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Genetic operators adapted to partially separable functions

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HAL Id: hal-00940847

https://hal-enac.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00940847

Submitted on 25 Apr 2014

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Genetic operators adapted to partially separable functions

Nicolas Durand, Jean-Marc Alliot

To cite this version:

Nicolas Durand, Jean-Marc Alliot. Genetic operators adapted to partially separable functions. 1996.

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✑ ✒✓✔✕✖✗ ✘ ✙ ✚✖✛✜ ✢ ✣✤✖✛✥✦ ✖✚✓ ✧ ✕✕✒✔★

✩ ✪✫ ✬ ✭

✮ ✯✰✱✲✳✴✱✵ ✶✷ ✸✹✺✻ ✼✽✼ ✾✿❀✽ ❁✿❂✻✻❂❃✾✿ ✸✾❁✹✷✺❄❅✾ ❆❂✿ ❇✬ ✻ ✺✻ ✺✷✸✿❂❈❅❁✾❈ ✸❂

✻❂❉❃✾ ✼✽✿✸✺✽❉❉❊ ✻✾✼✽✿✽❋❉✾ ●❉❂❋✽❉ ❂✼✸✺❍ ✺■✽✸✺❂✷ ✼✿❂❋❉✾❍ ✻ ✺✷❃❂❉❃✺✷● ❍ ✽✷❊

❃✽✿✺✽❋❉✾✻❏ ❑ ✹✾✿✾❆❂✿✾❀ ✸✹✾ ▲✸✷✾✻✻ ❆❅✷❁✸✺❂✷ ❍ ❅✻✸ ❋✾ ✸✹✾ ✻❅❍ ❂❆ ✼ ❂✻✺✸✺❃✾

✻❅❋▼❆❅✷❁✸✺❂✷✻ ✺✷❃❂❉❃✺✷● ❂✷❉❊ ✽ ✻❅❋✻✾✸ ❂❆ ✸✹✾ ❃✽✿✺✽❋❉✾✻❏ ✬ ◆❉❂❁✽❉ ▲✸✷✾✻✻❖

✺✻ ✽✻✻❂❁✺✽✸✾❈ ✸❂ ✾✽❁✹ ❃✽✿✺✽❋❉✾ ✽✷❈ ✽ ✼✽✿✽❍ ✾✸✾✿ P ❁❂✷✸✿❂❉❉✺✷● ✸✹✾ ❂✼✾✿▼

✽✸❂✿◗✻ ❈✾✸✾✿❍ ✺✷✺✻❍ ✺✻ ✺✷✸✿❂❈❅❁✾❈❏ ✩ ❂❍ ❋✺✷✾❈ ❘ ✺✸✹ ✻✹✽✿✺✷●❀ ✸✹✺✻ ❂✼✾✿✽✸❂✿

✺❍ ✼✿❂❃✾✻ ❇ ✬ ✻ ✾❙ ❁✺✾✷❁❊ ✸❂ ❂✼✸✺❍ ✺■✾ ❁❂❍ ❋✺✷✽✸❂✿✺✽❉ ✼✿❂❋❉✾❍ ✻ ✺✷❃❂❉❃✺✷●

❍ ✽✷❊ ❃✽✿✺✽❋❉✾✻❏ ✬ ✼❂❉❊✷❂❍ ✺✽❉ ❆❅✷❁✸✺❂✷ ✺✻ ▲✿✻✸ ●✺❃✾✷ ✽✻ ✽✷ ✾❚✽❍ ✼❉✾ ✽✷❈

✸✹✾ ❂✼✾✿✽✸❂✿ ✺✻ ✸✹✾✷ ✽✼✼❉✺✾❈ ✸❂ ❈✺❯✾✿✾✷✸ ❁❉✽✻✻✺❁✽❉ ✸✾✻✸ ❆❅✷❁✸✺❂✷✻ ❆❂✿ ❘ ✹✺❁✹

✸✹✾ ✷❅❍ ❋ ✾✿ ❂❆ ❃✽✿✺✽❋❉✾✻ ❘✽✻ ✺✷❁✿✾✽✻✾❈ ❏✬ ✼✿✽❁✸✺❁✽❉ ✽✼✼❉✺❁✽✸✺❂✷ ❂❆ ✸✹✺✻ ❂✼▼

✾✿✽✸❂✿ ✺✻ ●✺❃✾✷ ❆❂✿ ✻❂❉❃✺✷● ❁❂✷❱✺❁✸✻ ✺✷❃❂❉❃✺✷● ❍ ✽✷❊ ✽✺✿❁✿✽❆✸ ❆❂✿ ✽✺✿ ✸✿✽❙ ❁

❁❂✷✸✿❂❉❏

❲ ❳❨❩ ❬❭ ❪ ❫ ❴❩❵❭ ❨

❛✛ ❜ ✖✛❝ ✔❞ ★✒❜ ✒❡✖★✒✔✛ ❞✚✔❢ ✕✤❜ ✗✢ ★❣✤ ❤ ★✛ ✤✗✗ ✐✙ ✛✓★✒✔✛ ✒✛❥✔✕❥✤✗ ❜ ✖✛❝ ❥✖✚✒✖❢✕✤✗❦

✔❜ ✤★✒❜ ✤✗✢ ✒★ ✒✗ ★❣ ✤ ✗✙❜ ✔✐ ❜ ✖✛❝ ❞ ✔✗✒★✒❥✤ ★✤✚❜ ✗✢ ✤✖✓❣ ★✤✚❜ ✔✛✕❝ ✒✛❥✔✕❥✒✛♠ ✖

✗✙❢✗✤★ ✔✐ ★❣✤ ❥✖✚✒✖❢✕✤✗❦ ♥ ✧ ✗ ✖✚✤ ♠✔✔✜ ♠✕✔❢✖✕✔❞★✒❜ ✒❡✖★✒✔✛ ★✔✔✕✗ ❢ ✤✓✖✙ ✗✤ ★❣ ✤❝ ✓✖✛

✖❥✔✒✜ ✕✔✓✖✕ ❜ ✒✛✒❜ ✖ ❦ ♦ ✔♣ ✤❥✤✚✢ ✓✔✛✗✒✜ ✤✚✒✛♠ ✕✖✚♠✤ ✗✒❡✤ ❞✚✔❢✕✤❜ ✗✢ ❞✤✚✐✔✚❜ ✖✛✓✤ ✔✐

♥ ✧ ✗ ✓✖✛ ❢✤ ❞✤✛✖✕✒❡✤✜ ❢✤✓✖✙✗✤ ★❣✤❝ ✙ ✗✤ ✚✖✛✜✔❜ ✓✚✔✗✗✔❥✤✚ ✖✛✜ ❜ ✙★✖★✒✔✛ ✔❞ ✤✚✖✥

★✔✚✗❦ q❣ ✤❝ ✖✚✤ ❥✤✚❝ ✤r ✓✒✤✛★ ✖★ ★❣✤ ❢ ✤♠✒✛ ✛✒✛♠ ★✔ ❤✛✜ ♠✔✔✜ ✖✚✤✖✗❦q ❣✤✒✚ ✤r ✓✒✤✛✓❝

✓✖✛ ✜✤✓✚✤✖✗✤ ✚✖❞✒✜ ✕❝ ♣❣ ✤✛ ✓✔✛❥✤✚♠✒✛♠ ❢✤✓✖✙✗✤ ✔✐ ★❣✤ ✚✖✛ ✜✔❜ ✔❞ ✤✚✖★✔✚✗❦q ❣✒✗ ❞ ❣✤✥

✛✔❜ ✤✛ ✔✛ ❞ ✖✚★✒✓✙ ✕✖✚✕❝ ✔✓✓✙✚✗ ✐✔✚ ✕✖✚♠✤ ✗✒❡✤ ✓✔❜ ❢✒✛✖★✔✚✒✖✕ ❞✚✔❢ ✕✤❜ ✗❦♥ ✤✛✤★✒✓ ❞ ✚✔✥

♠✚✖❜ ❜ ✤✚✗ ✗✔❜ ✤★✒❜ ✤✗ ✙✗✤ ❣✤✙✚✒✗★✒✓✗ ★✔ ✐✖❥✔✚ s♠✔✔✜t ✓✚✔✗✗✔❥✤✚✗ ✖✛✜ s♠✔✔✜t ❜ ✙✥

★✖★✒✔✛✗ ✉✈ ❧❧ ✇①② ✔✚ ★✚❝ ★✔ ✚✤✜ ✙✓✤ ✜✒✗✚✙❞ ★✒✔✛ ✔✐ ✗✙❞ ✤✚✒✔✚ ❢✙ ✒✕✜✒✛♠ ❢ ✕✔✓③✗ ✉④⑤ ✇⑥②❦

q ❣✒✗ ❞ ✖❞ ✤✚ ✒✛★✚✔✜ ✙✓✤✗ ✖ ♠✤✛✤★✒✓ ✔❞✤✚✖★✔✚ ✐✔✚ ✕✖✚♠✤ ✗✒❡✤ ✔❞★✒❜ ✒❡✖★✒✔✛ ❞✚✔❢ ✕✤❜ ✗

✒✛ ♣❣ ✒✓❣ ★❣✤ ❤ ★✛ ✤✗✗ ✐✙ ✛✓★✒✔✛ ✒✗ ★❣✤ ✗✙❜ ✔✐ ❞ ✔✗✒★✒❥✤ ✐✙✛✓★✒✔✛✗ ✒✛❥✔✕❥✒✛ ♠ ✔✛✕❝ ✖

✗✙❢✗✤★ ✔✐ ★❣✤ ❥✖✚✒✖❢✕✤✗❦

❛✛ ★❣✤ ❤ ✚✗★ ❞ ✖✚★✢ ✖✛ ✖✜✖❞★✤✜ ✓✚✔✗✗✔❥✤✚ ★✔ ❞ ✖✚★✒✖✕✕❝ ✗✤❞✖✚✖❢✕✤ ❞✚✔❢✕✤❜ ✗ ✒✗

✜✤❤✛✤✜ ❦ ✧ ✗✒❜ ❞✕✤ ✤⑦✖❜ ❞✕✤ ✔✐ ✒★✗ ✤r ✓✒✤✛✓❝ ✒✗ ♠✒❥✤✛ ✒✛ ★❣ ✤ ✗✤✓✔✛✜ ❞ ✖✚★❦ ❛✛ ❞ ✖✚★

★❣✚✤✤✢ ★❣ ✤ ✔❞ ✤✚✖★✔✚ ✒✗ ★✤✗★✤✜ ✔✛ ✓✕✖✗✗✒✓✖✕ ★✤✗★ ✐✙✛✓★✒✔✛✗ ✖✛✜ ✓✔❜ ❞ ✖✚✤✜ ★✔ ✓✕✖✗✗✒✓✖✕

❜ ✤★❣ ✔✜✗❦q ❣✤ ✕✖✗★ ❞ ✖✚★ ♠✒❥✤✗ ✖ ❞✚✖✓★✒✓✖✕ ✖❞❞ ✕✒✓✖★✒✔✛ ✔✐ ★❣✒✗ ✔❞ ✤✚✖★✔✚❦ ❛★ ✒✗ ✒✛✜✤✤✜

❥✤✚❝ ✙ ✗✤✐✙ ✕ ★✔ ✗✔✕❥✤ ❞ ✚✔❢✕✤❜ ✗✙ ✓❣ ✖✗ ✓✔✛⑧ ✒✓★ ✚✤✗✔✕✙★✒✔✛ ✒✛❥✔✕❥✒✛ ♠ ❜ ✖✛❝ ✖✒✚✓✚✖✐★

✒✛ ✧ ✒✚ q✚✖r ✓ ④✔✛★✚✔✕❦

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❛✛ ❞✖✚★✒✖✕✕❝ ✗✤❞ ✖✚✖❢✕✤ ❞✚✔❢✕✤❜ ✗✢★❣✤ ❤★✛✤✗✗ ✐✙✛✓★✒✔✛ ➁ ★✔ ❜ ✒✛✒❜ ✒❡✤ ✜✤❞✤✛✜✗ ✔✛ ➂

❥✖✚✒✖❢✕✤✗ ➃➄✢ ➃➅✢ ❦❦✢ ➃➆ ➇➂ ✕✖✚♠✤➈ ✖✛✜ ✒✗ ✖ ✗✙❜ ✔✐ ➉ ❞ ✔✗✒★✒❥✤ ✐✙✛ ✓★✒✔✛✗ ➁ ➊ ✒✛❥✔✕❥✒✛♠

