DARI BASIC COURSE

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DARI

BASIC COURSE

SEMESTER 1 Lessons 9-12

STUDENT COPY

VALIDATION EDITION 2005

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SEMESTER 1 Lessons 9-12

June 2005

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Permission to use text and/or graphic images in this Dari language course has been received from the following copyright holders:

Luke Powell (photographs from www.lukepowell.com) Rahmatullah Omid (photographs from personal collection) Homayoun Seddiq (photographs from personal collection) Wida Ahmad (photographs from personal collection) Najib Rezai (photographs from personal collection) Kiyoshi Inoue (photographs from www.flyingkong.com)

AGSL American Geographical Society Library, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Libraries (photographs from the Harrison Forman collection)

ASC (photographs from www.photoarchive.saudiaramcoworld.com,

courtesy of Saudi Aramco World / PADIA / Aramco Services Corporation) UNESCO (photographs from www.unesco.org/photobank)

UNEP (photographs from http://postconflict.unep.ch/afg_new.htm.) Robert W. Kranz (photographs from www.war-correspondent.com) Keith Cook (photographs from www.themenupage.com.)

Mustafa Rasuli (photographs from www.rasuli.com) John Patton (photographs from

http://mysite.mweb.co.za/residents/ekawasa/JohnPattenGraphics/index.html) Dominic Medley/Jude Barrand (photos from Kabul: The Bradt Mini Guide - The Survival

Guide to Kabul www.kabulguide.net.)

Gary W. Bowersox “The Gem Hunter,” President GeoVision, Inc., PO Box 89646, Honolulu, HI 96830, 808 277-2543, [email protected] (photos from http://www.gems-afghan.com)

Shahab Azim (photographs from www.aghansite.com)

Ellyn Cavanaugh, Ph.D. (photographs from personal collection and from www.afghan.smugmug.com)

Rosemary Stasek (photos from www.stasek.com/afghanistan)

Kerry Saner (photographs from http://www.irss-usa.org/pages/KabulPhotos/Page1.html) Farhad Darya (photograph from www.farhaddarya.info)

Christina Manuel (photographs from personal collection) Crown Copyright/MOD (photographs from

http://www.operations.mod.uk/fingal/fimages) John Pike (photographs and maps from

http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/afghanistan/index.html)

Moumina Dorgabekova: “Pharmacy in Afghanistan” Boston: Management Sciences for Health Aseem Koshan (excerpts from Omaid Weekly newspaper)

Ryan Azimi (excerpts from Afghan-Iranian Yellow Pages of Northern California) Nick Noori (excerpts from Afghan Yellow Pages by N&N Express)

Shahbaz Taheri (excerpts from Northern California Iranian Yellow Pages by Pezhvac Corp.) Ali Parvin (excerpts from TASVIR Persian American Yellow Pages)

Assad Manely (excerpts from Afghan Yellow Pages of California by Ariana Advertising)

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License was obtained from Nova Development Corporation (Nova) to reproduce digital images of clipart and photos from Art Explosion CD ROMs.

Photos from www.savethechildren.org.uk are used in accordance with the copyright owner’s specified restrictions, as posted on the website.

Photos from www.usinfo.state.gov and www.usaid.gov are used in accordance with guidelines provided by [email protected] on “public domain.” Additional photos were obtained from:

www.defenselink.mil www.usmc.mil www.navy.mil

www.dodmedia.osd.mil www.defendamerica.mil

Other images are courtesy of royalty-free Stock Exchange (www.sxc.hu), MorgueFile (www.morguefile.com) and Pixelquelle (www.pixelquelle.de); no permission or photo credits are required.

Permission to use copyrighted material was granted on the condition that it be used exclusively for nonprofit educational purposes. Further reproduction is unauthorized.

Cover photograph by Luke Powell.

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Lesson 9: In the Province...1 Superlative adjectives; sound stress and word order; the function of the particle /ee/; objects of preposition

Lesson 10: A Friendly Chat...29 The past tense of verbs

Lesson 11: An Invitation...47 Subjunctive / imperative ‘Please …’; more on short forms of pronouns;

exclamations with !....ﻪﭼ ‘What a …!’

Lesson 12: At the Roadside...69 The present perfect tense; past participle; subjunctive mood indicating

necessity

Review 9-12...89 Glossary...91

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GLOSSARY

ﯽﻤﮐ

a little / a bit

ﻩرﺎﺑرد = ]

ء

درﻮﻡرد = ] [

ﻪﺑ ﻊﺟار

[

^about

سردﺁ

^address

زا ﺪﻌﺑ

= ] ﺪﻌﺑ = ] [ زا ﺲﭘ

[

^after

ﺮﻬﻇزا ﺪﻌﺑ )

ﺖﺷﺎﭼزا ﺪﻌﺑ ) (

ﻦﻴﺸﻴﭘزا ﺪﻌﺑ

(

^afternoon

ﯽیاﻮه ناﺪﻴﻡ

^airport

ﯽیﺎﮑیﺮﻡا

American (nationality)

ﺎﮑیﺮﻡا ترﺎﻔﺳ

American Embassy

و

^and

ﺐﻴﺳ

^apple

ًﺎﺒیﺮﻘﺗ

approximately

رد ) ﻩد

(

^{at / in}

ﯽیﺎﻴﻟاﺮﺘﺳﺁ

Australian (nationality)

ﺪﺑ

^bad

نﺎﻴﻡﺎﺑ

^Bamyan

لﻮﺒﻘﻡ

= ] ﮓﻨﺸﻗ = ] [ ﺎﺒیز

[

beautiful / pretty

زا ﺶﻴﭘ = ]

زا ﻞﺒﻗ

[

^before

ﻤیﺮﮐ

ﯽ

^beige

تﻮﺗ

^berry

ﻞﮑﺴیﺎﺑ

^bicycle

نﻼﮐ = ] گرﺰﺑ

[

big / large

ﯽﺑﺁ

^blue

ﻪﺘﺳد

^bouquet

ﮏﺸﺧ نﺎﻥ

= ] نﺎﻥ

[

^bread

ﻞﭘ

^bridge

باﺮﺧ

broken / out of order

رداﺮﺑ

^brother

راﻮﺼﻥ

ﯼ

^brown

ﺲﺑ = ] ﺲیوﺮﺳ

[

^bus

ﺮﺟﺎﺗ

businessperson

غود

buttermilk

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ﺮﺘﺷ

^camel

؟ﻦﻴﻨﮐ ﮏﻤﮐ ﻩر ﻪﻡ ﻦﻴﻥﺎﺗ ﯽﻡ

Can you help me?

ﺮﺗﻮﻡ

^car

ﻦﻴﻟﺎﻗ

carpet / rug

ﻪﻠﮔ

^cattle

ﯽﺒﻴﺟ نﻮﻔﻠﻴﺗ

cellular phone

نازرا

^cheap

ﻞﻔﻃ

child / baby

ﺖﻴﻠﮐﺎﭼ

^chocolate

تﺮﮕﺳ

cigarettes

ﺮﻬﺷ

^city

ﻪﺘﺴﺑ

^closed

ﮕﻥر

ﻦﻴ

^colorful

ﻦﻴیﺎﻴﺑ نورد

.

^{Come in.}

ﺮﺗﻮﻴﭙﻤﮐ

^computer

ﻪﭽﻠﮐ

^cookies

راﻮﺟ

ﯼ ﻪﻥاد

ﻩﺪﺸﻥ

corn on the cob

ﺧ

ﮎﺎﻥﺮﻄ

^dangerous

زور

^day

ﻩﺰﻡ شﻮﺧ )

راد ﻩﺰﻡ

(

delicious

ﺖﺷد

^desert

لﺰید

^diesel

ﻪﻡﺎﺧ ﻩار

^{dirt road}

ﺮﺘﮐاد

^doctor

ﮓﺳ

^dog

ﺮﺧ = ] ﺐﮐﺮﻡ

[

^donkey

ﻞﻔیا جﺮﺑ

Eiffel Tower

ﻦﻴﺷﺎﻡ = ]

ﻦﺠﻥا

[

^engine

ﯽﻓﺎﮐ ) ﺲﺑ

(

^enough

مﺎﺷ

^evening

ﺐﺷ نﺎﻥ

= ] ﺐﺷ مﺎﻌﻃ ) [

ﻮَﺷ نﺎﻥ

(

evening meal (dinner)

ﺪﻴﺸﺨﺒﺑ ) .

ﻦﻴﺸﺨﺒﺑ

(

Excuse me.

ﺖﻤﻴﻗ = ] ناﺮﮔ

[

^expensive

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فوﺮﻌﻡ = ]

رﻮﻬﺸﻡ

[

^famous

رود

^far

نﺎﻘهد

^farmer

رﺪﭘ

^father

ﻞﮔ

^flower

اﺬﻏ

) نﺎﻥ

(

^food

ﯼاﺮﺑ ) ﯼﺮﺑ

(

^for

ﯼﻮﺴﻥاﺮﻓ

French (nationality / language)

ﻩزﺎﺗ

^fresh

ﻪﻌﻤﺟ

^Friday

زا

^from

ﻩﻮﻴﻡ

^fruit

ﺮﭽﻴﻥﺮﻓ

= ] ﺮﭽﻴﻥﺮﻓو ﻞﺒﻡ

[

^furniture

ﺰیدﺮﮔ

^Gardez

ﻪﻨﻠﻴﮔ

^{gas can}

ﻞﻴﺗ ﮏﻥﺎﺗ

gas station

لوﺮﺘﭘ = ]

ﻞﻴﺗ

[

^gasoline

ﺶﮑﺘﺳد

^glove

بﻮﺧ

good / fine / nice

ﻆﻓﺎﺣ اﺪﺧ ) .

اﺪﺧ نﺎﻡا ﻪﺑ

(.

^Good-bye.

