HAL Id: artxibo-00343538
https://artxiker.ccsd.cnrs.fr/artxibo-00343538
Submitted on 1 Dec 2008
HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- entific research documents, whether they are pub- lished or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers.
L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.
Copyright
Le plurilinguisme et la recherche linguistique : L’exemple du tchétchène
Françoise Guerin
To cite this version:
Françoise Guerin. Le plurilinguisme et la recherche linguistique : L’exemple du tchétchène.
l’Harmattan. Variétés et enjeux du plurilinguisme , l’Harmattan, 2010. �artxibo-00343538�
1
%&'()*+,-,.0/.0
1+2436587:9:;<5=?>@BAC36@D=&E(F9G ;IHJ36@KL@7:LI3:G,;L;5MN3;PO,QR@8OS2;5:OUTG,;V=7:L@;5:@WQR@5J=X>Y5OZLY8O\[5:TECG,9]5;@
>N[5YQR;HJ36@C^N_`=P=aYTE(Fb>FTG,;4GU@BLY`G,F.YWL;V=aF>@NO?c\Y;V=,O?LY5NM:YM:;@GdO,K:L@>@NO!TG,;<7N=a@3:G?>@BLY5CMN36@eOS2PY7:@G,f.9g;V=
=&G,hJOA:;V=a@iHJ36@jL@NO3O,YM6@JO`O!9]5=kA]YG,;FOl@m=XHJ36@eOS2;L@n:;POo=!@`3:5+59][(Ym3pOo=aYq:L@K]=&9N3N=a@LY5NMN36@7G,FJOU@5J=a@i@5
7:L@;<5:@rO\[5:TENG,95;@B365@js95@$;5Oo=aYq:L@Kg3:5@is9]5(@$>@jA:YG,;Ym=a;95gO^NtD2I365+>@Olc\YT=a@m3:GdOl>@$LYjA]YG,;Y=&;9g5
@JO&=ibTE@G!TWE(@Gu>YW5:O$L@NOuT9]5=aYTm=,Ou>@)LY5CMN36@(OS^k_i;<5OU;lL@JO=o[C7:9gL9M:;@NO$>@OO,;V=P36Ym=a;95gOi7:LI3:G,;L;5MN36@NO
v
529]5=u>@)A:YL@m3:G,Klwxzy,KlHJ36@{O,;L@NORc&Y;V=dO$[|O!9]5=u@5NA:;POUYM:FJOR>Y5gORL@m3:Gr>N[5:YQ;HJ36@`}~wYGo=a;5@m=aK
g pNyU^1i3T9]5=aYTd=`5(Y<=LP2;Q;=aYm=\;I9]5@=LP2;Q;V=aY=&;95c\Y;V=5(Ym=&G,@LY+T95NA:@G\M:@5T@L;5MN36;O&=\;HJ36@
@mn(7gL;HJ36@8YGo=&;5:@m=wP~YGP=&;5:@m=aK`gC=&G!Y>J36TS=&;I9]5pYq69N3:G,@d=&u@LL@G,Kk :ku0N y!KT@m==a@RT95JA:@G\M:@5T@
caY.A]9]Ga;O!@BL@JOA]YG,;Ym=a;9]5OXHJ3;:>@A:;@5>NG,95J=L@JOXTWE(Y5NM:@QR@W5=,O?>@>@QrY;5^
1rY5O365@|O,9:TW;IFm=aF7:LV3:G,;L;5MN36@K$Lo2FHJ36;L;Iq:G!@O&=&Go36Tm=P3G!YWLu>@TEY.Tm35(@>:@JOpLY5CMN36@(Op@NOo=@5
7:@G,QrY5@5(T@G!@WQr;POu@5T.Ym3kO!@N^t@7:L43:G ;L;<5MN36;PO,QR@)@JO\=l3:5c&Ym3=a@m3:Gi>@8=&G!9(3q(L@Oi>gY5:OjL@O,@5Oi9Nz;L
E;FG,YG!TWE;PO!@L@(OLY5NMN36@NO@57G!FJO,@5T.@@m=~;Qr7:9O,@ 3:5@¡G,F7:YGo=&;=\;95¢c&95T=\;955@LL@£>@NOz3O,YM:@NO
L;5MN36;POo=a;HJ36@NOY;<5O,;uHJ36@zLo2¤YO!TWE(FQY=\;OUFz>Y5:O{O!9]5|Qr9:>hL@z>];M:L9OO,;HJ36@zL@L;<5MN36;POo=a@zYQRFG,;TY;5
¥@GaMN3O,95^]t@$7:L43:G ;L;<5MN36;PO,QR@T9gLL@Tm=a;cZ52@JOo=¦!YWQRY;POiFM:YL;V=aY;G,@Kk;L;Qr7:9O,@rHJ36@8L&2435(@8>@O`LY5NMN3@JO
Y;V=$3:5|Oo=aYm=P3C=r7LV3O7G!@JOo=a;4M:;@3gnHJ36@L@(OYm3=&G,@O,K`9:TTm3:7:Y5J=RY;5O,;jL@JOc&9g5Tm=a;95gO+E(Ym3=a@JORG,@LFMN36Y5J=
;5:FLI36T=aYmq:L@WQR@5J=pL@NOY3=&G,@JOLY5NMN36@JO§Ym3:n£c&95:Tm=&;95Oq:YJOO!@JO^
v
t@NO)=a@5:O,;9g5OO!9]5=p>9]5(Tc&9]Go=a@O
@5=&G,Y5(Y5J=Z3:5(@T95gO&=aY5J=a@RT9]Qu7:Fm=\;=\;95p@W5=&G,@8LI@(ODLY5MN36@JO}+=aY5J=Y37LY5L;5MN36;POo=a;HJ36@HJ32PY37gLIYJ5
Tm36LV=P3:G,@L@m=l;>@5=\;V=aY;4G!@N^¨lYGQ©QR@r>2I3657:9];5J=ª>@eAC3@O&=&G\;Tm=a@QR@5J=L<;5MN36;POo=a;HJ3@.KkT95c&9]G,QrFQR@5J=ªb
LY)L9g;>J3~Qr9g;5(>NG,@)@c&c&9]G&=aKX3:5L9gT3=a@m3:Gj7L3:G ;L;<5MN36@
v
=&G\9N3A:@G,Y7:LV3Ouc&YJT;L@K7:L43O$F.T9]5(9gQr;HJ36@)>@
caYW;«Gd@3O!YM:@¬>Y5gO£52;Qr7:9]G&=a@¬HW36@LL@O,;=P36Ym=&;95®>g@OQe©WQR@NO 3:5;V=aFNO!K>@JO£Qr©QR@NO¯Oo=&G&36TS=P3:G,@O
MG,YQrQRYm=\;ITYL@O,K:@m=;5T.9]5O!TW;@QQR@5J=A]YBcaYT;L;V=a@G?LYT95JA]@G\M:@5T@}rwYGo=a;5@m=aKg pWy,K:T@LL@\T;KOd;
