DARI BASIC COURSE

DARI

BASIC COURSE

SEMESTER 1 Lessons 13-16

STUDENT COPY

VALIDATION EDITION 2005

DEFENSE LANGUAGE INSTITUTE FOREIGN LANGUAGE CENTER

SEMESTER 1 Lessons 13-16

June 2005

ii

Permission to use text and/or graphic images in this Dari language course has been received from the following copyright holders:

Luke Powell (photographs from www.lukepowell.com) Rahmatullah Omid (photographs from personal collection) Homayoun Seddiq (photographs from personal collection) Wida Ahmad (photographs from personal collection) Najib Rezai (photographs from personal collection) Kiyoshi Inoue (photographs from www.flyingkong.com)

AGSL American Geographical Society Library, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Libraries (photographs from the Harrison Forman collection)

ASC (photographs from www.photoarchive.saudiaramcoworld.com,

courtesy of Saudi Aramco World / PADIA / Aramco Services Corporation) UNESCO (photographs from www.unesco.org/photobank)

UNEP (photographs from http://postconflict.unep.ch/afg_new.htm.) Robert W. Kranz (photographs from www.war-correspondent.com) Keith Cook (photographs from www.themenupage.com.)

Mustafa Rasuli (photographs from www.rasuli.com) John Patton (photographs from

http://mysite.mweb.co.za/residents/ekawasa/JohnPattenGraphics/index.html) Dominic Medley/Jude Barrand (photos from Kabul: The Bradt Mini Guide - The Survival

Guide to Kabul www.kabulguide.net.)

Gary W. Bowersox “The Gem Hunter,” President GeoVision, Inc., PO Box 89646, Honolulu, HI 96830, 808 277-2543, [email protected] (photos from http://www.gems-afghan.com)

Shahab Azim (photographs from www.aghansite.com)

Ellyn Cavanaugh, Ph.D. (photographs from personal collection and from www.afghan.smugmug.com)

Rosemary Stasek (photos from www.stasek.com/afghanistan)

Kerry Saner (photographs from http://www.irss-usa.org/pages/KabulPhotos/Page1.html) Farhad Darya (photograph from www.farhaddarya.info)

Christina Manuel (photographs from personal collection) Crown Copyright/MOD (photographs from

http://www.operations.mod.uk/fingal/fimages) John Pike (photographs and maps from

http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/afghanistan/index.html)

Moumina Dorgabekova: “Pharmacy in Afghanistan” Boston: Management Sciences for Health Aseem Koshan (excerpts from Omaid Weekly newspaper)

Ryan Azimi (excerpts from Afghan-Iranian Yellow Pages of Northern California) Nick Noori (excerpts from Afghan Yellow Pages by N&N Express)

Shahbaz Taheri (excerpts from Northern California Iranian Yellow Pages by Pezhvac Corp.) Ali Parvin (excerpts from TASVIR Persian American Yellow Pages)

Assad Manely (excerpts from Afghan Yellow Pages of California by Ariana Advertising)

License was obtained from Nova Development Corporation (Nova) to reproduce digital images of clipart and photos from Art Explosion CD ROMs.

Photos from www.savethechildren.org.uk are used in accordance with the copyright owner’s specified restrictions, as posted on the website.

Photos from www.usinfo.state.gov and www.usaid.gov are used in accordance with guidelines provided by [email protected] on “public domain.” Additional photos were obtained from:

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www.dodmedia.osd.mil www.defendamerica.mil

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Permission to use copyrighted material was granted on the condition that it be used exclusively for nonprofit educational purposes. Further reproduction is unauthorized.

Cover photograph by Luke Powell.

iv

Lesson 13: In a Restaurant...1 The reflexive pronoun دﻮﺧ /khud/; the construction ‘Let’s ….’

Lesson 14: A Medical Problem...21 Compound nouns with prefix ﻢه /ham/; auxiliaries ‘may, might, probably, must, should, can…’ in impersonal subjunctive; possessive constructions with personal and reflexive pronouns

Lesson 15: At School...41 Ordinal numbers, asking question with with ﺪﻨﭼ /chand/ and مﺪﻨﭼ /chan-dum/;

more on present tense usage; the verb ﻦﺘﺷاد دﺎﻳ indicating ‘having a skill’ or

‘knowing how to do something’

Lesson 16: A Reasonable Plan...63 Present tense hinting at future: “It will be…;” review of adjectives derived from nouns; clauses with ‘when,’ ‘where,’ ‘that’; the verb ندﻮﺑ ‘to be’; the construction “in order to…”

Review 13-16...87 Glossary...89

89

GLOSSARY

ﯽﻤﮐ

a little / a bit

ﻩرﺎﺑرد = ]

ء

درﻮﻡرد = ] [

ﻪﺑ ﻊﺟار

[

^about

سردﺁ

^address

زا ﺪﻌﺑ

= ] ﺪﻌﺑ = ] [ زا ﺲﭘ

[

^after

ﺮﻬﻇزا ﺪﻌﺑ )

ﺖﺷﺎﭼزا ﺪﻌﺑ ) (

ﻦﻴﺸﻴﭘزا ﺪﻌﺑ

(

^afternoon

ﯽیاﻮه ناﺪﻴﻡ

^airport

ﺲﻧﻻﻮﺒﻡا

^ambulance

ﯽیﺎﮑیﺮﻡا

American (nationality)

ﺎﮑیﺮﻡا ترﺎﻔﺳ

American Embassy

و

^and

ﺐﻴﺳ

^apple

ًﺎﺒیﺮﻘﺗ

approximately

ﻢﺳر

^art

رد ) ﻩد

(

^{at / in}

ﯽیﺎﻴﻟاﺮﺘﺳﺁ

Australian (nationality)

ﺪﺑ

^bad

نﺎﻴﻡﺎﺑ

^Bamyan

لﻮﺒﻘﻡ

= ] ﮓﻨﺸﻗ = ] [ ﺎﺒیز

[

beautiful / pretty

زا ﺶﻴﭘ = ]

زا ﻞﺒﻗ

[

^before

ﻤیﺮﮐ

ﯽ

^beige

تﻮﺗ

^berry

ﻞﮑﺴیﺎﺑ

^bicycle

نﻼﮐ = ] گرﺰﺑ

[

big / large

ﯼﺰیر نﻮﺧ

^bleeding

ﯽﺑﺁ

^blue

بﺎﺘﮐ

^book

ﻞﺗﻮﺑ

^bottle

ﻪﺘﺳد

^bouquet

ﮏﺸﺧ نﺎﻧ

= ] نﺎﻧ

[

^bread

ﻞﭘ

^bridge

باﺮﺧ

broken / out of order

رداﺮﺑ

^brother

راﻮﺼﻧ

ﯼ

^brown

ﺲﺑ = ] ﺲیوﺮﺳ

[

^bus

ﺮﺟﺎﺗ

businessperson

غود

buttermilk

ﻬﭘزا ﯼﻮﻠ

^by

ﺮﺘﺷ

^camel

؟ﻦﻴﻨﮐ ﮏﻤﮐ ﻩر ﻪﻡ ﻦﻴﻧﺎﺗ ﯽﻡ

Can you help me?

ﺮﺗﻮﻡ

^car

ﻦﻴﻟﺎﻗ

carpet / rug

ﻪﻠﮔ

^cattle

ﯽﺒﻴﺟ نﻮﻔﻠﻴﺗ

cellular phone

داﺮﮔ ﯽﺘﻧﺎﺳ

centigrade

ﻪﻧﺎﺧﺎﻔﺷ

ﯼﺰﮐﺮﻡ

ء central hospital

ﯽﮐﻮﭼ

^chair

نازرا

^cheap

ﻞﻔﻃ

child / baby

ﺖﻴﻠﮐﺎﭼ

^chocolate

تﺮﮕﺳ

cigarettes

ﺮﻬﺷ

^city

ﻒﻨﺹ

class / grade

ﻒﻨﺼﻤه )

ﯽﻔﻨﺼﻤه

(

^classmate

ﻪﺘﺴﺑ

^closed

ﯼﺮﺑا

= ] دﻮﻟﺁﺮﺑا

[

^cloudy

دﺮﺳ ) ﺦی

(

cold (temperature)

ﮕﻧر

ﻦﻴ

^colorful

ﻦﻴیﺎﻴﺑ نورد

.

^{Come in.}

ﺮﺗﻮﻴﭙﻤﮐ

^computer

ﺰﭙﺷﺁ

^cook

ﻪﭽﻠﮐ

^cookies

راﻮﺟ

ﯼ ﻪﻧاد

ﻩﺪﺸﻧ

corn on the cob

رﺎﮑﻤه

^coworker

ﮎﺎﻧﺮﻄﺧ

^dangerous

ﯼرد

^Dari

91

ﻪﺟرد

^degree(s)

ﻩﺰﻡ شﻮﺧ

) راد ﻩﺰﻡ

(

delicious

ﺖﺷد

^desert

لﺰید

^diesel

ﻪﻡﺎﺧ ﻩار

^{dirt road}

خﺮﭼﺮﺳ

^dizzy

ﺮﺘﮐاد

^doctor

ﮓﺳ

^dog

ﺮﺧ = ] ﺐﮐﺮﻡ

[

^donkey

ﺪﻴﻋ

Eid / religious holiday

ﻞﻔیا جﺮﺑ

Eiffel Tower

ﻦﻴﺷﺎﻡ = ] ﻦﺠﻧا

[

^engine

ﯽﺴﻴﻠﮕﻧا

^English

ﯽﻓﺎﮐ

) ﺲﺑ

(

^enough

مﺎﺷ

^evening

ﺐﺷ نﺎﻧ

= ] ﺐﺷ مﺎﻌﻃ ) [

ﻮَﺷ نﺎﻧ

(

evening meal (dinner)

ﺪﻴﺸﺨﺒﺑ ) .