ﯽﮕﻨﺗ

^gorge

رﻮﻡﺎﻡ

government employee

نﻼﮐرﺪﭘ

grandfather

نﻼﮐردﺎﻡ

grandmother

رﻮﮕﻥا

^grape

ﺰﺒﺳ

^green

نﺎﻤﻬﻡ

^guest

ﻢﻴﻥ

^half

ﺪﻴﻤﺣ

Hamid (male name)

لﺎﺤﺷﻮﺧ = ]

شﻮﺧ

[

^happy

وا

he / she / it

ﯽﺤﺹ ﮏﻴﻨﻴﻠﮐ

health clinic

ﮏﻤﮐ

^help

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تاﺮه

^Herat

ا

ﺎﺠﻨی ) ﻪﺠﻨیا

(

^here

ﺪﻨﻠﺑ

^high

ﭗﺳا

^horse

ﻪﻥﺎﺧﺎﻔﺷ

^hospital

ﺖﻋﺎﺳ

^hour

ﻪﻥﺎﺧ

house / home

؟رﻮَﻄﭼ )

؟رﻮﻄﭼ /

؟ﻮﻄﭼ

(

^How?

...

؟رﻮﻄﭼ

How about…?

؟ﯽﺘﺳارﻮﻄِﭼ

How are you?

؟تﺪﻡ ﻪﭼ = ]

؟ﺖﻗو رﺪﻘﭼ ) [

ﺖﺧو ﻪﻘﭼ

؟

(

^{How long?}

ﺪﻨﭼ

؟ = ] ﺪﻨﭼ ﻪﻥاد

؟ ) [ ﺎﺗ ﺪﻨﭼ

؟

(

How many?/ How many pieces?

رﺪﻘﭼ

؟ ) ﭼ ﻪﻘ

؟

(

^{How much?}

ﻪﻨﺳﺮﮔ )

ﻪﻨﺸُﮔ

(

^hungry

ﺮهﻮﺷ )

ﯼﻮﺷ

(

^husband

ﻦﻡ ) ﻪﻡ

(

^I

ﻢﺘﺳا فوﺮﺼﻡ = ] .

ﻢﺘﺳا لﻮﻐﺸﻡ ) [.

مرادرﺎﮐ

(

I am busy.

ﻢﺘﺳا بﻮﺧ

.

I am fine.

ﻢﻬﻡ

^important

رد

) ﻩد

(

^{in / at}

ﯼور ﺶﻴﭘ = ]

ﯼوﺮﺑور

[

in front of

ﻪﻥﺎﺧ نﺎﻤﻬﻡ

inn / guest house

ﻞﺘﻨﻥ ﯽﺘﻥﺎﮐﺮﺘﻥا ﻞﺗﻮه

Intercontinental Hotel

ﯽﻥاﺮیا

Iranian (nationality)

؟ﻦﺘﺳا بﻮﺧ ﯽﮕﻤه

Is everybody fine?

ﺖﺴﻴﻥ ) ﺲﻴﻥ

(

^{is not}

دﺎﺑﺁ مﻼﺳا

^Islamabad

ﻩراﺪﻥ نﺎﮑﻡا

.

It is not possible.

ﺖﺳﺎﻤﺷ ﻒﻄﻟ = ].

ﯽﻥﺎﺑﺮﻬﻡ ﺖﺳﺎﻤﺷ

) [.

-- سﺎﻤﺷ

(

It’s kind of you. / It is nice of you.

دﺎﺑﺁ لﻼﺟ

^Jalalabad

ﯽﻥﺎﭘﺎﺟ

Japanese (nationality / language)

ﺖﺴﻟﺎﻥروژ

journalist

ﺖﺑﺮﺷ

^juice

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ﻞﺑﺎﮐ

^Kabul

ﻪﺗرﺎﮐ

ﻪﺳ

ء Karta-e-Sey (a district)

ﺪﻟﺎﺧ

Khaled (male name)

ﻮﻠﻴﮐ = ] ماﺮﮔﻮﻠﻴﮐ [

^kilogram

ﺮﮔرﺎﮐ

laborer / worker

ﮔ

ﻪﺘﺷﺬ

last / past

ﺐﺸید = ] ﻪﺘﺷﺬﮔ ﺐﺷ )[

ﻮَﺸید

(

last night

ﭗﭼ فﺮﻃ )

ﭗﭼ ﺖﺳد

(

^{left side}

ﯽﮔﺪﻥز

^life

ﻢﮐ

little (amount)

نﺪﻨﻟ

^London

زارد

^long

دﺮﻡ

^man

رازﺎﺑ

^market

ﻒیﺮﺷراﺰﻡ

Mazar-e-Sharif

ﺖﺷﻮﮔ

^meat

ﯼﺮﺘﺴﻡ

= ] ﮏﻴﻥﺎﺨﻴﻡ

[

^mechanic

ﻩزﻮﺑﺮﺧ

^melon

ﺮﻬﻇ

) ﺖﺷﺎﭼ

(

midday / noon

ﻪﻘﻴﻗد

^minute

ﻪﺒﻨﺷود

^Monday

لﻮﭘ ) ﻪﺴﻴﭘ

(

^money

ﻩﺎﻡ

^month

ﺢﺒﺹ

^morning

ﺢﺒﺹ ﯼﺎﭼ

= ] ﺎﺘﺷﺎﻥ

[

morning meal (breakfast)

ﻮﮑﺳﺎﻡ

^Moscow

ﺪﺠﺴﻡ

^mosque

ردﺎﻡ

^mother

ﻞﮑﻴﺳﺮﺗﻮﻡ

motorcycle

ﻩﻮﮐ

^mountain

ﻞﺗﻮﮐ

mountain pass

دﺎیز = ] رﺎﻴﺴﺑ

[

much / many / a lot

ء

ﻪﻥﺎﺧ

ﯽﻠﮔ

^{mud house}

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ﺪﻴهﺎﻥ

Nahid (female name)

ﮏیرﺎﺑ = ]

ﮓﻨﺗ = ] [ ضﺮﻌﻤﮐ ) [

ﺮﺒﻤﮐ

(

^narrow

ﻪﻤﻴﺴﻥ

Nasima (female name)

ﯼزﺎﻥ

Nazi (female name)

ﮏیدﺰَﻥ )

ﮏیدﺰِﻥ

(

near / close

ﻮﻥ

^new

ﺪیﺪﺟ ﯽﻠهد

= ] ﻮﻥ ﯽﻠهد

[

^{New Delhi}

ﻩﺪﻨیﺁ ] = ﯼﺪﻌﺑ

[

next / future / the following

ﯼﻮﻠﻬﭘ = ]

ِرﺎﻨﮐ

[

^{next to}

ﺐﺷ

^night

ﻪﻥ

) ﯽﻥ

(

^no

ﺖﺷﺎﭼ نﺎﻥ = ]

ﺖﺷﺎﭼ مﺎﻌﻃ

[

noon meal (lunch)

ﻻﺎﺣ = ] نﻮﻨﮐا ) [ ﯽﻟﺎﺣ

(

^now

ﻩﺮﻤﻥ = ] ﻩرﺎﻤﺷ

[

^number

ﺖﻋﺎﺳ )

ﻪﺠﺑ

(

o’clock / hour

ﻪﻨﻬﮐ

^old

ﯼﻻﺎﺑ = ] ﯼور ) [

ِﺮﺳ

(

^on

زﺎﺑ ) زاو

(

^open

ﺲیرﺎﭘ

^Paris

مدﺮﻡ

^people

ﺲﮑﻋ

picture / photograph

ﻪﻥاد ) ﺎﺗ

(

piece (counter)

ﺖﺸﻟﺎﺑ

^pillow

ﺎﺟ

) ﯼﺎﺟ

(

^place

ﺪﻴیﺎﻡﺮﻔﺑ = ]

ًﺎﻔﻄﻟ [ ) ﻦﻴیﺎﻡﺮﻔﺑ

(

^Please.

رﺎﻥا

pomegranate

ﺮﻴﻘﻓ = ] رادﺎﻥ ) [ ﺐیﺮﻏ

(

^poor

قﺮﺑ ﺪﻨﺑ

^{power dam}

زﺎﻤﻥ

^prayer

رﻮﺴﻴﻓوﺮﭘ

= ] دﺎﺘﺳا ) [ ﺮﺴﻴﻓوﺮﭘ

(

^professor

ﺶﻔﻨﺑ

^purple

لﻮﮑﺘﺳد

^purse

رﺎهﺪﻨﻗ

^Qandahar

(13)

پﺎﺸﮐرو

repair shop / garage

نارﻮﺘﺳر

restaurant

ﺞﻥﺮﺑ

^rice

راﺪﻟﻮﭘ = ] ﯽﻨﻏ

[

^rich

ﺖﺳار فﺮﻃ )

سار ﺖﺳد

(

right side

ﺎیرد

^river

نﺎﻤﺴیر

) نﺎﭙﺴیر

(

^rope

ﻩﺪﻴﺳﻮﭘ

^rotten

ﺢﻟﺎﺹ

Saleh (male name)

ﻪﺒﻨﺷ

^Saturday

ﻥﻻﻮﺑ

ﯽ

savory pastry with delicious filling

ﺐﺘﮑﻡ

^school

ﻩﺪﻨﺷوﺮﻓ

seller / street vendor

ﻮﻥﺮﻬﺷ

Shahr-e-Nau (a district)

ﻒیﺮﺷ

Sharif (male name)

لﺎﺷ

^shawl

ﺪیﺮﺧ

^shopping

ﻩﺎﺗﻮﮐ

^short

ترﺎیز

= ] ﻩﺮﺒﻘﻡ

[

^shrine

ﻪﺣﻮﻟ

^sign

ﺮهاﻮﺧ

^sister

درﻮﺧ = ] ﮏﭼﻮﮐ

[

^small

ﻪﭽﻨﻴﻟﺎﻗ

^{small rug}

ﯽﻀﻌﺑ

^some

ﯽﺴﮐ

someone / somebody

ﺎﺑرﻮﺷ )

اورﻮﺷ

(

^soup

تﺎﻏﻮﺳ

^souvenir

ﯽﻨﺒﺘﺷاﺮﻴﺗ

= ] ﻮﺘﻟﺎﻓﺮﻴﺗ

[

spare tire

دﻮﺨﻥرﻮﺷ

ﻮﻟﺎﭽﮐو

spicy chickpea and potato salad

ﻩرﻮﮑﭘ

spicy fried potatoes

ﻢﻴﻘﺘﺴﻡ = ]

ور ﻪﺑور

[

^straight

ﮎﺮﺳ = ]

ﻩدﺎﺟ = ] [ ﻪﭼﻮﮐ

[

^street

ﻪﺒﻨﺸﮑی

^Sunday

(14)

ﻞﺤﻡ جﺎﺗ

^{Taj Mahal}

ﯽﺴﮑﺗ

^taxi

ﯼﺎﭼ

^tea

ﻪﻥﺎﺧ ﯼﺎﭼ

^teahouse

ﻢﻠﻌﻡ

^teacher

نﻮﻔﻠﻴﺗ

^telephone

ﺮﮑﺸﺗ

.