@LL@+@NO&=`7:9N3OdO!F@+b)O,95QRY.n:;Q$3Q°Yq:9N3=&;4G,Y+b+LY)O&377G!@JOdO,;9:5>@LY+LYW5CMN36@LY)Qe9g;5O`3=\;L;POUF@N^±dL
caYm3=59N=a@G?HJ36@
v
T@m==a@=a@5>Y5T@ib`G,F>J36;G,@`7N3;PObFL;Q;5:@G?@NOo=aK²79N3:Gk~YG=&;5@=a³03:5j=&G,Y;V=M:F5FG,YL@m=
7:@G,QrY5@5=>@OZO,;V=P36Ym=&;95gOq:;L<;5MN3@JO?}r9N37L3:G ;L;<5MN36@NOS^
)´l-!-
tY®T9]QrQ$365Ym3=aF®L<;5MN36;POo=a;HJ36@=aTEFm=aTEh5@®@NOo=µTYG,YTm=aFGa;O,F@¶7:YG¯3:5·7gL3:G ;L;<5MN36;POdQR@
>FJO!FHJ3;L;Iq:G!FN^¹¸lLL@ 9coc&G,@ 35(@ O,;V=P36Ym=a;95 9N L@ Go3OdO,@.KºLY5NMN36@ A:FE;T.36LY;4G,@K»>9:Q8;5:@
;5:T95J=a@JO&=aYmq:L@WQR@5J=¼>Y5:Oz>@=&G,hJO5(9gQ$qG,@3O,@NOzO,;V=P3Ym=&;95gO>@½T.9gQrQe365;TYm=a;95^Bt@=aTE(Fm=aTEh5@.K
LY5NMN36@8A:@G 5(YTm36LYW;G,@r@NOo=7:YG,LF@R@JOO,@5=\;@LL@QR@5J=ª@5?TEF=aTEF5;@KkY3=&G,YmA]@GdO>:@JOQR@Qeq(G,@NO>@OUY
>;YNO\7:9G,Y>Y5gOX>];4A:@GdO7:Y[O?>J3r9][(@W5e¾BG,;@5J=¿@m=0>@7J36;O7:@m3>Y5gOX>@`59gQ$qG!@m3gne7:Y.[6O?>24¸3:G,97:@N^
2
L9:Tm3=a@m3:GdOuO,@L9g5§L@+TE;coc&G,@9]c&c\;T;@L>J3zG,@.T@5gOU@QR@W5=Go3OdO!@)>@ :N :KL&2e5@JO!T9>955@8365§TWE;coc&G,@
LFM:hG,@QR@5J=Qr9];5OFL@A:Fz@m=R7:YGaL@z>@C½Qr;LL@zE:Ymq:;V=aY5J=,O>95J=Qr;LL@O,@G!YW;@5J=rq:;L;5MN36@NO
Go3OUO,@=aTEFm=aTEh5@KiT@NO>@m3:n LYW5CMN36@NOY[:Y5J=L@O&=aYm=3=>@LY5CMN36@(O9gcoc&;T;@LL@NOS^`¨l@JOpTE;c\cPGU@JOHJ36;
Qr9g5=&G,@5=3:5(@q6@LL@A:;V=aYL;=aF+>J3=aTE(Fm=aTEh5(@)QRYJO,HJ36@5J=D9N3§7gLV3= J=D>Fc&9]G,Qr@5=LYG,FYL;=aF+TJYGj;LPO$5:@
G,@5:O,@;Mg5:@5=+7:YJOOo3:GL@NOpT9gQ$7:F=a@5T@NOG,F@LL@NO>@OL9gT3=a@m3:GdOOo3:GL@JOpLY5CMN36@(OpHJ32;LPO@NO&=&;<QR@5J=
7:YG,L@GS^Xt@JOTE;<cacoG,@O+5@59N3OR>];PO,@5=$G,;@5~>J3 >@MGUF>2YTHJ36;OU;V=a;95>@TE:YTm365@>@NOLY5NMN36@NOR@5
7G,FJO!@5:T@N^±,LO5@$>;PO,@5J=?7:YOl5957:LI3O`O,;@5O,@u>FJTLYG,Y5=q:;L;5CMN3@$95+Yc&c\;G,Q@uHJ36@eL&29g5+T.9gQ$7G,@5>
@m=DHJ36@L&2957:YG,L@+L@NOi>@3gn§LY5NMN3@JOi9N3{q:;@5§HJ36@L&2P95T9Q$7G,@5(>{L@NOi>@m3:nLY5NMN36@NOiQRY;OuHJ329g5
52@W5u7:YG,L@DA(G,Y;Q@5=HJ324365@jO,@3L@N^
¾BG!K`@5~T@HJ3:;T95T@G 5(@{L@)=aTEF=aTEh5@.K`;<LD@JOo=eYmA]FGUF{HJ36@7:@5(>Y5J=i3:5@)q:955@)=&G,@5=aY;5:@
>2YW55(F@Kr>2@5NA:;4G,95¬¡b¯K8LY=&G,Y5gO,Q;POO,;9:5¡>J3£=aTEFm=aTEh5@Kr@5£Q;L;@m3£3:Goq6Y;5KYFm=aF
7G,Ym=&;IHJ36@WQR@5J=Oo=a977:F@^¨2Fm=aY;V=lLYeA]9gL95J=aFr>@JO7:YG,@5J=,O>@r5:@e7:L43O3=a;L;PO,@G`L@e=aTE(Fm=aTE(hW5:@rT9:Q8QR@
LY5NMN36@>@T.9]QrQ$35;TYm=&;95zbLYQRY;PO,95K76YG,Qr;L@NO$G!YW;PO!9]5:Or;<5NA]9gHJ36F.@JOrLY7G,@QR;hG,@Fm=aY;V=BHJ32@5
7G,;4A:;<LFM:;Y5J=uL@Go3OO,@95~Ym3:M:QR@W5=aY;V=$LI@(OeTE:YW5(T@JOR>:@)G,Fm3OUO,;V=a@7G,9c&@(OUO,;9g55(@WLL@>g@OR@W5caY5J=,OS^u5
Ym3=&G,@+c&YTm=a@m3:G$;Qr7:9G=aY5=u>Y5gOrL&2Yq:Y5>95z>@LY=&G!Y5O,Qr;OO,;I9g5zc3=$L¤2@5J=&G!F@QrYJOO,;4A6@>@JOrca@Q8QR@NO
>Y5OL@8Qe9g5>@r>J3=&G,YmA:Y;LKkL@NOT95J=&G,Y;«Mg5:Y5J=,Ob$7LYT@G=&G!hJO= J=ZL@3:GdO@5c\Y5J=,O@5TG,hTE@.KXOo=&G&36TS=P3:G,@
>2Fm=aYm=>Y5:OlLY.HJ36@WLL@u=9(3C=ZLI@j7:@GdO!9]55(@WL7:YG,LYW;=?Go3OdO!@N^]tY$QRY\¦,9]G,;V=aFu>@(O¦U@m365@NO?3:G!q]Y;<5OF=aYW;I@W5=>@JO
L9:Tm3=a@m3:GdOi7:YJOO,;c,O,Kl;<LPOeT9gQ$7G,@5(YW;@5J=iL@m3:GuLY5CMN36@)Q+Ym=a@G\5@LL@)QRYW;POr5(@¼LY+7:YG,LYW;@5J=D7:YJO^t2FT9gL@
7G,;QY;4G!@)O,@+c&YW;POUY;V=@n]TWL43O,;4A6@WQR@5J=@5)G&3kOUO,@KYm3§L[:TNF.@;<LFm=aY;V=l7:9OdO,;4q:L@QRY;Oi5(9]5p9(q:L;M:Ym=a9];«G,@>@
Oo36;4AG,@>@NO?T.9(3:GdOX>@=aTEFm=aTEh5@i@5j=aY5J=¿HJ36@LY5NMN36@iFm=&G,Y5CM:hG,@KQRYm=&;hG,@A:;V=a@iYq:Y5>955F.@`7N3;POUHJ32Pb