ﻦﻴﺸﺨﺒﺑ

(

Excuse me.

ﺖﻤﻴﻗ = ] ناﺮﮔ

[

^expensive

ناﺰﺧ

fall / autumn

ﻞﻴﻡﺎﻓ ] = ﻩداﻮﻧﺎﺧ

[

^family

فوﺮﻌﻡ = ]

رﻮﻬﺸﻡ

[

^famous

رود

^far

نﺎﻘهد

^farmer

رﺪﭘ

^father

ﻞﮔ

^flower

اﺬﻏ

) نﺎﻧ

(

^food

ﯼاﺮﺑ ) ﯼﺮﺑ

(

^for

ﻪﺠﻨﭘ

^fork

ﯼﻮﺴﻧاﺮﻓ

French (nationality / language)

ﻩزﺎﺗ

^fresh

ﻪﻌﻤﺟ

^Friday

نﺎیﺮﺑ غﺮﻡ

fried chicken

زا

^from

ﻩﻮﻴﻡ

^fruit

ﺮﭽﻴﻧﺮﻓ = ]

ﺮﭽﻴﻧﺮﻓو ﻞﺒﻡ

[

^furniture

ﺰیدﺮﮔ

^Gardez

ﻪﻨﻠﻴﮔ

^{gas can}

ﻞﻴﺗ ﮏﻧﺎﺗ

gas station

لوﺮﺘﭘ = ]

ﻞﻴﺗ

[

^gasoline

ﻪﻴﻓاﺮﻐﺟ

^geography

ﯽﻧﺎﻤﻟﺁ

^German

ﻮﺷرﺎﻴﺗ

!

Get ready!

سﻼﻴﮔ

^glass

ﺶﮑﺘﺳد

^glove

بﻮﺧ

good / fine / nice

ﻆﻓﺎﺣ اﺪﺧ ) .

اﺪﺧ نﺎﻡا ﻪﺑ

(.

^Good-bye.

ﯽﮕﻨﺗ

^gorge

رﻮﻡﺎﻡ

government employee

نﻼﮐرﺪﭘ

grandfather

نﻼﮐردﺎﻡ

grandmother

رﻮﮕﻧا

^grape

ﺰﺒﺳ

^green

نﺎﻤﻬﻡ

^guest

ﻢﻴﻧ

^half

ﺪﻴﻤﺣ

Hamid (male name)

لﺎﺤﺷﻮﺧ = ]

شﻮﺧ

[

^happy

وا

he / she / it

ﯽﺤﺹ ﮏﻴﻨﻴﻠﮐ

health clinic

ﮏﻤﮐ

^help

ﻦﻴﻨﮐ نﺎﺟ شﻮﻧ

.

Help yourself. / Eat heartily.

تاﺮه

^Herat

ﺎﺠﻨیا

) ﻪﺠﻨیا

(

^here

ﻠﺑ

ﺪﻨ

^high

ﺦیرﺎﺗ

^history

ﯽﺘﺼﺧر

= ] ﻞﻴﻄﻌﺗ

[

holiday / vacation / leave

ﻪﻧﺎﺧ

^home

ﭗﺳا

^horse

93

غاد = ] نازﻮﺳ

[

hot / burning (temperature)

ﺪﻨُﺗ

hot / spicy (taste)

ﺖﻋﺎﺳ

^hour

ﯽﺳرد ﺖﻋﺎﺳ

= ] ﺖﻋﺎﺳ

[

hour / period

ﻪﻧﺎﺧ

house / home

ﻪﻧﺎﺨﻤه

^housemate

؟رﻮَﻄﭼ

) ؟رﻮﻄﭼ /

؟ﻮﻄﭼ

(

^How?

...

؟رﻮﻄﭼ

How about…?

؟ﯽﺘﺳارﻮﻄِﭼ

How are you?

؟تﺪﻡ ﻪﭼ = ]

؟ﺖﻗو رﺪﻘﭼ ) [

ﺖﺧو ﻪﻘﭼ

؟

(

^{How long?}

ﺪﻨﭼ

؟ = ] ﺪﻨﭼ ﻪﻧاد

؟ ) [ ﺎﺗ ﺪﻨﭼ

؟

(

How many?/ How many pieces?

رﺪﻘﭼ

؟ ) ﭼ ﻪﻘ

؟

(

^{How much?}

ﻪﻨﺳﺮﮔ )

ﻪﻨﺸُﮔ

(

^hungry

ﺮهﻮﺷ )

ﯼﻮﺷ

(

^husband

ﻦﻡ ) ﻪﻡ

(

^I

ﻢﺘﺳا فوﺮﺼﻡ = ] .

ﻢﺘﺳا لﻮﻐﺸﻡ ) [.

مرادرﺎﮐ

(

I am busy.

ﻢﺘﺳا بﻮﺧ

.

I am fine.

ﯽﻀیﺮﻡ

^illness

ﻢﻬﻡ

^important

رد

) ﻩد

(

^{in / at}

ﯼور ﺶﻴﭘ = ]

ﯼوﺮﺑور

[

in front of

ﯼاﺮﺑ = ] ﻪﮑﻧﺁ ﯼاﺮﺑ

[

in order to

نﺎﺘﺳوﺪﻨه = ]

ﺪﻨه

[

^India

ﯽﻤﺧز = ]

حوﺮﺠﻡ

[

^injured

ﻧﺎﺧ نﺎﻤﻬﻡ

ﻪ

inn / guest house

ﻞﺘﻨﻧ ﯽﺘﻧﺎﮐﺮﺘﻧا ﻞﺗﻮه

Intercontinental Hotel

ناﺮیا

^Iran

ﯽﻧاﺮیا

Iranian (nationality)

؟ﻦﺘﺳا بﻮﺧ ﯽﮕﻤه

Is everybody fine?

ﺖﺴﻴﻧ ) ﺲﻴﻧ

(

^{is not}

دﺎﺑﺁ مﻼﺳا

^Islamabad

ﻩراﺪﻧ نﺎﮑﻡا

.

It is not possible.

ﺖﺳﺎﻤﺷ ﻒﻄﻟ = ].

ﯽﻧﺎﺑﺮﻬﻡ ﺖﺳﺎﻤﺷ

) [.

-- ﺎﻤﺷ س

(

It’s kind of you. / It is nice of you.

دﺎﺑﺁ لﻼﺟ

^Jalalabad

ﯽﻧﺎﭘﺎﺟ

Japanese (nationality / language)

ﺖﺴﻟﺎﻧروژ

journalist

ﺖﺑﺮﺷ

^juice

بﺎﺒﮐ

^kabob

ﻞﺑﺎﮐ

^Kabul

ﻪﺗرﺎﮐ

ﻪﺳ

ء Karta-e-Sey (a district)

ﺪﻟﺎﺧ

Khaled (male name)

ﻮﻠﻴﮐ = ] ماﺮﮔﻮﻠﻴﮐ [

^kilogram

درﺎﮐ

^knife

ﺮﮔرﺎﮐ

laborer / worker

نﺎﺑَز = ] نﺎﺴﻟ ) [ نﺎﺑُز

(

^language

ﻪﺘﺷﺬﮔ

last / past

ﺐﺸید = ] ﻪﺘﺷﺬﮔ ﺐﺷ )[

ﻮَﺸید

(

last night

ﭗﭼ فﺮﻃ )

ﭗﭼ ﺖﺳد

(

^{left side}

سرد

^lesson

ﻢیﺮﺑ ﻪﮐ ﺎﻴﺑ

!

^{Let’s go!}

ﯽﮔﺪﻧز

^life

ﻢﮐ

little (amount)

نﺪﻨﻟ

^London

زارد

^long

دﺮﻡ

^man

رازﺎﺑ

^market

ﯽﺽﺎیر

mathematics

ﺪیﺎﺷ = ] ﺖﺳا ﻦﮑﻤﻡ

[

may / might / maybe / perhaps

ﻒیﺮﺷراﺰﻡ

Mazar-e-Sharif

ﺖﺷﻮﮔ

^meat

ﯼﺮﺘﺴﻡ

= ] ﮏﻴﻧﺎﺨﻴﻡ

[

^mechanic

ﻩزﻮﺑﺮﺧ

^melon

ﻮﻨﻴﻡ

= ] اﺬﻏ ﺖﺴﻟ

[

^menu

ﺮﻬﻇ ) ﺖﺷﺎﭼ

(

midday / noon

لﺪﺘﻌﻡ

^mild

ﻪﻘﻴﻗد

^minute

ﻪﺒﻨﺷود

^Monday

95

ﻩﺎﻡ

^month

ﺢﺒﺹ

^morning

ﺢﺒﺹ ﯼﺎﭼ

= ] ﺎﺘﺷﺎﻧ

[

morning meal (breakfast)

