Jude Barrand (photos from Kabul: The Bradt Mini Guide - The Survival
Guide to Kabul www.kabulguide.net.)
Gary W. Bowersox “The Gem Hunter,” President GeoVision, Inc., PO Box 89646, Honolulu, HI 96830, 808 277-2543, MrGary77@aol.com (photos from http://www.gems-afghan.com)
Shahab Azim (photographs from www.aghansite.com)
Ellyn Cavanaugh, Ph.D. (photographs from personal collection and from www.afghan.smugmug.com)
Rosemary Stasek (photos from www.stasek.com/afghanistan)
Kerry Saner (photographs from http://www.irss-usa.org/pages/KabulPhotos/Page1.html) Farhad Darya (photograph from www.farhaddarya.info)
Christina Manuel (photographs from personal collection) Crown Copyright/MOD (photographs from
http://www.operations.mod.uk/fingal/fimages) John Pike (photographs and maps from
http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/afghanistan/index.html)
Moumina Dorgabekova: “Pharmacy in Afghanistan” Boston: Management Sciences for Health Aseem Koshan (excerpts from Omaid Weekly newspaper)
Ryan Azimi (excerpts from Afghan-Iranian Yellow Pages of Northern California) Nick Noori (excerpts from Afghan Yellow Pages by N&N Express)
Shahbaz Taheri (excerpts from Northern California Iranian Yellow Pages by Pezhvac Corp.) Ali Parvin (excerpts from TASVIR Persian American Yellow Pages)
Assad Manely (excerpts from Afghan Yellow Pages of California by Ariana Advertising)
License was obtained from Nova Development Corporation (Nova) to reproduce digital images of clipart and photos from Art Explosion CD ROMs.
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Permission to use copyrighted material was granted on the condition that it be used exclusively for nonprofit educational purposes. Further reproduction is unauthorized.
Cover photograph by Luke Powell.
Lesson 9: In the Province...1 Superlative adjectives; sound stress and word order; the function of the particle /ee/; objects of preposition
Lesson 10: A Friendly Chat...29 The past tense of verbs
Lesson 11: An Invitation...47 Subjunctive / imperative ‘Please …’; more on short forms of pronouns;
exclamations with !....ﻪﭼ ‘What a …!’
Lesson 12: At the Roadside...69 The present perfect tense; past participle; subjunctive mood indicating
necessity
Review 9-12...89 Glossary...91
GLOSSARY
ﯽﻤﮐ
a little / a bitﻩرﺎﺑرد = ]
ءدرﻮﻡرد = ] [
ﻪﺑ ﻊﺟار
[
aboutسردﺁ
addressزا ﺪﻌﺑ
= ] ﺪﻌﺑ = ] [ زا ﺲﭘ
[
afterﺮﻬﻇزا ﺪﻌﺑ )
ﺖﺷﺎﭼزا ﺪﻌﺑ ) (
ﻦﻴﺸﻴﭘزا ﺪﻌﺑ
(
afternoonﯽیاﻮه ناﺪﻴﻡ
airportﯽیﺎﮑیﺮﻡا
American (nationality)ﺎﮑیﺮﻡا ترﺎﻔﺳ
American Embassyو
andﺐﻴﺳ
appleًﺎﺒیﺮﻘﺗ
approximatelyرد ) ﻩد
(
at / inﯽیﺎﻴﻟاﺮﺘﺳﺁ
Australian (nationality)ﺪﺑ
badنﺎﻴﻡﺎﺑ
Bamyanلﻮﺒﻘﻡ
= ] ﮓﻨﺸﻗ = ] [ ﺎﺒیز
[
beautiful / prettyزا ﺶﻴﭘ = ]
زا ﻞﺒﻗ
[
beforeﻤیﺮﮐ
ﯽ
beigeتﻮﺗ
berryﻞﮑﺴیﺎﺑ
bicycleنﻼﮐ = ] گرﺰﺑ
[
big / largeﯽﺑﺁ
blueﻪﺘﺳد
bouquetﮏﺸﺧ نﺎﻥ
= ] نﺎﻥ
[
breadﻞﭘ
bridgeباﺮﺧ
broken / out of orderرداﺮﺑ
brotherراﻮﺼﻥ
ﯼ
brownﺲﺑ = ] ﺲیوﺮﺳ
[
busﺮﺟﺎﺗ
businesspersonغود
buttermilkﺮﺘﺷ
camel؟ﻦﻴﻨﮐ ﮏﻤﮐ ﻩر ﻪﻡ ﻦﻴﻥﺎﺗ ﯽﻡ
Can you help me?ﺮﺗﻮﻡ
carﻦﻴﻟﺎﻗ
carpet / rugﻪﻠﮔ
cattleﯽﺒﻴﺟ نﻮﻔﻠﻴﺗ
cellular phoneنازرا
cheapﻞﻔﻃ
child / babyﺖﻴﻠﮐﺎﭼ
chocolateتﺮﮕﺳ
cigarettesﺮﻬﺷ
cityﻪﺘﺴﺑ
closedﮕﻥر
ﻦﻴ
colorfulﻦﻴیﺎﻴﺑ نورد
.
Come in.ﺮﺗﻮﻴﭙﻤﮐ
computerﻪﭽﻠﮐ
cookiesراﻮﺟ
ﯼ ﻪﻥاد
ﻩﺪﺸﻥ
corn on the cobﺧ
ﮎﺎﻥﺮﻄ
dangerousزور
dayﻩﺰﻡ شﻮﺧ )
راد ﻩﺰﻡ
(
deliciousﺖﺷد
desertلﺰید
dieselﻪﻡﺎﺧ ﻩار
dirt roadﺮﺘﮐاد
doctorﮓﺳ
dogﺮﺧ = ] ﺐﮐﺮﻡ
[
donkeyﻞﻔیا جﺮﺑ
Eiffel Towerﻦﻴﺷﺎﻡ = ]
ﻦﺠﻥا
[
engineﯽﻓﺎﮐ ) ﺲﺑ
(
enoughمﺎﺷ
eveningﺐﺷ نﺎﻥ
= ] ﺐﺷ مﺎﻌﻃ ) [
ﻮَﺷ نﺎﻥ
(
evening meal (dinner)ﺪﻴﺸﺨﺒﺑ ) .
ﻦﻴﺸﺨﺒﺑ
(
Excuse me.ﺖﻤﻴﻗ = ] ناﺮﮔ
[
expensiveفوﺮﻌﻡ = ]
رﻮﻬﺸﻡ
[
famousرود
farنﺎﻘهد
farmerرﺪﭘ
fatherﻞﮔ
flowerاﺬﻏ
) نﺎﻥ
(
foodﯼاﺮﺑ ) ﯼﺮﺑ
(
forﯼﻮﺴﻥاﺮﻓ
French (nationality / language)ﻩزﺎﺗ
freshﻪﻌﻤﺟ
Fridayزا
fromﻩﻮﻴﻡ
fruitﺮﭽﻴﻥﺮﻓ
= ] ﺮﭽﻴﻥﺮﻓو ﻞﺒﻡ
[
furnitureﺰیدﺮﮔ
Gardezﻪﻨﻠﻴﮔ
gas canﻞﻴﺗ ﮏﻥﺎﺗ
gas stationلوﺮﺘﭘ = ]
ﻞﻴﺗ
[
gasolineﺶﮑﺘﺳد
gloveبﻮﺧ
good / fine / niceﻆﻓﺎﺣ اﺪﺧ ) .
اﺪﺧ نﺎﻡا ﻪﺑ
(.
Good-bye.ﯽﮕﻨﺗ
gorgeرﻮﻡﺎﻡ
government employeeنﻼﮐرﺪﭘ
grandfatherنﻼﮐردﺎﻡ
grandmotherرﻮﮕﻥا
grapeﺰﺒﺳ
greenنﺎﻤﻬﻡ
guestﻢﻴﻥ
halfﺪﻴﻤﺣ
Hamid (male name)لﺎﺤﺷﻮﺧ = ]
شﻮﺧ
[
happyوا
he / she / itﯽﺤﺹ ﮏﻴﻨﻴﻠﮐ
health clinicﮏﻤﮐ
helpتاﺮه
Heratا
ﺎﺠﻨی ) ﻪﺠﻨیا
(
hereﺪﻨﻠﺑ
highﭗﺳا
horseﻪﻥﺎﺧﺎﻔﺷ
hospitalﺖﻋﺎﺳ
hourﻪﻥﺎﺧ
house / home؟رﻮَﻄﭼ )
؟رﻮﻄﭼ /
؟ﻮﻄﭼ
(
How?...
؟رﻮﻄﭼ
How about…?؟ﯽﺘﺳارﻮﻄِﭼ
How are you?؟تﺪﻡ ﻪﭼ = ]
؟ﺖﻗو رﺪﻘﭼ ) [
ﺖﺧو ﻪﻘﭼ
؟
(
How long?ﺪﻨﭼ
؟ = ] ﺪﻨﭼ ﻪﻥاد
؟ ) [ ﺎﺗ ﺪﻨﭼ
؟
(
How many?/ How many pieces?رﺪﻘﭼ
؟ ) ﭼ ﻪﻘ
؟
(
How much?ﻪﻨﺳﺮﮔ )
ﻪﻨﺸُﮔ
(
hungryﺮهﻮﺷ )
ﯼﻮﺷ
(
husbandﻦﻡ ) ﻪﻡ
(
Iﻢﺘﺳا فوﺮﺼﻡ = ] .
ﻢﺘﺳا لﻮﻐﺸﻡ ) [.
مرادرﺎﮐ
(
I am busy.ﻢﺘﺳا بﻮﺧ
.