Thank you.

نﺁ ) وا

(

^that

ﺎﺠﻥﺁ ) ﻪﺠﻥوا

(

^there

ﺎﻬﻥﺁ ) ﺎﻬﻥوا / ﺎﻥوا

(

^they

ﻪﻨﺸﺗ ) ﻪﻨﺸُﺗ

(

^thirsty

ﻦیا ) ﯼا

(

^this

ﻪﺒﻨﺸﺠﻨﭘ

^Thursday

ﺮﻴﺗ

^tire

ﺮﻴﺗ ﮏﺟ

^{tire jack}

ﻪﺑ

^to

ندﻮﺑ / شﺎﺑ /

دﻮﺑ

^{to be}

ندﻮﺑ باﻮﺧ /

شﺎﺑ / دﻮﺑ ) ندﻮﺑ ﻮَﺧ

(

to be asleep

نﺪﺷ / ﻮﺷ /

ﺪﺷ

^{to become}

نﺪﺷ باﺮﺧ /

ﻮﺷ /

ﺪﺷ

to break down

ندروﺁ / روﺁ /

دروﺁ

^{to bring}

نﺪیﺮﺧ /

ﺮﺧ /

ﺪیﺮﺧ

^{to buy}

ﻦﺘﺨُﭘ / ﺰَﭘ / ﺖﺨُﭘ ) ندﺮﮐ ﻪﺘﺨُﭘ /

ﻦﮐ / دﺮﮐ

(

^{to cook}

ندﺮﮐ / ﻦُﮐ /

دﺮﮐ

^{to do}

نﺪﻴﺷﻮﻥ /

شﻮﻥ /

ﺪﻴﺷﻮﻥ

^{to drink}

ندرﻮﺧ = ]

ندرﻮﺧ اﺬﻏ ) [

ندرﻮﺧ نﺎﻥ /(

رﻮﺧ /

درﻮﺧ

^{to eat}

نﺪﺷﺮﭽﻨﭘ /

ﻮﺷ /

ﺪﺷ

to get punctured / to have a flat (tire)

نداد / ﻩد /

داد

^{to give}

ﻦﺘﻓر / ر و / ﺖﻓر

ﺎﺑ ...

ﻦﺘﻓر

ﻪﺑ ...

ﻦﺘﻓر

to go

to go by means of...

to go to...

ندﺮﮐ ﯽیﺎﻤﻨهر /

ﻦﮐ /

دﺮﮐ

^{to guide}

ﻦﺘﺷاد / راد /

ﺖﺷاد

^{to have}

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ندﺮﮐ ﮏﻤﮐ /

ﻦﮐ / دﺮﮐ

...

ندﺮﮐ ﮏﻤﮐ ار

ﻪﺑ ...

ندﺮﮐ ﮏﻤﮐ

to help

to help….

ندﺮﮐ تﻮﻋد = ]

ندﺮﮐ نﺎﻤﻬﻡ [

ﻦﮐ /

دﺮﮐ

^{to invite}

ﻦﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ /

سﺎﻨﺷ /

ﺖﺧﺎﻨﺷ

to know (to be acquainted with / to recognize)

ﻦﺘﺴﻥاد / ناد /

ﺖﺴﻥاد

to know (to be aware of / to have knowledge about)

ﻦﺘﺷاد شﻮﺧ /

راد / ﺖﺷاد

...

ﻦﺘﺷاد شﻮﺧ ار

to like

to like….

ندﺮﮐ ﯽﮔﺪﻥز /

ﻦﮐ / دﺮﮐ

رد ...

ندﺮﮐ ﯽﮔﺪﻥز

ﺎﺑ ...

ندﺮﮐ ﯽﮔﺪﻥز

to live

to live in...

to live with….

ندﺮﮐ نﻮﻔﻠﻴﺗ /

ﻦﮐ / دﺮﮐ

ندﺮﮐ نﻮﻔﻠﻴﺗ ﯽﺴﮐ ﻪﺑ

to make a phone call to call someone

ندﺮﮐ تﺎﻗﻼﻡ /

ﻦﮐ / دﺮﮐ ) نﺪید / ﻦﻴﺑ / ﺪید (

ﺎﺑ ...

ندﺮﮐ تﺎﻗﻼﻡ

to meet

to meet with….

ﻦﺘﺷاد تروﺮﺽ = ]

ﻦﺘﺷاد جﺎﻴﺘﺣا [

) ﻦﺘﺷادرﺎﮐ (

/ راد / ﺖﺷاد

to need

ﻦﺘﺷﺬﮔ / رﺬﮔ / ﺖﺷﺬﮔ )

نﺪﺷﺮﻴﺗ /

ﻮﺷ / ﺪﺷ (

زا ...

ﻦﺘﺷﺬﮔ )

نﺪﺷﺮﻴﺗ (

ﯼﻮﻠﻬﭘزا ...

ﻦﺘﺷﺬﮔ )

نﺪﺷﺮﻴﺗ (

to pass / to cross to pass…..

to pass by…..

نﺪﻥاﻮﺧزﺎﻤﻥ /

ناﻮﺧ /

ﺪﻥاﻮﺧ

^{to pray}

ﻦﺘﺸﮔﺮﺑ /

دﺮﮔﺮﺑ / ﺖﺸﮔﺮﺑ )

نﺪﻡﺁ ﺲﭘ /

ﺁ / ﺪﻡﺁ (

زا ...

ﻦﺘﺸﮔﺮﺑ

ﻪﺑ ...

ﻦﺘﺸﮔﺮﺑ

to return

to return from….

to return to….

نﺪﺷ صﻼﺧ /

ﻮﺷ /

ﺪﺷ

to run out

نﺪید / ﻦﻴﺑ /

ﺪید

^{to see}

ﻦﺘﺧوﺮﻓ /

شوﺮﻓ /

ﺖﺧوﺮﻓ

^{to sell}

ندﺎﺘﺳﺮﻓ /

ﺖﺳﺮﻓ / دﺎﺘﺳﺮﻓ )

ندﺮﮐ ناور /

ﻦﮐ / دﺮﮐ

(

^{to send}

ندﺮﮐ ﺪیﺮﺧ /

ﻦﮐ / دﺮﮐ

زا ...

ندﺮﮐ ﺪیﺮﺧ

to shop

to shop at…..

ﺸﻥ نﺎ نداد / ﻩد / داد

...

نداد نﺎﺸﻥ ار

ﻪﺑ ...

نداد نﺎﺸﻥ

to show

to show…..

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ﻦﺘﺴﺸﻥ / ﻦﻴﺸﻥ / ﺖﺴﺸﻥ )

ﻦﺘﺸﻴﺷ / ﻦﻴﺷ / ﺖﺸﻴﺷ

(

to sit / to sit down

نﺪﻴﺑاﻮﺧ /

باﻮﺧ / ﺪﻴﺑاﻮﺧ )

نَﺪَﮐﻮَﺧ

(

^{to sleep}

نﺪﻴﺸﮐ تﺮﮕﺳ /

ﺶﮐ / ﺸﮐ

ﺪﻴ

^{to smoke}

نﺪﺷ دﺎﺘﺴیا /

ﻮﺷ /

ﺪﺷ

to stall / to stop

نﺪﻥاﻮﺧ سرد /

ناﻮﺧ /

ﺪﻥاﻮﺧ

^{to study}

ﻦﺘﻓﺮﮔ / ﺮﻴﮔ /

ﺖﻓﺮﮔ

to take (to consume)

ندﺮﺑ / ﺮﺑ /

دﺮﺑ

to take (to escort)

ﻦﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺲﮑﻋ /

ﺮﻴﮔ / ﺖﻓﺮﮔ

ﺲﮑﻋ ...

ﻦﺘﻓﺮﮔار

زا ...

ﻦﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺲﮑﻋ

to take a picture

to take a picture of…..

ﺖﺒﺤﺹ ندﺮﮐ

/ ﻦﮐ / دﺮﮐ ] = ندز ﭗﮔ /

نز / دز [

ﻩرﺎﺑرد )

ء

درﻮﻡرد ... (

ﺖﺒﺤﺹ

ندﺮﮐ = ] ندز ﭗﮔ [

ﺎﺑ ...

ندز ﭗﮔ = ]

ندﺮﮐ ﺖﺒﺤﺹ [

to talk / to speak

to talk about….

to talk to….

to talk with….

ﮑﺸﺗ ندﺮﮐﺮ /

ﻦﮐ / دﺮﮐ

زا ...

ندﺮﮐﺮﮑﺸﺗ

ﺮﻃﺎﺧ ﻪﺑ ...

ندﺮﮐﺮﮑﺸﺗ

to thank

to thank….

to thank for….