L&2<365;IA6@GdO,;V=aFB=a9N3OZL@NOª@W5:OU@;<M:5@QR@5J=,OO,@$c\Y;PO,Y;@5J=@5+Go3OUO,@$@m=Y36Tm3:5)5(@j7:9G=aY;=lOo3:GlL@B=aTEF=aTEh5:@N^
t@$Go3OO,@rFm=aY5J=7G,FJO,@5=l>Y5gOZ=a9N3N=a@O`L@NOiO,;V=P36Ym=&;95Oc,9]GaQr@L<L@NO>:@8LYeA:;@87:9:L<;=\;HJ3@KY>]Qr;5:;O&=&G,Ym=&;4A:@.K
FT959Qr;HJ36@½@=pTm3L=P3:G,@L<L@KrL@=aTEFm=aTE(h5@½5(@ O2@n:7G,;QY;V=7:L43O§HJ36@>:YW5:O>:@JOzO,;V=P36Ym=a;95gO=&G,hO
7G,;4A:F@JO!K>Y5gOL@T.Y>NG,@c&YQ;L;YL9N3§@5J=&G!@YQr;PO$Oo36;4AY5J=L@JOM:F5FG,Y=\;95gOS^gtY8MG,Y5>:@QrY\¦,9]G,;V=aFR>@JO
?TEFm=aTEh5@NO@NOo=ªY5YL7:EYq:hm=a@.Kk@LL@r5@+O,Y;V=l5;L;G,@85;?F.TG,;4G,@8L@j=aTE(Fm=aTE:h5@N^:_¯L&2PYm3:q:@r>J3j±!hWQR@
O,;hTL@KgL@=aTE(Fm=aTE(hW5(@Fm=aY;V=3:5@LY5NMN36@Qr;<5(9]G,;V=aY;4GU@K:@5=&G,Y5J=¿>Y5:Ok3:5rL@W5=7G\9:T@JOUOo3O?>@>;O\7:YG ;=\;9:5^
tYO,;V=P36Y=\;95O2;5NA6@GdO,@8q(Go3O,HJ3@QR@W5=YmA]@TLY8MN36@G\G!@+HJ3;Kbr7:YGo=&;4GD>@{:K9779O,@5=L@JO
?TEFm=aTEh5@NOYm3gnl3OO,@JOS^l¨l@T95coL;V=RHJ36;j562Y7:YNOT@JOUO,FKYG,@>N[5YQR;OUFLYLY5CMN3@=aTEFm=aTEh5@
>@mA]@W53@iYm3:n[]@.3:n>@$T@JOlLI9gTm3=a@3:GdO3:5@$QRYG,HJ36@j;>:@5J=a;V=aY;4G,@`=&G,hJOc&9]Go=a@^JtYG,@A:;V=aYL;OUY=\;95R>@$T@m=P=a@
LY5NMN36@i>g@A:;@5J=k3:5O\[Q$q:9:L@u>@jL&2;>@5J=&;=aFjTm36LV=P3:G,@LL@K0LI@8O\[:Q$q:9gL@i>J35:Ym=&;95:YWL;POUQ@.KL@$O\[:Q$q:9gL@i>g@
LYL43=P=a@T95J=¤G,@LP29]77G,@OdO,@3:G^gt@NOL9:Tm3=a@m3:GdO7:YJOO,;c OrO!@8G,FY77G,9]7Ga;@5J=L@m3:GLYW5CMN36@QRYm=a@G\5(@WLL@KXL@
7EF5(9gQrh5@R@JOo=?A:;PO,;Iq6L@$7N3;POUHJ36@8L@JOF=P36>];Y5=,O,KkL9:Tm3=&@3:GdOl7:YJOdO,;c Ol76YG@mn6T@LL@5(T@KkT.9gQrQe365;HJ3@5J=
3
;5J=a@GaM:FW5(FG,Ym=a;955@LL@G,@7G,@5(>^JtY8O,;V=P36Ym=a;95r7gL43:G,;L;5M]36@i@5RTEF=aTEF5;@$YiF.A]9gLV36FK6@WLL@$@JOo=3:5r7@m3
Qr9g;5Oª>gFJO!FHJ36;L;4q:G,F.@$HJ32YA:Y5J=q:;@5HJ36@$L@jGo3OO,@$G,@Oo=a@$LY$LYW5CMN36@$>J3p7:9(3A]9g;4G,K>@$L&2FT.9]5(9gQr;@.K
L@=aTE:Fm=aTEh5(@YG!@m=&G\9N3A:FYm3:n[]@m3gn>@{O,@O$L9T3=a@m3:GdO3:57:L43OjMG!YW5(>{7G,@NO&=&;4M@.Kª;L@JO&=i>@A:@5J3~LY
LY5NMN36@>@LY`G!FJO,;POo=aY5(T@KgLYLY5NMN36@;>g@5J=a;V=aY;4G,@KgLIYBLY5MN36@>@`LYTm36LV=P3:G,@N^
9N3N=a@c&9];POLYr7:9gL;V=a;HJ36@R>@
v
=aTE(Fm=aTEF5;PO,Y=\;95$}p>J3§7:Y.[6OA]9(36LV3=l7:YG`L@JO;5:>F7:@5>Y5=\;O&=a@JO
QRYG,HJ36F@.K@W5=&G,@Y3N=&G,@JO!Kk7:YGlLY8A:9:L9]5=aF>@c&Y;4GU@>J3p=&TE(Fm=aTE:h5@LYLY5NMN36@>@L&2@5O,@;Mg5(@WQR@5J=ª52PY
7N3 O,@~G,FYL;OU@G^`t@QRY5HJ36@>@Qe9][:@5gO!K8LY7:9N3:GdOo36;V=a@>J3 T.9]5c&L;V=p@=LYQr;POU@@5 7:LYT@>2I365
M:9N3A:@G\5(@Q@5=¡7Ga9goG&3OdO,@ Y¬Q8;PO¡365 OUFG ;I@m3gn T9N3:7·>@¬cPG,@;5·bL&2@5O,@Q$qL@ >@JO£G,Fc&9]G,Qr@NO
L;5MN36;POo=a;HJ36@NO^Jt@7G,9¦,@=52¤@JOo=¿7:YJOT9gQ$7:Lhm=a@Qr@5J=?Yq6Y5>955F$@=?>@G\5;hG!@WQR@5J=Oo3:GZLI@eO,;V=a@$;5J=a@G\5@m=
>J3¡M:9N3A:@G\5@QR@5J=r=aTEF=aTEh5@365 YGo=&;TWL@;5(>];HJ36Y;V=pHJ3243:5½MG!YW5(> TEY5=\;@G>2FLYq]9]G,Y=&;9]5 >2I365
>;Tm=a;9]55(Y;<G!@ =aTEF=aTEh5@ Fm=aY;V=b£Lo2Fm=P36>@¯@=z3:5¬Y3=&G,@¯YGP=&;TL@¯Y5595fY;V=~A:;Tm=a9NG\;@m3O!@WQR@5J=LY
7N3q:L;TY=\;95r>J3R7G,@Qr;@GQeYW536@L>@QrYm=&E:FQRYm=&;HJ3@@5j=aTE(Fm=aTE(hW5(@`MGT@bL&2Y;>@>@LY DF7N3gq:L;HJ3@
?TEhHJ36@C^
l: N,*k%&0 )P
_j;5O,;DHJ3@L@zO,9N3:L;<M:5Y;V=i=&G,hJO¦\3Oo=a@Qr@5J=e¨ECG,;O&=a9Oe¨LY;G,;PO,K`>Y5O+O!9]5YGo=&;TL@
!"$#&%'()+*,-%./01+#&
we y
v
365@LY5NMN3@5Ym=a;95YL@z>@.A]@5Y5J=$365
caYTm=a@m3:GD>@T9EFJO,;I9g5@=>@T95gO&=&Go36Td=&;9]5p;>@5=\;V=aY;4G!@+Yeq:@NO!9g;5>@rMG,YQQRY;4G,@NO`7:9N3:GY==a@;5>NG!@O,95
9Nq¦,@Tm=a;ck}^ r5@)MG!YWQrQRY;G,@LV3;l7:@G,QR@m=B>@)T9:>;<c&;@GrLYLYW5CMN36@7:9N3:GuHJ32@LL@)7N36;PO,@©=&G,@)Qr;PO,@Ym3