ﻮﮑﺳﺎﻡ

^Moscow

ﺪﺠﺴﻡ

^mosque

ردﺎﻡ

^mother

ﻞﮑﻴﺳﺮﺗﻮﻡ

motorcycle

ﻩﻮﮐ

^mountain

ﻞﺗﻮﮐ

mountain pass

دﺎیز = ] رﺎﻴﺴﺑ

[

much / many / a lot

ء

ﻪﻧﺎﺧ

ﯽﻠﮔ

^{mud house}

ﻼﻡ

Muslim clergyman

ﺪیﺎﺑ = ] ﺖﺴیﺎﺑ

[

must / should / ought to

ﺪﻴهﺎﻧ

Nahid (female name)

ﯼﺬﻏﺎﮐ لﺎﻤﺘﺳد

^napkin

ﮏیرﺎﺑ

= ] ﮓﻨﺗ = ] [ ضﺮﻌﻤﮐ ) [

ﺮﺒﻤﮐ

(

^narrow

ﻪﻤﻴﺴﻧ

Nasima (female name)

ﯼزﺎﻧ

Nazi (female name)

ﮏیدﺰَﻧ )

ﮏیدﺰِﻧ

(

near / close

ﻪیﺎﺴﻤه

^neighbor

ﻮﻧ

^new

ﺪیﺪﺟ ﯽﻠهد

= ] ﻮﻧ ﯽﻠهد

[

^{New Delhi}

زورﻮﻧ = ]

ﻮﻧ لﺎﺳ

[

New Year’s Day

ﻩﺪﻨیﺁ = ] ﯼﺪﻌﺑ

[

next / future / the following

ﯼﻮﻠﻬﭘ = ]

ِرﺎﻨﮐ

[

^{next to}

ﺐﺷ

^night

ﻪﻧ

) ﯽﻧ

(

^no

ﺖﺷﺎﭼ نﺎﻧ = ]

ﺖﺷﺎﭼ مﺎﻌﻃ

[

noon meal (lunch)

ﻪﭽﺑﺎﺘﮐ

^notebook

ﻻﺎﺣ

= ] نﻮﻨﮐا ) [ ﯽﻟﺎﺣ

(

^now

ﻧ ﻩﺮﻤ = ] ﻩرﺎﻤﺷ

[

^number

ﺖﻋﺎﺳ )

ﻪﺠﺑ

(

o’clock / hour

ﻪﻨﻬﮐ

^old

ﯼﻻﺎﺑ = ] ﯼور ) [

ِﺮﺳ

(

^on

زﺎﺑ ) زاو

(

^open

ﺬﻏﺎﮐ

^paper

ﺲیرﺎﭘ

^Paris

ﻮﺘﺸﭘ

^Pashto

ﻢﻠﻗ

^pen

ﻞﺴﻨﭘ

^pencil

مدﺮﻡ

^people

چﺮﻡ

^pepper

ﻪﻠﻴﻡ

^picnic

ﺲﮑﻋ

picture / photograph

ﻪﻧاد ) ﺎﺗ

(

piece (counter)

ﺖﺸﻟﺎﺑ

^pillow

ﺎﺟ

) ﯼﺎﺟ

(

^place

بﺎﻘﺸﺑ

^plate

ﺪﻴیﺎﻡﺮﻔﺑ

= ]

ًﺎﻔﻄﻟ [ ) ﻦﻴیﺎﻡﺮﻔﺑ

(

^Please.

رﺎﻧا

pomegranate

ﺮﻴﻘﻓ = ] رادﺎﻧ ) [ ﺐیﺮﻏ

(

^poor

قﺮﺑ ﺪﻨﺑ

^{power dam}

زﺎﻤﻧ

^prayer

ﻪﻠﻡﺎﺣ

) راﺪﻤﮑﺷ

(

^pregnant

رﻮﺴﻴﻓوﺮﭘ = ]

دﺎﺘﺳا ) [ ﺮﺴﻴﻓوﺮﭘ

(

^professor

دﺮﮔﺎﺷ

pupil / student

ﻔﻨﺑ

ﺶ

^purple

لﻮﮑﺘﺳد

^purse

رﺎهﺪﻨﻗ

^Qandahar

ﯽﻧارﺎﺑ

^rainy

ﺮﺧاوا ﻦیارد

= ]

ًاﺮﻴﺧا ) [ ﺎه ﺖﺧو ﯼا ﻩد

(

^recently

خﺮﺳ

^red

تﺎﻴﻨید

^religion

پﺎﺸﮐرو

repair shop / garage

نارﻮﺘﺳر

restaurant

ﺞﻧﺮﺑ

^rice

ﻮﻠﭘَ

rice pilaf

97

راﺪﻟﻮﭘ = ] ﯽﻨﻏ

[

^rich

ار فﺮﻃ ﺖﺳ

) سار ﺖﺳد

(

right side

ﺎیرد

^river

قﺎﺗا ﻢه

) ﯽﻗﺎﺗا ﻢه

(

^roommate

نﺎﻤﺴیر )

نﺎﭙﺴیر

(

^rope

ﻩﺪﻴﺳﻮﭘ

^rotten

ﺢﻟﺎﺹ

Saleh (male name)

ﮏﻤﻧ

^salt

رﻮﺷ

^salty

ﻪﺒﻨﺷ

^Saturday

نﺎﺠﻧدﺎﺑ ﯽﻧاﺮُﺑ

) نﺎﺠﻧﺎﺑ ﯽﻧاﺮﺑ

(

sauteed eggplant

ﻧﻻﻮﺑ

ﯽ

savory pastry with delicious filling

ﺐﺘﮑﻡ

^school

ﻞﺼﻓ

= ] ﻢﺳﻮﻡ

[

^season

ﻩﺪﻨﺷوﺮﻓ

seller / street vendor

ﻮﻧﺮﻬﺷ

Shahr-e-Nau (a district)

ﻒیﺮﺷ

Sharif (male name)

لﺎﺷ

^shawl

ﺪیﺮﺧ

^shopping

ﻩﺎﺗﻮﮐ

^short

ترﺎیز

= ] ﻩﺮﺒﻘﻡ

[

^shrine

ﺾیﺮﻡ

sick (adjective) / patient (noun)

ﻪﺣﻮﻟ

^sign

ﺮهاﻮﺧ

^sister

ﺮهﺎﻡ ) ﻖیﻻ

(

^skillful

درﻮﺧ = ] ﮏﭼﻮﮐ

[

^small

ﻪﭽﻨﻴﻟﺎﻗ

^{small rug}

ﯽﻓﺮﺑ

^snowy

ﯽﻀﻌﺑ

^some

ﯽﺴﮐ

someone / somebody

ﯼدوز ﻪﺑ = ]

ﺐیﺮﻘﻨﻋ ) [

دوز

(

^soon

ﺎﺑرﻮﺷ )

اورﻮﺷ

(

^soup

تﺎﻏﻮﺳ

^souvenir

ﯽﻨﺒﺘﺷاﺮﻴﺗ

= ] ﻮﺘﻟﺎﻓﺮﻴﺗ

[

spare tire

دﻮﺨﻧرﻮﺷ

ﻮﻟﺎﭽﮐو

spicy chickpea and potato salad

ﻩرﻮﮑﭘ

spicy fried potatoes

ﻖﺷﺎﻗ

^spoon

رﺎﻬﺑ

^spring

ﻢﻴﻘﺘﺴﻡ

= ] ور ﻪﺑور

[

^straight

ﮎﺮﺳ = ]

ﻩدﺎﺟ = ] [ ﻪﭼﻮﮐ

[

^street

نﻮﻤﻀﻡ

^subject

ﻩرﻮﺑ

= ] ﺮﮑﺷ

[

^sugar

نﺎﺘﺴﺑﺎﺗ

^summer

ﻪﺒﻨﺸﮑی

^Sunday

ﯽﺑﺎﺘﻓﺁ ) ﯼﻮﺘﻓا

(

^sunny

ﯽﻧ اﺮﭼ

.

Sure. / With pleasure.

ﻦیﺮﻴﺷ

^sweet

ﺰﻴﻡ

^table

ﻞﺤﻡ جﺎﺗ

^{Taj Mahal}

ﯽﺴﮑﺗ

^taxi

ﯼﺎﭼ

^tea

ﻢﻠﻌﻡ

^teacher

ﻪﻧﺎﺧ ﯼﺎﭼ

^teahouse

نﻮﻔﻠﻴﺗ

^telephone

تراﺮﺣ

) ﯽﻡﺮﮔ

(

temperature

ﺮﮑﺸﺗ

.

Thank you.