I am fine.ﻢﻬﻡ
importantرد
) ﻩد
(
in / atﯼور ﺶﻴﭘ = ]
ﯼوﺮﺑور
[
in front ofﻪﻥﺎﺧ نﺎﻤﻬﻡ
inn / guest houseﻞﺘﻨﻥ ﯽﺘﻥﺎﮐﺮﺘﻥا ﻞﺗﻮه
Intercontinental Hotelﯽﻥاﺮیا
Iranian (nationality)؟ﻦﺘﺳا بﻮﺧ ﯽﮕﻤه
Is everybody fine?ﺖﺴﻴﻥ ) ﺲﻴﻥ
(
is notدﺎﺑﺁ مﻼﺳا
Islamabadﻩراﺪﻥ نﺎﮑﻡا
.
It is not possible.ﺖﺳﺎﻤﺷ ﻒﻄﻟ = ].
ﯽﻥﺎﺑﺮﻬﻡ ﺖﺳﺎﻤﺷ
) [.
-- سﺎﻤﺷ
(
It’s kind of you. / It is nice of you.دﺎﺑﺁ لﻼﺟ
Jalalabadﯽﻥﺎﭘﺎﺟ
Japanese (nationality / language)ﺖﺴﻟﺎﻥروژ
journalistﺖﺑﺮﺷ
juiceﻞﺑﺎﮐ
Kabulﻪﺗرﺎﮐ
ﻪﺳ
ء Karta-e-Sey (a district)ﺪﻟﺎﺧ
Khaled (male name)ﻮﻠﻴﮐ = ] ماﺮﮔﻮﻠﻴﮐ [
kilogram
ﺮﮔرﺎﮐ
laborer / workerﮔ
ﻪﺘﺷﺬ
last / pastﺐﺸید = ] ﻪﺘﺷﺬﮔ ﺐﺷ )[
ﻮَﺸید
(
last nightﭗﭼ فﺮﻃ )
ﭗﭼ ﺖﺳد
(
left sideﯽﮔﺪﻥز
lifeﻢﮐ
little (amount)نﺪﻨﻟ
Londonزارد
longدﺮﻡ
manرازﺎﺑ
marketﻒیﺮﺷراﺰﻡ
Mazar-e-Sharifﺖﺷﻮﮔ
meatﯼﺮﺘﺴﻡ
= ] ﮏﻴﻥﺎﺨﻴﻡ
[
mechanicﻩزﻮﺑﺮﺧ
melonﺮﻬﻇ
) ﺖﺷﺎﭼ
(
midday / noonﻪﻘﻴﻗد
minuteﻪﺒﻨﺷود
Mondayلﻮﭘ ) ﻪﺴﻴﭘ
(
moneyﻩﺎﻡ
monthﺢﺒﺹ
morningﺢﺒﺹ ﯼﺎﭼ
= ] ﺎﺘﺷﺎﻥ
[
morning meal (breakfast)ﻮﮑﺳﺎﻡ
Moscowﺪﺠﺴﻡ
mosqueردﺎﻡ
motherﻞﮑﻴﺳﺮﺗﻮﻡ
motorcycleﻩﻮﮐ
mountainﻞﺗﻮﮐ
mountain passدﺎیز = ] رﺎﻴﺴﺑ
[
much / many / a lotء
ﻪﻥﺎﺧ
ﯽﻠﮔ
mud houseﺪﻴهﺎﻥ
Nahid (female name)ﮏیرﺎﺑ = ]
ﮓﻨﺗ = ] [ ضﺮﻌﻤﮐ ) [
ﺮﺒﻤﮐ
(
narrowﻪﻤﻴﺴﻥ
Nasima (female name)ﯼزﺎﻥ
Nazi (female name)ﮏیدﺰَﻥ )
ﮏیدﺰِﻥ
(
near / closeﻮﻥ
newﺪیﺪﺟ ﯽﻠهد
= ] ﻮﻥ ﯽﻠهد
[
New Delhiﻩﺪﻨیﺁ ] = ﯼﺪﻌﺑ
[
next / future / the followingﯼﻮﻠﻬﭘ = ]
ِرﺎﻨﮐ
[
next toﺐﺷ
nightﻪﻥ
) ﯽﻥ
(
noﺖﺷﺎﭼ نﺎﻥ = ]
ﺖﺷﺎﭼ مﺎﻌﻃ
[
noon meal (lunch)ﻻﺎﺣ = ] نﻮﻨﮐا ) [ ﯽﻟﺎﺣ
(
nowﻩﺮﻤﻥ = ] ﻩرﺎﻤﺷ
[
numberﺖﻋﺎﺳ )
ﻪﺠﺑ
(
o’clock / hourﻪﻨﻬﮐ
oldﯼﻻﺎﺑ = ] ﯼور ) [
ِﺮﺳ
(
onزﺎﺑ ) زاو
(
openﺲیرﺎﭘ
Parisمدﺮﻡ
peopleﺲﮑﻋ
picture / photographﻪﻥاد ) ﺎﺗ
(
piece (counter)ﺖﺸﻟﺎﺑ
pillowﺎﺟ
) ﯼﺎﺟ
(
placeﺪﻴیﺎﻡﺮﻔﺑ = ]
ًﺎﻔﻄﻟ [ ) ﻦﻴیﺎﻡﺮﻔﺑ
(
Please.رﺎﻥا
pomegranateﺮﻴﻘﻓ = ] رادﺎﻥ ) [ ﺐیﺮﻏ
(
poorقﺮﺑ ﺪﻨﺑ
power damزﺎﻤﻥ
prayerرﻮﺴﻴﻓوﺮﭘ
= ] دﺎﺘﺳا ) [ ﺮﺴﻴﻓوﺮﭘ
(
professorﺶﻔﻨﺑ
purpleلﻮﮑﺘﺳد
purseرﺎهﺪﻨﻗ
Qandaharپﺎﺸﮐرو
repair shop / garageنارﻮﺘﺳر
restaurantﺞﻥﺮﺑ
riceراﺪﻟﻮﭘ = ] ﯽﻨﻏ
[
richﺖﺳار فﺮﻃ )
سار ﺖﺳد
(
right sideﺎیرد
riverنﺎﻤﺴیر
) نﺎﭙﺴیر
(
ropeﻩﺪﻴﺳﻮﭘ
rottenﺢﻟﺎﺹ
Saleh (male name)ﻪﺒﻨﺷ
Saturdayﻥﻻﻮﺑ
ﯽ
savory pastry with delicious fillingﺐﺘﮑﻡ
schoolﻩﺪﻨﺷوﺮﻓ
seller / street vendorﻮﻥﺮﻬﺷ
Shahr-e-Nau (a district)ﻒیﺮﺷ
Sharif (male name)لﺎﺷ
shawlﺪیﺮﺧ
shoppingﻩﺎﺗﻮﮐ
shortترﺎیز
= ] ﻩﺮﺒﻘﻡ
[
shrineﻪﺣﻮﻟ
signﺮهاﻮﺧ
sisterدرﻮﺧ = ] ﮏﭼﻮﮐ
[
smallﻪﭽﻨﻴﻟﺎﻗ
small rugﯽﻀﻌﺑ
someﯽﺴﮐ
someone / somebodyﺎﺑرﻮﺷ )
اورﻮﺷ
(
soupتﺎﻏﻮﺳ
souvenirﯽﻨﺒﺘﺷاﺮﻴﺗ
= ] ﻮﺘﻟﺎﻓﺮﻴﺗ
[
spare tireدﻮﺨﻥرﻮﺷ
ﻮﻟﺎﭽﮐو
spicy chickpea and potato saladﻩرﻮﮑﭘ
spicy fried potatoesﻢﻴﻘﺘﺴﻡ = ]
ور ﻪﺑور
[
straightﮎﺮﺳ = ]
ﻩدﺎﺟ = ] [ ﻪﭼﻮﮐ
[
streetﻪﺒﻨﺸﮑی
Sundayﻞﺤﻡ جﺎﺗ
Taj Mahalﯽﺴﮑﺗ
taxiﯼﺎﭼ
teaﻪﻥﺎﺧ ﯼﺎﭼ
teahouseﻢﻠﻌﻡ
teacherنﻮﻔﻠﻴﺗ
telephoneﺮﮑﺸﺗ
.
Thank you.نﺁ ) وا
(
thatﺎﺠﻥﺁ ) ﻪﺠﻥوا
(
thereﺎﻬﻥﺁ ) ﺎﻬﻥوا / ﺎﻥوا
(
theyﻪﻨﺸﺗ ) ﻪﻨﺸُﺗ
(
thirstyﻦیا ) ﯼا
(
thisﻪﺒﻨﺸﺠﻨﭘ
Thursdayﺮﻴﺗ
tireﺮﻴﺗ ﮏﺟ
tire jackﻪﺑ
toندﻮﺑ / شﺎﺑ /
دﻮﺑ
to beندﻮﺑ باﻮﺧ /
شﺎﺑ / دﻮﺑ ) ندﻮﺑ ﻮَﺧ
(
to be asleepنﺪﺷ / ﻮﺷ /
ﺪﺷ
to becomeنﺪﺷ باﺮﺧ /
ﻮﺷ /
ﺪﺷ
to break downندروﺁ / روﺁ /
دروﺁ
to bringنﺪیﺮﺧ /
ﺮﺧ /
ﺪیﺮﺧ
to buyﻦﺘﺨُﭘ / ﺰَﭘ / ﺖﺨُﭘ ) ندﺮﮐ ﻪﺘﺨُﭘ /
ﻦﮐ / دﺮﮐ
(
to cookندﺮﮐ / ﻦُﮐ /
دﺮﮐ
to doنﺪﻴﺷﻮﻥ /
شﻮﻥ /
ﺪﻴﺷﻮﻥ
to drinkندرﻮﺧ = ]
ندرﻮﺧ اﺬﻏ ) [
ندرﻮﺧ نﺎﻥ /(
رﻮﺧ /
درﻮﺧ
to eatنﺪﺷﺮﭽﻨﭘ /
ﻮﺷ /
ﺪﺷ
to get punctured / to have a flat (tire)نداد / ﻩد /
داد
to giveﻦﺘﻓر / ر و / ﺖﻓر
ﺎﺑ ...