✔✛ ✕❝ ✖ ✗✙❢✗✤★ ✔✐ ❥✖✚✒✖❢✕✤✗❦✦ ✖✛❝ ❜ ✙✕★✒❞ ✕✒✓✖★✒❥✤ ✐✙✛✓★✒✔✛ ✗ ✓✖✛ ❢✤ ★✚✖✛✗✐✔✚❜ ✤✜ ✒✛★✔

✖✜ ✜✒★✒❥✤ ✐✙✛ ✓★✒✔✛ ❥✤✚❝ ✗✒❜ ❞✕❝❦ ❧✔ ❞ ✖✚★✒✖✕✕❝ ✗✤❞ ✖✚✖❢ ✕✤ ✐✙ ✛✓★✒✔✛✗ ✖✗ ✜✤❤ ✛✤✜ ✖❢ ✔❥✤

✓✖✛ ❢ ✤ ♣✚✒★★✤✛ ➋

➁ ➇➃

➄➌

➅➌➍➍➌

➈ ➎ ➏

➊➑➄

➇➃➒➓

➃➒➔

➌➍➍➌

➃➒→➣➈

❛✛ ✔✚✜✤✚ ★✔ ✜✤❤ ✛✤ ★❣✤ ✓✚✔✗✗✔❥✤✚ ✔❞ ✤✚✖★✔✚✢ ✖ s✕✔✓✖✕ ❤ ★✛✤✗✗t ↔ ↕➇➃➄➌➃➅➌➍➍➌➃➆➈ ♣ ✒✕✕

❢✤ ✒✛★✚✔✜✙✓✤✜ ✐✔✚ ✤✖✓❣ ❥✖✚✒✖❢✕✤ ➃↕ ✖✗ ✐✔✕✕✔♣ ➋

↔ ↕ ➇➃➄➌➃➅➌➍➍➌➃➆➈ ➎

➊➙➛➜

➁ ➊➇➃➒➓➌➃➒➔➌➍➍➌➃➒→➣➈

➝ ↕ ➎ ➞➟➠➃↕ ➟➡ ➢ ➤➢➥➟➢➦➧➨ ➩➫ ➁➊➭

q❣ ✤ ✕✔✓✖✕ ❤★✛✤✗✗ ✖✗✗✔✓✒✖★✤✜ ★✔ ✖ ❥✖✚✒✖❢✕✤ ✒✗✔✕✖★✤✗ ✒★✗ ✓✔✛★✚✒❢ ✙★✒✔✛ ★✔ ★❣✤ ♠✕✔❢ ✖✕

❤ ★✛✤✗✗❦ q ❣ ✤ ♠✔✖✕ ✔✐ ★❣✒✗ ❞✖❞✤✚ ✒✗ ★✔ ✙✗✤ ★❣✤ ✕✔✓✖✕ ❤ ★✛✤✗✗ ★✔ ✜✤❤✛✤ ✖✛ ✒❜ ❞✚✔❥✤✜

✓✚✔✗✗✔❥✤✚ ✔❞✤✚✖★✔✚❦ ④✔❜ ❢ ✒✛✤✜ ♣ ✒★❣ ✗❣✖✚✒✛ ♠ ★❣✒✗ ✔❞ ✤✚✖★✔✚ ✒✗ ❥✤✚❝ ✤r ✓✒✤✛★ ✖✛✜

✖✕✕✔♣ ✗ ★✔ ✙✗✤ ✔✛✕❝ ✕✔♣ ❞ ✔❞ ✙✕✖★✒✔✛ ✗✒❡✤✗ ✐✔✚ ❞ ✚✔❢✕✤❜ ✗ ✒✛❥✔✕❥✒✛♠ ✖ ✕✖✚♠✤ ✛✙ ❜ ❢ ✤✚ ✔✐

❥✖✚✒✖❢✕✤✗❦

④✕✖✗✗✒✓✖✕ ✓✚✔✗✗✔❥✤✚ ✔❞✤✚✖★✔✚✗ ✓✚✤✖★✤ ★♣✔ ✓❣✒✕✜✚✤✛ ✐✚✔❜ ★♣ ✔ ❞✖✚✤✛★✗ ✓❣ ✔✗✤✛ ✒✛

★❣ ✤ ❞✔❞✙✕✖★✒✔✛ ❦❛✛✒★✒✖✕ ✔❞ ✤✚✖★✔✚✗ ✔✛ ❢✒★ ✗★✚✒✛♠✗ ✗✒❜ ❞ ✕❝ ✓✙★ ★❣ ✤ ★♣✔ ❞ ✖✚✤✛★✗ ✗★✚✒✛♠✗

✒✛ ★♣✔ ❞✖✚★✗❦ q ❣✤ ✜✚✖♣ ❢ ✖✓③ ✔✐ ★❣✤✗✤ ✔❞✤✚✖★✔✚✗ ✒✗ ★❣ ✖★ ✗❣ ✔✚★ ✗✓❣✤❜ ✤✗ ❣ ✖❥✤ ❜ ✔✚✤

✓❣✖✛✓✤ ★✔ ✗✙✚❥✒❥✤ ★❣ ✖✛ ✕✔✛ ♠ ✔✛ ✤✗❦ ④ ✔✛ ✗✤➯✙✤✛★✕❝ ★❣✤ ❞✚✔❢ ✕✤❜ ✓✔✜✒✛♠ ❢ ✤✓✔❜ ✤✗

❥✤✚❝ ✒❜ ❞✔✚★✖✛★❦ ✦ ✙ ✕★✒✥❞ ✔✒✛★✗ ✓✚✔✗✗✔❥✤✚✗ ✖✛ ✜ ♥ ✚✖❝ ✓✔✜✒✛♠ ✖✚✤ ❥✤✚❝ ✔✐★✤✛ ✙ ✗✤✜

★✔ ✗✔✕❥✤ ★❣✒✗ ❞✚✔❢✕✤❜ ❦ ♦ ✔♣ ✤❥✤✚✢ ✛✔✛✤ ✔✐ ★❣✤✗✤ ❜ ✤★❣ ✔✜ ✗ ✚✤✓✔♠✛✒❡✤✗ ✖✛✜ ✐✖❥✔✚✗

♠✔✔✜ ✗✓❣✤❜ ✤✗❦ ⑤ ❣✤✛ ✙✗✒✛ ♠ ✚✤✖✕ ❥✖✚✒✖❢ ✕✤ ✓✔✜ ✒✛♠ ✢ ❞✚✔♠✚✖❜ ❜ ✤✚✗ ❥✤✚❝ ✔✐★✤✛ ✙✗✤

❢✖✚❝✓✤✛★✚✒✓ ✓✚✔✗✗✔❥✤✚ ➇★❣✤ ✓❣✒✕✜✚✤✛ ✖✚✤ ✕✒✛✤✖✚ ✓✔❜ ❢✒✛✖★✒✔✛✗ ✔✐ ★❣✤ ➲ ❞✖✚✤✛★✗➈❦

q❣ ✤✗✤ ★✤✓❣✛✒➯✙ ✤✗ ✜ ✔ ✛✔★ ✜ ✒✗★✒✛♠✙✒✗❣ ♠✔✔✜ ✓✚✔✗✗✔❥✤✚✗ ✖✛✜ ❢ ✖✜ ✓✚✔✗✗✔❥✤✚✗❦

q ❣✤ ✖✜✖❞ ★✤✜ ✓✚✔✗✗✔❥✤✚ ✜ ✔✤✗ ✛✔★ ✚✤➯✙ ✒✚✤ ✖✛❝ ❞✖✚★✒✓✙✕✖✚ ✓✔✜ ✒✛♠ ❦ q ❣✤ ✓❣✚✔❜ ✔✥

✗✔❜ ✤ ✒✗ ✜✒✚✤✓★✕❝ ✓✔✜✤✜ ♣ ✒★❣ ★❣✤ ❥✖✚✒✖❢ ✕✤✗ ✔✐ ★❣ ✤ ❞✚✔❢✕✤❜ ➇★❣✤✗✤ ❥✖✚✒✖❢ ✕✤✗ ❜ ✖❝ ❢ ✤

✚✤✖✕✢ ✒✛★✤♠✤✚ ✔✚ ❢✔★❣➈❦q ❣✤ ✒✛★✙✒★✒❥✤ ✒✜✤✖ ✒✗ ★❣ ✤ ✐✔✕✕✔♣ ✒✛ ♠ ➋ ✐✔✚ ✖ ★✔★✖✕✕❝ ✗✤❞ ✖✚✖❢ ✕✤

❞✚✔❢ ✕✤❜ ✢✔❞★✒❜ ✒❡✒✛ ♠ ★❣✤ ♠✕✔❢✖✕✐✙ ✛✓★✒✔✛ ✓✖✛ ❢ ✤ ✜✔✛✤ ❢❝ ✔❞★✒❜ ✒❡✒✛ ♠ ✤✖✓❣ ❥✖✚✒✖❢✕✤

✗✤❞ ✖✚✖★✤✕❝❦ q ❣✤ ✒✜✤✖ ✒✗ ★✔ ✖✜✖❞ ★ ★❣✒✗ ✗★✚✖★✤♠❝ ★✔ ❞ ✖✚★✒✖✕✕❝ ✗✤❞ ✖✚✖❢✕✤ ✐✙✛✓★✒✔✛ ✗❦

⑤ ❣✤✛ ✓✚✤✖★✒✛ ♠ ✖ ✓❣✒✕✜ ✐✚✔❜ ★♣✔ ❞ ✖✚✤✛★✗✢ ★❣✤ ✒✜✤✖ ✒✗ ★✔ ★✖③✤ ✐✔✚ ✤✖✓❣ ❥✖✚✒✖❢✕✤ ★❣✤

✔✛ ✤ ★❣✖★ ✕✔✓✖✕✕❝ ❤ ★✗ ❢ ✤★★✤✚ ➇❜ ✔✚✤ ✔✚ ✕✤✗✗ ➳ ✢ ♣ ❣✤✚✤ ➳ ✓✔✛★✚✔✕✗ ★❣ ✤ ✜✤★✤✚❜ ✒✛✒✗❜

✔✐ ★❣✤ ✔❞ ✤✚✖★✔✚➈❦ ➵✔✚ ✤⑦✖❜ ❞✕✤✢✒✐ ♣✤ ❜ ✒✛ ✒❜ ✒❡✤ ➁ ✢✐✔✚ ★❣ ✤ ➸➺➻ ❥✖✚✒✖❢✕✤❦

❛✐ ↔ ↕ ➇➼➢➥➨➂➽➄➈ ➾ ↔ ↕ ➇➼➢➥➨➂➽➅➈ ➚ ➳ ✢ ★❣✤✛ ✓❣✒✕✜ ➪ ♣ ✒✕✕ ✓✔✛★✖✒✛ ❥✖✚✒✖❢✕✤ ➃↕ ✔✐

✐✖★❣✤✚ ➪❦❛✐✢✔✛ ★❣✤ ✓✔✛★✚✖✚❝ ↔ ↕➇➼➢➥➨➂➽➄➈ ➶ ↔ ↕➇➼➢➥➨➂➽➅➈➹ ➳ ✢✓❣ ✒✕✜ ➪ ♣✒✕✕ ✓✔✛★✖✒✛

❥✖✚✒✖❢✕✤ ➃↕ ✔✐ ✐✖★❣✤✚ ➲❦ ❛✐ ➘↔ ↕➇➼ ➢➥➨➂➽➄➈ ➚ ↔ ↕➇➼ ➢➥➨➂➽➅➈➘ ➴ ➳ ✢ ❥✖✚✒✖❢ ✕✤ ➃↕ ✔✐ ✓❣✒✕✜

➪ ♣✒✕✕ ❢ ✤ ✚✖✛ ✜✔❜ ✕❝ ✓❣ ✔✗✤✛ ✢ ✔✚ ✓✖✛ ❢ ✤ ✖ ✚✖✛✜✔❜ ✕✒✛ ✤✖✚ ✓✔❜ ❢ ✒✛✖★✒✔✛ ✔✐ ❥✖✚✒✖❢✕✤✗

➃↕ ✔✐ ★❣✤ ★♣ ✔ ❞ ✖✚✤✛★✗ ✒✐ ♣✤ ✖✚✤ ✜✤✖✕✒✛♠ ♣ ✒★❣ ✚✤✖✕ ❥✖✚✒✖❢✕✤✗❦ ❛✐ ★❣✤ ✗✖❜ ✤ ✗★✚✖★✤♠❝