نﺁ ) وا

(

^that

ﺎﺠﻧﺁ ) ﻪﺠﻧوا

(

^there

ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ) ﺎﻬﻧوا / ﺎﻧوا

(

^they

ﻪﻨﺸﺗ ) ﻪﻨﺸُﺗ

(

^thirsty

ﻦیا ) ﯼا

(

^this

ﺒﻨﺸﺠﻨﭘ

ﻪ

^Thursday

ﺮﻴﺗ

^tire

ﺮﻴﺗ ﮏﺟ

^{tire jack}

ﻪﺑ

^to

ِﺶﻴﭘ = ]

ِدﺰﻧ

[

to / before / near

ندﺮﮐ بﺎﺒﮐ /

ﻦﮐ /

دﺮﮐ

to barbeque

99

ﻦﺘﺴﻧاﻮﺗ /

ناﻮﺗ /

ﺖﺴﻧاﻮﺗ

to be able to / can (modal verb)

ندﻮﺑ باﻮﺧ /

شﺎﺑ / دﻮﺑ ) ندﻮﺑ ﻮَﺧ

(

to be asleep

نﺪﺷ / ﻮﺷ /

ﺪﺷ

^{to become}

ﻦﺘﺷاد ﯼﺰیﺮﻧﻮﺧ /

راد /

ﺖﺷاد

to bleed / to be bleeding

نﺪﺷ باﺮﺧ /

ﻮﺷ /

ﺪﺷ

to break down

نﺪﻴﺸﮐ ﺲﻔﻧ /

ﺶﮐ /

ﺪﻴﺸﮐ

to breathe

ندروﺁ / روﺁ /

دروﺁ

^{to bring}

نﺪیﺮﺧ /

ﺮﺧ /

ﺪیﺮﺧ

^{to buy}

نﺪﻡﺁ / ﺁ /

ﺪﻡﺁ

^{to come}

ﻦﺘﺨُﭘ / ﺰَﭘ / ﺖﺨُﭘ ) ندﺮﮐ ﻪﺘﺨُﭘ /

ﻦﮐ / دﺮﮐ

(

^{to cook}

ﺮﮐ بﺎﺴﺣ ند

/ ﻦﮐ /

دﺮﮐ

^{to count}

ندﺮﮐ / ﻦُﮐ /

دﺮﮐ

^{to do}

ندﺮﮐ ﻢﺳر /

ﻦﮐ / دﺮﮐ ) نﺪﻴﺸﮐ ﻢﺳر /

ﺶﮐ / ﺪﻴﺸﮐ

(

^{to draw}

نﺪﻴﺷﻮﻧ /

شﻮﻧ /

ﺪﻴﺷﻮﻧ

^{to drink}

ندرﻮﺧ = ]

ندرﻮﺧ اﺬﻏ ) [

ندرﻮﺧ نﺎﻧ /(

رﻮﺧ /

درﻮﺧ

^{to eat}

ندﺮﮐ ﻪﻨیﺎﻌﻡ /

ﻦﮐ /

دﺮﮐ

to examine

نﺪﺷﺮﭽﻨﭘ /

ﻮﺷ /

ﺪﺷ

to get punctured / to have a flat (tire)

نداد / ﻩد /

داد

^{to give}

ﻦﺘﻓر / ور / ﺖﻓر

ﺎﺑ ...

ﻦﺘﻓر

ﻪﺑ ...

ﻦﺘﻓر

to go

to go by means of...

to go to...

ندﺮﮐ ﯽیﺎﻤﻨهر /

ﻦﮐ /

دﺮﮐ

^{to guide}

ﻦﺘﺷاد / راد /

ﺖﺷاد

^{to have}

ندﺮﮐ ﻪﻠﻴﻡ /

ﻦﮐ /

دﺮﮐ

to have a picnic

ﻦﺘﺷاد دﺎی /

اد ر / ﺖﺷاد

to have a skill / to know how to…

نﺪﻴﻨﺷ / ﻮﻨﺷ /

ﺪﻴﻨﺷ

^{to hear}

ندﺮﮐ ﮏﻤﮐ /

ﻦﮐ / دﺮﮐ

...

ندﺮﮐ ﮏﻤﮐ ار

ﻪﺑ ...

ندﺮﮐ ﮏﻤﮐ

to help

to help….

ندﺮﮐ تﻮﻋد = ]

ندﺮﮐ نﺎﻤﻬﻡ [

ﻦﮐ /

دﺮﮐ

^{to invite}

ﻦﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ /

سﺎﻨﺷ /

ﺖﺧﺎﻨﺷ

to know (to be acquainted with / to recognize)

ﻦﺘﺴﻧاد / ناد /

ﺖﺴﻧاد

to know (to be aware of / to have knowledge about)

ﻦﺘﺧﻮﻡﺁ /

زﻮﻡﺁ / ﺖﺧﻮﻡﺁ = ]

ﻦﺘﻓﺮﮔ دﺎی /

ﺮﻴﮔ / ﺖﻓﺮﮔ

[

^{to learn}

نﺪﻴﺸﮐزارد /

ﺶﮐ /

ﺪﻴﺸﮐ

to lie down

ﻦﺘﺷاد شﻮﺧ /

راد / ﺖﺷاد

...

ﻦﺘﺷاد شﻮﺧ ار

to like

to like….

شﻮﮔ ندﺮﮐ / ﻦﮐ / دﺮﮐ = ] شﻮﮔ نداد / ﻩد / داد [

ﻪﺑ ...

ندﺮﮐ شﻮﮔ

...

ندﺮﮐ شﻮﮔار

ﻪﺑ ...

نداد شﻮﮔ

to listen

to listen to….

ندﺮﮐ ﯽﮔﺪﻧز /

ﻦﮐ / دﺮﮐ

رد ...

ﺪﻧز ندﺮﮐ ﯽﮔ

ﺎﺑ ...

ندﺮﮐ ﯽﮔﺪﻧز

to live

to live in...

to live with….

ندﺮﮐ نﻮﻔﻠﻴﺗ /

ﻦﮐ / دﺮﮐ

ندﺮﮐ نﻮﻔﻠﻴﺗ ﯽﺴﮐ ﻪﺑ

to make a phone call to call someone

ندﺮﮐ تﺎﻗﻼﻡ /

ﻦﮐ / دﺮﮐ ) نﺪید / ﻦﻴﺑ / ﺪید (

ﺎﺑ ...

ندﺮﮐ تﺎﻗﻼﻡ

to meet

to meet with….

ندﺮﮐ ﻆﻔﺣ /

ﻦﮐ / دﺮﮐ ) ندﺮﮐﺮﺑزا /

ﻦﮐ / دﺮﮐ

(

to memorize

ندﺮﮐ ﺖﮐﺮﺣ /

ﻦﮐ /

دﺮﮐ

^{to move}

ﻦﺘﺷاد تروﺮﺽ = ]

ﻦﺘﺷاد جﺎﻴﺘﺣا [

) ﻦﺘﺷادرﺎﮐ / (

راد / ﺖﺷاد

to need

ندﺮﮐزﺎﺑ /

ﻦﮐ /

دﺮﮐ

^{to open}

نداد ﺶیﺎﻡﺮﻓ /

ﻩد /

داد

^{to order}

ﻦﺘﺷﺬﮔ / رﺬﮔ / ﺖﺷﺬﮔ )

ﺗ نﺪﺷﺮﻴ / ﻮﺷ / ﺪﺷ (

زا ...

ﻦﺘﺷﺬﮔ )

نﺪﺷﺮﻴﺗ (

ﯼﻮﻠﻬﭘزا ...

ﻦﺘﺷﺬﮔ )

نﺪﺷﺮﻴﺗ (

to pass / to cross to pass…..

to pass by…..

نﺪﻧاﻮﺧزﺎﻤﻧ /

ناﻮﺧ /

ﺪﻧاﻮﺧ

^{to pray}

ﻦﺘﺸﮔﺮﺑ /

دﺮﮔﺮﺑ / ﺖﺸﮔﺮﺑ )

نﺪﻡﺁ ﺲﭘ /

ﺁ / ﺪﻡﺁ (

زا ...

ﻦﺘﺸﮔﺮﺑ

ﻪﺑ ...

ﻦﺘﺸﮔﺮﺑ

to return

to return from….

to return to….

نﺪﺷ صﻼﺧ /

ﻮﺷ /

ﺪﺷ

to run out

ﻦﺘﻔﮔ / ﻮﮔ /

ﺖﻔﮔ

to say / to tell

نﺪید / ﻦﻴﺑ /

ﺪید

^{to see}

ﻦﺘﺧوﺮﻓ /

شوﺮﻓ /

ﺖﺧوﺮﻓ

^{to sell}

ندﺎﺘﺳﺮﻓ /

ﺖﺳﺮﻓ / دﺎﺘﺳﺮﻓ )

ر ندﺮﮐ ناو /

ﻦﮐ / دﺮﮐ

(

^{to send}

ندﺮﮐ ﺲیوﺮﺳ /

ﻦﮐ /

دﺮﮐ

to serve (food)

101

ندﺮﮐ ﺪیﺮﺧ /

ﻦﮐ / دﺮﮐ

زا ...

ندﺮﮐ ﺪیﺮﺧ

to shop

to shop at…..

نﺎﺸﻧ نداد / ﻩد / داد

...

نداد نﺎﺸﻧ ار

ﻪﺑ ...

نداد نﺎﺸﻧ

to show

to show…..

to show to…..