ﻦﺘﻓر
ﻪﺑ ...
ﻦﺘﻓر
to go
to go by means of...
to go to...
ندﺮﮐ ﯽیﺎﻤﻨهر /
ﻦﮐ /
دﺮﮐ
to guideﻦﺘﺷاد / راد /
ﺖﺷاد
to haveندﺮﮐ ﮏﻤﮐ /
ﻦﮐ / دﺮﮐ
...
ندﺮﮐ ﮏﻤﮐ ار
ﻪﺑ ...
ندﺮﮐ ﮏﻤﮐ
to help
to help….
ندﺮﮐ تﻮﻋد = ]
ندﺮﮐ نﺎﻤﻬﻡ [
ﻦﮐ /
دﺮﮐ
to inviteﻦﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ /
سﺎﻨﺷ /
ﺖﺧﺎﻨﺷ
to know (to be acquainted with / to recognize)ﻦﺘﺴﻥاد / ناد /
ﺖﺴﻥاد
to know (to be aware of / to have knowledge about)ﻦﺘﺷاد شﻮﺧ /
راد / ﺖﺷاد
...
ﻦﺘﺷاد شﻮﺧ ار
to like
to like….
ندﺮﮐ ﯽﮔﺪﻥز /
ﻦﮐ / دﺮﮐ
رد ...
ندﺮﮐ ﯽﮔﺪﻥز
ﺎﺑ ...
ندﺮﮐ ﯽﮔﺪﻥز
to live
to live in...
to live with….
ندﺮﮐ نﻮﻔﻠﻴﺗ /
ﻦﮐ / دﺮﮐ
ندﺮﮐ نﻮﻔﻠﻴﺗ ﯽﺴﮐ ﻪﺑ
to make a phone call to call someone
ندﺮﮐ تﺎﻗﻼﻡ /
ﻦﮐ / دﺮﮐ ) نﺪید / ﻦﻴﺑ / ﺪید (
ﺎﺑ ...
ندﺮﮐ تﺎﻗﻼﻡ
to meet
to meet with….
ﻦﺘﺷاد تروﺮﺽ = ]
ﻦﺘﺷاد جﺎﻴﺘﺣا [
) ﻦﺘﺷادرﺎﮐ (
/ راد / ﺖﺷاد
to need
ﻦﺘﺷﺬﮔ / رﺬﮔ / ﺖﺷﺬﮔ )
نﺪﺷﺮﻴﺗ /
ﻮﺷ / ﺪﺷ (
زا ...
ﻦﺘﺷﺬﮔ )
نﺪﺷﺮﻴﺗ (
ﯼﻮﻠﻬﭘزا ...
ﻦﺘﺷﺬﮔ )
نﺪﺷﺮﻴﺗ (
to pass / to cross to pass…..
to pass by…..
نﺪﻥاﻮﺧزﺎﻤﻥ /
ناﻮﺧ /
ﺪﻥاﻮﺧ
to prayﻦﺘﺸﮔﺮﺑ /
دﺮﮔﺮﺑ / ﺖﺸﮔﺮﺑ )
نﺪﻡﺁ ﺲﭘ /
ﺁ / ﺪﻡﺁ (
زا ...
ﻦﺘﺸﮔﺮﺑ
ﻪﺑ ...
ﻦﺘﺸﮔﺮﺑ
to return
to return from….
to return to….
نﺪﺷ صﻼﺧ /
ﻮﺷ /
ﺪﺷ
to run outنﺪید / ﻦﻴﺑ /
ﺪید
to seeﻦﺘﺧوﺮﻓ /
شوﺮﻓ /
ﺖﺧوﺮﻓ
to sellندﺎﺘﺳﺮﻓ /
ﺖﺳﺮﻓ / دﺎﺘﺳﺮﻓ )
ندﺮﮐ ناور /
ﻦﮐ / دﺮﮐ
(
to sendندﺮﮐ ﺪیﺮﺧ /
ﻦﮐ / دﺮﮐ
زا ...
ندﺮﮐ ﺪیﺮﺧ
to shop
to shop at…..
ﺸﻥ نﺎ نداد / ﻩد / داد
...
نداد نﺎﺸﻥ ار
ﻪﺑ ...
نداد نﺎﺸﻥ
to show
to show…..
ﻦﺘﺴﺸﻥ / ﻦﻴﺸﻥ / ﺖﺴﺸﻥ )
ﻦﺘﺸﻴﺷ / ﻦﻴﺷ / ﺖﺸﻴﺷ
(
to sit / to sit downنﺪﻴﺑاﻮﺧ /
باﻮﺧ / ﺪﻴﺑاﻮﺧ )
نَﺪَﮐﻮَﺧ
(
to sleepنﺪﻴﺸﮐ تﺮﮕﺳ /
ﺶﮐ / ﺸﮐ
ﺪﻴ
to smokeنﺪﺷ دﺎﺘﺴیا /
ﻮﺷ /
ﺪﺷ
to stall / to stopنﺪﻥاﻮﺧ سرد /
ناﻮﺧ /
ﺪﻥاﻮﺧ
to studyﻦﺘﻓﺮﮔ / ﺮﻴﮔ /
ﺖﻓﺮﮔ
to take (to consume)ندﺮﺑ / ﺮﺑ /
دﺮﺑ
to take (to escort)ﻦﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺲﮑﻋ /
ﺮﻴﮔ / ﺖﻓﺮﮔ
ﺲﮑﻋ ...
ﻦﺘﻓﺮﮔار
زا ...
ﻦﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺲﮑﻋ
to take a picture
to take a picture of…..
ﺖﺒﺤﺹ ندﺮﮐ
/ ﻦﮐ / دﺮﮐ ] = ندز ﭗﮔ /
نز / دز [
ﻩرﺎﺑرد )
ءدرﻮﻡرد ... (
ﺖﺒﺤﺹ
ندﺮﮐ = ] ندز ﭗﮔ [
ﺎﺑ ...
ندز ﭗﮔ = ]
ندﺮﮐ ﺖﺒﺤﺹ [
to talk / to speak
to talk about….
to talk to….
to talk with….
ﮑﺸﺗ ندﺮﮐﺮ /
ﻦﮐ / دﺮﮐ
زا ...
ندﺮﮐﺮﮑﺸﺗ
ﺮﻃﺎﺧ ﻪﺑ ...
ندﺮﮐﺮﮑﺸﺗ
to thank
to thank….
to thank for….
ندرﻮﺧرود /
رﻮﺧ /
درﻮﺧ
to turnندﺮﮐ ﯽیﻮیﺪیو ﯼﺮﻴﮔ ﻢﻠﻓ /
ﻦﮐ / دﺮﮐ
= ] ﻦﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﯽیﻮیﺪیو ﻢﻠﻓ /
ﺮﻴﮔ / ﺖﻓﺮﮔ [
to videotape
ر ﻩدﺎﻴﭘ ﻦﺘﻓ = ] ﻦﺘﻓر ﯼﺎﭘ ﺎﺑ = ] [
ﻦﺘﻓر ﻩار [
/ ور / ﺖﻓر
to walk
ﻦﺘﺳاﻮﺧ /
ﻩاﻮﺧ /
ﺖﺳاﻮﺧ
to wantنﺪید نﻮیﺰیﻮﻠﺗ /
ﻦﻴﺑ /
ﺪید
to watch TVندﺮﮐرﺎﮐ /
ﻦﮐ /
دﺮﮐ
to workزوﺮﻡِا
todayادﺮﻓ
) ﺎﺒﺹ
(
tomorrowﺐﺸﻡِا ) ﻮَﺸﻡِا
(
tonightﻩﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﺶﮐﺮﺗﻮﻡ
tow truckﺮﮕﻟﺎﻓاﺮﺗ ناﺪﻴﻡ
Trafalgar Squareﻪﺒﻨﺷ ﻪﺳ
Tuesdayﻪﻥﺎﻔﺳﺄﺘﻡ
= ] ﻪﻥﺎﺘﺨﺑﺪﺑ
[
unfortunatelyنﻮﺘﻨهﻮﭘ
universityﻩرد
valley / glenﯼﺰﺒﺳ )
ﯼرﺎﮐﺮﺗ
(
vegetableرﺎﻴﺴﺑ
very / many / muchﻩﺮﻤﮐ
ﯽیﻮیﺪیو
ء video cameraﯽیﻮی ﺪیو ﯼرادﺮﺑ ﻢﻠﻓ
video recordingﻪیﺮﻗ = ] ﻩِد
[
villageراد ﻪیﺮﻗ = ]
ﮏﻠﻡ
[
village chief / village leaderﻪیﺮﻗ ناﺪﻴﻡ
village squareﯽﻟو
Wali (male name)ﻦﺘﮕﻨﺷاو
Washingtonبﺁ ) وَا
(
waterﻪﻨﻴﻡ نﺎﺧﺮﺒﮐاﺮیزو
Wazir Akbar Khan Mena (a district)ﺎﻡ
weﻪﺒﻨﺷرﺎﻬﭼ
Wednesdayﻪﺘﻔه
weekﺪیﺪﻡﺁ شﻮﺧ
) ! ﻦیﺪﻡﺁ شﻮﺧ
(!