ندرﻮﺧرود /

رﻮﺧ /

درﻮﺧ

^{to turn}

ندﺮﮐ ﯽیﻮیﺪیو ﯼﺮﻴﮔ ﻢﻠﻓ /

ﻦﮐ / دﺮﮐ

= ] ﻦﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﯽیﻮیﺪیو ﻢﻠﻓ /

ﺮﻴﮔ / ﺖﻓﺮﮔ [

to videotape

ر ﻩدﺎﻴﭘ ﻦﺘﻓ = ] ﻦﺘﻓر ﯼﺎﭘ ﺎﺑ = ] [

ﻦﺘﻓر ﻩار [

/ ور / ﺖﻓر

to walk

ﻦﺘﺳاﻮﺧ /

ﻩاﻮﺧ /

ﺖﺳاﻮﺧ

^{to want}

نﺪید نﻮیﺰیﻮﻠﺗ /

ﻦﻴﺑ /

ﺪید

to watch TV

ندﺮﮐرﺎﮐ /

ﻦﮐ /

دﺮﮐ

^{to work}

زوﺮﻡِا

^today

ادﺮﻓ

) ﺎﺒﺹ

(

^tomorrow

ﺐﺸﻡِا ) ﻮَﺸﻡِا

(

^tonight

ﻩﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﺶﮐﺮﺗﻮﻡ

^{tow truck}

ﺮﮕﻟﺎﻓاﺮﺗ ناﺪﻴﻡ

Trafalgar Square

ﻪﺒﻨﺷ ﻪﺳ

^Tuesday

ﻪﻥﺎﻔﺳﺄﺘﻡ

= ] ﻪﻥﺎﺘﺨﺑﺪﺑ

[

unfortunately

نﻮﺘﻨهﻮﭘ

university

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ﻩرد

valley / glen

ﯼﺰﺒﺳ )

ﯼرﺎﮐﺮﺗ

(

^vegetable

رﺎﻴﺴﺑ

very / many / much

ﻩﺮﻤﮐ

ﯽیﻮیﺪیو

ء video camera

ﯽیﻮی ﺪیو ﯼرادﺮﺑ ﻢﻠﻓ

video recording

ﻪیﺮﻗ = ] ﻩِد

[

^village

راد ﻪیﺮﻗ = ]

ﮏﻠﻡ

[

village chief / village leader

ﻪیﺮﻗ ناﺪﻴﻡ

village square

ﯽﻟو

Wali (male name)

ﻦﺘﮕﻨﺷاو

Washington

بﺁ ) وَا

(

^water

ﻪﻨﻴﻡ نﺎﺧﺮﺒﮐاﺮیزو

Wazir Akbar Khan Mena (a district)

ﺎﻡ

^we

ﻪﺒﻨﺷرﺎﻬﭼ

^Wednesday

ﻪﺘﻔه

^week

ﺪیﺪﻡﺁ شﻮﺧ

) ! ﻦیﺪﻡﺁ شﻮﺧ

(!

^Welcome!

؟ ﻪﭼ )

؟ﯽﭼ

(

^What?

؟ﺪﻨﭼ ﺖﻋﺎﺳ )

؟ﻪﺠﺑ ﺪﻨﭼ

(

What time?

؟ﺖﻗو ﻪﭼ )

ﺖﺧو ﯽﭼ

؟

(

^When?

؟ﺎﺠﮐ

^Where?

ﺪﻴﻔﺳ

^white

ﺪﻴﻔﺳﺮﺼﻗ

White House

؟ﯽﮐ

^Who?

؟اﺮﭼ

^Why?

ﻊﻴﺳو = ] ﺾیﺮﻋ ) [

رادﺮﺑ

(

^wide

ﻢﻥﺎﺧ = ] نز

[

^wife

ﺎﺑ ) ﻩد

(

with / by (means of)

ﻪﺑ

ﻢﺸﭼ

with pleasure / OK

نز

^woman

رﺎﮐ

^work

لﺎﺳ

^year

ﯽﻠﺑ

^yes

زوﺮید

^yesterday

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ﻮﺗ

you (informal)

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LESSON 9

In the Province

• Vocabulary: Basic topography; names and characteristics of geographical areas

• Grammar: Superlative adjectives, sound stress and word order; the function of the particle /ee/; objects of preposition

• Functions: Ask and tell about important places in a region.

• Skills: Develop an awareness of key regions in Afghanistan. Work with a map.

• Situation: An Afghan talks with a photojournalist about places in the region.

Grammar Notes Superlative adjectives

In Lesson 8, we explained that by adding the suffix ﺮﺗ /tar/ at the end of an adjective, we get the comparative form of that adjective. For example:

Basic form Comparative form

نازرا /ar-zaan/ ‘cheap’ ﺮﺘﻧازرا /ar-zaan-tar/ ‘cheaper’

In order to say ‘cheapest’ in Dari, we simply add the suffix ﻦﻳﺮﺗ /ta-reen/ at the end of the adjective. Thus, نازرا /ar-zaan/‘cheap’ changes to ﻦﻳﺮﺘﻧازرا /ar-zaan-tareen/ ‘cheapest.’

In grammatical terms, this form of the adjective is called the superlative. The three forms of the adjectives نازرا /ar-zaan/ ‘cheap,’ ﺖﻤﻴﻗ /qee-mat/ ‘expensive,’ بﻮﺧ /khoob/ ‘good,’

ﺪﺑ /bad/ ‘bad,’ ﻢﮐ /kam/ ‘little’ and دﺎﻳز /ze-yaad/ ‘much’ are shown below as examples:

Basic form Comparative form Superlative form

نازرا ‘cheap’ ﺮﺘﻧازرا ‘cheaper’ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﻧازرا ‘cheapest’

ﺖﻤﻴﻗ ‘expensive’ ﺮﺗ ﺖﻤﻴﻗ ‘more expensive’ ﻦﻳﺮﺗ ﺖﻤﻴﻗ ‘most expensive’

بﻮﺧ ‘good’ ﺮﺘﺑﻮﺧ ‘better’ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﺑﻮﺧ ‘best’

ﺪﺑ ‘bad’ ﺮﺗ ﺪﺑ ‘worse’ ﻦﻳﺮﺗ ﺪﺑ ‘worst’

ﻢﮐ ‘little’ ﺮﺘﻤﮐ ‘less’ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﻤﮐ ‘least’

دﺎﻳز ‘much’ ﺮﺗ دﺎﻳز‘more’ ﻦﻳﺮﺗ دﺎﻳز ‘most’

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Sound stress

In both the comparative and superlative forms of the adjective, the stress falls on the last syllable. Here are some examples:

.ﺖﺳاﺰﻳدﺮﮔﺮﻬﺷزاﺮﺘﻧﻼﮐ ﻒﻳﺮﺷراﺰﻡﺮﻬﺷ /shah-re ma-zaa-re sha-reef ka-laan-tar az shah-re gar- deyz ast/ ‘The city of Mazar-e-Sharif is bigger than the city of Gardez.’

.ﺖﺳا ﺎﺑﺎﺑ ﻩﻮﮐزاﺮﺗ ﺪﻨﻠﺑ ﺶﮐوﺪﻨه ﻩﻮﮐ /ko-he hen-doo-kush be-land-tar az ko-he baa-baa ast/

‘The Hindu Kush Mountain is higher than the Baba Mountain.’

.ﺖﺳا ﺪﻨﻤﻠه ﯼﺎﻳرد نﺎﺘﺴﻧﺎﻐﻓا ﯼﺎﻳرد ﻦﻳﺮﺗزارد /da-raaz-ta-reen dar-yaa-ye af-ghaa-nes-taan dar-yaa- ye hel-mand ast/

‘The longest river in Afghanistan is the Helmand River.’

.ﺖﺳا نﺎﺘﺴﻧﺎﻐﻓاﺮﻬﺷ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﮔرﺰﺑ ﻞﺑﺎﮐ /kaa-bul bu-zurg-ta-reen shah-re af-ghaa-nes-taan ast/

‘Kabul is the biggest city in Afghanistan.’

Word order

In Lesson 2, we said that Dari adjectives almost always come after the nouns they describe or modify. In the case of superlative adjectives, however, this rule does not apply. That is, superlative adjectives almost always precede the nouns they describe or modify, as seen above in the last two examples.

The function of the particle /ee/ at the end of a noun or an adjective

Adding the particle /ee/ at the end of a noun changes that noun to an adjective. In writing, the /ee/ is represented by the letter ﯼ [yaa]. Likewise, by adding the particle /ee/ at the end of an adjective, we can convert it to a noun. Examples:

نﺎﭘﺎﺟ /jaa-paan/ ‘Japan’ → ﯽﻧﺎﭘﺎﺟ /jaa-paa-nee/ ‘Japanese’ (noun changed to adjective)

خﺮﺳ /surkh/ ‘red’ → ﯽﺧﺮﺳ /sur-khee/ ‘redness’ (adjective changed to noun) If a noun ends with the vowel /aa/, which is represented by the letter ا [alef], the addition of the particle /ee/ at the end will change to /yee/. This new modified particle will be represented in writing by using the letter ﯼ [yaa] twice. The two [yaa] letters together will take the shape of ﯽﻳ /yee/. Examples:

ﺎﮑﻳﺮﻡا /am-ree-kaa/ ‘America’ → ﯽﻳﺎﮑﻳﺮﻡا /am-ree-kaa-yee/ ‘American’

ﺖﺳا ﯽﻳﺎﮑﻳﺮﻡا ﺖﺴﻝﺎﻧروژ ﮏﻳ ﯼدﻮﺟ

. /joo-dee yak zhor-naa-les-te am-ree-kaa-yee ast/

‘Judy is an American journalist.’

ﺖﺳا ﯽﻳﺎﻴﻝاﺮﺘﺳﺁﺮﺟﺎﺗ ﮏﻳ ﻞﮑﻳﺎﻡ

. /maay-kal yak taa-je-re aas-ta-raal-yaa-yee ast/

‘Michael is an Australian businessman.’

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When converting a noun that ends with the syllable /yaa/ to an adjective, there are usually two options:

• We can add the particle /yee/ at the end, or:

• We can replace the syllable /yaa/ with the particle /a-wee/.