O,@GoA:;TJ@r>@rLY$5:Ym=&;95@W5=aY5J=ªHJ32;5gOo=&G&3Qr@5=Z7(9]L;V=a;HJ3@KY>NQr;5g;POo=&G!Ym=&;cZ@m=ªFT959Qr;HJ36@KkTN2@NOo=a\b.\>N;4G,@
L43;7:@G QR@m=P=aY5J=¿>2Y.TTF>@G?bZ=&9N3N=a@JO¿L@JO?c&9g5T=\;95gO¿E:Ym3=a@JO^
t@JOHJ36@LHJ36@NO?MG,YQrQRYW;G,@NO>J3=aTEFm=aTE(h5@7N3gq:L;F.@(Ob32G,9s5N[RYm3T9N3:GdO>J3 $hQr@8O,;hTL@K
O,95J=z=9(3C=a@JO >@=aY;LL@Qe9g>@JO&=a@K{G!F>];«M:F@JO @W5¬G&3OO,@ @m=Ymq:9G,>@5=LYLY5NMN36@ >@ c\Yf.9]5¢=&G,hO
=&G,Y>N;=&;9]55:@LL@N^X¸ªL<L@NORY>97J=a@5==&9N3N=a@JOrLI@{QR©Q@O!TWE:FQrY>@7G,FJO!@5J=aYm=&;95ZL@NOr7G,@Qr;hG,@JOr7:YM:@NO
O,95J=¿T95gO!YTG,F.@JO?bLY7:E95Fm=a;HJ36@K7N3;PO?L&2P@JOUOU@W5=&;@WL6>@jL&29(3A(G,YM:@=&G,Y;=a@>@BLYQr9]Ga7gE(9gL9M;@YA]@TBL@NO
;5:FA:;V=aYq:L@NO@m=¿;<55(9]Q$q(G,Yq:L@NO=aYmq:L@Ym3:n>@j>F.TWL;5:Y;PO,9g5:OZ@=?>@iT95¦o3:M6YW;PO!9]56^J¸Z5c&;5KHJ36@LHJ36@NO?7:YM:@JO
@5rc&;<5R>29(3A(G,YM:@=&G,Y;V=a@5J=?Oa9]QrQRY;<G!@WQR@5J=¿>@`LYjO\[(5J=aYn:@C^
DF7:9]5(>Y5J=ub)LYp>@WQRY5>@7G,@JOO,Y5=a@>@)G,@mA:;=aYWL;POUYm=a;9]5>J3=aTE(Fm=aTEh5(@KL@L;<5MN36;POo=a@)_G\q:;
4uYM:Y7:9NA+7N3:q:L<;@r@5 :8365+9N3AG,YM:@$@5+Go3OdO!@KHJ3;?O,@jA:@m3=b$LYrc&9g;POlQRYW536@Lk>2Y77G,@5J=&;POdO!YM6@$@m=
MG,YQrQRYW;«Gd@.K0QrY;POl;Lk52;559A:@j5;Oo3:GlLY$c&9]GaQ@i5;XO&3:GlL@$c&95>^±,LM:YG,>@$LY$QR©QR@8Oo=&Go36Td=P3:G,@$HJ36@L@JO
Y5(TW;@55:@JO MG,YQQRY;G,@JO @m==&G,Y;=a@5J= L@NO >];c\caFG,@5J=a@O¡59J=&;95O >YW5:O£LY¢QR©QR@7G,97:9NGP=&;9]5(KLY
Qr9G\7:E9L9]M:;@$@NO&=?7G,F795>FG,Y5J=a@.KLIYO\[(5J=aYn:@$;5:@n:;POo=aY5=a@N^Nt@eQeFG,;V=a@$>@$T@$L;4AGU@$@JO&=>2;LL43Oo=&G!@GZL@NO
L@f95O7:YG?>@59gQ$q(G,@m3:nR@n:@Qr7gL@NO?HJ36;0O!@`7G,FNO,@5J=a@5N=?Oa9N3O?>];4A]@GdO,@NO?c&9G Qe@(O]O\[5=aYMgQR@JO!K]7:ENG!YJO,@NO
4
G,YG!@WQe@W5=¿>@JO7ENG!YJO,@JOX>2P@n:@Qr7gL@JO7G,;4A:;LFM:;Y5J=L@JO?L<;&Oo=a@JOX>@ª=a@G\Qe@JO^
t2Y77:9]Go=½>2I3:5¶5(9(3A6@.Ym3 Qr9g>hL@¬>@MG!YWQRQRYW;G,@¬F=aYmq:L;½OU@L95®L@O¡7G,;<5:T;476@JO >g@¢LY
L;5MN36;POo=a;HJ36@jc&9g5(Tm=\;I9]55(@WLL@jT9:Qeq:L@G!YD3658A:;>@$O,;@LL@BA:9:;V=?L@¦,9N3:G^J¸5$=aY5J=XHJ36@BMG!YQrQY;G,@K6@WLL@eOU@
>9;V=?>@i>9]5C5@GLo2FA:@5J=aY;LL@B7:L43OZLYG\M:@i>@JO?7:9OUO,;4q;L;=aFJO>2@n7G,;QR@G3:5QR@NOdO!YM:@j@5R;<5:>;HJ36Y5J=?L@NO
3O,YM:@JOL@NO+7:L43OcPG,F.HJ36@W5=,O^Z¸Z5>02Ym3=&G,@JOR=a@G\Qr@JO!Kj@LL@z>9:;V=RG,@5>NG!@zT9gQ$7N=a@z>@zLYA]YG,;Y=&;9]5 @5
>95N5Y5=3:5@z7:LV3kOpLYG\M:@z7gLY.TJ@~bL&29]G,YL$HJ3¿2b~Lo2FTG,;V=U^ltYT95T.@7N=\;I9]5 >@~T@m==a@zMG,YQrQRY;4GU@@Oo=
>@JO!TG,;47N=\;4A]@¼7N36;POUHJ32Y3Tm365¦o3:M@QR@5J=e>@)A:YL@m3:G562@NOo=u79GP=aFO&3:GrL@NORFW5(9]5(TFNORHJ3;l76@G,Qr@m=P=a@5=$LY
T9QrQe365;TYm=a;95KO!@m3L@L&2P@n7:L;TYm=a;95§>@JOrT95gO&=&Go36Tm=&;95gOu@JOo=B@5NA:;O!YM6F@N^0¸lLL@>9g;V=7:9O,;V=a;955@G$LY
O\[5=aYn:@rYm3¼TB3:G>@O,Y$7Ga9(q:LIFWQRYm=a;HJ36@r@m=c&Y;4GU@8>@rLY8Qr9G\7E9L9Mg;I@u365TE:Y7:;V=&G,@$7:FGa;47gE:FG ;IHJ36@N^]tY
MG,YQrQRYW;«Gd@`5(@>9g;V=7:YJO?c&;<M:@GLYLY5NMN36@>Y5gOk365rFm=aY=3:5;c&9G,Qr@@5eA]@Go=P3>243:5@59G\QR@YTY>FQ;HJ36@
QRY;O¿G,@T955Y<=3:5:@`7:LV3:G,YL;V=aF>243O,YM@JO?L;FNO?Ym3:nRT95J=&@nN=a@JOZO!9gT;Y3gnRQj36LV=a;c&9G Qe@(OS^
1rY5OiT@m=P=a@)O!9gT;Fm=aF.K9(LP2;Qr7:YTm=D>@+LY)59G\Qr@@n7:L;¤TW;=a@+>9]55(F@7:YGiL@NOMG!YWQRQRYW;G,@O$@Oo=
HJ36YJO,;i;5:@.n:;PO&=aYW5=a@z>J3 c\Y;V=>@zL@m3:G>;<cac3O,;95½;5=\;Q;POo=a@KiL@G,@7:FG!YM:@z>@JO3O,YM:@O{O&=aY5>YG,>gO+7:YG