Welcome!؟ ﻪﭼ )
؟ﯽﭼ
(
What?؟ﺪﻨﭼ ﺖﻋﺎﺳ )
؟ﻪﺠﺑ ﺪﻨﭼ
(
What time?؟ﺖﻗو ﻪﭼ )
ﺖﺧو ﯽﭼ
؟
(
When?؟ﺎﺠﮐ
Where?ﺪﻴﻔﺳ
whiteﺪﻴﻔﺳﺮﺼﻗ
White House؟ﯽﮐ
Who?؟اﺮﭼ
Why?ﻊﻴﺳو = ] ﺾیﺮﻋ ) [
رادﺮﺑ
(
wideﻢﻥﺎﺧ = ] نز
[
wifeﺎﺑ ) ﻩد
(
with / by (means of)ﻪﺑ
ﻢﺸﭼ
with pleasure / OKنز
womanرﺎﮐ
workلﺎﺳ
yearﯽﻠﺑ
yesزوﺮید
yesterdayﻮﺗ
you (informal)LESSON 9
In the Province
• Vocabulary: Basic topography; names and characteristics of geographical areas
• Grammar: Superlative adjectives, sound stress and word order; the function of the particle /ee/; objects of preposition
• Functions: Ask and tell about important places in a region.
• Skills: Develop an awareness of key regions in Afghanistan. Work with a map.
• Situation: An Afghan talks with a photojournalist about places in the region.
Grammar Notes Superlative adjectives
In Lesson 8, we explained that by adding the suffix ﺮﺗ /tar/ at the end of an adjective, we get the comparative form of that adjective. For example:
Basic form Comparative form
نازرا /ar-zaan/ ‘cheap’ ﺮﺘﻧازرا /ar-zaan-tar/ ‘cheaper’
In order to say ‘cheapest’ in Dari, we simply add the suffix ﻦﻳﺮﺗ /ta-reen/ at the end of the adjective. Thus, نازرا /ar-zaan/‘cheap’ changes to ﻦﻳﺮﺘﻧازرا /ar-zaan-tareen/ ‘cheapest.’
In grammatical terms, this form of the adjective is called the superlative. The three forms of the adjectives نازرا /ar-zaan/ ‘cheap,’ ﺖﻤﻴﻗ /qee-mat/ ‘expensive,’ بﻮﺧ /khoob/ ‘good,’
ﺪﺑ /bad/ ‘bad,’ ﻢﮐ /kam/ ‘little’ and دﺎﻳز /ze-yaad/ ‘much’ are shown below as examples:
Basic form Comparative form Superlative form
نازرا ‘cheap’ ﺮﺘﻧازرا ‘cheaper’ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﻧازرا ‘cheapest’
ﺖﻤﻴﻗ ‘expensive’ ﺮﺗ ﺖﻤﻴﻗ ‘more expensive’ ﻦﻳﺮﺗ ﺖﻤﻴﻗ ‘most expensive’
بﻮﺧ ‘good’ ﺮﺘﺑﻮﺧ ‘better’ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﺑﻮﺧ ‘best’
ﺪﺑ ‘bad’ ﺮﺗ ﺪﺑ ‘worse’ ﻦﻳﺮﺗ ﺪﺑ ‘worst’
ﻢﮐ ‘little’ ﺮﺘﻤﮐ ‘less’ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﻤﮐ ‘least’
دﺎﻳز ‘much’ ﺮﺗ دﺎﻳز‘more’ ﻦﻳﺮﺗ دﺎﻳز ‘most’
Sound stress
In both the comparative and superlative forms of the adjective, the stress falls on the last syllable. Here are some examples:
.ﺖﺳاﺰﻳدﺮﮔﺮﻬﺷزاﺮﺘﻧﻼﮐ ﻒﻳﺮﺷراﺰﻡﺮﻬﺷ /shah-re ma-zaa-re sha-reef ka-laan-tar az shah-re gar- deyz ast/ ‘The city of Mazar-e-Sharif is bigger than the city of Gardez.’
.ﺖﺳا ﺎﺑﺎﺑ ﻩﻮﮐزاﺮﺗ ﺪﻨﻠﺑ ﺶﮐوﺪﻨه ﻩﻮﮐ /ko-he hen-doo-kush be-land-tar az ko-he baa-baa ast/
‘The Hindu Kush Mountain is higher than the Baba Mountain.’
.ﺖﺳا ﺪﻨﻤﻠه ﯼﺎﻳرد نﺎﺘﺴﻧﺎﻐﻓا ﯼﺎﻳرد ﻦﻳﺮﺗزارد /da-raaz-ta-reen dar-yaa-ye af-ghaa-nes-taan dar-yaa- ye hel-mand ast/
‘The longest river in Afghanistan is the Helmand River.’
.ﺖﺳا نﺎﺘﺴﻧﺎﻐﻓاﺮﻬﺷ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﮔرﺰﺑ ﻞﺑﺎﮐ /kaa-bul bu-zurg-ta-reen shah-re af-ghaa-nes-taan ast/
‘Kabul is the biggest city in Afghanistan.’
Word order
In Lesson 2, we said that Dari adjectives almost always come after the nouns they describe or modify. In the case of superlative adjectives, however, this rule does not apply. That is, superlative adjectives almost always precede the nouns they describe or modify, as seen above in the last two examples.
The function of the particle /ee/ at the end of a noun or an adjective
Adding the particle /ee/ at the end of a noun changes that noun to an adjective. In writing, the /ee/ is represented by the letter ﯼ [yaa]. Likewise, by adding the particle /ee/ at the end of an adjective, we can convert it to a noun. Examples:
نﺎﭘﺎﺟ /jaa-paan/ ‘Japan’ → ﯽﻧﺎﭘﺎﺟ /jaa-paa-nee/ ‘Japanese’ (noun changed to adjective)
خﺮﺳ /surkh/ ‘red’ → ﯽﺧﺮﺳ /sur-khee/ ‘redness’ (adjective changed to noun) If a noun ends with the vowel /aa/, which is represented by the letter ا [alef], the addition of the particle /ee/ at the end will change to /yee/. This new modified particle will be represented in writing by using the letter ﯼ [yaa] twice. The two [yaa] letters together will take the shape of ﯽﻳ /yee/. Examples:
ﺎﮑﻳﺮﻡا /am-ree-kaa/ ‘America’ → ﯽﻳﺎﮑﻳﺮﻡا /am-ree-kaa-yee/ ‘American’
ﺖﺳا ﯽﻳﺎﮑﻳﺮﻡا ﺖﺴﻝﺎﻧروژ ﮏﻳ ﯼدﻮﺟ
. /joo-dee yak zhor-naa-les-te am-ree-kaa-yee ast/
‘Judy is an American journalist.’
ﺖﺳا ﯽﻳﺎﻴﻝاﺮﺘﺳﺁﺮﺟﺎﺗ ﮏﻳ ﻞﮑﻳﺎﻡ
. /maay-kal yak taa-je-re aas-ta-raal-yaa-yee ast/
‘Michael is an Australian businessman.’
When converting a noun that ends with the syllable /yaa/ to an adjective, there are usually two options:
• We can add the particle /yee/ at the end, or:
• We can replace the syllable /yaa/ with the particle /a-wee/.
Look at the following examples and compare:
Noun Adjective
ﺎﻴﻝﺎﺘﻳا /ee-taal-yaa/ ‘Italy’ ﯽﻳﺎﻴﻝﺎﺘﻳا /ee-taal-yaa-yee/ ‘Italian’
or: ﯼﻮﻝﺎﺘﻳا /ee-taa-la-wee/ ‘Italian’
ﺎﻴﻧﺎﭙﺳا /as-paan-yaa/ ‘Spain’ ﯽﻳﺎﻴﻧﺎﭙﺳا /as-paan-yaa-yee/ ‘Spanish’
or: ﯼﻮﻧﺎﭙﺳا /as-paa-na-wee/ ‘Spanish’
Nouns like ﻪﺴﻧاﺮﻓ /fa-raan-sa/ ‘France’ and ﻪﻴﺳور /roos-ya/ ‘Russia’ receive different endings when changed to an adjective:
ﻪﺴﻧاﺮﻓ /fa-raan-sa/ ‘France’ ﯼﻮﺴﻧاﺮﻓ /fa-raan-sa-wee/ ‘French’
ﻪﻴﺳور /roos-ya/ ‘Russia’ ﯽﺳور /roo-see/ ‘Russian’
There are additional rules that apply to words ending with the letters و [wau] and ﻩ [hey], when converting nouns to adjectives or vice versa. These will be discussed in future lessons.
Objects of preposition
In Lesson 8, you learned about direct objects. They can be either definite or indefinite. In Dari, the definite direct object is marked by the particle ار /raa/, while the indefinite direct object is not.
Direct objects are tied to specific verbs, such as ﻦﺘﺷاد شﻮﺧ /khush dash-tan/ ‘to like,’ نﺪﻳد /dee-dan/ ‘to see,’ نﺪﻳﺮﺧ /kha-ree-dan/ ‘to buy,’ etc. Examples:
مراد شﻮﺧ ار ﺲﮑﻋ ﻦﻳا ﻦﻡ
. /man een aks raa khush daa-ram/
‘I like this picture.’ (definite direct object) ﺪﻨﻴﺑ ﯽﻡ ار ﺪﻨﻤﻠه ﯼﺎﻳرد وا
. /o dar-yaa-ye hel-mand raa mey-bee-nad/
‘He/She sees the Helmand River.’ (definite direct object) ﺮﺗﻮﻡ ﮏﻳ ﺪﻴﻤﺣ
دﺮﺨﻴﻡ نازرا
. /ha-meed yak mo-ta-re ar-zaan mey-kha-rad/
‘Hamid is buying a cheap car.’ (indefinite direct object)
Other objects can be tied to prepositions. Such an object of preposition does not take the particle ار /raa/, because it is not directly affected by the subject. Instead, it requires a
widely used prepositions are زا /az/ ‘from’ and ﻪﺑ /ba/ ‘to.’ As a matter of fact, ﻪﺑ /ba/ ‘to’
is used extensively. Take note of ﻦﺘﻓر /raf-tan/ ‘to go,’ ندﺮﮐ ﯽﮔﺪﻧز /zen-da-gee kar-dan/ ‘to live,’ ندﺮﮐ ﺪﻳﺮﺧ /kha-reed kar-dan/ ‘to shop,’ as examples of verbs which typically go with prepositions and their objects:
.دوﺮﻴﻡ تاﺮه ﻪﺑ ﻒﻳﺮﺷ /sha-reef ba he-raat mey-ra-wad/
‘Sharif goes to Herat.’