ﯽﻧﺪید ﯼﺎهﺎﺟ ندﺮﮐ ﺎﺷﺎﻤﺗ =]

ندﺮﮐ ﺎﺷﺎﻤﺗ ار ﯽﻧﺪید ﯼﺎهﺎﺟ [

/ ﻦﮐ / دﺮﮐ

to sightsee

ﻦﺘﺴﺸﻧ / ﻦﻴﺸﻧ / ﺖﺴﺸﻧ )

ﻦﺘﺸﻴﺷ / ﻦﻴﺷ / ﺖﺸﻴﺷ

(

to sit / to sit down

نﺪﻴﺑاﻮﺧ /

باﻮﺧ / ﺪﻴﺑاﻮﺧ )

نَﺪَﮐﻮَﺧ

(

^{to sleep}

نﺪﻴﺸﮐ تﺮﮕﺳ /

ﺶﮐ /

ﺪﻴﺸﮐ

^{to smoke}

ندﺮﮐ ﺖﺒﺤﺹ /

ﻦﮐ / دﺮﮐ = ] ندز ﭗﮔ /

نز / دز

[

to speak / to talk

نﺪﺷ دﺎﺘﺴیا /

ﻮﺷ /

ﺪﺷ

to stall / to stop

نﺪﺷ دﺎﺘﺴیا /

ﻮﺷ /

ﺪﺷ

to stand / to stand up

ندز مﺪﻗ /

نز / دز =]

ندﺮﮐ شدﺮﮔ /

دﺮﮐ ﻦﮐ

[

to stroll / walk around

نﺪﻧاﻮﺧ سرد /

ناﻮﺧ /

ﺪﻧاﻮﺧ

^{to study}

نﺪﻧاﻮﺧ /

ناﻮﺧ /

ﺪﻧاﻮﺧ

to study / to read

ﻦﺘﻓﺮﮔ / ﺮﻴﮔ /

ﺖﻓﺮﮔ

to take (to consume)

ندﺮﺑ / ﺮﺑ /

دﺮﺑ

to take (to escort)

ﻦﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺲﮑﻋ /

ﺮﻴﮔ / ﺖﻓﺮﮔ

ﺲﮑﻋ ...

ﻦﺘﻓﺮﮔار

زا ...

ﻦﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺲﮑﻋ

to take a picture

to take a picture of…..

ﺖﺒﺤﺹ ندﺮﮐ

/ ﻦﮐ / دﺮﮐ ] = ندز ﭗﮔ /

نز / دز [

ﻩرﺎﺑرد )

ء

درﻮﻡرد ... (

ﺖﺒﺤﺹ

ندﺮﮐ = ] ندز ﭗﮔ [

ﺎﺑ ...

ندز ﭗﮔ = ]

ندﺮﮐ ﺖﺒﺤﺹ [

to talk / to speak

to talk about….

to talk to….

to talk with….

نداد سرد /

ﻩد / داد ) نداد دﺎی /

ﻩد / داد

(

^{to teach}

ندﺮﮐﺮﮑﺸﺗ /

ﻦﮐ / دﺮﮐ

زا ...

ﮑﺸﺗ ندﺮﮐﺮ

ﺮﻃﺎﺧ ﻪﺑ ...

ندﺮﮐﺮﮑﺸﺗ

to thank

to thank….

to thank for….

ندرﻮﺧرود /

رﻮﺧ /

درﻮﺧ

^{to turn}

نﺪﻴﻤﻬﻓ /

ﻢﻬﻓ /

ﺪﻴﻤﻬﻓ

to understand

ندﺮﮐ ﯽیﻮیﺪیو ﯼﺮﻴﮔ ﻢﻠﻓ /

ﻦﮐ / دﺮﮐ

]

= ﻦﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﯽیﻮیﺪیو ﻢﻠﻓ /

ﺮﻴﮔ / ﺖﻓﺮﮔ [

to videotape

دﺮﮐ ﺪیدزﺎﺑ ن

= ] ندﺮﮐ نﺪید /[

ﻦﮐ /

دﺮﮐ

to visit (socially)

ﻦﺘﻓر ﻩدﺎﻴﭘ = ]

ﻦﺘﻓر ﯼﺎﭘ ﺎﺑ = ] [

ﻦﺘﻓر ﻩار [

/ ور / ﺖﻓر

to walk

ﻦﺘﺳاﻮﺧ /

ﻩاﻮﺧ /

ﺖﺳاﻮﺧ

^{to want}

نﺪید نﻮیﺰیﻮﻠﺗ /

ﻦﻴﺑ /

ﺪید

to watch TV

ندﺮﮐرﺎﮐ /

ﻦﮐ /

دﺮﮐ

^{to work}

نﺪﺷﺮﺗ ﺪﺑ /

ﻮﺷ /

ﺪﺷ

to worsen / to get worse

ﻦﺘﺷﻮﻧ / ﺲیﻮﻧ / ﺖﺷﻮﻧ )

ندﺮﮐ ﻪﺘﺷﻮﻧ /

ﻦﮐ / دﺮﮐ

(

^{to write}

زوﺮﻡِا

^today

ﻢهﺎﺑ

= ] ﺎﺠﮑی ﻢهﺎﺑ ) [

ﯽیﺎﺠﮑی

(

^together

ادﺮﻓ ) ﺎﺒﺹ

(

^tomorrow

ﺐﺸﻡِا ) ﻮَﺸﻡِا

(

^tonight

ﺪﺤﻴﺑ = ] ﻩزاﺪﻧا ﯽﺑ ) [

رﺎﻴﺴﺑ

(

too (excessively)

ﻢه = ] ﺰﻴﻧ = ] [ نﺎﻨﭽﻤه

[

too / also

ﻩﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﺶﮐﺮﺗﻮﻡ

^{tow truck}

اﺮﺗ ناﺪﻴﻡ

ﺮﮕﻟﺎﻓ

Trafalgar Square

ﻪﺒﻨﺷ ﻪﺳ

^Tuesday

ﻪﻧﺎﻔﺳﺄﺘﻡ

= ] ﻪﻧﺎﺘﺨﺑﺪﺑ

[

unfortunately

نﻮﺘﻨهﻮﭘ

university

ﺎﺗ

until / to

ﻩرد

valley / glen

ﯼﺰﺒﺳ )

ﯼرﺎﮐﺮﺗ

(

^vegetable

رﺎﻴﺴﺑ

very / many / much

ء

ﻩﺮﻤﮐ

ﯽیﻮیﺪیو

video camera

ﯽیﻮی ﺪیو ﯼرادﺮﺑ ﻢﻠﻓ

video recording

یﺮﻗ ﻪ = ] ﻩِد

[

^village

راد ﻪیﺮﻗ = ]

ﮏﻠﻡ

[

village chief / village leader

ﻪیﺮﻗ ناﺪﻴﻡ

village square

ﺖﻡﺪﺨﺸﻴﭘ

^waiter

ﯽﻟو

Wali (male name)

مﺮﮔ

^warm

ﻦﺘﮕﻨﺷاو

Washington

بﺁ ) وَا

(

^water

ﻪﻨﻴﻡ نﺎﺧﺮﺒﮐاﺮیزو

Wazir Akbar Khan Mena (a district)

103

اﻮه = ] هو بﺁ اﻮ

[

weather / air

ﻪﺒﻨﺷرﺎﻬﭼ

^Wednesday

ﻪﺘﻔه

^week

ﻪﺘﻔهِﺮﺧﺁ

^weekend

ﺪیﺪﻡﺁ شﻮﺧ

) ! ﻦیﺪﻡﺁ شﻮﺧ

(!

^Welcome!

؟ ﻪﭼ )

؟ﯽﭼ

(

^What?

؟ﺪﻨﭼ ﺖﻋﺎﺳ )

؟ﻪﺠﺑ ﺪﻨﭼ

(

What time?

؟ﻩﺪﺷ ﯽﭼ

What’s wrong?

ﻪﮑﻴﺘﻗو )

ﻪﮑﻴﺘﺧو

(

when / at the time when

؟ﺖﻗو ﻪﭼ )

ﺖﺧو ﯽﭼ

؟

(

^When?

ﻪﮑﻴیﺎﺟ

where / at the place where

؟ﺎﺠﮐ

^Where?

ﺪﻴﻔﺳ

^white

ﺪﻴﻔﺳﺮﺼﻗ

White House

ﻮﻠَﭼ

white rice

؟ﯽﮐ

^Who?

؟اﺮﭼ

^Why?

ﻊﻴﺳو = ] ﺾیﺮﻋ ) [

رادﺮﺑ

(

^wide

ﻢﻧﺎﺧ = ] نز

[

^wife

نﺎﺘﺴﻡز

^winter

ﺎﺑ

) ﻩد

(

with / by (means of)

ﻪﺑ

ﻢﺸﭼ

with pleasure / OK

نز

^woman

رﺎﮐ

^work

لﺎﺳ

^year

ﯽﻠﺑ

^yes

زوﺮید

^yesterday

ﺎﻤﺷ

you (formal or plural)

ﻮﺗ

you (informal)

LESSON 13

In a Restaurant

• Vocabulary: Menu, meal specialties, service items, adjectives describing food and beverages

• Grammar: The reflexive pronoun دﻮﺧ/khud/; the construction ‘Let’s ….’

• Functions: Get something to eat and drink; compliment and complain;

make plans for eating out

• Skills: Survival skills: get food & beverages; get a needed utensil.

• Situation: A customer asks about daily specials, orders a meal, requests a missing utensil, and comments on the food.

Grammar Notes Reflexive pronoun دﻮﺧ /khud/

Compare these English statements:

‘I did it.’ ‘I did it myself.’ (emphasis on who did it)

The word ‘myself’ in the second statement is an example of a reflexive pronoun. Reflexive pronouns are used to indicate that the subject is both performer and receiver of the action of the verb.

As in English, reflexive pronouns can be used for emphasis in Dari. They are formed by using the word دﻮﺧ /khud/ ‘oneself/self’ plus the appropriate personal ending. The following examples illustrate how reflexive pronouns are constructed:

مدﻮﺧ /khud-am/ ‘myself’

تدﻮﺧ /khud-at/ ‘yourself’

شدﻮﺧ /khud-ash/ ‘himself/herself/itself’

ﺎﻣدﻮﺧ /khud-e-maa/ ‘ourselves’

نﺎﺗ دﻮﺧ /khu-de-taan/ or ﺎﻤﺷدﻮﺧ /khu-de shu-maa/ ‘yourselves’

نﺎﺷ دﻮﺧ /khud-e-shaan/ ‘themselves’

Look at an example from this lesson:

.دﺰﭘ ﯽﻣ شدﻮﺧار ﺎه اﺬﻏوا ‘He cooks the food himself.’