G,Y77:9NGP=eYm3nz3O,YM:@OR>F.A:;Y5J=,Or52@NOo=u7:YJORY;O,F>2Y3=aY5J=u7gL3ORHJ32;LD@(O&=$;Qr7:9OdO,;4qL@>2PYLL@G+Oo3:GL@
=a@G&G,Y;5$7:9N3:GQr@5@Gk3:5:@@5HJ3©m=a@b`MNG,Y5>@FTE@LL@C^
@i7:9(3A]Y5J=@m=?7(9(3:GTYm3O!@$YLL@G=&G,YmA]YW;LL@Gl@5+?TWE(Fm=aTE(FW5;@K¦2Fm=P36>;@$L@B=aTE(Fm=aTEh5@$Y3:7G,hJO
>@JO¬G!FWc3:M:;FNO HJ3; O,95J= ;5Oo=aYLLFJO¬7G,9NA:;PO,9g;«G,@Q@5N= 9N3 >Fc&;<5;=\;4A6@QR@W5= @5»¥G,Y5T@C^N3:G
;5gc&9G,QrYm=a@m3:GUO,K0=&Ga9];OuO,95J=>@JOica@Q8QR@NO0M:F.@JOi>@ :b:Y5O!K@m=L@NOYm3=&G,@OjO!9]5=>@JOiE9gQrQR@JO!K
>95J=?L&2M:@uA]YG,;@$>@rTW;5:HJ36Y5J=a@ub8O,9g;4n]YW5=a@\>;4nY5O^:?9(3OO,95J=?9NGa;4Mg;5:Y;G,@NOl>@32G,9s5N[LYrTY7:;V=aYL@.K
=&9N3Or95J=uc&Y;V=e>@(ORF=P36>@JO+Oo3:7:FG,;@m3:G,@O+@m=i=&9N3Or95J=3:5~@n]TJ@LL@5J=r5;4A6@Ym3@5c&G,Y5f.YW;PO!K`T2@NO&=rL@m3:G
=&Ga9];O,;hQR@BLY5NMN36@.Kg;LO?L&29]5=Y77G\;PO,@bLo24365;IA6@GdO,;V=aFN^D36Y=&G,@l9]5=>@O?@5c&Y5J=,OZO!T9LYG ;OUFJO?@5j¥G,Y5(T@N^
t@JOrL9:Tm3=a@m3:GdOrLI@JO$7:L43OrT9gQu7:Fm=a@5J=,Or@5{=aTE(Fm=aTEh5(@O!9]5=iL@NOj=&Ga9];OrE9gQrQR@JOrQRY;Or;LPOr95J=
=&9N3O?F7Ga9N3A:Fb3658Qe9gQR@W5=¿9(3b3:5rYm3=&G!@>@`59O?@5N=&G,@d=&;@5gO!Kg>@JOX>];c\c\;Tm36LV=aFJO?bi@n7G,;Q@G?>YW5O?L@m3:G
LY5NMN36@$T@Go=aY;<5:OlT95:T@7N=,Oª9(3QR©WQR@$T.@Go=aY;5O=a@G\Qr@NOZ3Oo36@LPO^7:9]5=aY5FQr@5=aK;LPOlL@NOl@n7G,;QR@W5=@5
Go3OUO,@r@m=ª>9];4A6@5J=c&9(3:Ga5;<GZ365+G,F@L?@coc&9Go=7:9(3(G`L@O`G,@=PG,9N3A:@G9N35(9]5>Y5:O`L@m3:GLY5CMN3@rQY=a@G\5@LL@C^
_`35;4A6@Ym3p7gE(9]5(Fm=\;IHJ36@Kk;LPOG,FYL;OU@5==9(3OL@O!9]5²Pc&³HJ3;562@n:;POo=a@$7:YNO@5=aTE(Fm=aTE(hW5(@@5=aY5=lHJ36@
7E95hQR@@m=BHJ3;?7:@5>Y5J=iLI9]5CMN=a@WQu70OuYA6Y;V=iFm=aF+G,FYL;POUF{²7:³jHJ36;l@JO&=iL@)7:E95hQR@)L@)7gL3kOi7G,9:TE@.K
L&2;5gcaLI36@5(TJ@R>J3Go3OUO,@@NO&=Z=a@LL@HJ32PYm3.¦,9N3:G,>2E3;?;LPO52P95J=ª7LV3OY3Tm365@R>];c\ca;T3LV=aFr7:9(3:G7G\9:>J3:;4G,@L@
O,95z²Pc&³>Y5OiL@NO`=a@GaQ@Oi@Q87G&35=aFJOiYm3§Go3OUO,@+9N3zbR>2Y3=&G,@JOiLY5NMN36@NO^¾5T95gOo=aY=a@+FM:YL@Q@5=`LY
7:@Go=a@>@`L&2977:9Oa;V=a;9]5e>@BL95NMN36@3:G?Ym3R5;IA6@.Ym3>@JOA:9N[:@LL@NO,KL95NMN3@m3:G595$7:@Go=&;5(@W5=a@@5$Go3OUO,@N^
t@JO¦U@m365@NOlc&@QQR@NOlHJ36;0QR@8O!@G\A:@5J=>2;<5c&9G,QrYm=&G,;T@NOlc&95J=?7:YGP=&;@NOl>@uT@m==a@iM:F5FG!Ym=&;95+HJ3;
52Y87:YNO9N37:@m3{Fm=aFeq]YW;«Mg5:F@R>Y5gOLY+LY5CMN36@e=aTE(Fm=aTEh5(@N^gt24365@8A6YQR©Q@`¦\3O!HJ32bT95O,;>FG,@GL@
5
c&9G,T@>@NODFA6FW5(@Q@5=,O>@JOiL9:Tm3=&G\;ITJ@OiYTm=a;4A:@JOi9N3zO!@WQR;,YTm=a;4A:@JOS^t9GdO,HJ36@L@m3:GUO`7G,9:>J36Tm=&;95gOuO,95J=
O,9N3:Qr;POU@JOiYm3:n§?TWE(Fm=aTE:h5@O7gL43OM:FJOBTJ@Go=aY;5@NO7:EG,YJO!@JO$O,95J=D;QQRF>;Y=a@WQe@W5=G,@c3O,F@NOiT9:Q8QR@
Fm=aY5=c&Ym3=\;4A]@JO^tlY)O!Y5Tm=a;95@NOo=iO,9N3A:@5=DYTT9gQu7:YMg5(F@+>:@+T@JO76YG,9L@NO
v
T.@)O,95J=LI@(OBFm=&G,Y5CM:@GdO
HJ36;7:YG,L@5=T.9]QrQR@+fY}^¨@LY+T95c\;G,Q@+T.@+HJ36@L&2&9]5§O,YA:Y;V=D>F\¦UbK¿=9(3C=L9gT3=a@m3:G
v
5@7:YG L@7:YNO
O,Y5:O8OU@+G,Fc&FG,@G$b3:5@)5(9]G,Qr@9N3~>J3zQe9g;5O8O!Y5O8O!@)7:9O,@Gi;Q87:L;TJ;V=a@QR@5J=D9(3@mn7:L;TW;=a@WQR@5J=B>@JO
HJ36@JO&=&;9]5ObO!9]5 O&3¦U@m=}|@=+HJ324365@z59G\QR@;Qr7gL;TW;=a@z@JOo=u=&9N3N=Ym3OdO,;7G!FMg5(Y5J=a@zHJ3243:5:@5(9]G\QR@
@mn(7gL;T;V=a@w;T9gLY
KgNyd^
tY59G Qe@½;Qr7gL;T;V=a@|@NOo=¼>Fc&;5g;@7:YGLI@ O!9gT;9:L<;5M3;Oo=a@ D9(q]@Go= 8;T.9gLY
KT.9gQrQ@
v
3:5
@5O!@WQ$q6L@+>@G,@7G,FJO!@5J=aYm=&;95gOB>FT95J=a@mnC=P36YWL;POUF@JOBHJ3;FA:YL436@L&2PFT.YGo=aKLY+>];c\caFG,@5(T@7:YGG,Y77:9GP=b