(4)

✔✐ ➳ ✓✖✛ ❢✤ ✓❣ ✔✗✤✛ ✐✔✚ ★❣✤ ★♣ ✔ ✓❣✒✕✜✚✤✛ ❦

❛★ ✓✖✛ ❢✤ ✛✔★✤✜ ★❣✖★ ✒★ ✒✗ ✤✖✗❝ ★✔ ✜✤✗✒♠✛ ✖ ❜ ✙★✖★✒✔✛ ✔❞✤✚✖★✔✚ ✐✔✕✕✔♣ ✒✛♠ ★❣✤

✗✖❜ ✤ ✒✜✤✖ ❦q ❣✒✗ ✔❞ ✤✚✖★✔✚ ♣✔✙✕✜ ❜ ✙★✖★✤ ♣ ✒★❣ ✖ ♠✚✤✖★✤✚ ❞✚✔❢✖❢ ✒✕✒★❝ ❥✖✚✒✖❢✕✤✗ ♣ ✒★❣

✖ ❢✖✜ ✕✔✓✖✕ ❤★✛✤✗✗❦ q ❣✒✗ ✖✗✗✙❜ ✤✗ ★✔ ❢ ✤ ✖❢✕✤ ★✔ ✓✔❜ ❞ ✖✚✤ ✕✔✓✖✕ ❤ ★✛✤✗✗ ❢ ✤★♣✤✤✛

❥✖✚✒✖❢✕✤✗❦

❛✛ ★❣✒✗ ❞ ✖❞ ✤✚✢ ✓✕✖✗✗✒✓✖✕ ♥ ✧ ✗ ✗✙✓❣ ✖✗ ✜✤✗✓✚✒❢ ✤✜ ✒✛ ★❣ ✤ ✕✒★✤✚✖★✙ ✚✤ ✉♥ ✔✕➬

✢ ✦ ✒✓

➲✢

♦ ✔✕➮

①②

✖✚✤ ✙ ✗✤✜ ❦✧ ✗❣✖✚✒✛♠ ❞ ✚✔✓✤✗✗ ❜ ✖❝ ❢ ✤ ❥✤✚❝ ✙ ✗✤✐✙✕ ♣ ❣✤✛ ★❣ ✤ ❞ ✔❞ ✙✕✖★✒✔✛ ✗✒❡✤ ✒✗

✛✔★ ✒❜ ❞✔✚★✖✛★ ✤✛✔✙♠❣ ✚✤♠✖✚✜✒✛ ♠ ★✔ ★❣✤ ✗✒❡✤ ✔✐ ★❣✤ ❞ ✚✔❢✕✤❜ ❦q ❣✤ ❜ ✖✒✛ ✜✚✖♣ ❢ ✖✓③

✔✐ ✗❣ ✖✚✒✛ ♠ ❜ ✤★❣✔✜✗ ✒✗ ★❣✖★ ★❣✤❝ ✗✕✔♣ ✜✔♣ ✛ ★❣✤ ♥ ✧ ❦➱ ✒✛ ✖✛✜ ♥ ✤✚❜ ✖❝ ✉➱ ♥ ✇✃② ❣ ✖❥✤

✓✚✤✖★✤✜ ✖ ✓✕✙ ✗★✤✚✒✛♠ ❜ ✤★❣ ✔✜ ★❣✖★ ✒✗ ✕✤✗✗ ✤⑦❞ ✤✛ ✗✒❥✤ ➇❞ ✚✔❞ ✔✚★✒✔✛ ✖✕ ★✔ ➂ ✕✔♠➇➂➈➈ ✖✛ ✜

♣ ✒✕✕ ❢ ✤ ✙✗✤✜ ❦

❐ ❒ ❭ ❽❾ ❨ ❭ ➀ ❵❸❽ ❺❮ ❸ ➀ ❹ ❽❺

q✔ ✗❣ ✔♣ ★❣✤ ✓✚✔✗✗✔❥✤✚ ✔❞ ✤✚✖★✔✚ ✤r ✓✒✤✛✓❝✢ ♣✤ ❢✙✒✕✜ ✖ ❥✤✚❝ ✗✒❜ ❞ ✕✤ ❞✔✕❝✛✔❜ ✒✖✕

✤⑦✖❜ ❞✕✤ ✖✗ ✐✔✕✕✔♣ ➋

➁ ➇➃

➄➌

➅➌➍➍➌

➈ ➎

➊❰➑➒

➇➃

➚ ➃➒ ➈

Ï ✔✓✖✕ ❤ ★✛✤✗✗ ✒✗ ✜✤❤ ✛✤✜ ❢❝ ➋ ↔ ↕➇➃➄➌➃➅➌➍➍➌➃➆➈ ➎ Ð

➊❰➑↕

➇➃➊ ➚ ➃↕➈

❦ ⑤ ✤ ✖✚✤ ✕✔✔③✒✛ ♠

✐✔✚ ★❣✤ ❜ ✒✛✒❜ ✙❜ ✔✐ ★❣ ✤ ❞ ✔✕❝✛✔❜ ✒✖✕ ✐✔✚ ✒✛★✤♠✤✚✗ ➃➊ Ñ ✉Ò➌➲Ò

❛✛ ✔✚✜✤✚ ★✔ ★✤✗★ ★❣ ✤ ✓✚✔✗✗✔❥✤✚ ✔❞ ✤✚✖★✔✚ ✤r ✓✒✤✛✓❝✢★♣✔ ★✤✗★ ❢✤✛✓❣ ✖✚✤ ✜✔✛✤ ♣ ✒★❣

➂ ➎

Ò❦ q ❣✤ ★♣✔ ★✤✗★ ❢ ✤✛ ✓❣ ✜✔ ✛✔★ ✙✗✤ ✖✛❝ ✗❣ ✖✚✒✛♠ ❞✚✔✓✤✗✗❦ q ❣ ✤ ❤✚✗★ ✔✛ ✤ ✙✗✤✗ ✖

✓✕✖✗✗✒✓✖✕ ➪ ❞✔✒✛★ ✓✚✔✗✗✔❥✤✚ ✔❞✤✚✖★✔✚❦ q❣ ✤ ✗✤✓✔✛✜ ✔✛✤ ✙✗✤✗ ★❣✤ ✓✚✔✗✗✔❥✤✚ ✔❞ ✤✚✖★✔✚

✜✤✗✓✚✒❢ ✤✜ ✒✛ ❞ ✖✚★ ★❣✚✤✤❦ Ó ✖✓❣ ★✤✗★ ✒✗ ✚✤❞ ✤✖★✤✜ ✖ ❣✙ ✛✜✚✤✜ ★✒❜ ✤✗ ♣ ✒★❣ ✜✒➷✤✚✤✛★

✚✖✛ ✜✔❜ ✛✙ ❜ ❢ ✤✚ ♠✤✛✤✚✖★✔✚✗

❦ ➵✔✚ ❞ ✚✖✓★✒✓✖✕ ✚✤✖✗✔✛✗✢ ✒✛ ✗★✤✖✜ ✔✐ ❜ ✒✛ ✒❜ ✒❡✒✛♠ ➁ ✢ ♣✤

❜ ✖⑦✒❜ ✒❡✤✜

➄ÔÕ

✈ ✤✗✙✕★✗ ✖✚✤ ♠✒❥✤✛ ✒✛ ★✖❢✕✤ ➪ ➇✓✔❜ ❞ ✙★✖★✒✔✛ ✜✔✛✤ ✔✛ ♦ Ö ➮➲Ò➈ ➇★✖❢✕✤ ➪ ♠✒❥✤✗

★❣✤ ❜ ✒✛ ✒❜ ✙ ❜ ✢❜ ✖⑦✒❜ ✙ ❜ ✢ ✖✛✜ ✖❥✤✚✖♠✤ ★✒❜ ✤ ★✔ ✓✔✛❥✤✚♠✤ ★✔ ✖✛ ✔❞★✒❜ ✖✕ ✗✔✕✙★✒✔✛ ✢

★❣✤ ❜ ✒✛✒❜ ✙❜ ✢❜ ✖⑦✒❜ ✙❜ ✖✛✜ ✖❥✤✚✖♠✤ ✛✙❜ ❢ ✤✚ ✔✐ ♠✤✛✤✚✖★✒✔✛✗ ✓✔✚✚✤✗❞ ✔✛✜✒✛♠ ✖✛ ✜

★❣✤ ✖❥✤✚✖♠✤ ❤★✛✤✗✗ ✔✐ ★❣✤ ❞✔❞✙✕✖★✒✔✛✗➈❦ q ❣✤❝ ✗❣✔♣ ★❣✖★ ★❣✤ ✖✜ ✖❞ ★✤✜ ✓✚✔✗✗✔❥✤✚

✔❞✤✚✖★✔✚ ❜ ✖③✤✗ ★❣✤ ✖✕♠✔✚✒★❣❜

★✒❜ ✤✗ ✐✖✗★✤✚❦

✧ ✛✔★❣ ✤✚ ✓✔❜ ❞✖✚✖★✒❥✤ ★✤✗★ ♣ ✖✗ ✜✔✛✤ ★✔ ✗❣✔♣ ❣✔♣ ★❣ ✒✗ ✖✜✖❞★✤✜ ✔❞ ✤✚✖★✔✚ ✓✖✛

❢ ✤ ✙✗✤✜ ♣ ✒★❣ ✗❣ ✖✚✒✛♠ ❦ ❛✛ ★❣✒✗ ★✤✗★ ❢ ✤✛✓❣ ➂ ➎ ➲Ò❦ q ❣✤ ❞ ✚✔❢✕✤❜ ❣ ✖✗ ➲ ➪ ♠✕✔❢ ✖✕

✔❞★✒❜ ✖ ❦ q❣ ✤ ✚✤✗✤✖✚✓❣ ✗❞ ✖✓✤ ✗✒❡✤ ✒✗ ➲➪

➅×

➇✒❦✤❦ ❜ ✔✚✤ ★❣ ✖✛ ➪Ò

➅Ø

➈❦ q ♣✔ ✗✒❜ ✙✕✖★✒✔✛✗

✖✚✤ ✜✔✛✤❦ q ❣✤ ❤✚✗★ ✔✛✤ ✙✗✤✗ ✖ ✓✕✖✗✗✒✓✖✕ ✓✚✔✗✗✔❥✤✚ ♣✒★❣ ✗❣✖✚✒✛♠ ✖✛✜ ★❣ ✤ ✗✤✓✔✛✜

✔✛✤ ✙✗✤✗ ★❣✤ ✖✜ ✖❞★✤✜ ✓✚✔✗✗✔❥✤✚ ♣ ✒★❣ ✗❣✖✚✒✛♠Ù❦

➵✒♠✙✚✤ ➪ ♠✒❥✤✗ ★❣✤ ✤❥✔✕✙★✒✔✛ ✔✐ ★❣✤ ❢✤✗★ ✤✕✤❜ ✤✛★ ✒✛ ★❣ ✤ ★♣✔ ✗✒❜ ✙ ✕✖★✒✔✛ ✗❦Ú ✗✒✛♠

★❣✤ ✖✜ ✖❞★✤✜ ✓✚✔✗✗✔❥✤✚ ✔❞ ✤✚✖★✔✚ ❜ ✖③✤✗ ★❣✤ ✖✕♠✔✚✒★❣❜ ✓✔✛❥✤✚♠✤ ❜ ✙✓❣ ❜ ✔✚✤ ✚✖❞✒✜ ✕❝

★✔ ✖✛ ✔❞ ★✒❜ ✖✕ ✗✔✕✙★✒✔✛ ✜✤✗❞✒★✤ ★❣✤ ✙ ✗✤ ✔✐ ✗❣✖✚✒✛♠ ♣❣ ✒✓❣ ✙✗✙ ✖✕✕❝ ✚✤✜ ✙✓✤✗ ★❣✤

Û Ü

❂✼❅❉✽✸✺❂✷ ✻✺■✾ Ý Þßß❀ àá â ãßä ❀ àå â Þæä

ç

(5)