Look at the following examples and compare:

Noun Adjective

ﺎﻴﻝﺎﺘﻳا /ee-taal-yaa/ ‘Italy’ ﯽﻳﺎﻴﻝﺎﺘﻳا /ee-taal-yaa-yee/ ‘Italian’

or: ﯼﻮﻝﺎﺘﻳا /ee-taa-la-wee/ ‘Italian’

ﺎﻴﻧﺎﭙﺳا /as-paan-yaa/ ‘Spain’ ﯽﻳﺎﻴﻧﺎﭙﺳا /as-paan-yaa-yee/ ‘Spanish’

or: ﯼﻮﻧﺎﭙﺳا /as-paa-na-wee/ ‘Spanish’

Nouns like ﻪﺴﻧاﺮﻓ /fa-raan-sa/ ‘France’ and ﻪﻴﺳور /roos-ya/ ‘Russia’ receive different endings when changed to an adjective:

ﻪﺴﻧاﺮﻓ /fa-raan-sa/ ‘France’ ﯼﻮﺴﻧاﺮﻓ /fa-raan-sa-wee/ ‘French’

ﻪﻴﺳور /roos-ya/ ‘Russia’ ﯽﺳور /roo-see/ ‘Russian’

There are additional rules that apply to words ending with the letters و [wau] and ﻩ [hey], when converting nouns to adjectives or vice versa. These will be discussed in future lessons.

Objects of preposition

In Lesson 8, you learned about direct objects. They can be either definite or indefinite. In Dari, the definite direct object is marked by the particle ار /raa/, while the indefinite direct object is not.

Direct objects are tied to specific verbs, such as ﻦﺘﺷاد شﻮﺧ /khush dash-tan/ ‘to like,’ نﺪﻳد /dee-dan/ ‘to see,’ نﺪﻳﺮﺧ /kha-ree-dan/ ‘to buy,’ etc. Examples:

مراد شﻮﺧ ار ﺲﮑﻋ ﻦﻳا ﻦﻡ

. /man een aks raa khush daa-ram/

‘I like this picture.’ (definite direct object) ﺪﻨﻴﺑ ﯽﻡ ار ﺪﻨﻤﻠه ﯼﺎﻳرد وا

. /o dar-yaa-ye hel-mand raa mey-bee-nad/

‘He/She sees the Helmand River.’ (definite direct object) ﺮﺗﻮﻡ ﮏﻳ ﺪﻴﻤﺣ

دﺮﺨﻴﻡ نازرا

. /ha-meed yak mo-ta-re ar-zaan mey-kha-rad/

‘Hamid is buying a cheap car.’ (indefinite direct object)

Other objects can be tied to prepositions. Such an object of preposition does not take the particle ار /raa/, because it is not directly affected by the subject. Instead, it requires a

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widely used prepositions are زا /az/ ‘from’ and ﻪﺑ /ba/ ‘to.’ As a matter of fact, ﻪﺑ /ba/ ‘to’

is used extensively. Take note of ﻦﺘﻓر /raf-tan/ ‘to go,’ ندﺮﮐ ﯽﮔﺪﻧز /zen-da-gee kar-dan/ ‘to live,’ ندﺮﮐ ﺪﻳﺮﺧ /kha-reed kar-dan/ ‘to shop,’ as examples of verbs which typically go with prepositions and their objects:

.دوﺮﻴﻡ تاﺮه ﻪﺑ ﻒﻳﺮﺷ /sha-reef ba he-raat mey-ra-wad/

‘Sharif goes to Herat.’

.ﺪﻨﻨﮑﻴﻡ ﯽﮔﺪﻧز ﻞﺑﺎﮐرد ﺎﻬﻧﺁ /aan-haa dar ka-bul zen-da-gee mey-ku-nand/

‘They live in Kabul.’

.ﻢﻨﮑﻴﻡ ﺪﻳﺮﺧرازﺎﺑزا ﻦﻡ /man az baa-zaar kha-reed mey-ku-nam/

‘I shop at the market.’ (Lit., ‘I shop from the market.’) .دوﺮﻴﻡﻮﻠﻐﻧ ﺪﻨﺑ ﻪﺑ ﯼدﻮﺟ /joo-dee ba ban-de nagh-loo mey-ra-wad/

‘Judy goes to the Naghloo Dam.’

.دﺮﻴﮕﻴﻡ ﺲﮑﻋ قﺮﺑ ﺪﻨﺑ زا وا /o az ban-de barq aks mey-gee-rad/

‘She takes pictures of the power dam.’ (Lit., ‘She takes pictures from the power dam.’)

The verbs نداد نﺎﺸﻧ /ne-shaan daa-dan/ ‘to show’ and ندﺮﮐ ﯽﻳﺎﻤﻨهر /rah-nu-maa-yee kar- dan/ ‘to guide,’ introduced in this lesson, are from the category of verbs that can take a direct object and an object of preposition. Look at the examples illustrated below:

ار ﺎﻤﺷ وا ﺪﻨﮑﻴﻡ ﯽﻳﺎﻤﻨهر نارﻮﺘﺳر ﻪﺑ

.

‘He/She guides you to the restaurant.’

ﺪﻴهﺪﺑ نﺎﺸﻧ ﺪﻴﻤﺣ ﻪﺑ ار ﺎه ﺲﮑﻋ ﻦﻳا

!

‘Show these pictures to Hamid!’

or: ‘Show Hamid these pictures!’

You saw above that the English verb ‘to show’ was used once with and once without a preposition. Similarly, the Dari verb ندﺮﮐ ﮏﻤﮐ /ku-mak kar-dan/ ‘to help,’ can be used either with the particle ار /raa/ or the preposition ﻪﺑ /ba/ ’to.’ Example:

Direct object Object of preposition

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.دﺮﮐ ﻢهاﻮﺧ ﮏﻤﮐ ار ﺎﻤﺷ ﻦﻡ /man shu-maa raa ku-mak khwaa-ham kard/

‘I will help you.’

.دﺮﮐ ﻢهاﻮﺧ ﮏﻤﮐ ﺎﻤﺷ ﻪﺑ ﻦﻡ /man ba shu-maa ku-mak khwaa-ham kard/

‘I will help you.’ (Lit., ‘I will provide help to you.’)

(24)

Lesson Vocabulary

Listen and then write the English transliteration of the Dari words:

ﻮﮐ

ﻩ

^mountain

ﻩرد

valley / glen

ﺖﺷد

^desert

ﺎﻳرد

^river

ﻞﺗﻮﮐ

mountain pass

ﯽﮕﻨﺗ

^gorge

قﺮﺑ ﺪﻨﺑ

^{power dam}

ﺖﺴﻝﺎﻧروژ

journalist

ﺎﺟ ) ﯼﺎﺟ

(

^place

ﺲﮑﻋ

picture / photograph

زارد

^long

ﻩﺎﺗﻮﮐ

^short

ﺪﻨﻠﺑ

^high

ﻊﻴﺳو = ] ﺾﻳﺮﻋ ) [

رادﺮﺑ

(

^wide

ﮏﻳرﺎﺑ = ]

ﮓﻨﺗ [

= ] ضﺮﻌﻤﮐ ) [

ﺮﺒﻤﮐ (

narrow

(25)

ﻢﻬﻡ

^important

فوﺮﻌﻡ = ]

رﻮﻬﺸﻡ

[

^famous

ﮎﺎﻧﺮﻄﺧ

^dangerous

ﯽﻳﺎﮑﻳﺮﻡا

American (nationality)

ﯽﻧﺎﭘﺎﺟ

^Japanese

(nationality/language)

ﯽﻧاﺮﻳا

Iranian (nationality)

ﯼﻮﺴﻧاﺮﻓ

^French

(nationality/language)

ﯽﻳﺎﻴﻝاﺮﺘﺳﺁ

Australian (nationality)

ﻦﻴﻨﮐ ﮏﻤﮐ ﻩر ﻪﻡ ﻦﻴﻧﺎﺗ ﯽﻡ

؟

١ Can you help me?

ﯽﻧ اﺮﭼ

٢

.

Sure. / With pleasure.

ﻦﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺲﮑﻋ /

ﺮﻴﮔ /

ﺖﻓﺮﮔ

to take a picture

ندﺮﮐ ﯽﻳﺎﻤﻨهر /

ﻦﮐ /

دﺮﮐ

^{to guide}

نﺎﺸﻧ نداد / ﻩد /

داد

^{to show}

ندﺮﮐ ﮏﻤﮐ /

ﻦﮐ /

دﺮﮐ

^{to help}

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Homework

A.

You will hear five expressions. Four fit together logically but one does not.

Which one does not fit? Write it down in Dari.

What do the others have in common?

B.

Listen and fill in the blanks with the missing words. Then translate each item into English.

ﺪﻨﻤﻠه ﯼﺎﻳرد _

______________

ﺖﺳا نﺎﺘﺴﻧﺎﻐﻓا ﯼﺎﻳرد .

ﺖﺴﻝﺎﻧروژ ﮏﻳ ﯼدﻮﺟ _

___________

ﺖﺳا .

ﻦﻳﺮﺘﻧﻼﮐ ﻮﻠﻐﻧ ﺪﻨﺑ ______________

ﺖﺳا نﺎﺘﺴﻧﺎﻐﻓا .

ﻪﻧﺎﺧ نﺎﻤﻬﻡ ﻪﺑ ار ﺎه ﺖﺴﻝﺎﻧروژوا ____________

.

ﻩﻮﮐ ﮏﻳ ﺶﮐوﺪﻨه __________

ﺖﺳا .

C. Write the comparative and superlative forms of the following adjectives.

‘high’

ﺪﻨﻠﺑ

Æ Æ

‘short’

ﻩﺎﺗﻮﮐ

^Æ

‘important’

ﻢﻬﻡ

^Æ

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D. Write the following in Dari:

This gorge is very dangerous.

Afghanistan has high mountains.

A French journalist takes pictures of the Bamyan Valley.

I will show you the famous places.