.ﺪﻨﻨﮑﻴﻡ ﯽﮔﺪﻧز ﻞﺑﺎﮐرد ﺎﻬﻧﺁ /aan-haa dar ka-bul zen-da-gee mey-ku-nand/
‘They live in Kabul.’
.ﻢﻨﮑﻴﻡ ﺪﻳﺮﺧرازﺎﺑزا ﻦﻡ /man az baa-zaar kha-reed mey-ku-nam/
‘I shop at the market.’ (Lit., ‘I shop from the market.’) .دوﺮﻴﻡﻮﻠﻐﻧ ﺪﻨﺑ ﻪﺑ ﯼدﻮﺟ /joo-dee ba ban-de nagh-loo mey-ra-wad/
‘Judy goes to the Naghloo Dam.’
.دﺮﻴﮕﻴﻡ ﺲﮑﻋ قﺮﺑ ﺪﻨﺑ زا وا /o az ban-de barq aks mey-gee-rad/
‘She takes pictures of the power dam.’ (Lit., ‘She takes pictures from the power dam.’)
The verbs نداد نﺎﺸﻧ /ne-shaan daa-dan/ ‘to show’ and ندﺮﮐ ﯽﻳﺎﻤﻨهر /rah-nu-maa-yee kar- dan/ ‘to guide,’ introduced in this lesson, are from the category of verbs that can take a direct object and an object of preposition. Look at the examples illustrated below:
ار ﺎﻤﺷ وا ﺪﻨﮑﻴﻡ ﯽﻳﺎﻤﻨهر نارﻮﺘﺳر ﻪﺑ
.
‘He/She guides you to the restaurant.’
ﺪﻴهﺪﺑ نﺎﺸﻧ ﺪﻴﻤﺣ ﻪﺑ ار ﺎه ﺲﮑﻋ ﻦﻳا
!
‘Show these pictures to Hamid!’
or: ‘Show Hamid these pictures!’
You saw above that the English verb ‘to show’ was used once with and once without a preposition. Similarly, the Dari verb ندﺮﮐ ﮏﻤﮐ /ku-mak kar-dan/ ‘to help,’ can be used either with the particle ار /raa/ or the preposition ﻪﺑ /ba/ ’to.’ Example:
Direct object Object of preposition
Direct object Object of preposition
.دﺮﮐ ﻢهاﻮﺧ ﮏﻤﮐ ار ﺎﻤﺷ ﻦﻡ /man shu-maa raa ku-mak khwaa-ham kard/
‘I will help you.’
.دﺮﮐ ﻢهاﻮﺧ ﮏﻤﮐ ﺎﻤﺷ ﻪﺑ ﻦﻡ /man ba shu-maa ku-mak khwaa-ham kard/
‘I will help you.’ (Lit., ‘I will provide help to you.’)
© Luke Powell
Lesson Vocabulary
Listen and then write the English transliteration of the Dari words:/koh/
ﻩﻮﮐ
mountain/da-ra/
ﻩرد
valley / glen/dasht/
ﺖﺷد
desert/dar-yaa/
ﺎﻳرد
river/ko-tal/
ﻞﺗﻮﮐ
mountain pass/tan-gee/
ﯽﮕﻨﺗ
gorge/ban-de barq/
قﺮﺑ ﺪﻨﺑ
power dam/zhor-naa-lest/
ﺖﺴﻝﺎﻧروژ
journalist/jaa/
( ﯼﺎﺟ ) ﺎﺟ
place/aks/
ﺲﮑﻋ
picture / photograph/da-raaz/
زارد
long/ko-taah/
ﻩﺎﺗﻮﮐ
short/be-land/
ﺪﻨﻠﺑ
high/wa-see’/ [/a-reez/]
( رادﺮﺑ ) [ ﺾﻳﺮﻋ = ] ﻊﻴﺳو
wide/baa-reek/ [/tang/] [/kam-arz/]
[ ﮓﻨﺗ = ] ﮏﻳرﺎﺑ = ] ضﺮﻌﻤﮐ ) [
ﺮﺒﻤﮐ (
narrow
/mu-hem/
ﻢﻬﻡ
important/ma’-roof/ [/mash-hoor/]
[ رﻮﻬﺸﻡ = ] فوﺮﻌﻡ
famous/kha-tar-naak/
ﮎﺎﻧﺮﻄﺧ
dangerous/am-ree-kaa-yee/
ﯽﻳﺎﮑﻳﺮﻡا
American (nationality)/jaa-paa-nee/
ﯽﻧﺎﭘﺎﺟ
Japanese(nationality/language)
/ee-raa-nee/
ﯽﻧاﺮﻳا
Iranian (nationality)/fa-raan-sa-wee/
ﯼﻮﺴﻧاﺮﻓ
French(nationality/language) /aas-ta-raal-yaa-yee/
ﯽﻳﺎﻴﻝاﺮﺘﺳﺁ
Australian (nationality) /mey-taa-neyn ma-ra ku-makkuneyn/
ﻦﻴﻨﮐ ﮏﻤﮐ ﻩر ﻪﻡ ﻦﻴﻧﺎﺗ ﯽﻡ
؟
١ Can you help me?/che-raa ney/ ٢
. ﯽﻧ اﺮﭼ
Sure. / With pleasure./aks ge-ref-tan/
ﺖﻓﺮﮔ / ﺮﻴﮔ / ﻦﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺲﮑﻋ
to take a picture /rah-nu-maa-yee kar-dan/دﺮﮐ / ﻦﮐ / ندﺮﮐ ﯽﻳﺎﻤﻨهر
to guide/ne-shaan daa-dan/
داد / ﻩد / نداد نﺎﺸﻧ
to show/ku-mak kar-dan/
دﺮﮐ / ﻦﮐ / ندﺮﮐ ﮏﻤﮐ
to help
Homework
A.
You will hear five expressions. Four fit together logically but one does not.Which one does not fit? Write it down in Dari.
ﯽﻳﺎﮑﻳﺮﻡا –
ﯽﻧﺎﭘﺎﺟ –
ندﺮﮐ ﯽﻳﺎﻤﻨهر –
ﯼﻮﺴﻧاﺮﻓ –
ﯽﻧاﺮﻳا )
ندﺮﮐ ﯽﻳﺎﻤﻨهر
(
What do the others have in common? (They are nationalities.)
B.
Listen and fill in the blanks with the missing words. Then translate each item into English.ﺪﻨﻤﻠه ﯼﺎﻳرد _
______________
ﺖﺳا نﺎﺘﺴﻧﺎﻐﻓا ﯼﺎﻳرد ) .
ﻦﻳﺮﺗزارد (
The Helmand River is the longest river in Afghanistan.
ﺖﺴﻝﺎﻧروژ ﮏﻳ ﯼدﻮﺟ _
___________
ﺖﺳا ) . ﯽﻳﺎﮑﻳﺮﻡا (
Judy is an American journalist.
ﻦﻳﺮﺘﻧﻼﮐ ﻮﻠﻐﻧ ﺪﻨﺑ _____________
_ ﺖﺳا نﺎﺘﺴﻧﺎﻐﻓا ) .
ﺪﻨﺑ قﺮﺑ (
The Naghloo Dam is the biggest power dam in Afghanistan.
ﻪﻧﺎﺧ نﺎﻤﻬﻡ ﻪﺑ ار ﺎه ﺖﺴﻝﺎﻧروژوا ____________
) . دﺮﮐ ﺪهاﻮﺧ ﯽﻳﺎﻤﻨهر (
He/She will guide the journalists to the roadside inn.
ﻩﻮﮐ ﮏﻳ ﺶﮐوﺪﻨه __________
ﺖﺳا ) . فوﺮﻌﻡ (
Hindu Kush is a famous mountain (range).
C. Write the comparative and superlative forms of the following adjectives.
‘high’
ﺪﻨﻠﺑ ﺮﺗ ﺪﻨﻠﺑ ﻦﻳﺮﺗ ﺪﻨﻠﺑ
‘short’
ﻩﺎﺗﻮﮐ ﺮﺘهﺎﺗﻮﮐ ﻦﻳﺮﺘهﺎﺗﻮﮐ
‘important’
ﻢﻬﻡ ﺮﺘﻤﻬﻡ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﻤﻬﻡ
D. Write the following in Dari:
This gorge is very dangerous.
. ﺖﺳا ﮎﺎﻧﺮﻄﺧرﺎﻴﺴﺑ ﯽﮕﻨﺗ ﻦﻳا
Afghanistan has high
mountains.
. دراد ﺪﻨﻠﺑ ﯼﺎه ﻩﻮﮐ نﺎﺘﺴﻧﺎﻐﻓا
A French journalist takes pictures of the Bamyan Valley.
ﺲﮑﻋ نﺎﻴﻡﺎﺑ ءﻩردزا ﯼﻮﺴﻧاﺮﻓ ﺖﺴﻝﺎﻧروژ ﮏﻳ دﺮﻴﮕﻴﻡ .
I will show you the famous
places.
. داد ﻢهاﻮﺧ نﺎﺸﻧ ﺎﻤﺷ ﻪﺑ ار فوﺮﻌﻡ ﯼﺎهﺎﺟ ﻦﻡ
© Luke Powell
Narrative (Structures)
As you work through the narrative model on the following page, you will discover examples of these structures:
Structure Dari
English transliterationadjectives (superlative
form)
ﻦﻳﺮﺘﻓوﺮﻌﻡ
ﻦﻳﺮﺗ ﺪﻨﻠﺑ ﻦﻳﺮﺗزارد ﻦﻳﺮﺘﻧﻼﮐ
/ma’-roof-ta-reen/
/be-land-ta-reen/
/da-raaz-ta-reen/
/ka-laan-ta-reen/
adjective derived from
a noun
ﯽﻳﺎﮑﻳﺮﻡا
/am-ree-kaa-yee/‘to guide’ in the present
tense
ﺪﻨﮑﻴﻡ ﯽﻳﺎﻤﻨهر
/rah-nu-maa-yee mey-ku-nad/‘to take pictures’ in subjunctive mood (‘wants to…’)
ﺪهاﻮﺨﻴﻡ ...