è ✺✷ ●✾✷✾✿✽✸✺❂✷✻ éê ëß

✬ ❃✾✿✽●✾ ●✾✷✾✿✽✸✺❂✷✻ ÞìÞ❏ã ìí❏ëî

è ✽❚ ●✾✷✾✿✽✸✺❂✷✻ Þíß ææ

è ✺✷ ✸✺❍ ✾ ï✺✷ ✻✾❁ð ææ Þë

✬ ❃✾✿✽●✾ ✸✺❍ ✾ ï✺✷ ✻✾❁ð îí❏ßí ëÞ❏îã

è ✽❚ ✸✺❍ ✾ ï✺✷ ✻✾❁ð ÞÞß ìß

✬ ❃✾✿✽●✾ ▲✸✷✾✻✻ ß❏ìêæí ß❏ìêëî

ñ✳✯òó ô✵ ✫ ❅❍ ✾✿✺❁✽❉ õ ✾✻❅❉✸✻ ❘ ✺✸✹❂❅✸ ✻✹✽✿✺✷●❀ ö â æß❏

✓✔✛❥✤✚♠✒✛ ♠ ✗❞✤✤✜ ❦ q ❣✤ ✔❞★✒❜ ✙❜ ✒✗ ✔❢★✖✒✛✤✜ ✖★ ♠✤✛✤✚✖★✒✔✛ ➲➲ ✒✛✗★✤✖✜ ✔✐

⑥✃

✐✔✚

★❣ ✤ ✓✕✖✗✗✒✓✖✕ ✓✚✔✗✗✔❥✤✚ ✔❞✤✚✖★✔✚❦

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

"bestfexpl600ch.1"

0 5 10 15 20 25

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

"nsolfexpl600ch.1"

÷ øù ✵ô✵ è ✽❚✺❍ ❅❍ ▲✸✷✾✻✻ ï❉✾❆✸ð ✽✷❈ ú✼✸✺❍ ✽❉ ✻❂❉❅✸✺❂✷ ✷❅❍❋ ✾✿✻ ï✿✺●✹✸ð❀ ❆❅✷❁✸✺❂✷ ❂❆ ✸✹✾

●✾✷✾✿✽✸✺❂✷ ✷❅❍ ❋✾✿❀ ✽❈✽✼✸✾❈ ❁✿❂✻✻❂❃✾✿ ❘ ✺✸✹ ✻✹✽✿✺✷● ï❅✼ ð❀❁❉✽✻✻✺❁✽❉ ❁✿❂✻✻❂❃✾✿ ❘ ✺✸✹ ✻✹✽✿▼

✺✷● ï❈❂❘ ✷ð❏

q ❣✤ ❜ ✔✗★ ✒✛★✤✚✤✗★✒✛ ♠ ✚✤✗✙✕★✗ ✖✚✤ ❞✚✤✗✤✛★✤✜ ✒✛ ❤♠✙✚✤ ➪ ★❣ ✖★ ♠✒❥✤✗ ★❣✤ ✛✙❜ ❢ ✤✚

✔✐ ✔❞ ★✒❜ ✖✕ ✗✔✕✙★✒✔✛✗ ✒✛ ★❣✤ ★♣✔ ✓✖✗✤✗❦ q ❣✤ ✤r ✓✒✤✛ ✓❝ ✔✐ ✓✔❜ ❢✒✛ ✒✛♠ ★❣ ✤ ✖✜✖❞★✤✜

✓✚✔✗✗✔❥✤✚ ♣ ✒★❣ ✖ ✗❣✖✚✒✛♠ ❞ ✚✔✓✤✗✗ ✒✗ ❥✤✚❝ ✓✕✤✖✚➋ ♣ ✒★❣ ★❣✤ ✖✜ ✖❞★✤✜ ✓✚✔✗✗✔❥✤✚ ✖✛✜

✖ ✗❣ ✖✚✒✛ ♠ ❞✚✔✓✤✗✗ ★❣✤ ➲➪ ♠✕✔❢ ✖✕ ✔❞★✒❜ ✖ ✖✚✤ ✐✔✙✛ ✜ ❦ ⑤ ✒★❣ ✗❣ ✖✚✒✛ ♠ ✖✛✜ ✓✕✖✗✗✒✓✖✕

✔❞ ✤✚✖★✔✚✗✢ ✔✛✕❝ û ✔❞★✒❜ ✖ ✖✚✤ ✐✔✙✛ ✜ ❦

q ❣✤ ❞✚✤❥✒✔✙ ✗ ✗✒❜ ✙✕✖★✒✔✛✗ ✗❣✔♣ ✤✜ ★❣ ✖★ ★❣✤ ✓✚✔✗✗✔❥✤✚ ✔❞ ✤✚✖★✔✚ ✙✗✒✛♠ ✕✔✓✖✕ ❤ ★✥

✛✤✗✗ ✓✖✛ ❢ ✤ ❥✤✚❝ ✒✛★✤✚✤✗★✒✛♠ ♣ ❣✤✛ ✓✔❜ ❢✒✛✤✜ ♣ ✒★❣ ✖ ✗❣✖✚✒✛♠ ❞✚✔✓✤✗✗ ★✔ ❤ ✛✜ ★❣✤

(6)

♥ ✕✔❢ ✖✕✔❞★✒❜ ✒❡✖★✒✔✛ ✖✕♠✔✚✒★❣❜ ✖✚✤ ♠✤✛✤✚✖✕✕❝ ★✤✗★✤✜ ✔✛ ✓✕✖✗✗✒✓✖✕★✤✗★ ✐✙ ✛✓★✒✔✛✗ ✉❛✈

⑤ ✤ ❣ ✖❥✤ ✓❣✔✗✤✛ ★♣✔ ✔✐ ★❣✤❜ ★❣ ✤ ✗✒❡✤ ✔✐ ♣ ❣✒✓❣ ✓✔✙✕✜ ❢ ✤ ✤⑦★✤✛ ✜✤✜ ❦ q ❣✤✗✤ ★♣✔

✐✙✛✓★✒✔✛✗ ❣✖❥✤ ❜ ✖✛❝ ✕✔✓✖✕ ✔❞★✒❜ ✖ ❢✙★ ★❣✤ ❤✚✗★ ✔✛ ✤ ✒✗ ✓✔❜ ❞ ✕✤★✤✕❝ ✗✤❞✖✚✖★✤✜ ✖✛ ✜

★❣✤ ✗✤✓✔✛ ✜ ✔✛✤ ✒✗ ✛✔★❦ ♥ ✧ ✗ ✙ ✗✒✛♠ ✓✕✖✗✗✒✓✖✕ ✔❞✤✚✖★✔✚✗ ✖✛ ✜ ✖✜ ✖❞ ★✤✜ ✔❞ ✤✚✖★✔✚✗ ✖✚✤

✓✔❜ ❞ ✖✚✤✜ ✔✛ ★❣✤✗✤ ★♣✔ ✐✙✛ ✓★✒✔✛✗ ♣ ✒★❣ ÿ ➵ ❧✈ ➇✔✚ ✧ ❧✧ ✁➈➈❦

✂ ✄☎ ✆ ✝✞✟✠ ✟ ✡☛ ☞✌ ✠ ✍✎✏✝✠

q ❣✒✗ ✐✔✛✓★✒✔✛ ✒✗ ✜ ✤★✖✒✕✤✜ ✒✛ ✉④✦ ✦ ✈ ➬➮②❦ ✈ ✤✗✙✕★✗ ✔❢★✖✒✛✤✜ ❢❝ ❛✛ ♠❢ ✤✚ ✉❛✈ ✇➲② ♣ ✒★❣

ÿ ➵❧ ✈ ✖✚✤ ✙✗✤✜ ★✔ ✓✔❜ ❞✖✚✤ ♥ ✧ ✗ ★✔ ✗✒❜ ✙✕✖★✤✜ ✖✛ ✛✤✖✕✒✛♠❦ q❣ ✤ ✐✔✕✕✔♣ ✒✛ ♠ ✐✙✛ ✓★✒✔✛

✒✗ ❢ ✤✒✛ ♠ ❜ ✒✛✒❜ ✒❡✤✜ ✔✛ ★❣ ✤ ✓✔❜ ❞ ✖✓★ ✉➚ ➪ÒÒÒÒ➌➪ÒÒÒÒ

②✑

➁ ➇➃➄➌➍➍➍➌➃

➈ ➎

➊➑ ➄

Ò➍➪

① ✓

➊➇Ò➍Ò

① ✔

➇✕➊➈ ➹ ✕➊➈

✒✐ ➘➃➊ ➚ ✕➊➘ ➾ Ò ➍Ò

➊➃

✔★❣✤✚♣ ✒✗✤

➎ Ò

➲ ✖➘➃

➠Ò

➲➘➹ Ò➍û✇✇✇✇✗ ✔ ➇➃

➇✕➊➈ ➎ ✘

➪ ✒✐ ✕➊ ➶ Ò

Ò ✒✐ ✕➊ ➎ Ò

➚ ➪ ✒✐ ✕➊ ➾ Ò

✓➊ ➎ ➞➪➍Ò➌➪ÒÒÒ ➍Ò➌➪Ò➍Ò ➌➪ÒÒ ➍Ò➭

q ❣✒✗ ✐✙✛ ✓★✒✔✛ ❣✖✗ ➪Ò✁

✕✔✓✖✕ ✔❞★✒❜ ✖❦✧ ✓✓✔✚✜ ✒✛♠ ★✔ Ï ❦❛✛♠❢ ✤✚✢ ★❣ ✒✗ ✐✙ ✛✓★✒✔✛ ✒✗ ✔✛✤

✔✐ ★❣ ✤ ❢ ✤✗★ ❞✔✗✗✒❢✕✤ ★✤✗★ ✐✔✚ ✖ ♠✕✔❢ ✖✕✔❞★✒❜ ✒❡✖★✒✔✛ ✖✕♠✔✚✒★❣ ❜ ❦❛★ ✗✤✤❜ ✤✜ ✒✛★✤✚✤✗★✒✛♠

★✔ ✓✔❜ ❞✖✚✤ ✔✙✚ ✚✤✗✙ ✕★✗ ★✔ ★❣ ✔✗✤ ✔❢★✖✒✛ ✤✜ ♣ ✒★❣ ÿ ➵ ❧✈ ✔✛ ★❣✒✗ ✤⑦✖❜ ❞✕✤❦ q ❣✒✗

✐✙✛✓★✒✔✛ ✒✗ ✓✔❜ ❞✕✤★✤✕❝ ✗✤❞ ✖✚✖★✤✜ ❦

♥ ✔✔✜ ✚✤✗✙✕★✗ ✖✚✤ ✔❢ ★✖✒✛ ✤✜ ♣✒★❣ ÿ ➵ ❧✈ ✖✛✜ ✓✕✖✗✗✒✓✖✕ ♥ ✧ ✗ ✔✛ ★❣✒✗ ✐✙ ✛✓★✒✔✛ ✐✔✚

✛ ➎ û ✖✛✜ ✛ ➎ ➬❦ ➵✔✚ ✛ ➎ ➪➲✢ ★❣ ✤ ❞✚✔❢✕✤❜ ❢✤✓✔❜ ✤✗ ❜ ✔✚✤ ✜✒r ✓✙ ✕★❦ ✘ ✤✐✖✙✕★

❞ ✖✚✖❜ ✤★✤✚✗ ✔✐ ÿ ➵ ❧✈ ✜✔ ✛ ✔★ ❜ ✖③✤ ★❣✤ ✖✕♠✔✚✒★❣❜ ✓✔✛❥✤✚♠✤❦

⑤ ✒★❣ ★❣ ✤ ❣✤✕❞ ✔✐ Ï ❦❛✛♠❢✤✚✢ ✒★ ♣ ✖✗ ❞ ✔✗✗✒❢ ✕✤ ★✔ ❤ ✛✜ ❞ ✖✚✖❜ ✤★✤✚✗ ❜ ✖③✒✛♠ ÿ ➵ ❧✈

✓✔✛❥✤✚♠✤ ✐✔✚ ✛ ➎ ➪➲ ➇✧ ★✤✓❣✛ ✒➯✙✤ ✛✖❜ ✤✜ s✜ ✙✤✛✓❣✒✛♠t ♣✖✗ ✙✗✤✜ ★✔ ✖✓✓✤✕✤✚✖★✤

★❣✤ ✚✤✖✛✛✤✖✕✒✛♠ ✗✓❣ ✤❜ ✤➈❦ ① ✔✙★ ✔✐ ★❣✤ ➪Ò ★✤✗★✗ ★❣ ✖★ ♣ ✤✚✤ ✜✔✛✤ ♠✖❥✤ ★❣✤ ♠✕✔❢ ✖✕

❜ ✒✛ ✒❜ ✙ ❜ ✢ ① ✔★❣✤✚ ★✤✗★✗ ♠✖❥✤ ✕✔✓✖✕ ❜ ✒✛ ✒❜ ✖❦ q ❣✤ ♥ ✧ ✖✕♣ ✖❝✗ ♠✖❥✤ ★❣ ✤ ♠✕✔❢ ✖✕