3:5@|G,@7G,FO,@5J=aYm=&;I9]5¡7:9O,F@}^tY 59G\Qr@ ;Qr7gL;TW;=a@Kc&Y;POUY5J=pG,YG,@Qr@5=L&29Nq¦U@m=>24365@G,Fc\L@n:;9g5
T95gO!TW;@5J=a@.KgYQrYLMG,F=&9N3N=3:5$7:9;>gOk=&G,hOLI9(3:G,>^¸L<L@52;5:T;V=a@`7:YJO7:9N3:GL¤2;5Oo=aY5J=¿bLY
v
7N3:G ;c&;TJY=\;95
L;5MN36;POo=a;HJ36@B}HJ3;T9]5(>J3;=T@Go=aY;5(@(OO,9:T;Fm=aFJOªbBq:Y55;Gl>@$L@m3:GlLY5NMN36@=a9(3C=a@JOZL@O365;V=aFJOlL@n:;T.YWL@NO
HJ36;9]5=Fm=aF$@Qu7Go35=aF@JOªbeLY$LY5NMN36@jG,;4A6YL@C^D;@W5HJ3@u>Y5OlT@uTJYOZ7G,FT;POl;L[Y$G,@c3Ol>:@jA:9g;«Gl>@JO
Oo=&G&36TS=P3:G,@OG&3OdO,@Ol@5J=&G,@GZ>Y5:OZLY$LYW5CMN36@D=aTE:Fm=aTEh5(@N^Nt@JOl@GaG,@m3:GdOT9gQrQR;O!@NOZL@j7:LV3kOcoG!FHJ36@QQR@5J=
7:YGZLI@(O6¦U@m35(@NOZL9:Tm3=a@m3:GdOT95T.@G,5@5J=X>@JO?7:9g;5J=,O=&G,hJO?7G,FT;PO,K6>2I365r7:9g;5J=?>@AN36@jQr9G\7:E9gLI9]M:;HJ36@j;PL
[pY$T95cP3O,;9g5+>:Y5gOL&2@Qr7gLI9g;>@(OªTLYNOUO,;c\;TYm=a@3:GdOlHJ36;k52@n:;O&=a@5J=?7:YJOª@W5RGo3OO,@.K0>2435R7:9g;5J=>@jAN36@
O\[5=aYn:;HJ3@z;LPOF7G,9(3A]@5J=r3:5@G,F.@WLL@z>];coc\;Tm36LV=aF~b7G!9g>J3:;4G!@z>@JO+7:ENG,YJOU@OT9G\G,@JOa7:9]5(>Y5J=bz59O
7G,979O\;V=a;95gOuG,@LY=&;IA6@Or@m=i;LPOrTYLHJ3@W5=iLYT95gO&=&Go36Tm=&;95zYTT3O,Ym=a;4A:@>J3~Go3OUO,@Y3>Fm=&G\;QR@W5=u>@)LY
T95gO&=&Go36TS=&;I9]5R@G\M:Y=\;4A:@i>Y5gOT@G&=aYW;5(@JOlOo=&Go36Tm=P3:G!@JO?7:YG=¤;Tm3L;hG,@JO>J3=aTEFm=aTE(h5@N^JtYi59G\QR@j;Q87:L;T;V=a@
@JO&=3:5¯cPG,@;5¯Y3 TEY5NM:@QR@5J=aKQRY;OQYLMG,F L@NO§G,Fm=&;T.@W5:T.@JOz>@NOY5:T;@W5:OzcaYT@ b T@=&[C7:@ >@
7G,9:>J36TS=&;I9]5(Kg;L@NOo=¿;Q87:9GP=aY5J=¿HJ36@LY`MG,YQQRY;4GU@BL@JO¿7gG,@55@@5RT9gQ$7N=a@@5u7G,FT;POUYW5=¿>@HJ36@WLN3O,YM@
O\7:F.TW;c\;HJ36@$;LO2YM:;V=U^:¨@OZ7G,9:>J36Tm=&;95gOlcaYm3=a;IA]@NOlT95J=&;@55(@W5=ZLI@(OM:@G,QR@JOl>2I365@uF.A]9gLV3=&;957:9OdO,;4q6LP@
>@T@==a@LY5NMN36@>Y5OrLYQR@(O&3:G,@9N@L<L@JO+O!9]5=iG,@7G,FO,@5=aYm=&;4A6@JOr>@Qr9g5~F.TWE(Y5J=a;<LL9:55:YM:@Kl@L<L@NO
G,@7G!FJO,@5=a@5J=XFM:YL@WQR@5J=3:5RFm=aYS=¿G,F@L6>@jLYjLY5NMN36@i>Y5gO35$=a@Q$7O>9]5C5:FB7:9N3:Gk=&9N3N=a@`3:5@c&Y5NM6@j>@
LY`7:9]7N3:LYm=&;I9]56^
$5(@$>;<cac\;Tm3L=aFj>2I365+Y3=&G,@j9NG!>NG,@DA:;@5J=O,@MG,@coca@GHJ3;7:9N3:G\G,Y;=ZO,@Q$q:L@Gl>FG,;PO,9:;4G,@jQRY;POlHJ3;
>Y5OuT@m==a@¼Oa;V=P36Ym=&;95=&G,hJOi7:YGP=&;Tm36L;hG,@>@A:;@W5=`3:5§@5¦U@m37:9]L;V=a;HJ36@N^ `36@WLL@+MG,Y7:E;@3=&;L;POU@Gi7:9(3:G
=&G,Y5:O,TG,;4G!@BL@3:GdO7G,9:>J36Tm=&;95gO?9G,YLI@(O
t@JO G,FA:9:LV3=&;955:YW;«G,@NO Go3OdO!@(O >@ k Qr;G,@5N=º@5 7gLIYT@
v
3:5:@ 7:9L;V=a;HJ36@ >@
=a@G&G\;V=a9G\;YL;PO!Ym=\;I9]5rL;5MN3;POo=a;HJ3@Bc&95>F.@jOo3:G?LY`G,@T955Y;POO,Y5(T@>024365rYm3OdO,;:MG,Y5(>85(9gQ$qG,@>@LY5NMN36@NO
5Y=\;95YL@NO HJ32;Lkc=?79OdO,;4q:L@$>@j7G,9Qr9N3A:9g;«Gl9(3>@$TG,F.@GlYGP=&;c\;TW;@LL@QR@5J=aKL&29Nq¦U@Tm=a;<c?F=aY5J=>@
v
5:@m3=&G!YL;OU@G7:YG`L@rQr9]G!T@LL@Q@5=lL@NOYJO\7:;G,Ym=a;95gOZ365;V=aY;<G!@JO?}$}w ;@GaG,F\¨lY7Oay^]tYl¦d@35(@ DFM:;95
6
>2435(@MG,Y7:E;@+LYm=a;<5(@+bLY7:LYJT.@+>@L&2PYL7gE(Yq:@m=DYG,Yq6@+HJ36@L&29]5@5O!@W;M:5Y;V=DYL9GdOi>Y5OiL@O$F.T9gL@NO
G,@L;Mg;@m3O!@(OS^gtY8G,@L;Mg;I9g5Q$3kO&3LQRY5:@T9:Q8QR@$=a9(3C=a@JO`LI@JOiYm3=&G,@O`G,@L<;M:;9g5Oc3:G!@W5=l7Ga9O!TG,;V=a@JOD@m=lL@NO
L@m=P=&G,FJOXHJ3:;:Fm=aY;@5J=7G\;5(TW;76YL@QR@5J=¿>@JOG!@L;<M:;@m3:nc3:G!@W5=¿TEYJOO!FJO?9N3@Q$7G,;PO,955:FJO^
LV3O HJ3¿2435°TE9;In >@ O\[6Oo=ahQr@ MG,Y7E;HJ36@KT@ TEY5NM:@QR@5J=>@L&2PYL7gE(Yq:@m=YG,Ymq]@¢b
L&2PYL7gE(Y.q]@m= LYm=a;5 @m=·5(9]5 T.[CG,;LL;HJ36@ @(O&=»O,;4M:5;ca;T.Ym=\;c >02435 TE:Y5NM:@QR@5J=»O!9gT;9]7:9L;V=a;HJ36@C^