دﺮﻴﮕﺑ ﺲﮑﻋ
/mey-khwaa-had/ … /aks be- gee-rad/First listen to the model, one sentence at a time, and practice along with the native
speaker. Which structure from the grid is present in the model? In the right-hand column, write the way it sounds in English transliteration. Next, find the corresponding part in the text and copy it in the center column. By the end of the hour you should have all cells of the grid filled with (at least) one example.
Narrative (Model)
ﺖﺳا ﯽﻳﺎﮑﻳﺮﻡا ﺖﺴﻝﺎﻧروژ ﮏﻳ ﯼدﻮﺟ .
و ﺎه ﺎﻳرد ،ﺎه ﻩﻮﮐ زا ﺪهاﻮﺧ ﯽﻡ ﯼدﻮﺟ
دﺮﻴﮕﺑ ﺲﮑﻋ نﺎﺘﺴﻧﺎﻐﻓا ﯼﺎه ﺎﺟ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﻓوﺮﻌﻡ .
ﺖﺳا نﺎﻐﻓا ﮏﻳ ﺪﻳﺮﻓ .
ار ﯼدﻮﺟ وا
ﺪﻨﮑﻴﻡ ﯽﻳﺎﻤﻨهر .
ﺖﺳا ﺶﮐوﺪﻨه ﻩﻮﮐ نﺎﺘﺴﻧﺎﻐﻓا ﻩﻮﮐ ﻦﻳﺮﺗ ﺪﻨﻠﺑ .
ﯼﺎﻳرد ﻦﻳﺮﺗ زارد
ﺖﺳا ﺪﻨﻤﻠه ﯼﺎﻳرد نﺎﺘﺴﻧﺎﻐﻓا .
ﺪﻨﺑ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﻧﻼﮐ ﺖﺳا ﻮﻠﻐﻧ ﺪﻨﺑ نﺎﺘﺴﻧﺎﻐﻓا قﺮﺑ
.
© Luke Powell
1.
Listen as the model is played in segments, repeatedly. Do you understand what is being said?2. As you pronounce the words along with the recorded voice, practice sounding like the native speaker.
3. Next, discover the structures listed in the grid on the previous page, and fill them in.
4. You may be called to the SmartBoard to point out items such as proper names, verbs, adjectives, direct object(s) marked by /raa/, etc.
Narrative (Variations)
و ﺎه ﺎﻳرد ،ﺎه ﻩﻮﮐ زا ﺪهاﻮﺧ ﯽﻡ ﯼدﻮﺟ .ﺖﺳا ﯽﻳﺎﮑﻳﺮﻡا ﺖﺴﻝﺎﻧروژ ﮏﻳ ﯼدﻮﺟ ار ﯼدﻮﺟ وا .ﺖﺳا نﺎﻐﻓا ﮏﻳ ﺪﻳﺮﻓ .دﺮﻴﮕﺑ ﺲﮑﻋ نﺎﺘﺴﻧﺎﻐﻓا ﯼﺎه ﺎﺟ ﻦﻳﺮﺗ فوﺮﻌﻡ ﯼﺎﻳرد ﻦﻳﺮﺗ زارد .ﺖﺳا ﺶﮐوﺪﻨه ﻩﻮﮐ نﺎﺘﺴﻧﺎﻐﻓا ﻩﻮﮐ ﻦﻳﺮﺗ ﺪﻨﻠﺑ .ﺪﻨﮑﻴﻡ ﯽﻳﺎﻤﻨهر .ﺖﺳا ﻮﻠﻐﻧ ﺪﻨﺑ نﺎﺘﺴﻧﺎﻐﻓا قﺮﺑ ﺪﻨﺑ ﻦﻳﺮﺗ نﻼﮐ .ﺖﺳا ﺪﻨﻤﻠه ﯼﺎﻳرد نﺎﺘﺴﻧﺎﻐﻓا
1. Create new narratives about other foreign journalists, their guides and agendas by choosing different words or options from the box to replace the shaded parts of the text.
Work with the map of Afghanistan.
2. Use the remaining class time to practice talking about or quizzing each other on some famous areas or landmarks in the world.
© Luke Powell
ﮓﻨﺗ تﺮﺑار ﻮﻧ ﯽﮕﻨﺗ ﺪﻴﻤﺣ ﻩرد فوﺮﻌﻡ ﮏﻤﮐ رﻮﻬﺸﻡ گرﺰﺑ ﮎﺎﻧﺮﻄﺧ ﻊﻴﺳو
ﺎﻤﻝﺁ ﺖﻳﺮﮔرﺎﻡ ﯽﻧﺎﭘﺎﺟ ﺮﻴﺒﮐ نﺎﺟ ﯽﮐﺮﺗ ﯽﻧ
ﺪﻴهﺎﻧ لﻮﺒﻘﻡ ﻞﺗﻮﮐ ﻩﺎﺗﻮﮐ ﮓﻨﺸﻗ
ﻪﻨﻬﮐ ﺖﺷد ﮏﭼﻮﮐ ﻢﻬﻡ ﯼﻮﺴﻧاﺮﻓ
Exchange (Structures)
1. As you work through the exchange models on the next page, you will discover examples of conversational forms that differ from formal Dari. Write first how they sound, then copy the Dari word(s) from the scripts. Also note their meaning:
Meaning Dari
English transliteration‘Can you help me?’
‘What (kind of) help do you need?’
particle ار /raa/ (marking a direct object)
‘Will you show …?’
؟ﻦﻴﻨﮐ ﮏﻤﮐ ﻩر ﻪﻡ ﻦﻴﻧﺎﺗ ﯽﻡ
؟ﻦﻳرادرﺎﮐ ﮏﻤﮐ ﯽﭼ ﻩر
؟ﻦﻴﺘﻴﻡ نﺎﺸﻧ
/mey-taa-neyn ma ra ku-mak ku-neyn/
/chee ku-mak kaar daa-reyn/
/ra/
/ne-shaan mey-teyn/
2. You will also find out some information. Write this information briefly in formal Dari:
Judy
ﺖﺴﻝﺎﻧروژ ﯽﻳﺎﮑﻳﺮﻡا
Amu
ﺎﻳرد ﻦﻳﺮﺘﻌﻴﺳو
Hindu Kush
ﻩﻮﮐ ﻦﻳﺮﺗ ﺪﻨﻠﺑ
Helmand
ﺎﻳرد ﻦﻳﺮﺗزارد
3. Now ask questions and talk about what you listed above. Practice both Yes-No and “Who is…” “What is…” questions.
Exchange (Models) Judy asks Farid to help her take some pictures.
ﯼدﻮﺟ : ﻢﺘﺳا ﯼدﻮﺟ ﻪﻡ .
ﻢﺘﺳا ﯽﻳﺎﮑﻳﺮﻡا ﺖﺴﻝﺎﻧروژ ﮏﻳ ﻪﻡ .
ﮏﻤﮐ ﻩر ﻪﻡ ﻦﻴﻧﺎﺗ ﯽﻡ
؟ﻦﻴﻨﮐ
ﺪﻳﺮﻓ : ﯽﻧ اﺮﭼ
.
؟ﻦﻳرادرﺎﮐ ﮏﻤﮐ ﯽﭼ
ﯼدﻮﺟ : ﺎﻳرد ﻦﻳﺮﺗ زارد ،ﻩﻮﮐ ﻦﻳﺮﺗ ﺪﻨﻠﺑزا ﻢﻳﺎﺨﻴﻡ ﻪﻡ ﺲﮑﻋ قﺮﺑ ﺪﻨﺑ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﻤﻬﻡ و
مﺮﻴﮕﺑ .
ﺪﻳﺮﻓ : بﻮﺧ رﺎﻴﺴﺑ
. ﻢﻨﮑﻴﻡ ﮏﻤﮐ ﺎﻤﺷ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻡ .
© sxc Farid answers Judy’s questions.
ﯼدﻮﺟ :
؟سا ماﺪﮐ نﺎﺘﺴﻧﺎﻐﻓا ﻩﻮﮐ ﻦﻳﺮﺗ ﺪﻨﻠﺑ
ﺪﻳﺮﻓ : ﺶﮐوﺪﻨه ﻩﻮﮐ
.
ﯼدﻮﺟ :
؟سا ماﺪﮐ نﺎﺘﺴﻧﺎﻐﻓا ﯼﺎﻳرد ﻦﻳﺮﺗزارد
ﺪﻳﺮﻓ : ﺪﻨﻤﻠه ﯼﺎﻳرد
.
ﯼدﻮﺟ : ﻳﺮﺗزارد
؟ﺲﻴﻧ ﻮﻡﺁ ،ﺎﻳرد ﻦ
ﺪﻳﺮﻓ : ﯽﻧ
. سا ﺎﻳرد ﻦﻳﺮﺘﻌﻴﺳو ﻮﻡﺁ .
ﯼدﻮﺟ :
؟ﻦﻴﺘﻴﻡ نﺎﺸﻧ ﻩر ﻮﻡﺁ ﯼﺎﻳرد ﺲﮑﻋ
ﺪﻳﺮﻓ : مراﺪﻧ ﻩر ﻮﻡﺁ ﯼ ﺎﻳرد ﺲﮑﻋ،ﻦﻴﺸﺨﺒﺑ
.
1.
Listen as each exchange is played in segments, repeatedly. Do you understand what is being said?2. As you pronounce the words along with the recorded voices, practice sounding like the native speakers.