❜ ✒✛ ✒❜ ✙ ❜ ❢ ✤✐✔✚✤ ♠✤✛ ✤✚✖★✒✔✛ ✃ÒÒ ♣❣ ✤✛ ✙✗✒✛♠ ✖ ❞ ✔❞ ✙✕✖★✒✔✛ ✔✐ ûÒÒ ✤✕✤❜ ✤✛★✗❦⑤ ❣✤✛

✒★ ✓✔✛❥✤✚♠✤✗✢ ÿ ➵

✈ ✒✗ ✐✖✗★✤✚ ★❣ ✖✛ ★❣✤ ♥ ✧ ❦

q ❣ ✤✛ ♣ ✤ ✜✤✓✒✜ ✤✜ ★✔ ✒✛ ✓✚✤✖✗✤ ★❣ ✤ ❥✖✕✙✤ ✔✐ ✛ ★✔ ✓✔❜ ❞✖✚✤ ★❣✤ ❢✤❣✖❥✒✔✙✚ ✔✐

❢ ✔★❣ ✖✕♠✔✚✒★❣❜ ✗❦⑤ ✒★❣ ÿ ➵

✈ ✖✛✜ ✛ ➎ ➲Ò ★❣✤ ♠✕✔❢ ✖✕ ❜ ✒✛ ✒❜ ✙ ❜ ♣✖✗ ✛ ✤❥✤✚ ✐✔✙✛ ✜

➇✐✔✚

Ò ★✤✗★ ✜✔✛ ✤➈❦ ⑤ ✒★❣ ✓✕✖✗✗✒✓✖✕ ♥ ✧ ♣ ✤ ✓✔✙✕✜ ✤✖✗✒✕❝ ♠✔ ★✔ ✛ ➎ ➲û ❢✙★ ★❣ ✤✛ ✒★

❢ ✤✓✖❜ ✤ ✜ ✒r ✓✙✕★ ★✔ ❤ ✛✜ ★❣✤ ♠✕✔❢✖✕ ❜ ✒✛✒❜ ✙ ❜ ❦

❛✛ ✔✚✜✤✚ ★✔ ✒✛★✚✔✜✙✓✤ ★❣✤ ✖✜ ✖❞★✤✜ ✔❞ ✤✚✖★✔✚ ✒✛ ★❣✤ ♥ ✧ ✢ ♣✤ ✜✤❤✛ ✤✜ ★❣✤ ✕✔✓✖✕

❤★✛✤✗✗ ✖✗ ✐✔✕✕✔♣ ➋

↔ ➇➃➊➈ ➎

Ò➍➪① ✓➊➇Ò ➍Ò① ✔ ➇✕➊➈ ➹ ✕➊➈

✒✐ ➘➃➊ ➚ ✕➊➘ ➾ Ò ➍Ò①

✓➊➃

✔★❣✤✚♣ ✒✗✤

✢ ✣

✾✿❊ ✤✽✻✸ ✥✺❍ ❅❉✽✸✾❈ õ ✾✽✷✷✾✽❉✺✷●

(7)

❥✤✚❝ ✤r ✓✒✤✛★❦Ú ✗✒✛♠ ✖ ❞ ✔❞✙ ✕✖★✒✔✛ ✔✐ ûÒÒ ❣✙✛✜ ✚✤✜ ✤✕✤❜ ✤✛★✗ ✔✛ ➪ÒÒ ★✤✗★✗ ✓✔✛❤✚❜ ✤✜

★❣ ✖★ ✐✔✚ ✛ ➎ ➪ÒÒÒ ★❣✤ ♥ ✧ ✙✗✒✛♠ ★❣ ✤ ✖✜✖❞★✤✜ ✓✚✔✗✗✔❥✤✚ ✓✔✛❥✤✚♠✤✗ ✒✛ ✕✤✗✗ ★❣ ✖✛

➪ÒÒ ♠✤✛✤✚✖★✒✔✛✗❦

✂✄✧ ★ ✞✏✩✪ ✟✠ ✫✡☛ ☞✌ ✠ ✍✎✏✝✠

♥ ✚✒✤♣ ✖✛③ ✬✗ ✐✙✛✓★✒✔✛ ✒✗ ✒✛★✤✚✤✗★✒✛♠ ❢ ✤✓✖✙✗✤ ✒★ ✓✖✛ ✛✔★ ❢ ✤ ✗✤❞ ✖✚✖★✤✜ ❦ ➵✔✚ ✛ ➎ ➪Ò ✢

✒★ ✒✗ ✜✤❤ ✛✤✜ ✖✗ ✐✔✕✕✔♣ ✗ ➋

➁ ➇➃➄➌➍➍➌➃➄×➈ ➎

ûÒÒÒ

➄×

➊➑ ➄

➄×

➊➑➄

✓✔✗➇

➃➊

✧ ✕✔✓✖✕ ❤ ★✛ ✤✗✗ ✓✖✛ ❢ ✤ ✜✤❤ ✛✤✜ ❢❝ ➋ ↔ ➇➃

➄➌➍➍➌

➄×

➈ ➎

×××

➚ ✯

➄×

➊➑ ➄

✓✔✗➇ ✰

➈❦

➲ ✗✤★✗ ✔✐ ★✤✗★✗ ❣✖❥✤ ❢✤✤✛ ✜✔✛ ✤ ✔✛ ★❣✒✗ ✐✙✛✓★✒✔✛ ✙✗✒✛ ♠ ✓✕✖✗✗✒✓✖✕ ✖✛✜ ✖✜✖❞★✤✜

✓✚✔✗✗✔❥✤✚❦ ❛✛ ✤✖✓❣ ✓✖✗✤✢ ★❣✤ ♥ ✧ ♣ ✖✗ ✤⑦✤✓✙★✤✜ ➪ÒÒ ★✒❜ ✤✗ ♣ ✒★❣ ✖ ❞ ✔❞✙✕✖★✒✔✛ ✔✐ ➪ÒÒ

✤✕✤❜ ✤✛★✗ ✖✛✜ ⑥ÒÒ ♠✤✛ ✤✚✖★✒✔✛✗❦ q✖❢ ✕✤ ➲ ♠✒❥✤✗ ★❣✤ ❜ ✒✛✒❜ ✖✕✢ ❜ ✖⑦✒❜ ✖✕ ✖✛✜ ❜ ✤✖✛

✛✙❜ ❢ ✤✚ ✔✐ ♠✤✛✤✚✖★✒✔✛✗ ✛✤✓✤✗✗✖✚❝ ★✔ ❜ ✖③✤ ★❣✤ ♥ ✧ ❤ ✛✜ ★❣ ✤ ♠✕✔❢ ✖✕ ❜ ✒✛ ✒❜ ✙❜ ❦q ❣✒✗

★✖❢✕✤ ✖✕✗✔ ♠✒❥✤✗ ★❣ ✤ ✗★✖✛✜ ✖✚✜ ✜✤❥✒✖★✒✔✛ ✔✐ ★❣✤ ✛✙❜ ❢✤✚ ✔✐ ♠✤✛ ✤✚✖★✒✔✛✗ ✚✤➯✙✒✚✤✜ ❦

✫ â Þß ❍ ✺✷ ❍ ✽❚ ❍ ❂❊ ✲ ✫ â ëß ❍ ✺✷ ❍ ✽❚ ❍ ❂❊ ✲

❁❉✽✻✻✺❁✽❉ ❁✿❂✻✻ îã ëéê Þîé❏êê Þîí❏êî ❁❉✽✻✻✺❁✽❉ ❁✿❂✻✻ ëßê ææê êêß❏Þß ëëß❏ë

✽❈✽✼✸✾❈ ❁✿❂✻✻ êë ëßê éë❏ìì éÞ❏íÞ ✽❈✽✼✸✾❈ ❁✿❂✻✻ éß êëß ëìß❏ì ÞæÞ❏ë

ñ✳✯òó ✳ ✵ ✴ â Þß❀ ✼❂✼❅❉✽✸✺❂✷ ÝÞßß ▼ ✴ â ëß❀ ✼❂✼❅❉✽✸✺❂✷ Ý ëßß

q ❣✤ ✚✤✗✙✕★✗ ✗❣✔♣ ★❣ ✖★ ✙✗✒✛♠ ★❣✤ ✖✜✖❞ ★✤✜ ✓✚✔✗✗✔❥✤✚ ❜ ✖③✤✗ ★❣✤ ✖✕♠✔✚✒★❣ ❜ ✓✔✛✥

❥✤✚♠✤ ★♣ ✒✓✤ ✖✗ ✐✖✗★ ✖✗ ✙ ✗✒✛♠ ✖ ✓✕✖✗✗✒✓✖✕ ❢ ✖✚❝✓✤✛★✚✒✓ ✓✚✔✗✗✔❥✤✚❦ q✤✗★✗ ★❣✖★ ♣✤✚✤

✜✔✛✤ ✙✗✒✛♠ ✵ ➁ ✔ ✶ ✜✒✜ ✛✔★ ✓✔✛❥✤✚♠✤ ★✔ ★❣✤ ✔❞★✒❜ ✙❜ ✷❦

⑤ ❣✤✛ ✒✛✓✚✤✖✗✒✛♠ ★❣ ✤ ✗✒❡✤ ✔✐ ★❣✤ ❞✚✔❢ ✕✤❜ ✢★❣✤ ♥ ✧ ✗★✒✕✕ ✓✔✛❥✤✚♠✤✗ ✙ ❞ ★✔ ✛ ➎ ➲Ò

➇✗✤✤ ★✖❢✕✤ ➲➈ ✖✛✜ ✙✗✒✛ ♠ ★❣ ✤ ✖✜ ✖❞★✤✜ ✓✚✔✗✗✔❥✤✚ ✗★✒✕✕ ❜ ✖③✤✗ ✒★ ★♣ ✒✓✤ ✖✗ ✐✖✗★ ✖✗ ✙✗✒✛♠

★❣ ✤ ✓✕✖✗✗✒✓✖✕ ✓✚✔✗✗✔❥✤✚❦

q ❣✤✗✤ ★♣ ✔ ✤⑦✖❜ ❞✕✤✗ ✗✤✤❜ ★✔ ✗❣✔♣ ★❣✖★ ★❣ ✤ ✖✜ ✖❞★✤✜ ✔❞✤✚✖★✔✚ ✒✗ ❜ ✔✚✤ ✤r ✓✒✤✛★

♣❣ ✤✛ ★❣✤ ❞ ✚✔❢✕✤❜ ✒✗ s❜ ✔✚✤ ✗✤❞✖✚✖★✤✜t ❦

✸ ❷ ❵❬ ❩❬❸ ✹ ❴ ❴❭ ❨❩❬❭ ❽ ❹ ❬❭ ❿ ❽❺ ➀

q❣ ✒✗ ✤⑦✖❜ ❞✕✤ ✗❣✔♣✗ ★❣ ✖★ ♣ ✤ ✓✖✛ ❤ ✛✜ ✚✤✖✕ ❞✚✔❢✕✤❜ ✗ ✔✛ ♣ ❣✒✓❣ ★❣ ✤ ✓✚✔✗✗✔❥✤✚ ✔❞✥

✤✚✖★✔✚ ♣✤ ✜✤❤ ✛✤✜ ✒✗ ❥✤✚❝ ✤r ✓✒✤✛★❦ ❧★✙✜ ✒✤✗ ✔✛ ★❣✤ ✙✗✤ ✔✐ ♥ ✧ ✗ ✐✔✚ ✓✔✛⑧✒✓★ ✚✤✗✔✥

✕✙★✒✔✛ ✖✛ ✜ ✖✒✚ ✗❞ ✖✓✤ ✗✤✓★✔✚✒✛ ♠ ❣ ✖❥✤ ♠✒❥✤✛ ❞✚✔❜ ✒✗✗✒✛ ♠ ✚✤✗✙✕★✗ ✉✧ ♥ ❧✇✃✢ ✘ ✧ ❧ ➵✇û✖✢