¸coca@Tm=a;4A:@QR@W5=aK>Y5OjL@T95J=a@mnC=a@+>@L&2PF7:9:HJ36@KL¤2PYL7EYq]@m=LYm=a;5Fm=aY;V=7:@G,fm3T9:Q8QR@+7gL3kOi5@3=&G,@
7:9L<;=\;HJ36@QR@W5=HJ36@L&2YL7:EYq6@m=T[CG,;<LL;HJ36@+HJ36;?Fm=aY;V=aKXL436;KE;O&=a9]Ga;HJ36@Q@5=`L;FKk7:9N3:GL@JO7:@3:7gL@JOi>J3
¨lYm36TYJOU@.KgbLY`7:9gL;V=\;HJ36@Go3OdO,;c\;TYm=&G\;T@>J3RM:9N3A6@G\5(@WQR@5J==,O!YG\;POo=a@K:QrY;OL&2YGaMN3QR@5J=¿L@B7:L43O?c&9]Go=¿@5
caY.A]@m3:Gl>@$L&2PYL7gE(Y.q]@m=LYm=a;<5F=aYW;=HJ32;LkF=aYW;=AC3pT9gQrQR@e;5=a@G,5Ym=a;95YLTJYGL&29]5
v
>@WQR@m3:G!YW;=@W5(T9G,@
T95JA]YW;5:Tm3HJ36@L@=&G\;9gQu7gE(@+>g@+LYG,FA:9gLV3=a;95Qr9g5:>;YL@@m=DLP2PYA:h5@QR@5J=D>@+Lo2Fm=aYm=l3:5;4A6@GdO!@LZ>@NO
9N3AG,;@GdOX@m=¿>@JO7:Ym[6O,Y5gO?Y.>9]7N=a@G!Y;V=G,Y7;>@QR@5J=3:5rYL7EYq:@=03:5;4A6@GUO,@Lg}ew g;Qr9g5(Ym=a9yd^
tYjLYm=&;5;POUYm=\;I9]5R>@jLYMG,Y7:E;@D=aTEFm=aTE(h5:@j>J3:G,@G,YRY5O?7N3;PO!HJ36@jT2@JOo=X@5g$G,F7:95>Y5=
b3:5q]@NO,9g;5|7G,@JOUO,Y5J=>@Go3OUO,;co;TYm=&;95 >@LY7:YG&=+>J3 79N3A:9;4GO,9NA:;F=&;HJ3@~HJ36@LP2Y>97N=&;95 >J3
T[CG ;LL;HJ3@ 7:9N3:G~FTGa;4G,@¡L@½=aTE:Fm=aTEh5(@¡@(O&=§7G\9Qj36LMN36F@N^
v
:@L95L&2P;>F9gL9M:;@¡9gc&co;T;@WLL@K)T2@NOo=
O,@3L@QR@W5=i7:YGrLYM:F5FG,YL;OUY=&;9]5|²¤>@¼L&2PYL7:EYq:@m=uT[:G,;LL;HJ36@³$HJ3@L@NOrLY5NMN36@NOr>;V=a@NOr>2 FTG ;=P3:G,@
G,FT.@5J=a@ 7:@m3:A:@5J=eYTT.F>@GRb)3:5@G,F@LL@{>;Mg5;=aFK`TYGRTN2@JOo=uLV36;HJ36;59J=a@L@Go3OO!@K`LY5NMN36@>@{LY
O,9:T;Fm=aFjO!9gT;IYWL;POo=a@`}rw\¨lLYm36>:@rYM:hM:@y^
•
t2Y>gY7N=aYm=&;95¢>J3 =aTEF=aTEh5@£bL&2YWL7:EYq6@m=Tm[CG ;LL;PHJ36@ A:Y¡G,@Q87:L;«G365@£>9(3q:L@c&9g5T=\;95 caY.A]9]Ga;O!@G
v
LIY7:F5F=&G,Ym=&;95|>@JOpQr9(=,O>@LYzLY5CMN36@HJ36;8OS2PFTG,;V=b
L&2PY;>@>@T.@jO\[Oo=ahQr@.K0²P@=7:YGT.9]5:O,FHJ36@5=a³wxzy
•
v LY5(9]G,QrYL;PO!Ym=\;I9]5§>J3~L@n:;HJ36@¼O&3:G$LYq]YNO,@>@)T@O$Y77:9]GP=,Oi59N3A:@Ym3nR}§weYM:hM:@N pJ N yd^
1r@O?HJ36@LHJ36@NO?Y55(F@NO7:@5>Y5J=¿L@NO,HJ36@LL@JO?L@=aTE:Fm=aTE:h5@$O2@JO&=¿FTG,;V=¿@5rYL7gE:Yq]@m=¿YG,Ymq]@`7N3;PO
LYm=a;<5r;L5:@`G,@JO&=a@`7G,Ym=&;HJ3@Q@5=kG,;@5(K(=a9N3OL@NO?L;4A:G,@JOY[:Y5=F=aFqG6LFJO?7:YGL@NOk=&Ga9(3:7:@OGo3OdO!@NOLI9]GdO>@
LY>F7:9Go=aYd=&;95>@NO7:@m3:7gL@NOD>J3§¨`Ym36T.Y(O!@>@bg ^gt2@5O,@Q$qL@R>@LY+L;=P=aFG,Yd=P3:G,@@d=>@LY
7:9:FJO,;@{=aTE(Fm=aTEh5(@z>9]5=+95|YM:YG!>F{=&G,YT@z@JO&=FTG&;V=a@z@5|T[G,;LL<;HJ3@N^¨@z5@zc3=>9]5(T7:YJO365@
Oo3:Ga7G ;O,@L9GdO!HJ32@5kzL@zM:9(3A]@G,5@QR@5J=;5>F7:@5(>YW5=\;Oo=a@~>@1l¦!9:EYG+1e9(36>Y;@A 7G,9:TLYWQR@
>Y5ORLY{T.9]5:Oo=a;V=P3=&;95~>@{LY{5(9(3A6@LL@ DF7N3:q:L;HJ36@>02±o=aTE:@G,;@HJ3@L@)=aTE(Fm=aTE(hW5(@@JO&=rLYLY5CMN3@
5Y=\;95YL@@m=BHJ36@)L@+Go3OO,@@NOo=iLYLY5CMN36@>@)T.9gQrQ83:5;TYm=a;95;5J=a@G,5(Ym=\;I9]5(YWL@@m=i@5|N zT2@NOo=iL@
G,@m=9(3(G?b3:5@`MG,Y7E;@BLYm=&;5:@`7:9N3:GFTG\;4G,@L@=aTEFm=aTEh5:@HJ3;:@Oo=¿Y>N97J=aF.@N^
±,LO,@Q$qL@ q:;@5 HJ36@LY¡7G,9]Qe9(=&;95 >@LYLY5NMN36@
v
5Ym=a;95YL@B}¬O!9g;V=z;5O!F7:YG,Yq:L@>J3
TE(YW5CM@QR@5J=§>2YL47:E:Y.q]@m=aK+Y;5gO,;L@¡?Y>¦,;:;POo=aY5µY¡>FT;>F¡>2PY>97J=a@G9]c&c&;T;@LL@QR@W5=aK+@5 N :K
7
¾`3:sq:F :;POo=aY5KYm3¼¿3:G :QrF5;POo=aY5p@m=ª@5_s@G\q:Y
>m¦UY5KTC2@NOo=L&2YL7:EYq:@m=ªLYm=a;<5HJ36;YRFm=aFrTE9:;O,;&^ ¿9(3:G
L@j?Ym=aYGUO=aY5KHJ3:;=a9(3C=¿@5RY77:YGo=a@5(Y5J=XbBLIYB¥F>FG!Ym=\;I9]5R>@ 3OUO,;@¦,9N3;V=X>2I365@G,@LYm=a;4A:@QR@5J=MG!Y5>@
Ym3=9]5(9]Qr;@KiY7G,9gTLYQRF @5¯N ¡OU@L9g5|L@7G ;5(TW;76@z>@LIY
O!9(3A]@G,Y;5:@m=aFL;5MN36;O&=\;IHJ36@
>Fc\;5:;
T9QrQ@
v