Exchange (Models)
1. Unscramble the words underneath each of the following pictures to find out what is shown.
2. Time permitting, write out the captions.
© Luke Powell
نﺎﺘﺴﻧﺎﻐﻓا ﺖﺳا ﺰﻴﺸﺠﻨﭘ ءﻩرد ﻦﻳﺮﺘﮕﻨﺸﻗ ءﻩرد
© Luke Powell
© Mustafa Rasuli
ﯽﮕﻨﺗ ﺖﺳا نﺎﺘﺴﻧﺎﻐﻓا نﺎﻏﺮﻘﺷﺎﺗ ﯽﮕﻨﺗ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﮕﻨﺗ
© UNEP
نﺎﺘﺴﻧﺎﻐﻓا ﺖﺳا ﺖﺷد ﻩاﻮﮑﺑ ﺖﺷد ﻦﻳﺮﺘﻌﻴﺳو
© from the American Geographical Society Library, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Libraries
نﺎﺘﺴﻧﺎﻐﻓا قﺮﺑ ﺪﻨﺑ ﺖﺳا ﻦﻳﺮﺘﻧﻼﮐ
ﻮﻠﻐﻧ ﺪﻨﺑ
© from the American Geographical Society Library, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Libraries
نﺎﻴﻡﺎﺑ ءﻩرد ﺮﻴﺸﺠﻨﭘ ءﻩرد زا ﺮﺘﻌﻴﺳو ﺖﺳا
© Mustafa Rasuli
© John Patton © from the American Geographical Society Library, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Libraries
ﺮﺘﻓوﺮﻌﻡ
ﺖﺳا ﺮﺒﻴﺧ ﻞﺗﻮﮐ
ﮓﻨﻝﺎﺳ ﻞﺗﻮﮐ
زا
© Luke Powell
ﻮﻡﺁ ﯼﺎﻳرد ﺖﺳا زا ﺮﻴﺸﺠﻨﭘ ﯼﺎﻳرد ﺮﺘﻧﻼﮐ
© Mustafa Rasuli
Exchange (Variations)
ﻒﻝا : ﻢﺘﺳا ﻞﮑﻳﺎﻡ ﻪﻡ .
ﮏﻳ ﻪﻡ ________
ﻢﺘﺳا ﯽﻳﺎﻴﻝاﺮﺘﺳﺁ .
ﻩر ﻪﻡ ﻦﻴﻧﺎﺗ ﯽﻡ
ﮏﻤﮐ _________
؟
ب : __________
. ؟ﻦﻳراد رﺎﮐ ﮏﻤﮐ ﯽﭼ
ﻒﻝا : ﯼﺎهﺮﻬﺷ زا ﻢﻳﺎﺨﻴﻡ ﻪﻡ _______
_ نﺎﺘﺴﻧﺎﻐﻓا ________
مﺮﻴﮕﺑ .
ب : بﻮﺧ رﺎﻴﺴﺑ .
ﺎﻤﺷ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻡ ________
ﻢﻨﮑﻴﻡ .
1.
Listen.2. Fill in the blanks.
© UNEP
ﻒﻝا : ﻢﺘﺳا ﻞﮑﻳﺎﻡ ﻪﻡ .
ﻢﺘﺳا ﯽﻳﺎﻴﻝاﺮﺘﺳﺁ ﺮﺟﺎﺗ ﮏﻳ ﻪﻡ .
؟ﻦﻴﻨﮐ ﮏﻤﮐ ﻩر ﻪﻡ ﻦﻴﻧﺎﺗ ﯽﻡ
ب : ﯽﻧ اﺮﭼ .
؟ﻦﻳراد رﺎﮐ ﮏﻤﮐ ﯽﭼ
ﻒﻝا : مﺮﻴﮕﺑ ﺲﮑﻋ نﺎﺘﺴﻧﺎﻐﻓا ﻢﻬﻡ ﯼﺎهﺮﻬﺷ زا ﻢﻳﺎﺨﻴﻡ ﻪﻡ .
ب : بﻮﺧ رﺎﻴﺴﺑ .
ﻢﻨﮑﻴﻡ ﮏﻤﮐ ﺎﻤﺷ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻡ .
Exchange (Variations)
Create new exchanges by choosing different words from the box to replace the shaded parts of the dialogs. Form groups of three or four. One of you will be the Afghan guide, the others will be the foreigners. Give yourselves new nationalities and professions.
Introduce yourselves as a group (“We…”) and present your agenda in the same way (“We…”) The guide will respond appropriately. Select from these options:
• A group of French doctors wants to go to the poorest village; they want to help the people.
• A group of Australian engineers wants to go to the most dangerous gorge; they want to take pictures.
• A group of Iranian teachers wants to go to the closest (nearby) valley; they want to see it.
• A group of Japanese businessmen wants to go to the biggest cities; they want to sell radios.
ﻒﻝا / ب : ﺎﻡ
ﯼﺎهﺮﺘﮐاد ﯼﻮﺴﻧاﺮﻓ
ﻢﻴﺘﺳا . ﻩر ﺎﻡ ﻦﻴﻧﺎﺘﻴﻡ ﮏﻤﮐ
؟ﻦﻴﻨﮐ
ج :
؟ﻦﻳﺮﺑ ﻦﻴﻳﺎﺨﻴﻡ ﺎﺠﮐ ﻪﺑ ؟ﯽﻧاﺮﭼ
ﻒﻝا / ب : ﻪﮐ ﻢﻴﻳﺎﺨﻴﻡ ﺎﻡ
ﻪﺑ ﺮﻴﻘﻓ ﻦﻳﺮﺗ ﻪﻳﺮﻗ ﻢﻳﺮﺑ .
ج :
؟ﻦﻴﻨﮑﺑ ﻦﻴﻳﺎﺨﻴﻡ ﯽﭼ ﻪﺠﻧوا ﻩد
ﻒﻝا / ب : ﻢﻴﻳﺎﺨﻴﻡ
مدﺮﻡ ﻪﺑ ﻢﻴﻨﮐ ﮏﻤﮐ
.
ج : بﻮﺧرﺎﻴﺴﺑ
. ﻩر ﺎﻤﺷ ﻪﻡ ﯽﻳﺎﻤﻨهر
ﻢﻨﮑﻴﻡ .
ﻒﻝا / ب : ﺎﻡ
ﺮﻴﻨﻴﺠﻧا ﯼﺎه
ﯽﻳﺎﻴﻝاﺮﺘﺳﺁ ﻢﻴﺘﺳا
. ﻢﻳراد جﺎﻴﺘﺣا ﺎﻤﺷ ﮏﻤﮐ ﻪﺑ .
ج :
؟ﻢﻨﮐ ﮏﻤﮐ ﻩر ﺎﻤﺷ ﻢﻧﺎﺘﻴﻡ رﻮﻄﭼ ﻪﻡ
ﻒﻝا / ب : ﻪﺑ ﻢﻴﻳﺎﺨﻴﻡ ﺎﻡ
ﮎﺎﻧﺮﻄﺧ ﻦﻳﺮﺗ
ﯽﮕﻨﺗ ﻢﻳﺮﺑ .
ج :
؟ﻦﻴﻨﮑﺑ ﻦﻴﻳﺎﺨﻴﻡ ﯽﭼ ﻪﺠﻧوا ﻩد
ﻒﻝا / ب : زا ﻢﻴﻳﺎﺨﻴﻡ
ﯽﮕﻨﺗ ﻢﻳﺮﻴﮕﺑ ﺲﮑﻋ .
؟ﻦﻴﻨﮐ ﯽﻳﺎﻤﻨهر ﻩر ﺎﻡ ﻦﻴﻧﺎﺘﻴﻡ
ج : ﯽﻧاﺮﭼ
. ﻢﻨﮑﻴﻡ ﯽﻳﺎﻤﻨهر ﻩر ﺎﻤﺷ ﻪﻡ .
ﯼﻮﺴﻧاﺮﻓ ﻩرد نﺎﻘهد ﺮﻬﺷ
ﻢﻠﻌﻡ ﺖﺷد
ﮎﺎﻧﺮﻄﺧ
ﺮﻴﻨﻴﺠﻧا ﯽﮕﻨﺗ
ﯽﻧاﺮﻳا زارد قﺮﺑ ﺪﻨﺑ
دﺮﮔﺎﺷ ﻩﺎﺗﻮﮐ
ﯽﻳﺎﮑﻳﺮﻡا ﺮﺴﻴﻓوﺮﭘ ﺪﻨﻠﺑ فوﺮﻌﻡ
ﻩﻮﮐ ﻢﻬﻡ ﺮﺟﺎﺗ
ﮏﻳدﺰﻧ ﯽﻧﺎﭘﺎﺟ گرﺰﺑ ﻪﻨﻬﮐ ﯽﻳﺎﻴﻝاﺮﺘﺳﺁ ﺎﻳرد ﮏﻤﮐ رود ﯽﺳور ﮏﭼﻮﮐ ﯽﮐﺮﺗ ﯽﻧﺎﻤﻝﺁ لﻮﺒﻘﻡ ﯼﺪﻨه ﯽﻳﺎﻤﻨهر
ﻊﻴﺳو ﺮﺘﮐاد
ﺮﮔرﺎﮐ ﻞﺗﻮﮐ ﻮﻧ ﮓﻨﺗ
Drills Transformation drill (singular nouns to plural) power dam ( power dams)
valley river mountain place picture city
قﺮﺑ ﺪﻨﺑ )
قﺮﺑ ﯼﺎه ﺪﻨﺑ (
ﻩرد ﺎﻳرد ﻩﻮﮐ ﺎﺟ ﺲﮑﻋ ﺮﻬﺷ
Transformation drill (basic adjective to superlative) high ( highest)
old
dangerous colorful wide rich famous
ﺪﻨﻠﺑ
) ﻦﻳﺮﺗ ﺪﻨﻠﺑ (
ﻪﻨﻬﮐ ﮎﺎﻧﺮﻄﺧ ﻦﻴﮕﻧر ﻊﻴﺳو راﺪﻝﻮﭘ فوﺮﻌﻡ
On-the-spot translation (Dari to English) Aren’t Japanese businessmen famous?