✘ ✧

û❢ ✢ ✘ ✧ ✧

❧✇

û✢ ✘✧ ✑

✇⑥

✢ ❥✺ ♦ ♦ ✺

✇①②

(8)

q ❣✤ ❞ ✚✔❢✕✤❜ ★✖③✤✗ ❞✕✖✓✤ ✒✛ ✖✛ ❣✔✚✒❡✔✛★✖✕ ❞✕✖✛✤❦ ➂ ✖✒✚✓✚✖✐★ ✖✚✤ ⑧❝✒✛ ♠ ✖★ ✓✔✛✗★✖✛★

✖✕★✒★✙✜✤ ✖✛✜ ✓✔✛✗★✖✛★ ✗❞✤✤✜ ✐✚✔❜ ✖✛ ✔✚✒♠✒✛✖✕ ❞ ✔✒✛★ ★✔ ✖ ✜✤✗★✒✛✖★✒✔✛ ❞✔✒✛★❦ q ♣✔

✖✒✚✓✚✖✐★ ✖✚✤ ✗✖✒✜ ✒✛ ✓✔✛⑧✒✓★ ✒✐ ✖★ ✗✔❜ ✤ ★✒❜ ✤ ➽ ★❣✤ ✜ ✒✗★✖✛✓✤ ❢ ✤★♣✤✤✛ ★❣ ✤✗✤ ★♣✔

✖✒✚✓✚✖✐★ ✒✗ ✕✤✗✗ ★❣✖✛ ✓ ❦q ❣ ✤❝ ✖✚✤ ✗✤❞ ✖✚✖★✤✜ ✒✐ ★❣ ✤❝ ✖✚✤ ✛ ✔★ ✒✛ ✓✔✛⑧ ✒✓★❦ q ❣✤ ❞✚✔❢ ✕✤❜

✒✗ ★✔ ✗✒❜ ✙✕★✖✛✤✔✙ ✗✕❝ ❜ ✒✛✒❜ ✒❡✤ ★❣✤ ✖✒✚✓✚✖✐★ ★✚✖❈✤✓★✔✚❝ ✕✤✛♠★❣ ✖✛✜ ✗✤❞ ✖✚✖★✤ ✖✒✚✓✚✖✐★❦

q ❣✒✗ ❞✚✔❢ ✕✤❜ ✒✗ ❥✤✚❝ ✓✔❜ ❞ ✕✤⑦ ✉✘ ✧ ✧

❧✇

û

✖✛ ✜ ✓✖✛✛✔★ ❢ ✤ ✗✔✕❥✤✜ ✙✗✒✛♠ ✓✕✖✗✗✒✓✖✕

✔❞★✒❜ ✒❡✖★✒✔✛ ❜ ✤★❣ ✔✜✗ ❢ ✤✓✖✙✗✤ ✒★ ✒✗ ★✔✔ ✓✔❜ ❢✒✛ ✖★✔✚✒✖✕❦

q ❣ ✤ ❜ ✔✜✤✕♣ ✤ ✓❣✔✗✤ ★✔ ✗✔✕❥✤ ✓✔✛⑧✒✓★ ✒✗ ★❣✤ ✐✔✕✕✔♣ ✒✛ ♠ ➇❤ ♠✙ ✚✤ ➲➈ ➋✖✛ ✖✒✚✓✚✖✐★ ✓✖✛

❢ ✤ ✔✚✜✤✚✤✜ ★✔ ❜ ✔✜✒✐❝ ✒★✗ ❣✤✖✜✒✛♠ ✖★ ★✒❜ ✤ ➽×❦q ❣ ✒✗ ❜ ✔✜✒❤ ✓✖★✒✔✛ ✓✖✛ ★✖③✤ ✜✒➷✤✚✤✛★

❥✖✕✙ ✤✗ ✖✛✜ ♣ ✒✕✕ ❢✤ ✛✔★✤✜

➟➥ ➇

➟➥ ➎ ➚

Ò ✢ ➚ ➲Ò✢ ➚ ➪Ò✢ ➪Ò✢ ➲Ò✢ ✔✚

Ò ✜✤♠✚✤✤✗➈❦ ✧ ★

★✒❜ ✤ ➽➄✢ ★❣✤ ✖✒✚✓✚✖✐★ ★✙✚✛✗ ★✔ ✒★✗ ✒✛✒★✒✖✕ ❣✤✖✜ ✒✛♠ ❦ ✧ ★ ★✒❜ ✤ ➽➅✢ ★❣✤ ✖✒✚✓✚✖✐★ ❣✤✖✜ ✒✛♠

✒✗ ❜ ✔✜✒❤ ✤✜ ✒✛ ★❣✤ ✔❞❞ ✔✗✒★✤ ✜✒✚✤✓★✒✔✛ ✔✐ ✓➟➥ ✜✤♠✚✤✤✗ ✖✛✜ ✖★ ★✒❜ ✤ ➽

Ù

➎ ➽➅➹ ➇➽➄➚ ➽×➈✢

★❣✤ ✖✒✚✓✚✖✐★ ★✙ ✚✛✗ ★✔ ✒★✗ ✒✛✒★✒✖✕ ❣✤✖✜✒✛♠ ❦ ✧ ✛ ✤⑦ ✖❜ ❞✕✤ ✔✐ ✓❣ ✚✔❜ ✔✗✔❜ ✤ ✒✗ ♠✒❥✤✛ ✒✛

❤♠✙✚✤ ➲❦ Ó ✖✓❣ ✖✒✚✓✚✖✐★ ✚✤❞✚✤✗✤✛★✗ ✖ û❉ ❥✖✚✒✖❢✕✤❦

T0

T1 dir T2 T3=T2+T1-T0

T0 T1 T2 dir

T0 T1 T2 dir

T0 T1 T2 dir

aircraft n T0 T1 T2 dir aircraft 1

aircraft 2

aircraft 3

÷ øù ✵✳✵ ❑✹✾ è ❂❈✾❉ ï❉✾❆✸ð ▼ ✥✸✿❅❁✸❅✿✾ ❂❆ ✸✹✾ ❁✹✿❂❍ ❂✻❂❍ ✾❏

❁ ✄✧ ❊ ✝✍✟❄ ✟✠ ❆ ❋❄✝❃✟ ❄ ● ✎✠ ✩☛☛

❛✛✗★✤✖✜ ✔✐ ✓✔✛✗✒✜ ✤✚✒✛♠ ✖ ♠✕✔❢ ✖✕ ❤★✛✤✗✗ ❥✖✕✙ ✤ ★❣ ✖★ ★✖③✤✗ ✒✛★✔ ✖✓✓✔✙✛★ ★❣✤ ✜✒➷✤✚✤✛★

✕✤✛♠★❣✤✛ ✒✛♠ ✔✐ ★❣ ✤ ★✚✖❈✤✓★✔✚✒✤✗ ✖✛✜ ★❣✤ ✓✔✛⑧ ✒✓★✗ ❢ ✤★♣ ✤✤✛ ★❣✤ ✖✒✚✓✚✖✐★✢♣ ✤ ③✤✤❞ ✒✛

✖ ➂

✗✒❡✤✜ ❜ ✖★✚✒⑦ ➁ ➇♣ ❣ ✤✚✤ ➂ ✒✗ ★❣✤ ✛✙ ❜ ❢ ✤✚ ✔✐ ✖✒✚✓✚✖✐★➈ ★❣ ✤✗✤ ❥✖✕✙✤✗ ➋✒✐ ➟ ❍➎ ■✢➁ ➊❏➒

❜ ✤✖✗✙✚✤✗ ★❣✤ ✓✔✛⑧ ✒✓★ ❢✤★♣ ✤✤✛ ✖✒✚✓✚✖✐★ ➟ ✖✛ ✜ ■ ❦ ❛★ ✒✗ ✗✤★ ★✔ Ò ✒✐ ✛✔ ✓✔✛⑧ ✒✓★ ✔✓✓✙ ✚✗

✖✛✜ ✒✛ ✓✚✤✖✗✤✗ ♣ ✒★❣ ★❣✤ ✜✙✚✖★✒✔✛ ✔✐ ★❣✤ ✓✔✛⑧✒✓★❦ ➁

➊❏➊

❜ ✤✖✗✙✚✤✗ ★❣✤ ✕✤✛♠★❣✤✛✒✛♠ ✔✐

✖✒✚✓✚✖✐★ ➟ ★✚✖❈✤✓★✔✚❝❦

q ❣ ✤ ♠✕✔❢✖✕ ❤★✛✤✗✗ ✒✗ ✓✖✕✓✙✕✖★✤✜ ✖✗ ✐✔✕✕✔♣ ➋

➇➟➌■➈➌ ➟ ❍➎ ■➌ ➁ ➊❏➒ ➎❍ Ò ▲ ➁ ➎

➲ ➹ Ð

➊❰➑

➁➊❏➒

▼ ➇➟

■➈

➟ ➎❍ ■

➁ ➊❏➒ ➎ Ò ▲ ➁ ➎

➲ ➹

Ð

➁ ➊❏➊

q❣ ✒✗ ❤ ★✛ ✤✗✗ ✐✙ ✛✓★✒✔✛ ♠✙ ✖✚✖✛★✤✤✗ ★❣✖★ ✒✐ ✖ ✓❣✚✔❜ ✔✗✔❜ ✤ ❥✖✕✙✤ ✒✗ ✕✖✚♠✤✚ ★❣ ✖✛

✛✔ ✓✔✛⑧ ✒✓★ ✔✓✓✙ ✚✗❦ ❛✐ ✖ ✓✔✛⑧ ✒✓★ ✚✤❜ ✖✒✛✗ ★❣ ✤ ❤ ★✛✤✗✗ ✜✔✤✗ ✛✔★ ★✖③✤ ✒✛★✔ ✖✓✓✔✙✛★ ★❣✤

(9)

⑤ ✤ ✓✖✛ ✜ ✤❤✛ ✤ ✐✔✚ ✤✖✓❣ ✖✒✚✓✚✖✐★ ✒★✗ ✕✔✓✖✕ ❤★✛✤✗✗ ❢❝ ➋ ↔ ➊ ➎ Ð

➒➑➄

➇➁ ➊❏➒➈❦

❁✄◆ ❖ ✌ ❅ ✩✞✏✍✟❄ ✞✩☛✌ ❄✎☛

q✔ ✗❣✔♣ ★❣ ✤ ✤r ✓✒✤✛ ✓❝ ✔✐ ★❣✤ ✖✜✖❞ ★✤✜ ✔❞ ✤✚✖★✔✚ ✓✔❜ ❢✒✛✤✜ ♣ ✒★❣ ✖ ✗❣ ✖✚✒✛♠ ❞ ✚✔✓✤✗✗✢

♣✤ ♣ ✒✕✕ ✗✔✕❥✤ ★♣✔ ✓✔✛⑧ ✒✓★✗✢ ✤✖✓❣ ✔✛ ✤ ✒✛❥✔✕❥✒✛ ♠ ➲Ò ✖✒✚✓✚✖✐★❦q ❣✤ ❤✚✗★ ✔✛✤ ➇❤ ♠✙ ✚✤ ✃➈

✜✤✖✕✗ ♣ ✒★❣ ➲Ò ✖✒✚✓✚✖✐★ ✔✛ ✖ ✓✒✚✓✕✤❦❛★ ❣ ✖✗ ❥✤✚❝ ✐✤♣ ✗✔✕✙★✒✔✛✗ ❢ ✤✓✖✙ ✗✤ ✖✕✕ ★❣✤ ✖✒✚✓✚✖✐★

✖✚✤ ✓✔✛⑧ ✒✓★✒✛♠ ♣✒★❣ ✤✖✓❣ ✔★❣✤✚❦ P ✛✕❝ ✗✔✕✙ ★✒✔✛ ✗ ♣❣ ✤✚✤ ✖✕✕ ★❣✤ ✖✒✚✓✚✖✐★ ★✙ ✚✛ ✒✛ ★❣✤

✗✖❜ ✤ ✜✒✚✤✓★✒✔✛ ✖✚✤ ✓✔✛⑧✒✓★ ✐✚✤✤❦ ➵✒♠✙✚✤

♠✒❥✤✗ ★❣✤ ✚✤✗✙✕★ ✔✐ ★❣✤ ✔❞ ★✒❜ ✒❡✖★✒✔✛ Ø

O19 O0 O1 O2 O3 O4 O5 O6

O9

O11 O10

O8 O7

O12 O13

O14

O15 O16

O17 O18

-8000 -6000 -4000 -2000 0 2000 4000 6000 8000

-8000 -6000 -4000 -2000 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 0: 7:22, previ 30 mn, freq 5 mn, uncert 3%, fitness: 0.685888