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Narrative (Structures)

As you work through the narrative model on the following page, you will discover examples of these structures:

Structure Dari

English transliteration

adjectives (superlative form)

adjective derived from a noun

‘to guide’ in the present tense

‘to take pictures’ in subjunctive mood (‘wants to…’)

First listen to the model, one sentence at a time, and practice along with the native

speaker. Which structure from the grid is present in the model? In the right-hand column, write the way it sounds in English transliteration. Next, find the corresponding part in the text and copy it in the center column. By the end of the hour you should have all cells of the grid filled with (at least) one example.

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Narrative (Model)

ﺖﺳا ﯽﻳﺎﮑﻳﺮﻡا ﺖﺴﻝﺎﻧروژ ﮏﻳ ﯼدﻮﺟ .

و ﺎه ﺎﻳرد ،ﺎه ﻩﻮﮐ زا ﺪهاﻮﺧ ﯽﻡ ﯼدﻮﺟ

دﺮﻴﮕﺑ ﺲﮑﻋ نﺎﺘﺴﻧﺎﻐﻓا ﯼﺎه ﺎﺟ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﻓوﺮﻌﻡ .

ﺖﺳا نﺎﻐﻓا ﮏﻳ ﺪﻳﺮﻓ .

ار ﯼدﻮﺟ وا

ﺪﻨﮑﻴﻡ ﯽﻳﺎﻤﻨهر .

ﺖﺳا ﺶﮐوﺪﻨه ﻩﻮﮐ نﺎﺘﺴﻧﺎﻐﻓا ﻩﻮﮐ ﻦﻳﺮﺗ ﺪﻨﻠﺑ .

ﯼﺎﻳرد ﻦﻳﺮﺗ زارد

ﺖﺳا ﺪﻨﻤﻠه ﯼﺎﻳرد نﺎﺘﺴﻧﺎﻐﻓا .

ﺪﻨﺑ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﻧﻼﮐ ﺖﺳا ﻮﻠﻐﻧ ﺪﻨﺑ نﺎﺘﺴﻧﺎﻐﻓا قﺮﺑ

.

1.

Listen as the model is played in segments, repeatedly. Do you understand what is being said?

2. As you pronounce the words along with the recorded voice, practice sounding like the native speaker.

3. Next, discover the structures listed in the grid on the previous page, and fill them in.

4. You may be called to the SmartBoard to point out items such as proper names, verbs, adjectives, direct object(s) marked by /raa/, etc.

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Narrative (Variations)

و ﺎه ﺎﻳرد ،ﺎه ﻩﻮﮐ زا ﺪهاﻮﺧ ﯽﻡ ﯼدﻮﺟ .ﺖﺳا ﯽﻳﺎﮑﻳﺮﻡا ﺖﺴﻝﺎﻧروژ ﮏﻳ ﯼدﻮﺟ ار ﯼدﻮﺟ وا .ﺖﺳا نﺎﻐﻓا ﮏﻳ ﺪﻳﺮﻓ .دﺮﻴﮕﺑ ﺲﮑﻋ نﺎﺘﺴﻧﺎﻐﻓا ﯼﺎه ﺎﺟ ﻦﻳﺮﺗ فوﺮﻌﻡ ﯼﺎﻳرد ﻦﻳﺮﺗ زارد .ﺖﺳا ﺶﮐوﺪﻨه ﻩﻮﮐ نﺎﺘﺴﻧﺎﻐﻓا ﻩﻮﮐ ﻦﻳﺮﺗ ﺪﻨﻠﺑ .ﺪﻨﮑﻴﻡ ﯽﻳﺎﻤﻨهر .ﺖﺳا ﻮﻠﻐﻧ ﺪﻨﺑ نﺎﺘﺴﻧﺎﻐﻓا قﺮﺑ ﺪﻨﺑ ﻦﻳﺮﺗ نﻼﮐ .ﺖﺳا ﺪﻨﻤﻠه ﯼﺎﻳرد نﺎﺘﺴﻧﺎﻐﻓا

1. Create new narratives about other foreign journalists, their guides and agendas by choosing different words or options from the box to replace the shaded parts of the text.

Work with the map of Afghanistan.

2. Use the remaining class time to practice talking about or quizzing each other on some famous areas or landmarks in the world.

ﻩرد ﮓﻨﺗ تﺮﺑار ﻮﻧ ﯽﮕﻨﺗ ﺪﻴﻤﺣ

فوﺮﻌﻡ ﮏﻤﮐ رﻮﻬﺸﻡ گرﺰﺑ ﮎﺎﻧﺮﻄﺧ ﻊﻴﺳو ﺮﻴﺒﮐ نﺎﺟ ﯽﮐﺮﺗ ﯽﻧﺎﻤﻝﺁ ﺖﻳﺮﮔرﺎﻡ ﯽﻧﺎﭘﺎﺟ

ﺸﻗ

ﺪﻴهﺎﻧ لﻮﺒﻘﻡ ﻞﺗﻮﮐ ﻩﺎﺗﻮﮐ ﮓﻨ

ﻪﻨﻬﮐ ﺖﺷد ﮏﭼﻮﮐ ﻢﻬﻡ ﯼﻮﺴﻧاﺮﻓ

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Exchange (Structures)

1. As you work through the exchange models on the next page, you will discover examples of conversational forms that differ from formal Dari. Write first how they sound, then copy the Dari word(s) from the scripts. Also note their meaning:

Meaning Dari

English transliteration

2. You will also find out some information. Write this information briefly in formal Dari:

Judy Amu Hindu Kush Helmand

3. Now ask questions and talk about what you listed above. Practice both Yes-No and “Who is…” “What is…” questions.

(32)

Exchange (Models) Judy asks Farid to help her take some pictures.

ﯼدﻮﺟ : ﻢﺘﺳا ﯼدﻮﺟ ﻪﻡ .

ﻢﺘﺳا ﯽﻳﺎﮑﻳﺮﻡا ﺖﺴﻝﺎﻧروژ ﮏﻳ ﻪﻡ .

ﮏﻤﮐ ﻩر ﻪﻡ ﻦﻴﻧﺎﺗ ﯽﻡ

؟ﻦﻴﻨﮐ

ﺪﻳﺮﻓ : ﯽﻧ اﺮﭼ

.

؟ﻦﻳرادرﺎﮐ ﮏﻤﮐ ﯽﭼ

ﯼدﻮﺟ : ﺲﮑﻋ قﺮﺑ ﺪﻨﺑ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﻤﻬﻡ و ﺎﻳرد ﻦﻳﺮﺗ زارد ،ﻩﻮﮐ ﻦﻳﺮﺗ ﺪﻨﻠﺑزا ﻢﻳﺎﺨﻴﻡ ﻪﻡ

مﺮﻴﮕﺑ .

ﺪﻳﺮﻓ : بﻮﺧ رﺎﻴﺴﺑ

. ﻢﻨﮑﻴﻡ ﮏﻤﮐ ﺎﻤﺷ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻡ .

ﯼدﻮﺟ :

؟سا ماﺪﮐ نﺎﺘﺴﻧﺎﻐﻓا ﻩﻮﮐ ﻦﻳﺮﺗ ﺪﻨﻠﺑ

ﺪﻳﺮﻓ : ﺶﮐوﺪﻨه ﻩﻮﮐ

.

ﯼدﻮﺟ :

؟سا ماﺪﮐ نﺎﺘﺴﻧﺎﻐﻓا ﯼﺎﻳرد ﻦﻳﺮﺗزارد

ﺪﻳﺮﻓ : ﺪﻨﻤﻠه ﯼﺎﻳرد

.

ﯼدﻮﺟ :

؟ﺲﻴﻧ ﻮﻡﺁ ،ﺎﻳرد ﻦﻳﺮﺗزارد

ﺪﻳﺮﻓ : ﯽﻧ

. سا ﺎﻳرد ﻦﻳﺮﺘﻌﻴﺳو ﻮﻡﺁ .

ﯼدﻮﺟ :

؟ﻦﻴﺘﻴﻡ نﺎﺸﻧ ﻩر ﻮﻡﺁ ﯼﺎﻳرد ﺲﮑﻋ

ﺪﻳﺮﻓ : مراﺪﻧ ﻩر ﻮﻡﺁ ﯼ ﺎﻳرد ﺲﮑﻋ،ﻦﻴﺸﺨﺒﺑ

.

1.

Listen as each exchange is played in segments, repeatedly. Do you understand what is being said?

2. As you pronounce the words along with the recorded voices, practice sounding like the native speakers.

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Exchange (Models)

1. Unscramble the words underneath each of the following pictures to find out what is shown.

2. Time permitting, write out the captions.

ﻦﻳﺮﺘﮕﻨﺸﻗ ءﻩرد نﺎﺘﺴﻧﺎﻐﻓا ﺖﺳا ﺰﻴﺸﺠﻨﭘ ءﻩرد

(34)

ﯽﮕﻨﺗ ﺖﺳا نﺎﺘﺴﻧﺎﻐﻓا نﺎﻏﺮﻘﺷﺎﺗ ﯽﮕﻨﺗ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﮕﻨﺗ

ﻦﻳﺮﺘﻌﻴﺳو

نﺎﺘﺴﻧﺎﻐﻓا ﺖﺳا ﺖﺷد ﻩاﻮﮑﺑ ﺖﺷد

(35)

ﻮﻠﻐﻧ ﺪﻨﺑ نﺎﺘﺴﻧﺎﻐﻓا قﺮﺑ ﺪﻨﺑ ﺖﺳا ﻦﻳﺮﺘﻧﻼﮐ

(36)

نﺎﻴﻡﺎﺑ ءﻩرد ﺮﻴﺸﺠﻨﭘ ءﻩرد زا ﺮﺘﻌﻴﺳو ﺖﺳا

(37)

ﺮﺘﻓوﺮﻌﻡ

ﺖﺳا ﺮﺒﻴﺧ ﻞﺗﻮﮐ

ﮓﻨﻝﺎﺳ ﻞﺗﻮﮐ

زا

(38)

ﺸﺠﻨﭘ ﯼﺎﻳرد ﺮﺘﻧﻼﮐ ﻮﻡﺁ ﯼﺎﻳرد ﺖﺳا زا ﺮﻴ

(39)

Exchange (Variations)

ﻒﻝا : ﻢﺘﺳا ﻞﮑﻳﺎﻡ ﻪﻡ .