The river is wide and there is no bridge.
Don’t go to the desert!
You have no water. That’s dangerous!
؟ﻦﺘﺴﻴﻧ فوﺮﻌﻡ ﯽﻧﺎﭘﺎﺟ ﯼﺎهﺮﺟﺎﺗ ﺲﻴﻧ ﻞﭘو سا ﻊﻴﺳو ﺎﻳرد .
ﻦﻳﺮﻧ ﺖﺷد ﻪﺑ
!
ﻦﻳراﺪﻧ وَا ﺎﻤﺷ .
ﯼا سا ﮎﺎﻧﺮﻄﺧ
!
Number dictation 3,000 meters high 125 pictures 11 Iranians
٣،٠٠٠ ﺪﻨﻠﺑ ﺮﺘﻡ
١٢۵ ﺲﮑﻋ
١١ ﯽﻧاﺮﻳا
Verb conjugation (present tense) to show
to guide to help
نداد نﺎﺸﻧ ندﺮﮐ ﯽﻳﺎﻤﻨهر ندﺮﮐ ﮏﻤﮐ
Extended Practice
These are suggestions for personalized and integrated activities. Work briskly through the warm-up steps. Be prepared when you are called on. Your instructor will manage the time so that no more than 10 minutes are spent on the warm-up.
Warm-up (only one student per task)
1. Quickly say five or more adjectives that can describe geographical landmarks.
2. Name five important Afghan cities and have a classmate show them on the map.
3. Give five or more nationalities.
4. Tell five topographical features found in Afghanistan.
5. Ask your teacher if he or she takes pictures. If yes, request a slide (picture) show.
6. Say an adjective. Your classmates supply the comparative and superlative forms.
7. Dictate to your classmates five verb forms from this lesson. They will have to write and say what each means.
Talking about an interesting country / state / province
Choose a region you know well. Think about what topographical features exist in this place. Mention those that you can in Dari. Prepare notes.
Now talk about the region or country.
Role-plays
One of the following situations is outlined in Dari. Which one? (1)
ﺪﻴﺘﺴه نﺎﺘﺴﻧﺎﻐﻓا ءﻩدﺎﺘﻓارود ءﻪﻘﻄﻨﻡ ﮏﻳ رد ﺎﻤﺷ .
ﺎﻤﺷ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻳراد تروﺮﺿ ﺎﻤﻨهر ﮏﻳ ﻪﺑ
دزﺎﺳ ﺎﻨﺷﺁ ﻪﺣﺎﺳ نﺁ ﺎﺑ ار .
ﺪﻴهﺪﺑ مﻼﺳ ﺎﻤﻨهر ﻪﺑ .
ﺪﻴﻨﮐ ﯽﻓﺮﻌﻡ ار دﻮﺧ .
ﻪﮐ ﺪﻴﻳﻮﮕﺑ وا ﻪﺑ
ﺪﻴهاﻮﺧ ﯽﻡ ار ﺎه ﺎﺟ ماﺪﮐ ﺪﻴﻨﻴﺒﺑ
. دراد ﭗﺳا ود ﺎﻤﻨهر ﺎﻳﺁ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻴﺳﺮﭙﺑ .
ﻢهﺎﻔﺗ ﮏﻳ ﻪﺑوا ﺎﺑ
ﺪﻴﺳﺮﺑ .
Now act out these role-plays with a partner.
(1) You need a guide to take you around in a remote area of Afghanistan.
• Greet the guide.
• Introduce yourself.
• Say which places you want to see.
• Ask if the guide has two horses.
• Come to an agreement.
(3) Talk to an Afghan acquaintance about some
dangerous mountains, deserts, gorges and rivers in the U.S. (such as Mt. Rainier, Death Valley, the Grand Canyon, the Colorado River, etc.). Your counterpart asks you about the most dangerous city, wondering if it is Dallas.
(2) You are on a photo shoot. The villagers in the remote area are camera shy. Tell the village elder that you wish to take photos. Mention which village sites and which people you would like to photograph.
Authentic Material
Recognize words in short texts. Practice reading, pronouncing, listening and writing. Hone your dictionary skills.
© Nick Noori
1. What is being advertised here? (cars)
2. Underline the adjectives. What do the first three have in common? (/ee/) 3. In pairs, one student tells a place of origin. The other gives the name of a
corresponding manufacturer.
© Nick Noori
1. Guess what kind of school this is. (Hint: Sound out the underlined word.) Now look up the meaning of the underlined word. Did you guess correctly?
(driving school)
2. How many days a week do they offer their service? Quote it in Dari.
3. Look up the circled word to understand what they are proud of. (experience) 4. Find the three adjectives. Convert them into nouns and write them out.
© bothNick Noori
1. Look over the two texts. Find the word they both share. (Hint: The second text uses a related form.) (picture/photograph; photography)
2. What type of business is this advertisement for? (photography and videos) 3.
Listen to a commercial. Which of the two ads was recorded? (#1) 4. Find the adjective in the superlative form and circle it.LESSON 10
A Friendly Chat
• Vocabulary: Locations, activities, time expressions
• Grammar: Past tense of verbs
• Functions: Ask and talk about past events. Extend, accept, decline an invitation to show pictures.
• Skills: Develop a socio-cultural awareness about Afghans traveling abroad.
• Situation: A friend asks another about having been out of town and is invited over to the house for more details.
Grammar Notes Past tense
In Dari, the simple past tense indicates a single action that occurred in the past, as in:
I watched a movie. It is not used for repeated action, as in: I walked home every day. In Dari, we form the simple past tense based on the following pattern:
Past stem of the verb + Personal endings
Past stem of the verb
The past stem of a verb is isolated by removing the syllable /an/, which is shown by the letter ن [noon], at the end of its infinitive form:
Infinitive Past stem
١ندﻮﺑ /boo-dan/ ‘to be’ دﻮﺑ /bood/
ﻦﺘﻓر /raf-tan/ ‘to go’ ﺖﻓر /raft/
نﺪﻳد /dee-dan/ ‘to see’ ﺪﻳد /deed/
ندرﻮﺧ /khor-dan/ ‘to eat’ درﻮﺧ /khord/
نﺪﻳﺮﺧ /kha-ree-dan/ ‘to buy’ ﺪﻳﺮﺧ /kha-reed/
1 In Lesson 1, we mentioned that there are two equivalents for the verb ‘to be’ in Dari: ﻦﺘﺴه /has-tan/ and ﻦﺘﺱا /as-tan/. We also said that ﻦﺘﺴه is no longer used. Besides ﻦﺘﺱا and ﻦﺘﺴه, ندﻮﺑ /boodan/ is a third infinitive that means ‘to be.’ In this example, the usage of ندﻮﺑ instead of ﻦﺘﺴه or ﻦﺘﺱا helps us to illustrate how we get the past
Personal endings
Personal endings for the past tense are different from those used for the present tense. Let’s look at the past personal endings in the examples below:
ﻢﺘﻓر ﻦﻣ /man raf-tam/ ‘I went’
ﯽﺘﻓر ﻮﺕ/ too raf-tee/ ‘You went’
وا
ﺖﻓر /o raft/ ‘He/She/It went’
ﻢﻴﺘﻓر ﺎﻣ /maa raf-teym/ ‘We went’
ﺪﻴﺘﻓر ﺎﻤﺷ /shu-maa raf-teyd/ ‘You went’
ﺪﻨﺘﻓر ﺎﻬﻧﺁ /aan-haa raf-tand/ ‘They went’
Note: The verb forms for he/she/it take no personal endings—they are simply the past stem.
The following are more examples of past tense verbs. None of them indicate habitual, repeated action:
.دﻮﺑ ﻮﮑﺱﺎﻣ رد ﻪﺘﺷﺬﮔ ﻩﺎﻣ بﺎهو * ‘Wahab was in Moscow last month.’
.دز ﭗﮔ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ءﻩرﺎﺑردو ﺪﻳد ار ﺎه ﺲﮑﻋرﻮﮑﺷ ‘Shukoor saw the pictures and talked about them.’
؟ﺪﻴﺘﻓر دﺎﺑﺁ مﻼﺱا ﻪﺑ ﺖﻗو ﻪﭼ ﺎﻤﺷ ‘When did you go to Islamabad?’
.مدرﻮﺧ دﺎﻳز ﯼﻮﺴﻧاﺮﻓ ﯼاﺬﻏ ﻦﻣ ،ﺲﻳرﺎﭘرد ‘In Paris, I ate a lot of French food.’
’ . in New Delhi last month were
Nazi and Ali ‘
ﺪﻳﺪﺟ ﯽﻠهد رد ﻪﺘﺷﺬﮔ ﻩﺎﻣ ﯽﻠﻋو ﯼزﺎﻧ دﻮﺑ
ﺪﻧ .
.ﺪﻧدﺮﮐ ﺖﺒﺤﺻ ﻞﺤﻣ جﺎﺕ ءﻩرﺎﺑرد ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ‘They talked about the Taj Mahal.’
* Note: Starting with this lesson, the English transliteration of full Dari sentences will be phased out.
Word stress
In the past tense in Dari, stress falls on the syllable preceding the personal endings of the verbs; i.e., /am/, /ee/, /eym/, /eyd/, /and/. Look at the following examples:
ﻦﺘﺷﺬﮔ /gu-zash-tan/ ‘to pass’ ﻢﺘﺷﺬﮔ ﻦﻣ /man gu-zash-tam/ ‘I passed’ (the stress is on /zash/) نﺪﻳﺮﺧ /kha-ree-dan/ ‘to buy’ ﯼﺪﻳﺮﺧﻮﺕ /too kha-ree-dee/ ‘You passed’ (the stress is on /ree/)