O8

O19 O10 O12 O14 O16 O18 O4 O6

O2 O0

O1 O3 O5 O7 O9 O11 O13 O15 O17

-6000 -4000 -2000 0 2000 4000 6000

-10000 -5000 0 5000 10000

0:16:57, previ 20 mn, freq 2 mn, uncert 2%, fitness: 0.814713

÷ øù✵◗✵ ëß ✽✺✿❁✿✽❆✸ ❁❂✷❱✺❁✸ ï❅✼ Ý ✽✺✿❁✿✽❆✸ ❂✷ ✽ ❁✺✿❁❉✾❀ ❈❂❘ ✷ Ý Þß ❈✺❯✾✿✾✷✸ ❁❂✷❱✺❁✸✻ð

q ❣✤ ✗✤✓✔✛✜ ✓✔✛⑧✒✓★ ✜ ✤✖✕✗ ♣ ✒★❣ ➪Ò ✒✛✜✤❞ ✤✛✜ ✤✛★ ✓✔✛⑧✒✓★✗ ❢ ✤★♣✤✤✛ ★♣✔ ✖✒✚✓✚✖✐★❦

❛✛ ★❣✒✗ ✤⑦✖❜ ❞✕✤ ★❣✤✚✤ ✖✚✤ ❜ ✖✛❝ ✖❥✖✒✕✖❢✕✤ ✗✔✕✙★✒✔✛✗ ♣ ❣✒✓❣ ✓✖✛ ✤✖✗✒✕❝ ❢ ✤ ✐✔✙ ✛✜ ❢❝

✖ ❣✙❜ ✖✛ ❢✤✒✛♠ ❢ ✤✓✖✙✗✤ ✔✐ ★❣✤ ✗❝❜ ❜ ✤★✚✒✤✗ ✔✐ ★❣✤ ❞✚✔❢✕✤❜ ✢ ❢✙ ★ ✐✔✚ ★❣✤ ♥ ✧ ✢ ★❣✤

✓✔❜ ❞✕✤⑦✒★❝ ✚✤❜ ✖✒✛✗❦➵ ✒♠✙✚✤

♠✒❥✤✗ ★❣✤ ✚✤✗✙ ✕★ ✔✐ ★❣✤ ✔❞ ★✒❜ ✒❡✖★✒✔✛ ♣✒★❣ ★❣ ✤ ✗✖❜ ✤

❞✖✚✖❜ ✤★✤✚✗ ✖✗ ❞ ✚✤❥✒✔✙✗✕❝❦

(10)

❞✚✔✓✤✗✗ ✔✛ ★❣ ✒✗ ❞✚✔❢✕✤❜ ✢ û ✜✒➷✤✚✤✛★ ★✤✗★✗ ❣ ✖❥✤ ❢ ✤✤✛ ✜✔✛✤ ✔✛ ★❣✒✗ ★♣ ✔ ✤⑦✖❜ ❞✕✤✗

✙✗✒✛♠ ✓✕✖✗✗✒✓✖✕ ✖✛✜ ✖✜ ✖❞ ★✤✜ ✓✚✔✗✗✔❥✤✚ ♣ ✒★❣ ✖✛✜ ♣ ✒★❣✔✙★ ✗❣ ✖✚✒✛♠ ❦➵✔✚ ★❣ ✤✗✤ û ★✤✗★✗✢

♣ ✤ ❣ ✖❥✤ ❜ ✤✖✗✙✚✤✜ ✔✛ ✤✖✓❣ ✤⑦✖❜ ❞ ✕✤ ★❣✤ ❥✖✕✙ ✤ ✔✐ ★❣ ✤ ❢✤✗★ ❤ ★✛ ✤✗✗ ➇❤♠✙✚✤ û➈ ✔✛ ★❣✤

➲Ò ♠✤✛✤✚✖★✒✔✛✗ ✔✐ ✔✙✚ ♥ ✧ ❦

➵✒✚✗★✢ ♣ ✤ ✓✖✛ ✓❣✤✓③ ★❣ ✖★ ✖✜✖❞ ★✤✜ ✔❞✤✚✖★✔✚✗ ✖✚✤ ❥✤✚❝ ✤r ✓✒✤✛★ ❢ ✤✓✖✙ ✗✤ ♣ ✒★❣

✓✕✖✗✗✒✓✖✕ ✔❞ ✤✚✖★✔✚✗✢ ✛ ✔ ✓✔✛⑧ ✒✓★ ✐✚✤✤ ✗✔✕✙★✒✔✛ ✒✗ ✐✔✙ ✛✜ ❢ ✤✐✔✚✤ ♠✤✛✤✚✖★✒✔✛ ➲Ò ➇★✤✗★✗

❣ ✖❥✤ ✗❣✔♣ ✛ ★❣✖★ ★❣✤ ❤✚✗★ ✓✔✛⑧✒✓★ ✐✚✤✤ ✗✔✕✙ ★✒✔✛ ✒✗ ✐✔✙✛✜ ✖✐★✤✚ ♠✤✛✤✚✖★✒✔✛ ➲ÒÒ➈

♣ ❣✤✚✤✖✗ ♣ ✒★❣ ✖✜✖❞★✤✜ ✔❞✤✚✖★✔✚✗ ✖ ✓✔✛⑧ ✒✓★ ✐✚✤✤ ★✚✖❈✤✓★✔✚❝ ✒✗ ✖✕♣✖❝✗ ✐✔✙ ✛✜ ❢ ✤✐✔✚✤

♠✤✛✤✚✖★✒✔✛ ➪Ò ➇✧ ✗✔✕✙★✒✔✛ ✒✗ ✓✔✛⑧✒✓★ ✐✚✤✤ ✒✐ ✒★✗ ❤★✛ ✤✗✗ ✒✗ ❜ ✔✚✤ ★❣ ✖✛ Ò➍

➈❦

➵✒♠✙✚✤ û ✗❣✔♣ ✗ ★❣ ✖★ ★❣✤ ✗❣✖✚✒✛♠ ❞✚✔✓✤✗✗ ❜ ✖③✤ ★❣ ✤ ❢ ✤✗★ ❤★✛✤✗✗ ♠✚✔♣ ✗✕✔♣✤✚❦

♦ ✔♣✤❥✤✚✢ ★❣✤ ❤ ✛✖✕ ❢ ✤✗★ ❤ ★✛✤✗✗ ✒✗ ✖✗ ♠✔✔✜ ♣✒★❣ ✖ ✗❣ ✖✚✒✛♠ ❞✚✔✓✤✗✗ ✖✗ ✒★ ✒✗ ♣ ✒★❣✔✙★❦

❛★ ✒✗ ✤❥✤✛ ❢✤★★✤✚ ♣ ✒★❣ ✖ ✗❣✖✚✒✛♠ ❞✚✔✓✤✗✗ ♣ ❣✤✛ ★❣✤ ✓✔✛⑧ ✒✓★ ✒✗ ❥✤✚❝ ✜✒r ✓✙✕★ ★✔

✗✔✕❥✤❦q ❣✤ ✗❣✖✚✒✛♠ ❞ ✚✔✓✤✗✗ ❣✖✗ ★❣✤ ♠✚✤✖★ ✖✜❥✖✛★✖♠✤ ★✔ ❣✤✕❞ ★❣✤ ♥ ✧ ★✔ ✖❥✔✒✜ ✕✔✓✖✕

❜ ✒✛ ✒❜ ✖ ✖✛ ✜ ★✔ ♠✒❥✤ ✜✒➷✤✚✤✛★ ✓✔✛⑧ ✒✓★ ✐✚✤✤ ✗✔✕✙★✒✔✛✗❦ q❣ ✤✗✤ ★✤✗★✗ ❈✙ ✗★✒✐❝ ★❣✤ ✙✗✤

✔✐ ✖✜✖❞ ★✤✜ ✔❞ ✤✚✖★✔✚✗ ✒✛ ★❣✒✗ ❞ ✖✚★✒✖✕✕❝ ✗✤❞✖✚✖❢✕✤ ❞✚✔❢✕✤❜ ❦

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

"no_sharing_adapted_cross"

"sharing_adapted_cross"

"no_sharing_classic_cross"

"sharing_classic_cross"

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

"no_sharing_adapted_cross"

"sharing_adapted_cross"

"no_sharing_classic_cross"

"sharing_classic_cross"

÷ øù ✵❙ ✵ ❚✾❆✸ Ý❋✾✻✸ ▲✸✷✾✻✻ ï✽✺✿❁✿✽❆✸ ❂✷ ✽ ❁✺✿❁❉✾ð ▼ õ ✺●✹✸ Ý❋✾✻✸ ▲✸✷✾✻✻ ïÞß ❈✺❯✾✿✾✷✸ ❁❂✷▼

❱✺❁✸✻ð

❯ ý ❭ ❨ ❴❽❫ ❻❵❭ ❨

q ❣✤ ✓✚✔✗✗✔❥✤✚ ✔❞ ✤✚✖★✔✚ ✒✛★✚✔✜ ✙✓✤✜ ✒✛ ★❣✒✗ ❞✖❞✤✚ ✓✖✛ ❢ ✤ ✖✜✖❞★✤✜ ★✔ ❥✖✚✒✔✙✗ ♠✕✔❢ ✖✕

✔❞★✒❜ ✒❡✖★✒✔✛ ❞✚✔❢ ✕✤❜ ✗❦ q❣ ✤ ✕✖✗★ ✓✔❜ ❢✒✛✖★✔✚✒✖✕ ❞ ✚✔❢✕✤❜ ❣✖✗ ✗❣✔♣ ✛ ★❣✖★ ✙✗✒✛♠

✕✔✓✖✕ ✔❞ ★✒❜ ✒❡✖★✒✔✛ ✔❞ ✤✚✖★✔✚✗ ♣ ✖✗ ❥✤✚❝ ❣✤✕❞✐✙✕ ★✔ ❤✛ ✜ ✖❥✖✒✕✖❢✕✤ ✗✔✕✙ ★✒✔✛✗❦ q ❣✤

✓✚✔✗✗✔❥✤✚ ✔❞ ✤✚✖★✔✚ ✓✖✛ ❢✤ ✙✗✤✜ ♣ ❣✤✛ ★❣✤ ❤ ★✛✤✗✗ ✐✙✛✓★✒✔✛ ✒✗ ❞ ✖✚★✒✖✕✕❝ ✗✤❞ ✖✚✖❢✕✤

✖✛✜ ♣ ❣ ✤✛ ✖ ✕✔✓✖✕ ❤★✛✤✗✗ ✖✗✗✔✓✒✖★✤✜ ★✔ ❥✖✚✒✖❢✕✤✗ ✓✖✛ ❢✤ ✜✤❤ ✛✤✜ ❦ q ❣ ✤ ✔❞ ✤✚✖★✔✚

✜✤★✤✚❜ ✒✛ ✒✗❜ ✓✖✛ ❢ ✤ ✓✔✛★✚✔✕✕✤✜ ❢❝ ★❣ ✤ ❞✖✚✖❜ ✤★✤✚ ➳ ❦ ✦ ✔✗★ ✔✐ ★❣✤ ★✒❜ ✤✢ ★❣✒✗ ❞ ✖✥

(11)

❜ ✔✚✤ ✜✤★✤✚❜ ✒✛✒✗★❦

❺þ❺❬❺ ❨ ❴❺❻

✬ ❇ ✥éì❳ ❨❏è ❏ ✬ ❉❉✺❂✸❀ ❩ ✾✿❃✾⑨ ❇✿❅❋✾✿❀ ✽✷❈ è ✽✿❁ ✥❁✹❂✾✷✽❅✾✿❏ ❬ ✻✺✷● ●✾✷✾✸✺❁ ✽❉●❂▼

✿✺✸✹❍ ✻ ❆❂✿ ✻❂❉❃✺✷● ✬ ❑ ✩ ❁❂✷❱✺❁✸✻❏ ✶✷ ❭ ❪❫❴❵❵❛❜❝❞❡ ❫❢ ❣❤❵ ✐ ❜❝❣❤ ❥❫❝❢❵❪❵❝❴❵

❫❝ ❦ ❪❣❜❧ ❴❜♠♥♦❝❣❵♥♥❜❞❵❝❴❵ ❦♣♣ ♥❜❴♠❣❜❫❝❏✶✪ ✪✪ ❀ Þééì❏

❲✩ è è õ íî❳ ✬ ❏ ✩❂✿✽✷✽❀ è ❏ è ✽✿❁✹✾✻✺❀ ✩ ❏è ✽✿✸✺✷✺❀ ✽✷❈ ✥❏ õ✺❈✾❉❉✽❏ è ✺✷✺❍ ✺■✺✷● ❍ ❅❉✸✺▼