2 Expressing ‘Let us…’ or ‘Let’s…’

In Dari, we usually construct the expression ‘Let’s …’ by using the imperative form of the verb نﺪﻣﺁ /aa-ma-dan/ ‘to come’: ﺎﻴﺑ /be-yaa/ ‘come’ (singular) or ﺪﻴیﺎﻴﺑ /be-yaa-yeyd/ ‘come’

(plural), together with the present subjunctive form of the main verb:

Imperative form of ‘to come’ + Present subjunctive form of the main verb Examples:

ﻢیوﺮﺑ ﻪﻧﺎﺧ ﺪﻴیﺎﻴﺑ

. ‘Let’s go home.’ (Lit., ‘Come, let’s go home.’)

ﻢیﺮﻴﮕﺑ ﺲﮑﻋ ﮏی ﯽﮕﻨﺗ ﻦیازا ﺎﻴﺑ

. ‘Let’s take a picture of this gorge.’

ﻪﭽﻨﻴﻟﺎﻗ نﺁ ﺪﻴیﺎﻴﺑ خﺮﺳ ء

ﻢﻴﻨﻴﺒﺑ ار

. ‘Let’s see that red rug.’

Often, the word ﻪِﮐ /ke/, which in Dari could mean ‘that,’ ‘which,’ ‘who,’ and ‘so,’ is used immediately after ﺎﻴﺑ or ﺪﻴیﺎﻴﺑ for emphasis, without changing the basic meaning of the sentence. Thus, the above examples can be rewritten as shown below and still convey the same meaning:

.ﻢیوﺮﺑ ﻪﻧﺎﺧ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻴیﺎﻴﺑ ‘Let’s go home.’

.ﻢیﺮﻴﮕﺑ ﺲﮑﻋ ﮏی ﯽﮕﻨﺗ ﻦیا زا ﻪﮐ ﺎﻴﺑ ‘Let’s take a picture of this gorge.’

.ﻢﻴﻨﻴﺒﺑ ار خﺮﺳ ^ءﻪﭽﻨﻴﻟﺎﻗ نﺁ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻴیﺎﻴﺑ ‘Let’s see that red rug.’

As you observe in all of the above examples, the verbs ﻢیوﺮﺑ /be-ra-weym/, ﻢیﺮﻴﮕﺑ /be-gee- reym/ and ﻢﻴﻨﻴﺒﺑ /be-bee-neym/are in their subjunctive form.

Dari speakers often omit the expressions ﺎﻴﺑ /be-yaa/, ﻪﮐﺎﻴﺑ /be-yaa ke/, ﺪﻴیﺎﻴﺑ /be-yaa-yeyd/ or ﻪﮐ ﺪﻴیﺎﻴﺑ /be-yaa-yeyd ke/, in conversation. They simply rely on the subjunctive form of the verb to convey the same meaning. Let’s look at an example from this lesson:

ﻢیرﻮﺨﺑ نﺎیﺮﺑ غﺮﻣ ﮏی ﻢیﺮﺑ

. (the conversational form of ﻢیرﻮﺨﺑ نﺎیﺮﺑ غﺮﻣ ﮏیو ﻢیوﺮﺑ)

‘Let’s go and eat fried chicken.’

As you see in the above example, we have not used the expressions ﺎﻴﺑ /be-yaa/, ﻪﮐﺎﻴﺑ /be-yaa ke/, ﺪﻴیﺎﻴﺑ /be-yaa-yeyd/ or ﻪﮐ ﺪﻴیﺎﻴﺑ /be-yaa-yeyd ke/, but the Dari sentence still carries that meaning. Here is another example of making a suggestion without actually using these expressions:

ﻢیﺮﺨﺑ ﺖﻴﻠﮐﺎچ ﯽﻤﮐ ﺎه نﺎﻤﻬﻣ ﯼﺮﺑ ﻢیﺮﺑ

. ‘Let’s go and buy some chocolate for the guests.’

Transition to conversational Dari

The auxiliary that indicates necessity, ﺪیﺎﺑ /baa-ad/ ‘must/should,’ is sometimes dropped. Look at an example from this lesson:

ﻢیﺎﺧ ﯽﻣﻮﻠچ ﻪﻣ .

ﻪﺷﺎﺑ مﺮﮔ

. ‘I want white rice. It must be warm.’

The auxiliary ﺪیﺎﺑ ‘must’ is missing above. However, the subjunctive mood of the verb ندﻮﺑ /boo-dan/ ‘to be’ (ﻪﺷﺎﺑ) by itself can convey the intended meaning adequately. In formal Dari, it would be stated as: ﺪﺷﺎﺑ مﺮﮔ ﺪیﺎﺑ ﻮﻠچ .ﻢهاﻮﺧ ﯽﻣ ﻮﻠچ ﻦﻣ ‘I want white rice. The white rice must be warm.’

Cultural Notes

1. One of the most popular dishes in Afghanistan is the kabob, which is pieces of marinated and richly seasoned meat grilled on a skewer or spit. There are many different types of kabob, such as ﻪﮑﺗ بﺎﺒﮐ /ka-baa-be tek-ka/, ﯽﻣﺎﺷ بﺎﺒﮐ /ka-baa-be shaa-mee/, نﺎﭘﻮچ بﺎﺒﮐ /ka- baa-be cho-paan/, غﺮﻣ بﺎﺒﮐ /ka-baa-be murgh/,ﺮﮕﺟ بﺎﺒﮐ /ka-baa-be je-gar/, ﻩدﺮﮔ بﺎﺒﮐ /ka- baa-be gur-da/, etc. Out of these, the first two, ﻪﮑﺗ بﺎﺒﮐ and ﯽﻣﺎﺷ بﺎﺒﮐ, being more popular than others, have been mentioned in this lesson.

2. When talking to a young man whose name they don’t know yet, Afghans usually address him using the expression نﺎﺟ ﺎﻏﺁ (or نﺎﺟ ﺎﻗﺁ in formal Dari) which means ‘Dear Mr.’ This is almost the same as the expression ‘Young man’ in English. And if it is a young female, they use the expression نﺎﺟ ﯽﺑ ﯽﺑ which literally means ‘Dear grandma’ but colloquially means ‘Young lady.’ Let’s look at two examples. At a restaurant, a customer asks the young waiter what they have today, and a girl is asked what she would like to order:

؟ﻦیراد ﯽچزوﺮﻣا ،نﺎﺟ ﺎﻏﺁ ‘Young man, what’s on the menu today?’

ﯽچﻮﺗ ،نﺎﺟ ﯽﺑ ﯽﺑ

؟ﯽﺘﺑ ﺶیﺎﻣﺮﻓ ﯽیﺎﺨﻴﻣ ﻩر ‘Young lady, what would you like to order?’

4

Lesson Vocabulary

”

Listen and then write the English transliteration of the Dari words:

ﻮﻨﻴﻣ = ] اﺬﻏ ﺖﺴﻟ

[

^menu

ﺖﻣﺪﺨﺸﻴﭘ

^waiter

ﺰﭙﺷﺁ

^cook

ﺰﻴﻣ

^table

ﯽﮐﻮچ

^chair

ﻖﺷﺎﻗ

^spoon

ﻪﺠﻨﭘ

^fork

درﺎﮐ

^knife

بﺎﻘﺸﺑ

^plate

سﻼﻴﮔ

^glass

ﻞﺗﻮﺑ

^bottle

ﯼﺬﻏﺎﮐ لﺎﻤﺘﺳد

^napkin

چﺮﻣ

^pepper

ﮏﻤﻧ

^salt

ﻩرﻮﺑ = ] ﺮﮑﺷ

[

^sugar

نﺎیﺮﺑ غﺮﻣ

fried chicken

ﻮﻠﭘَ

rice pilaf

ﻮﻠَچ

white rice

نﺎﺠﻧدﺎﺑ ﯽﻧاﺮُﺑ )

نﺎﺠﻧﺎﺑ ﯽﻧاﺮﺑ

(

sauteed eggplant

ﺞﻧﺮﺑﺮﻴﺷ

rice pudding

رﻮﺷ

^salty

ﻦیﺮﻴﺷ

^sweet

ﺪﻨُﺗ

hot / spicy (taste)

غاد = ] نازﻮﺳ

[

hot / burning (temperature)

دﺮﺳ ) ﺦی

(

cold (temperature)

ﺮهﺎﻣ ) ﻖیﻻ

(

^skillful

ﺪﺤﻴﺑ = ] ﻩزاﺪﻧا ﯽﺑ ) [

رﺎﻴﺴﺑ

(

too (excessively)

ﻢه = ] ﺰﻴﻧ = ] [ نﺎﻨﭽﻤه

[

too / also

ﻦیارد ﺮﺧاوا = ]

ًاﺮﻴﺧا [

) ﺎه ﺖﺧو ﯼا ﻩد (

recently

ندﺮﮐزﺎﺑ /

ﻦﮐ /

دﺮﮐ

^{to open}

نﺪﻣﺁ / ﺁ /

ﺪﻣﺁ

^{to come}

6

نداد ﺶیﺎﻣﺮﻓ /

ﻩد /

داد

^{to order}

ندﺮﮐ ﺲیوﺮﺳ /

ﻦﮐ /

دﺮﮐ

to serve (food)

© Gary W. Bowersox “The Gem Hunter”

Homework

A.