l’ensemble des droits des peuples et de l'individu de sauvegarder et de développer pleinement sa langue maternelle, d'être libre de choisir et d'utiliser les langues de communication
LFM:YWL;V=aF>3OUYM:@>@NOLYW5CMN36@JO=&Y=aYG,@@d=Go3OdO!@Kr@5¡L@m3:GHJ36YL;=aF>@½LY5NMN36@NO 9coc&;TW;@LL@NO^(¨95c&9G QeFWQR@5J=XbjT.@m==a@L9;KL@5gO,@;M:5@Q+@5=7:YG,;V=aY;4G!@j>@JOLYW5CMN36@JO=aYm=aYG,@i@d=kG&3OdO,@iYiFm=aFQ;PO!@)@57gLYT@>Y5gO=a9(3C=a@JOiL@NOuFT9gL@NOuw\b)L@n:T@7N=\;95§>@)L@5gOU@;4M:5:@QR@W5=$O&3:7:FG,;@m3:G\y^1rhJOK
3:5@rT9:Q8QR;POO,;9g5@JO&=lTE(YG\M:F@r>@j=&G,YmA]Y;LL@GjO&3:G`L@$G,@=&9N3:Glb$LY$MG,Y7:E;@8LYm=a;5@rHJ3;¿YA:Y;V=ªFm=aF$LY8L@m3:G
YmA]YW5=iLY+MG,Y7:E;@T[CG ;LL;HJ36@C^0t@)?Ym=aYGUO=aY5@Oo=LI@7GU@Qr;@Gj7:YG,Qr;lLY7:97N3:LYm=&;95595,O,LYA]@)>@)LY
l3OdO,;@bY>97N=a@mGu@5 :LY)L9g;`O&3:G$LYWL7:E:Yq:@m=DLY=&;<56^k~Y;POr@5 :N :KX3:5@)LI9g;lc\F>FG,YL@;Qr7:9O!@
7:9N3:Gk=&9N3N=a@JOL@JOlLY5NMN36@JOª9]c&c\;T;@LL@OlLo243=a;<L;POUYm=&;95+>J3T[(G ;LL;HJ36@N^Nt@JOl>F7N3=aFJOYm=aYGdO?5295J=XYWLI9]GdO>@
T@JOUO,@~>@zT95J=a@JO&=a@GT@m==a@L9g;iQY;PO,Ki@5 ::KjLYzT9(3:GT95gOo=&;=P3=&;9]55(@LL@z>@ l3OO,;@z;<5=a@G,>;V=+L@
7:YJOUO,YM:@$>@$LYjLY5NMN36@B=aY=aYG,@ibjLYL7:EYq:@m=?LYm=a;5RYG\MN36Y5J=XHJ36@
v
t@j7:YOO,YM:@$>@iLYL<7:EYq6@m=XT[NG,;LL;HJ3@
bLYL7gE(Yq:@m=LYm=&;5$G,@JO&=&G,@;5>NG,YL@NO?>NG,9;V=,O?T95gO&=&;V=P3=&;955:@LOX>@`7gLV3O,;@m3:GUOM:F5FG,Y=\;95gOX>@BL9:Tm3=a@m3:GUO?>@
LY$LY5CMN36@B=aYm=aYG,@u>@j7:YGP=&;T;476@Glb$LYjA:;@$Tm36LV=P3:G,@LL@r}K9N3p@5T9G,@$@5¦o3kO&=\;c&;YW5=T@m=P=a@$>F.T;O,;9g5R7YGLY
G,FT.@7N=&;95r>2I365RT@Go=aY;<5r5(9gQ$qG,@>@L@m=P=PG,@O?>@JO
« Tatars résidant en dehors de leur lieu d'origine historique, qui témoignent de l'incompréhension des raisons du passage de l'écriture tatare à l'alphabet latin ».
tY¡O,;V=P36Ym=&;95¯@5£?TEFm=aTE(F5;@ @NOo=;>@5=\;HJ36@.K>hJOzL@G,@5NA:@GmO!@Q@5=>J3 M:9(3A]@G\5:@QR@5J=
;5:>F7:@5>Y5J=a;POo=a@K;LgcP3=;5J=a@G,>;V=¿>243N=&;L;POU@G?LP2PYL7gE(Yq:@m=LYm=&;5$7:9N3:G?FTG\;4G!@BL@=aTEFm=aTE(h5@N^
¿9N3G?Qr@JO?;5gc&9G,QY=a@m3:GdO,K:;<LO,@G,Y;V=¦\3Oo=a@HJ36@¦2FTG,;4A6@LP@m3:G?LY5NMN36@i@5rYL<7:EYq]@m=LYm=&;5r7N3;PO!HJ3@
;LPOO!@8O,95J=q]Ym=P=P3OZ7(9(3:GlT.@LY$QRYW;POYL9GdOlHJ36;O,@G!Y$TY76Ymq:L@$>@$L@eL;G,@8O,;kLYj7:9:L<;=\;HJ36@$>@$T[(G ;L;OUY=\;95
O,@i7:9(3:GdO&3:;V=>Y5OªT@m==a@i7:YG=&;I@$>J3Qe9]5(>g@ i¨l9gQrQ@5N=:¦o3O&=\;c&;@GlLo243O,YM:@$>@uT@m=P=a@jMCG,Y7E;@$YL9GdOlHJ36@
L@NO?@mn:@Qr7:L@NO7G,;OXbBLYL<;=P=aFG,Ym=P3(G,@jOa9]5=F.TG\;V=,O?@5rT[NG,;LL;HJ36@
t@ 7:L43:G ;L;<5MN36;PO,QR@@NOo=3:5(@¡TWE(Y5:T@ LI9]GdO!HJ32;Lp@JOo=TE(9g;PO,;KYJOO&3QRF¡T9gQrQR@¡Fm=aY5J=3:5:@
9N3A:@Go=P3(G,@`A:@GdOlL@JOªYm3=&G,@JO!KQrYL<E:@3:G,@m3O,@QR@5J=?L@7gL43:G,;L;<5MN36;PO,QR@$T9gLL@Tm=a;c?FM:YL;V=aY;4GU@i@(O&=G,YG,@j@=?@JO&=
=&Ga9]7O\9N3A:@5J=?L;F$bjLYBG!F7G,@JOO,;9:5@=?bjL&29]77G,@OdO,;9g56^¨2@NO&=?@5R>F595fY5J=XT@JOlO,;V=P36Ym=a;95gO,K6T9gQrQR@¦@
A:;@5O>@£L@caYW;G,@£YA:@T£Lo2¤@.n]@Q87:L@>@£LY£?TEFm=aTEF5;@KHJ36@L@JO~M:@5O~7G,@5>NG!9]5=z7:@m3=©d=&G,@
T95gO!TW;@5T.@HJ36@BL@`G,@JOa7:@Tm=¿@d=kLIY>];4M:5;V=aF>@L&2Ym3=&G!@T9NQRQ@5(T@YA:@TL@`G,@JO\7:@.Tm=¿>@jO,Y`LY5NMN3@N^
8
±o~¾ 8_i?¾ u¾Bu¾j¨ $i±_iK+¸ZL@5:YK+u¾Bu¾$¨ ii±_iK±\G,;<5(YK 1!$&% # %',%'
%',. , ( %'*," ( ,
±o¸ ª\¨Z_ :K J=aF7E(Y5:@K 1! # *, !*,!
!
1*,
*
*+#
,! ! %$* # *, ( %
$_02`¸ 2D¸¨lLYm36>:@KzN :K !*
!
*& " ! ! ( %
%
,%'* ( ¿YmGa;O!Kg¾i>;<L@SYT9Nq:K