ﮏﻳ ﻪﻡ ________

ﻢﺘﺳا ﯽﻳﺎﻴﻝاﺮﺘﺳﺁ .

ﻩر ﻪﻡ ﻦﻴﻧﺎﺗ ﯽﻡ

ﮏﻤﮐ _________

؟

ب : __________

. ؟ﻦﻳراد رﺎﮐ ﮏﻤﮐ ﯽﭼ

ﻒﻝا : ﯼﺎهﺮﻬﺷ زا ﻢﻳﺎﺨﻴﻡ ﻪﻡ ________

نﺎﺘﺴﻧﺎﻐﻓا ________

ﮕﺑ مﺮﻴ .

ب : بﻮﺧ رﺎﻴﺴﺑ .

ﺎﻤﺷ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻡ ________

ﻢﻨﮑﻴﻡ .

1.

Listen.

2. Fill in the blanks.

^©^UNEP

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Exchange (Variations)

Create new exchanges by choosing different words from the box to replace the shaded parts of the dialogs. Form groups of three or four. One of you will be the Afghan guide, the others will be the foreigners. Give yourselves new nationalities and professions.

Introduce yourselves as a group (“We…”) and present your agenda in the same way (“We…”) The guide will respond appropriately. Select from these options:

• A group of French doctors wants to go to the poorest village; they want to help the people.

• A group of Australian engineers wants to go to the most dangerous gorge; they want to take pictures.

• A group of Iranian teachers wants to go to the closest (nearby) valley; they want to see it.

• A group of Japanese businessmen wants to go to the biggest cities; they want to sell radios.

ﻒﻝا / ب : ﺎﻡ

ﯼﺎهﺮﺘﮐاد ﯼﻮﺴﻧاﺮﻓ

ﻢﻴﺘﺳا . ﻩر ﺎﻡ ﻦﻴﻧﺎﺘﻴﻡ ﮏﻤﮐ

؟ﻦﻴﻨﮐ

ج : ﻴﻡ ﺎﺠﮐ ﻪﺑ ؟ﯽﻧاﺮﭼ

؟ﻦﻳﺮﺑ ﻦﻴﻳﺎﺨ

ﻒﻝا / ب : ﻪﺑ ﻪﮐ ﻢﻴﻳﺎﺨﻴﻡ ﺎﻡ

ﺮﻴﻘﻓ ﻦﻳﺮﺗ ﻪﻳﺮﻗ ﻢﻳﺮﺑ .

ج :

؟ﻦﻴﻨﮑﺑ ﻦﻴﻳﺎﺨﻴﻡ ﯽﭼ ﻪﺠﻧوا ﻩد

ﻒﻝا / ب : ﻢﻴﻳﺎﺨﻴﻡ

مدﺮﻡ ﻪﺑ ﻢﻴﻨﮐ ﮏﻤﮐ

.

ج : بﻮﺧرﺎﻴﺴﺑ

. ﻩر ﺎﻤﺷ ﻪﻡ ﯽﻳﺎﻤﻨهر

ﻢﻨﮑﻴﻡ .

ﻒﻝا / ب : ﺎﻡ

ﺮﻴﻨﻴﺠﻧا ﯼﺎه

ﯽﻳﺎﻴﻝاﺮﺘﺳﺁ ﻢﻴﺘﺳا

. ﻢﻳراد جﺎﻴﺘﺣا ﺎﻤﺷ ﮏﻤﮐ ﻪﺑ .

ج : ﺎﻤﺷ ﻢﻧﺎﺘﻴﻡ رﻮﻄﭼ ﻪﻡ

؟ﻢﻨﮐ ﮏﻤﮐ ﻩر

ﻒﻝا / ب : ﻪﺑ ﻢﻴﻳﺎﺨﻴﻡ ﺎﻡ

ﮎﺎﻧﺮﻄﺧ ﻦﻳﺮﺗ

ﯽﮕﻨﺗ ﻢﻳﺮﺑ .

ج :

؟ﻦﻴﻨﮑﺑ ﻦﻴﻳﺎﺨﻴﻡ ﯽﭼ ﻪﺠﻧوا ﻩد

ﻒﻝا / ب : زا ﻢﻴﻳﺎﺨﻴﻡ

ﯽﮕﻨﺗ ﻢﻳﺮﻴﮕﺑ ﺲﮑﻋ .

؟ﻦﻴﻨﮐ ﯽﻳﺎﻤﻨهر ﻩر ﺎﻡ ﻦﻴﻧﺎﺘﻴﻡ

ج : ﯽﻧاﺮﭼ

. ﻢﻨﮑﻴﻡ ﯽﻳﺎﻤﻨهر ﻩر ﺎﻤﺷ ﻪﻡ .

ﻩرد نﺎﻘهد ﺮﻬﺷ ﯼﻮﺴﻧاﺮﻓ

ﻢﻠﻌﻡ ﺖﺷد

ﮎﺎﻧﺮﻄﺧ

ﺮﻴﻨﻴﺠﻧا ﯽﮕﻨﺗ

ﯽﻧاﺮﻳا زارد قﺮﺑ ﺪﻨﺑ

دﺮﮔﺎﺷ ﻩﺎﺗﻮﮐ

ﯽﻳﺎﮑﻳﺮﻡا ﺮﺴﻴﻓوﺮﭘ ﺪﻨﻠﺑ فوﺮﻌﻡ ﻩﻮﮐ ﻢﻬﻡ ﺮﺟﺎﺗ

ﺎﻳرد ﮏﻤﮐ ﮏﻳدﺰﻧ ﯽﻧﺎﭘﺎﺟ گرﺰﺑ ﻪﻨﻬﮐ ﯽﻳﺎﻴﻝاﺮﺘﺳﺁ

رود ﯽﺳور ﮏﭼﻮﮐ ﯽﮐﺮﺗ ﯽﻧﺎﻤﻝﺁ لﻮﺒﻘﻡ ﯼﺪﻨه ﯽﻳﺎﻤﻨهر

ﺮﮔرﺎﮐ ﻞﺗﻮﮐ ﻮﻧ ﮓﻨﺗ ﻊﻴﺳو ﺮﺘﮐاد

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Drills

Time permitting, your instructor will conduct additional activities, such as transformation drill (singular nouns to plural, or basic adjective to superlative form), on-the-spot translation, number dictation, verb conjugation, etc. You may also be given a pop vocabulary quiz.

(42)

Extended Practice

These are suggestions for personalized and integrated activities. Work briskly through the warm-up steps. Be prepared when you are called on. Your instructor will manage the time so that no more than 10 minutes are spent on the warm-up.

Warm-up (only one student per task)

1. Quickly say five or more adjectives that can describe geographical landmarks.

2. Name five important Afghan cities and have a classmate show them on the map.

3. Give five or more nationalities.

4. Tell five topographical features found in Afghanistan.

5. Ask your teacher if he or she takes pictures. If yes, request a slide (picture) show.

6. Say an adjective. Your classmates supply the comparative and superlative forms.

7. Dictate to your classmates five verb forms from this lesson. They will have to write and say what each means.

Talking about an interesting country / state / province

Choose a region you know well. Think about what topographical features exist in this place. Mention those that you can in Dari. Prepare notes.

Now talk about the region or country.

(43)

Role-plays

One of the following situations is outlined in Dari. Which one?

ﺪﻴﺘﺴه نﺎﺘﺴﻧﺎﻐﻓا ءﻩدﺎﺘﻓارود ءﻪﻘﻄﻨﻡ ﮏﻳ رد ﺎﻤﺷ .

ﺎﻤﺷ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻳراد تروﺮﺿ ﺎﻤﻨهر ﮏﻳ ﻪﺑ

دزﺎﺳ ﺎﻨﺷﺁ ﻪﺣﺎﺳ نﺁ ﺎﺑ ار .

ﺪﻴهﺪﺑ مﻼﺳ ﺎﻤﻨهر ﻪﺑ .

ﺪﻴﻨﮐ ﯽﻓﺮﻌﻡ ار دﻮﺧ .

ﻪﮐ ﺪﻴﻳﻮﮕﺑ وا ﻪﺑ

ﺪﻴﻨﻴﺒﺑ ﺪﻴهاﻮﺧ ﯽﻡ ار ﺎه ﺎﺟ ماﺪﮐ .

دراد ﭗﺳا ود ﺎﻤﻨهر ﺎﻳﺁ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻴﺳﺮﭙﺑ .

ﻢهﺎﻔﺗ ﮏﻳ ﻪﺑوا ﺎﺑ

ﺪﻴﺳﺮﺑ .

Now act out these role-plays with a partner.

(1) You need a guide to take you around in a remote area of Afghanistan.

• Greet the guide.

• Introduce yourself.

• Say which places you want to see.

• Ask if the guide has two horses.

• Come to an agreement.

(3) Talk to an Afghan acquaintance about some

dangerous mountains, deserts, gorges and rivers in the U.S. (such as Mt. Rainier, Death Valley, the Grand Canyon, the Colorado River, etc.). Your counterpart asks you about the most dangerous city, wondering if it is Dallas.

(2) You are on a photo shoot. The villagers in the remote area are camera shy. Tell the village elder that you wish to take photos. Mention which village sites and which people you would like to photograph.

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Authentic Material

Recognize words in short texts. Practice reading, pronouncing, listening and writing. Hone your dictionary skills.

1. What is being advertised here?

2. Underline the adjectives. What do the first three have in common?

3. In pairs, one student tells a place of origin. The other gives the name of a corresponding manufacturer.

1. Guess what kind of school this is. (Hint: Sound out the underlined word.) Now look up the meaning of the underlined word. Did you guess correctly?

2. How many days a week do they offer their service? Quote it in Dari.

3. Look up the circled word to understand what they are proud of.

4. Find the three adjectives. Convert them into nouns and write them out.

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1. Look over the two texts. Find the word they both share. (Hint: The second text uses a related form.)