❍ ❂❈✽❉ ❅✷❁✸✺❂✷✻ ❂❆ ❁❂✷✸✺✷❅❂❅✻ ❃✽✿✺✽❋❉✾✻ ❘ ✺✸✹ ✸✹✾ ◆✻✺❍ ❅❉✽✸✾❈ ✽✷✷✾✽❉✺✷●❖

✽❉●❂✿✺✸✹❍ ❏ ✶✷ ❭ ❪❫❴❵❵❛❜❝❞❡ ❫❢ ❣❤❵ ❦ ❥q r❪♠❝❡♠❴❣❜❫❝ ♠❝❛ q ♠❣❤❵s ♠❣❜❴♠♥t❫❢❣✉

♠❪❵❏ ✬ ✩ è ❀ Þéíî❏

✩ ✇ éã❳ ✬ ✿✸✹❅✿ ❚❏✩ ❂✿❁❂✿✽✷ ✽✷❈ õ ❂●✾✿ ❚❏✇ ✽✺✷✿✺●✹✸❏ õ ✾❈❅❁✺✷● ❈✺✻✿❅✼✸❂✷ ❂❆ ✻❅✼ ✾▼

✿✺❂✿ ❋❅✺❉❈✺✷● ❋❉❂❁①✻ ✺✷ ●✾✷✾✸✺❁ ✽❉●❂✿✺✸✹❍ ✻❏ ✶✷ ❭ ❪❫❴❵❵❛❜❝❞❡ ❫❢ ❣❤❵ t ②s♣❫❡❜③s

❫❝ ❦ ♣♣♥❜❵❛ ❥❫s♣③❣❜❝❞④ ❭❤❜♥♠❛❵♥♣❤❜♠❏✬ ✩ è ❀ Þééã❏

❲⑤

✬ ✬ ✥éê❳ ✫ ✺❁❂❉✽✻

❅✿✽✷❈ ❀ ✫ ✺❁❂❉✽✻ ✬ ❉✾❁✹ ❀ ❨❏è ❏ ✬ ❉❉✺❂✸❀ ✽✷❈ è ✽✿❁ ✥❁✹❂✾✷✽❅✾✿❏ ❇ ✾▼

✷✾✸✺❁ ✽❉●❂✿✺✸✹❍ ✻ ❆❂✿ ❂✼✸✺❍ ✽❉ ✽✺✿ ✸✿✽❙ ❁ ❁❂✷❱✺❁✸ ✿✾✻❂❉❅✸✺❂✷❏ ✶✷ ❭ ❪❫❴❵❵❛❜❝❞❡

❫❢ ❣❤❵ t❵❴❫❝❛ t❜❝❞♠♣❫❪❵ ❥❫❝❢❵❪❵❝❴❵ ❫❝ ♦❝❣❵♥♥❜❞❵❝❣ t②❡❣❵s ❡❏ ✥ Ü

✶✩ ✶✥❀ Þééê❏

❲⑤

✬ ✫ éã❳ ✫ ✺❁❂❉✽✻

❅✿✽✷❈ ❀❨❏è ❏✬ ❉❉✺❂✸❀✽✷❈ ❨❂✻✾✼✹ ✫ ❂✽✺❉❉✾✻❏ ✬ ❅✸❂❍ ✽✸✺❁ ✽✺✿❁✿✽❆✸ ❁❂✷▼

❱✺❁✸ ✿✾✻❂❉❅✸✺❂✷ ❅✻✺✷● ●✾✷✾✸✺❁ ✽❉●❂✿✺✸✹❍ ✻❏ ✶✷ ❭❪❫❴❵❵❛❜❝❞❡ ❫❢ ❣❤❵ t ②s♣❫❡❜③s

❫❝ ❦ ♣♣♥❜❵❛ ❥❫s♣③❣❜❝❞④ ❭❤❜♥♠❛❵♥♣❤❜♠❏✬ ✩ è ❀ Þééã❏

❲⑤

✬ ✥✤éê✽❳

✽✷✺✾❉

✾❉✽✹✽❊✾❀ ❨❏ è ❏ ✬ ❉❉✺❂✸❀ è ✽✿❁ ✥❁✹❂✾✷✽❅✾✿❀ ✽✷❈ ❨✾✽✷▼❚❂❅✼ ✤✽✿●✾✻❏

❇✾✷✾✸✺❁ ✽❉●❂✿✺✸✹❍ ✻ ❆❂✿ ✼✽✿✸✺✸✺❂✷✺✷● ✽✺✿✻✼✽❁✾❏ ✶✷ ❭ ❪❫❴❵❵❛❜❝❞❡ ❫❢ ❣❤❵ r❵❝❣❤

❥❫❝❢❵❪❵❝❴❵ ❫❝ ❦ ❪❣❜❧ ❴❜♠♥ ♦❝❣❵♥♥❜❞❵❝❴❵ ❦♣♣♥❜❴♠❣❜❫❝❏✶✪ ✪✪ ❀ Þééê❏

❲⑤ ✬ ✥✤éê❋❳ ⑤ ✽✷✺✾❉ ⑤ ✾❉✽✹✽❊✾❀ ❨❏ è ❏ ✬ ❉❉✺❂✸❀ è ✽✿❁ ✥❁✹❂✾✷✽❅✾✿❀ ✽✷❈ ❨✾✽✷▼❚❂❅✼ ✤✽✿●✾✻❏

❇✾✷✾✸✺❁ ✽❉●❂✿✺✸✹❍ ✻ ❆❂✿ ✽✺✿ ✸✿✽❙ ❁❏ ✶✷ ❭❪❫❴❵❵❛❜❝❞❡ ❫❢ ❣❤❵ ❥❫❝❢❵❪❵❝❴❵ ❫❝

❦ ❪❣❜❧ ❴❜♠♥ ♦❝❣❵♥♥❜❞❵❝❴❵ ❦♣♣♥❜❴♠❣❜❫❝❏✩✬ ✶✬ ❀ Þééê❏

❇❂❉íé❳

✽❃✺❈ ❇❂❉❈❋✾✿●❏ ⑥❵❝❵❣❜❴ ❦ ♥❞❫❪❜❣❤s ❡❏ ✬ ❈❈✺✻❂✷ ✇ ✾✻❉✾❊❀ Þéíé❏ ✶✥⑦ ✫ Ý ß▼

ëßÞ▼Þæîãî▼æ❏

❩ ❂❉îæ❳ ❨❏❩ ❩ ❂❉❉✽✷❈ ❏ ❦ ❛♠♣ ❣♠❣❜❫❝ ❜❝ ✐ ♠❣③❪♠♥ ♠❝❛ ❦ ❪❣❜❧ ❴❜♠♥ t②❡❣❵s ❡❏ ❬ ✷✺❃✾✿✻✺✸❊ ❂❆

è ✺❁✹✺●✽✷ ✼✿✾✻✻❀ Þéîæ❏

✶õ éë❳ ❚✾✻✸✾✿ ✶✷●❋ ✾✿ ✽✷❈ ⑦✿❅❁✾ õ ❂✻✾✷ ❏ ❇ ✾✷✾✸✺❁ ✽❉●❂✿✺✸✹❍ ✽✷❈ ❃✾✿❊ ❆✽✻✸ ✻✺❍❅▼

❉✽✸✾❈ ✿✾✽✷✷✾✽❉✺✷●Ý ✽ ❁❂❍ ✼✽✿✺✻❂✷ ❏ q ♠❣❤❵s ♠❣❜❴♠♥ ♠❝❛ ❥❫s♣ ③❣❵❪ q ❫❛❵♥❜❝❞❀

ÞãïÞðÝíî⑧Þßß❀ Þééë❏

è ✺❁éë❳ ⑨❋✺●✷✺✾❘ è ✺❁✹✽❉✾❘ ✺❁■❏ ⑥❵❝❵❣❜❴ ♠♥❞❫❪❜❣❤s ❡⑩ ❛♠❣♠ ❡❣❪③❴❣③❪❵❡❶ ❵❷❫♥③❣❜❫❝ ♣ ❪❫✉

❞❪♠s ❡❏ ✥✼✿✺✷●✾✿▼

✾✿❉✽●❀ Þééë❏ ✶✥⑦ ✫ Ý ß▼ìíî▼ææìíî▼❏

õ ✥✥éæ❳ ✩ ❏ õ ✽❃✺✻✾❀è ✺❁✹✾❉✾ ✥✾❋✽●❀ ✽✷❈ è ✽✿❁ ✥❁✹❸✷✽❅✾✿❏ ú✼✸✺❍ ✺✻✽✸✺❂✷ ●❅✺❈✾⑨✾ ✼✽✿

❉◗✺✷❈❅❁✸✺❂✷ ❏ ✶✷ ❭ ❪❫❴❵❵❛❜❝❞❡ ❫❢ ❣❤❵ ❹❫③❪❝❵❵❡ ❺ ❷❫♥③❣❜❫❝ ❦ ❪❣❜❧ ❴❜❵♥♥❵ ❻❪♠❝❴❫✉

♣❤❫❝❵❡❏✪✬ ✤❀ Þééæ❏

❃❼ ❩ ❩ ❼éæ❳ ✩ ❏❩ ❏è ❏❃✽✷ ❼ ✾❍ ✾✷✽❈✾❀ ✩ ❏✤ ❏✇ ❏ ❩ ✾✷❈✿✺①✻❀ ❩ ❏❩ ❏ ❩ ✾✻✻✾❉✺✷①❀ ✽✷❈ ❨❏✫ ❏❼❂①❏

✪❃❂❉❅✸✺❂✷✷✽✿❊ ❁❂❍ ✼❅✸✽✸✺❂✷ ✺✷ ✽✺✿ ✸✿✽❙ ❁ ❁❂✷✸✿❂❉ ✼❉✽✷✷✺✷●❏ ✶✷ ❭ ❪❫❴❵❵❛❜❝❞❡

❫❢ ❣❤❵ t❜❽❣❤ ♦❝❣❵❪❝♠❣❜❫❝♠♥ ❥❫❝❢❵❪❵❝❴❵ ❫❝ ⑥❵❝❵❣❜❴ ❦ ♥❞❫❪❜❣❤s ❏✶✩ ❇✬ ❀ Þééæ❏

❲❾ ❇ éì❳ ❿ ✺✽❂❈❂✷● ❾ ✺✷ ✽✷❈ ✫ ❂✾❉ ❇✾✿❍ ✽❊❏ ✬ ❆✽✻✸ ●✾✷✾✸✺❁ ✽❉●❂✿✺✸✹❍ ❘ ✺✸✹ ✻✹✽✿✺✷●

✻❁✹✾❍ ✾ ❅✻✺✷● ❁❉❅✻✸✾✿ ✽✷✽❉❊✻✺✻ ❍ ✾✸✹❂❈✻ ✺✷ ❍ ❅❉✸✺❍ ❂❈✽❉ ❆❅✷❁✸✺❂✷ ❂✼✸✺❍ ✺■✽▼

✸✺❂✷ ❏ ✶✷ ✩ ❏õ ❏õ ✾✾❃✾✻ õ ❏✤ ❏✬ ❉❋✿✾❁✹✸ ✽✷❈ ✫ ❏✩ ❏✥✸✾✾❉✾❀ ✾❈✺✸❂✿✻❀ ♦❝ ♣❪❫❴❵❵❛❜❝❞❡

❫❢ ❣❤❵ ❦ ❪❣❜❧ ❴❜♠♥✐ ❵③❪♠♥ ✐ ❵❣❡ ♠❝❛ ⑥❵❝❵❣❜❴ ❦ ♥❞❫❪❜❣❤s ♦❝❣❵❪❝♠❣❜❫❝♠♥ ❥❫❝❢❵❪✉

❵❝❴❵④ ♦❝❡➀❪③❴➁ ❦ ③❡❣❪❜♠❏✥✼✿✺✷●✾✿▼

✾✿❉✽●❀ Þééì❏

❑✹✺✻ ✽✿✸✺❁❉✾ ❘ ✽✻ ✼✿❂❁✾✻✻✾❈ ❅✻✺✷● ✸✹✾ ❚➂❑ ❿ ❍ ✽❁✿❂ ✼✽❁①✽●✾ ❘ ✺✸✹ ❚❚✫ ✩ ✥ ✻✸❊❉✾

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