”

You will hear five expressions. Four fit together logically but one does not. Which one does not fit? Write it down in Dari.

What do the others have in common?

B.

”

Listen and fill in the blanks with the missing words. Then translate each item into English.

د ﺎﻣ ﺐﺸی _______________

ﻢیدرﻮﺧ .

ار اﺬﻏ ﺖﻣﺪﺨﺸﻴﭘ ___________

ﺪﻨﮑﻴﻣ ﺲیوﺮﺳ .

رﺎﻴﺴﺑ بﺎﺒﮐ ﻦیا _____________

ﺖﺳا .

ﮏی ًﺎﻔﻄﻟ ___________

ﺪﻴهﺪﺑ ﻦﻣ ﻪﺑ بﺁ .

C. Write the following in Dari:

This pilaf is very salty and cold.

Let’s order rice pudding and tea.

(plural)

Do you have sautéed eggplant today?

(singular, formal)

I have cooked this rice pudding myself.

Did you order white rice, too?

(singular, informal)

8

Narrative (Structures)

As you work through the narrative model on the following page, you will discover examples of these structures:

Structure Dari

”

English transliteration

verb with the reflexive pronoun /khud/

adjectives

plural nouns

prepositional phrases

First listen to the model, one sentence at a time, and practice along with the native speaker.

Which structure from the grid is present in the model? In the right-hand column, write the way it sounds in English transliteration. Next, find the corresponding part in the text and copy it in the center column. By the end of the hour you should have all cells of the grid filled with (at least) one example.

Narrative (Model)

© Mustafa Rasuli

© Keith Cook

ﺖﺳا ﻩدﺮﮐ زﺎﺑ نارﻮﺘﺳر ﮏی ﺮﺧاوا ﻦیارد نﺎﻤﺜﻋ .

ﻩﺰﻤﺷﻮﺧ ﯼﺎه اﺬﻏ نﺎﻤﺜﻋ نارﻮﺘﺳر

دراد . ﺖﺳاﺮهﺎﻣ ﺰﭙﺷﺁ نﺎﻤﺜﻋ .

دﺰﭘ ﯽﻣ شدﻮﺧ ار ﺎه اﺬﻏوا .

نارﻮﺘﺳر رد ﻢه نﺎﻤﺜﻋرداﺮﺑ

ﺪﻨﮑﻴﻣرﺎﮐ .

ﺖﺳا ﺖﻣﺪﺨﺸﻴﭘوا .

دراد دﺎیز ﯼﺎه ﯽﮐﻮچو ﺎهﺰﻴﻣ نﺎﻤﺜﻋ نارﻮﺘﺳر .

،ﺎهﺰﻴﻣﺮﺳ

ا ﮏﻤﻧ و چﺮﻣ ،ﻪﺠﻨﭘ ،ﻖﺷﺎﻗ ،بﺎﻘﺸﺑ ﺖﺳ

.

1.

”

Listen as the model is played in segments, repeatedly. Do you understand what is being said?

2. As you pronounce the words along with the recorded voice, practice sounding like the native speaker.

3. Next, discover the structures listed in the grid on the previous page, and fill them in.

4. You may be called to the SmartBoard to point out items such as proper names, reflexive verbs, adjectives, direct object(s) marked by /raa/, etc.

10

Narrative (Variations)

نﺎﻤﺜﻋ نارﻮﺘﺳر ﮏی ﺮﺧاوا ﻦیارد ﻩدﺮﮐ زﺎﺑ

ﺖﺳا . ر نارﻮﺘﺳ نﺎﻤﺜﻋ

ﯼﺎه اﺬﻏ ﻩﺰﻤﺷﻮﺧ

دراد . نﺎﻤﺜﻋ ﺰﭙﺷﺁ ﺮهﺎﻣ ﺖﺳا . شدﻮﺧ ار ﺎه اﺬﻏوا دﺰﭘ ﯽﻣ

. رداﺮﺑ نارﻮﺘﺳر رد ﻢه نﺎﻤﺜﻋ

ﺪﻨﮑﻴﻣرﺎﮐ .

ﺖﺳا ﺖﻣﺪﺨﺸﻴﭘوا .

نارﻮﺘﺳر نﺎﻤﺜﻋ

دراد دﺎیز ﯼﺎه ﯽﮐﻮچو ﺎهﺰﻴﻣ .

،ﺎهﺰﻴﻣﺮﺳ

بﺎﻘﺸﺑ ، ﻖﺷﺎﻗ

، ﻪﺠﻨﭘ ، چﺮﻣ و ﮏﻤﻧ ﺖﺳا .

1. Create new narratives about other restaurant owners, their restaurants, employees and menus by choosing different words from the box to replace the shaded parts of the text.

2. Use the remaining class time to practice talking about a one-employee restaurant where the owner handles everything: food purchase, meal preparation, and table service.

قورﺎﻓ فوﺮﻌﻣ ردﺎﻣ ﻩﺪیﺮﺧ ﻪﺘﺷﺮﻓ ﻒیﺮﺷ ﻪﻤﻴﺴﻧ بﻮﺧ نازرا ﺖﻤﻴﻗ ﻪﻓﻮﮕﺷ بﺎهو

ﺎﻤﺘﺳد ﺮهﻮﺷ درﺎﮐ ﻢﻧﺎﺧ ﻩرﻮﺑ ﯼﺬﻏﺎﮐ ل

ﺪﻨﮑﻴﻣ ﺲیوﺮﺳ سﻼﻴﮔ ﻩزﺎﺗ رﺪﭘ ﺮهاﻮﺧ ﻮﻨﻴﻣ

Exchange (Structures)

1. As you work through the exchange models on the next page, you will discover examples of conversational forms that differ from formal Dari. Write first how they sound, then copy the Dari word(s) from the scripts. Also note their meaning:

Meaning Dari

”

English transliteration

2. You will also find out some information. Write this information briefly in formal Dari:

Menu? Good eats Wali’s order Shukoor’s order

3. Now ask about and tell the information you listed above. Practice Yes-No, “What…”

and “Who…” questions.

12

Exchange (Models) Shukoor wants to know if the restaurant was opened recently, so he might go and eat there.

رﻮﮑﺷ :

؟سا ﻮﻧ نارﻮﺘﺳر ﯼا ،نﺎﺟ ﯽﻟو

ﯽﻟو : ﯽﻠﺑ

.

رﻮﮑﺷ :

؟سا بﻮﺧ ﺶیﺎه اﺬﻏ

ﯽﻟو : ﺲﻴﻧ ﺪﺑ

. سا ﻩﺰﻤﺷﻮﺧرﺎﻴﺴﺑ ﺶﻧﺎیﺮﺑ غﺮﻣو بﺎﺒﮐ .

رﻮﮑﺷ : ﻢﺘﺳا ﻪﻨﺸﮔ ﻪﻣ .

ﻢیرﻮﺨﺑ نﺎیﺮﺑ غﺮﻣ ﮏی ﻢیﺮﺑ .

Shukoor and his friend Wali order the food.

رﻮﮑﺷ :

،نﺎﺟ ﺎﻏﺁ

؟ﻦیراد ﯽچ زوﺮﻣا

ﺖﻣﺪﺨﺸﻴﭘ :

ﺐﺡﺎﺻ سا ﻮﻨﻴﻣ ﻩد زوﺮﻣا ﯼﺎه اﺬﻏ .

رﻮﮑﺷ : ﻢیﺎﺧ ﯽﻣ ﻮَﻠﭘَ و نﺎیﺮﺑ غﺮﻣ ﻪﻣ .

ﯽﻟو : ﻢیﺎﺧ ﯽﻣ ﻮﻠچ ﻪﻣ

. ﻪﺷﺎﺑ مﺮﮔ .

ﺖﻣﺪﺨﺸﻴﭘ :

ﻢﺸچ ﻪﺑ .

رﻮﮑﺷ : رﺎﻴﺑ ﻢه ﺦی وَا ﻞﺗﻮﺑ ﮏی .

© Keith Cook

Exchange (Variations)

ﻒﻟا : رﺎﻴﺴﺑ ﻪﻣ ،نﺎﺟ ﯽﻟو _________

ﻢﺘﺳا .

ب : ___________

؟ﻢیﺮﺑ

ﻒﻟا : ﺶیﺎه اﺬﻏ _________

؟ﺖﺳا

ب : ﺲﻴﻧ ﺪﺑ

. ﺶﻧﺎیﺮﺑ غﺮﻣ و بﺎﺒﮐ _________

سا ﻩﺰﻤﺷﻮﺧ .

ﻒﻟا : نارﻮﺘﺳر _________

؟سا

ب : ﯽﻠﺑ

. ﯼﻮﻠﻬﭘ _________

سا .

ﻒﻟا : و ﻢیﺮﺑ _______

ﻮﺨﺑ ﻮﻠﭘ و ﻢیر

.

1.

”

Listen.

2. Fill in the blanks.

14

Exchange (Variations)

Create new dialogs by choosing different words from the box to replace the shaded parts of the exchanges. Form groups of three or four. Two students will be the new restaurant owners, the other(s) will be the patron(s). The restaurant owners speak as a group (“We…”).