2. What type of business is this advertisement for?

3.

Listen to a commercial. Which of the two ads was recorded?

4. Find the adjective in the superlative form and circle it.

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LESSON 10

A Friendly Chat

• Vocabulary: Locations, activities, time expressions

• Grammar: Past tense of verbs

• Functions: Ask and talk about past events. Extend, accept, decline an invitation to show pictures.

• Skills: Develop a socio-cultural awareness about Afghans traveling abroad.

• Situation: A friend asks another about having been out of town and is invited over to the house for more details.

Grammar Notes Past tense

In Dari, the simple past tense indicates a single action that occurred in the past, as in:

I watched a movie. It is not used for repeated action, as in: I walked home every day. In Dari, we form the simple past tense based on the following pattern:

Past stem of the verb + Personal endings

Past stem of the verb

The past stem of a verb is isolated by removing the syllable /an/, which is shown by the letter ن [noon], at the end of its infinitive form:

Infinitive Past stem

١ندﻮﺑ /boo-dan/ ‘to be’ دﻮﺑ /bood/

ﻦﺘﻓر /raf-tan/ ‘to go’ ﺖﻓر /raft/

نﺪﻳد /dee-dan/ ‘to see’ ﺪﻳد /deed/

ندرﻮﺧ /khor-dan/ ‘to eat’ درﻮﺧ /khord/

نﺪﻳﺮﺧ /kha-ree-dan/ ‘to buy’ ﺪﻳﺮﺧ /kha-reed/

1 In Lesson 1, we mentioned that there are two equivalents for the verb ‘to be’ in Dari: ﻦﺘﺴه /has-tan/ and ﻦﺘﺱا /as-tan/. We also said that ﻦﺘﺴه is no longer used. Besides ﻦﺘﺱا and ﻦﺘﺴه, ندﻮﺑ /boodan/ is a third infinitive that means ‘to be.’ In this example, the usage of ندﻮﺑ instead of ﻦﺘﺴه or ﻦﺘﺱا helps us to illustrate how we get the past

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Personal endings

Personal endings for the past tense are different from those used for the present tense. Let’s look at the past personal endings in the examples below:

ﻢﺘﻓر ﻦﻣ /man raf-tam/ ‘I went’

ﯽﺘﻓر ﻮﺕ/ too raf-tee/ ‘You went’

وا

ﺖﻓر /o raft/ ‘He/She/It went’

ﻢﻴﺘﻓر ﺎﻣ /maa raf-teym/ ‘We went’

ﺪﻴﺘﻓر ﺎﻤﺷ /shu-maa raf-teyd/ ‘You went’

ﺪﻨﺘﻓر ﺎﻬﻧﺁ /aan-haa raf-tand/ ‘They went’

Note: The verb forms for he/she/it take no personal endings—they are simply the past stem.

The following are more examples of past tense verbs. None of them indicate habitual, repeated action:

.دﻮﺑ ﻮﮑﺱﺎﻣ رد ﻪﺘﺷﺬﮔ ﻩﺎﻣ بﺎهو * ‘Wahab was in Moscow last month.’

.دز ﭗﮔ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ءﻩرﺎﺑردو ﺪﻳد ار ﺎه ﺲﮑﻋرﻮﮑﺷ ‘Shukoor saw the pictures and talked about them.’

؟ﺪﻴﺘﻓر دﺎﺑﺁ مﻼﺱا ﻪﺑ ﺖﻗو ﻪﭼ ﺎﻤﺷ ‘When did you go to Islamabad?’

.مدرﻮﺧ دﺎﻳز ﯼﻮﺴﻧاﺮﻓ ﯼاﺬﻏ ﻦﻣ ،ﺲﻳرﺎﭘرد ‘In Paris, I ate a lot of French food.’

’ . in New Delhi last month were

Nazi and Ali ‘

ﺪﻳﺪﺟ ﯽﻠهد رد ﻪﺘﺷﺬﮔ ﻩﺎﻣ ﯽﻠﻋو ﯼزﺎﻧ دﻮﺑ

ﺪﻧ .

.ﺪﻧدﺮﮐ ﺖﺒﺤﺻ ﻞﺤﻣ جﺎﺕ ءﻩرﺎﺑرد ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ‘They talked about the Taj Mahal.’

* Note: Starting with this lesson, the English transliteration of full Dari sentences will be phased out.

Word stress

In the past tense in Dari, stress falls on the syllable preceding the personal endings of the verbs; i.e., /am/, /ee/, /eym/, /eyd/, /and/. Look at the following examples:

ﻦﺘﺷﺬﮔ /gu-zash-tan/ ‘to pass’ ﻢﺘﺷﺬﮔ ﻦﻣ /man gu-zash-tam/ ‘I passed’ (the stress is on /zash/) نﺪﻳﺮﺧ /kha-ree-dan/ ‘to buy’ ﯼﺪﻳﺮﺧﻮﺕ /too kha-ree-dee/ ‘You passed’ (the stress is on /ree/)

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The diacritic mark [du-za-bar] ( ً ) or [tan-ween]

As you may recall from the alphabet lessons, [tan-ween] is a change in the way a letter is pronounced. In writing, this change is indicated by the diacritic mark called [du-za-bar], that is two bars written above the letter.

[Tan-ween] is most common among Dari words of Arabic origin where the letter ا [alef] is pronounced not /aa/ but /an/. The example that appears in the current lesson is ًﺎﺒﻳﺮﻘﺕ /taq-ree- ban/ ‘approximately.’ Notice that the word ends with the letter ا [alef] but has the diacritics [du-za-bar] above it to indicate that the ending sound is /an/ not /aa/. In writing, these

diacritics are sometimes omitted. Here is another example of a word ending with [tan-ween]:

ًﻻﻮﻤﻌﻣ /ma’-moo-lan/ ‘usually.’ While some Dari speakers may use [du-za-bar] and [tan- ween] interchangeably, the usage described above is standard.

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Lesson Vocabulary

Listen and then write the English transliteration of the Dari words:

ﺖﻋﺎﺱ

^hour

زور

^day

ﻪﺘﻔه

^week

ﻩﺎﻣ

^month

لﺎﺱ

^year

زوﺮﻳد

^yesterday

زوﺮﻣِا

^today

ﺐﺸﻳد

= ] ﻪﺘﺷﺬﮔ ﺐﺷ )[

ﻮَﺸﻳد

(

last night

ﺐﺸﻣِا ) ﻮَﺸﻣِا

(

^tonight

ﻪﺘﺷﺬﮔ

last / past

؟تﺪﻣ ﻪﭼ = ]

؟ﺖﻗو رﺪﻘﭼ [

) ﺖﺧو ﻪﻘﭼ

؟ (

How long?

ﯼاﺮﺑ ) ﺮﺑ ﯼ

(

^for

ﻩرﺎﺑرد = ]

ء

درﻮﻣرد [

= ] ﻪﺑ ﻊﺟار [

about

ًﺎﺒﻳﺮﻘﺕ

approximately

ﯽﻳﻮﻳ ﺪﻳو ﯼرادﺮﺑ ﻢﻠﻓ

video recording

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دﺎﺑﺁ مﻼﺱا

^Islamabad

ﺪﻳﺪﺟ ﯽﻠهد

= ] ﻮﻧ ﯽﻠهد

[

^{New Delhi}

ﻦﺘﮕﻨﺷاو

Washington

ﻮﮑﺱﺎﻣ

Moscow

نﺪﻨﻝ

^London

ﺲﻳرﺎﭘ

^Paris

نارﻮﺘﺱر

restaurant

ﻞﻔﻳا جﺮﺑ

Eiffel Tower

ﻞﺤﻣ جﺎﺕ

^{Taj Mahal}

ﺪﻴﻔﺱﺮﺼﻗ

White House

ﺮﮕﻝﺎﻓاﺮﺕ ناﺪﻴﻣ

Trafalgar Square

ندﺮﺑ / ﺮﺑ /

دﺮﺑ

to take (to escort)

ندﺮﮐﺮﮑﺸﺕ /

ﻦﮐ /

دﺮﮐ

^{to thank}

ندﺮﮐ ﺖﺒﺤﺻ /

ﻦﮐ / دﺮﮐ

) ندز ﭗﮔ /

نز / دز

(

to talk / to speak

ﻦﺘﺸﮔﺮﺑ /

دﺮﮔﺮﺑ / ﺖﺸﮔﺮﺑ

) نﺪﻣﺁ ﺲﭘ /

ﺁ / ﺪﻣﺁ

(

^{to return}

ﯽﻳﻮﻳﺪﻳو ﯼﺮﻴﮔ ﻢﻠﻓ ندﺮﮐ / ﻦﮐ / دﺮﮐ =]

ﯽﻳﻮﻳﺪﻳو ﻢﻠﻓ

ﻦﺘﻓﺮﮔ / ﺮﻴﮔ / ﺖﻓﺮﮔ [

to videotape

ندروﺁ / روﺁ /

دروﺁ

to bring

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Homework

A.

You will hear five expressions. Four fit together logically but one does not. Which one does not fit? Write it down in Dari.

What do the others have in common?

B.

Listen and fill in the blanks with the missing words. Then translate each item into English.

ﻦﻣ ___________________

مدﻮﺑ ﺪﻳﺪﺟ ﯽﻠهدرد .

ﺎﻤﺷ __________________

؟ﺪﻳﺪﻳد ار

ﺎﻬﻧﺁ __________________

مﻼﺱارد ؟ﺪﻧدﻮﺑ دﺎﺑﺁ

ﻩرﺎﺑرد ﻢﻳﺮﻣ و ﺪﻴهﺎﻧ ﻞﻔﻳا جﺮﺑ

ء

__________________

.

C. Write the following in Dari:

Did you talk about the restaurant?

(formal)

When did you go to Paris?

(formal)

Did you videotape the Taj Mahal?

(singular, informal)

Farid showed pictures of the White House to me.