• The restaurant owners greet the patrons at the door and usher them in. They tell that they have opened recently (today) (yesterday) (last week). They cook the food themselves!

• When asked, the owners tell today’s special: “We have _________________.”

(kabob-e-shami) (kabob-e-tikka).

• The guests have something else in mind: “Do you have _________________?”

(chicken) (pilaf) (soup) They can be accommodated.

• When the food arrives, the owners check on how it is received. The patrons find fault.

(very salty) (not enough pepper) (cold) (old)

They also request additional service items. (spoon) (fork) (plate) (napkin)

• The owners comply.

ﻒﻟا / ب : ﻦیﺪﻣﺁ شﻮﺧ !

ﻦﻴیﺎﻴﺑ نورد ًﺎﻔﻄﻟ !

ﻦﻴیﺎﻣﺮﻔﺑ وا

ﻪﺠﻧ ﻦﻴﻨﻴﺸﺑ !

ﻪﻧارﻮﺘﺳر ﺎﻣ زوﺮید

زاو

ﻢیﺪﮐ . ﻢﻴﻨﮑﻴﻣ ﻪﺘﺨﭘ ﺎﻣ دﻮﺧ ﻩرﺎه اﺬﻏ .

ج / د :

؟ﻦیراد ﯽچ زوﺮﻣا

ﻒﻟا / ب : ﯽﻣﺎﺷ بﺎﺒﮐ ﻢیراد

.

ج / د : نﺎیﺮﺑ غﺮﻣ

؟ﻦیراﺪﻧ

ﻒﻟا / ب : ﻢیراد ،ﯽﻠﺑ .

ﺎﻣ ﻮﻠﭘ ، اورﻮﺷ و تﺎﺠیﺰﺒﺳ ﻢیراد ﻢه

.

؟ﻦﻴﺘﺑ ﺶیﺎﻣﺮﻓ ﻦﻴیﺎﺨﻴﻣ

ج / د : ﻦیرﺎﻴﺑ ؟ﯽﻧاﺮچ .

* * * * * *

ﻒﻟا / ب : ﻏ ؟سارﻮﻄچ نﺎﺗ ﯼاﺬ راد ﻩﺰﻣ

؟سا

ج / د : م م م ما ...

ﻮﻠﭘ ﺪﺤﻴﺑ و سارﻮﺷ اورﻮﺷ

ﻩزاﺪﻧا ﯽﺑ

دﺮﺳ سا .

ًﺎﻔﻄﻟ ود سﻼﻴﮔ ﺦی وَا ﻦیرﺎﻴﺑ ﻢه

!

ﻒﻟا / ب : ﻢﺸچ ﻪﺑ .

ﻪﺘﻔه ﻪﻨﻬﮐ ﺪﺤﻴﺑ راد ﻩﺰﻣ ﻮﻠﭘ ﻪﺘﺷﺬﮔ

ء

ﻠچ ﻮَﺸید ﮏی تﺎﺠیﺰﺒﺳ غود ﻞﺗﻮﺑ ﻮ

ﻪﺘﺷﺬﮔ ﻩﺎﻣ ﯽﻣﺎﺷ بﺎﺒﮐ ﻪﺳ ﺦی نﺎیﺮﺑ غﺮﻣ رﺎﻴﺴﺑ رﻮﺷ مﺮﮔ ﮏﺸﺧ نﺎﻧ نﺎﺠﻧدﺎﺑ ﯽﻧاﺮﺑ

بﻮﺧ ﺖﺑﺮﺷ ﻦیﺮﻴﺷ غاد ﺎه ﺖﻗو ﯼا ﻩد

رﺎﻬچ ﺞﻧﺮﺑﺮﻴﺷ ﻪﺠﻧوا ﯼﺎچ ﺪﻨﺗ اورﻮﺷ

ﻪﮑﺗ بﺎﺒﮐ ﯽﻤﮐ بﺎﻘﺸﺑ ﻩزﺎﺗ ﻪﺠﻨیا

Drills

Time permitting, your instructor will conduct additional activities, such as question-answer practice, transformation drill (statement to suggestion “Let’s….”), on-the-spot translation, number dictation, verb conjugation, etc. You may also be given a pop vocabulary quiz.

© Shahab Azim

16

Extended Practice

These are suggestions for personalized and integrated activities. Work briskly through the warm-up steps. Be prepared when you are called on. Your instructor will manage the time so that no more than 10 minutes are spent on the warm-up.

Warm-up (only one student per task)

1. Quickly name five or more service items that you typically take to a picnic.

2. Name something you would try in an Afghan restaurant.

3. Name what you want to be (served) hot: ‘hot ______.’ Name what you want to be (served) cold: ‘cold ________.’

4. Ask your teacher if he/she cooks Afghan food himself/herself. If yes, ask whether your teacher is a skillfull cook.

5. Name some things such as furniture, facilities and structural features of the building that a restaurant (typically) has.

6. You receive a place setting/utensils from your teacher. Set the table according to your teacher’s instructions. Then practice telling each other where the different items go on the table.

Talking about a great chef

Think about what makes a great chef. Come up with three or more things that earn a chef praise from restaurant patrons. Prepare notes.

Now talk about a chef whose restaurant you would like to visit.

Role-plays

One of the following situations is outlined in Dari. Which one?

ﺪﻴﺘﺴه ﯽﻧﺎﻐﻓا نارﻮﺘﺳر ﮏیرد ﺎﻤﺷ .

ﺪﻴﺘﺳا ﺪﻨﺴﭘ ﻞﮑﺸﻣ ﯼﺮﺘﺸﻣ ﮏی ﺎﻤﺷ ،زوﺮﻣا .

لاﻮﺳ

ﺪﻴهاﻮﺨﻴﻣ ﯽﮔوﻼﻋ ﯼﺎهﺰﻴچ ﯽﻀﻌﺑو ﺪﻴﻨﮑﻴﻣ دﺎیز ﯼﺎه .

ﺖیﺎﮑﺷ ﯼﺰﻴچ درﻮﻣرد ﻦﻴﻨﭽﻤه

ﺪﻴﻨﮐ ﯽﻣ .

Now act out these role-plays with a partner.

(1) An Afghan friend wants to open a restaurant. Make some suggestions about:

• What service items/utensils to purchase in large volume.

• Where to buy the freshest produce.

• Whether or not to have menus.

• Whether or not to cook ‘Vegetarian.’

• A good name for the restaurant.

(3) You are a difficult patron in an Afghan restaurant today. You ask many questions and request a few items on the side. You also complain about something.

(2) You heard that this new restaurant is very good.

The wait staff greets you at the door. Ask the

waitperson about the cook, the menu, the restaurant, and the prices.

18

Authentic Material

Recognize words in short texts. Practice reading, listening and also short speaking or writing tasks. Hone your dictionary skills.

© Nick Noori

1. Circle any menu item that you recognize.

2. Find the name of the chef.

3. Copy the name of a dish you would like to try.

_______________________________________________

© Shahbaz Taheri

1. Sound out the name of this place. What do you associate with it? Talk about it in Dari.

2. Highlight any Dari word you recognize.

3. Look up the underlined words in the dictionary.

4. If you wanted to visit this place, what would your reason be? Write it in Dari.

____________________________________________________________

20

© Shahbaz Taheri

1.

”

Listen to a commercial promoting the above business. What two things do they specialize in (by providing a variety)?

2. Circle any colors you find among the specialties.

3. Businesses of this type often claim that they adhere to the highest standards. Find out what standards they mean by

• finding and underlining /halal/ in the text; and

• looking up its meaning.

LESSON 14

A Medical Problem

• Vocabulary: Health-related terms

• Grammar: Compound nouns with prefix

ﻢه

/ham/; auxiliaries ‘may, might, probably, must, should, can…’ in impersonal subjunctive;

possessive constructions with personal and reflexive pronouns

• Functions: Get help for yourself or someone else. Ask about and state the nature of the problem. State possible consequences.

• Skills: Interact with Afghans during a medical emergency.

• Situation: A person summons help for a neighbor who is incapacitated and needs to be taken to a clinic.

Grammar Notes Auxiliary verbs in Dari

In English and Dari, auxiliary or helping verbs combine with main verbs to form verb phrases. Together they can express ideas such as capability, obligation, or willingness, etc.

Typical English auxiliary verbs are will, shall, would, must, should, ought to, may, might, can, could, etc. There are a couple of differences in the way auxiliary verbs are used in Dari, however:

1. In English verb phrases, the main verb is always in the infinitive form. For example, ‘She must go.’ (‘go’ is in the infinitive form.) In Dari, the main verb is generally in the present subjunctive mood (refer to Lessons 7 and 11 for discussions of the subjunctive mood). For example:

.دوﺮﺑ ﺪﻳﺎﺑ وا ‘She/He must go.’ (In this example, دوﺮﺑ is used in the present subjunctive mood.) 2. While in English the auxiliary and the main verbs appear next to each other, this is not necessarily the case in Dari. In Dari, the auxiliary follows the subject but the main verb generally comes at the end of the sentence. We can expand our previous example by saying:

.دوﺮﺑ ﻪﻧﺎﺧﺎﻔﺷ ﻪﺑ ﺪﻳﺎﺑ وا ‘She/He must go to the hospital.’

In the above example, the auxiliary ﺪﻳﺎﺑ follows the subject وا, while the main verb دوﺮﺑ comes at the end of the sentence.

Some of the important auxiliary verbs in Dari are illustrated in the following examples: