Mechanical properties of flax and hemp yarns designed for the manufacturing of geotextiles. Improvement of the resistance to soil born microorganisms.

HAL Id: hal-01826264

https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01826264

Submitted on 29 Jun 2018

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Mechanical properties of flax and hemp yarns designed for the manufacturing of geotextiles. Improvement of

the resistance to soil born microorganisms.

Pierre Ouagne, Sullivan Renouard, Davina Michel, Eric Laine

To cite this version:

Pierre Ouagne, Sullivan Renouard, Davina Michel, Eric Laine. Mechanical properties of flax and

hemp yarns designed for the manufacturing of geotextiles. Improvement of the resistance to soil born

microorganisms.. Journal of Textile Engineering & Fashion Technology, MedCrave, 2017, vol. 1 (n°5),

pp.0. �10.15406/jteft.2017.01.00034�. �hal-01826264�

To link to this article:

DOI:10.15406/jteft.2017.01.00034

URL:http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/jteft.2017.01.00034 This is an author-deposited version published in: http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/

Eprints ID: 19722

To cite this version :

Ouagne, Pierre and Renouard, Sullivan and Michel, Davina and Laine, Eric Mechanical properties of flax and hemp yarns designed for the manufacturing of geotextiles. Improvement of the resistance to soil born microorganisms. (2017) Journal of Textile Engineering & Fashion Technology, vol. 1 (n°5). ISSN 2574-8114

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Mechanical Properties of Flax and Hemp Yarns Designed for the Manufacturing of Geotextiles. Improvement of the

Resistance to Soil born Microorganisms

Introduction

ƒ–—”ƒŽ ϐ‹„”‡Ǧ„ƒ•‡† ‰‡‘–‡š–‹Ž‡• Šƒ˜‡ ˆ‘—† ƒ ’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ”

‹–‡”‡•– ˆ‘” –Š‡ Žƒ•– –™‘ †‡…ƒ†‡• ƒ• ƒ ‹…”‡ƒ•‹‰ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡

‘ˆ ƒ–—”ƒŽ ϐ‹„”‡ ’”‘’‡”–‹‡• Šƒ• „‡‡ ‰ƒ‹‡†Ǥ ”‹ƒ”› —•‡• ‘ˆ

‰‡‘–‡š–‹Ž‡• ƒ”‡ •‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‘ ‘” •–ƒ„‹Ž‹œƒ–‹‘ǡ †”ƒ‹ƒ‰‡ǡ ‡”‘•‹‘

…‘–”‘Žƒ†”‡‹ˆ‘”…‡‡–‘ˆ”‘ƒ†•‹†‡•‘””‹˜‡”„ƒ•Ǥˆ’Žƒ•–‹…

„ƒ•‡†‰‡‘–‡š–‹Ž‡•™‡”‡ƒ‹Ž›—•‡†—’–‘”‡…‡–Ž›ǡ•‘‡…‘…‡”•

ƒ„‘—––Š‡‹”‡†‘ˆŽ‹ˆ‡ƒ†–Š‡‹”‹’ƒ…–‘–Š‡‡˜‹”‘‡–Ž‡†

–‘–Š‡†‡•‹‰‘ˆƒ–—”ƒŽϐ‹„”‡„ƒ•‡†’”‘†—…–•Ǥ‹†‡Ž›Ǧ‘’‡™‘˜‡

–‡š–‹Ž‡•ǡ“—ƒ•‹‡š…Ž—•‹˜‡Ž›ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡†ƒ—ƒŽŽ›ˆ”‘…‘‹”ƒ†

Œ—–‡ϐ‹„”‡•ǡƒ”‡‘”‡‡ƒ•‹Ž›„‹‘†‡‰”ƒ†‡†ƒ––Š‡‡†‘ˆ–Š‡‹”•‡”˜‹…‡

Ž‹ˆ‡ –Šƒ ’Žƒ•–‹… „ƒ•‡† ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ –‘ „‡ •—‹–ƒ„Ž‡ ˆ‘” ƒ

‰‡‘–‡š–‹Ž‡• —•‡ǡ ƒ–—”ƒŽ ϐ‹„”‡ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ• •Š‘—Ž† Šƒ˜‡ ”‡ƒ•‘ƒ„Ž›

‰‘‘† ‡…Šƒ‹…ƒŽ ’”‘’‡”–‹‡•ǡ ‰‘‘† ”‡•‹•–ƒ…‡ –‘ „‹‘†‡‰”ƒ†ƒ–‹‘

•—…Šƒ•”‡•‹•–ƒ…‡–‘‹…”‘„‹ƒŽƒ––ƒ…•ȏͳȐǤ

Žƒš –‘™• ˆ”‘ –‡š–‹Ž‡ „”‡‡†•ǡ ϐŽƒš ϐ‹„”‡• ˆ”‘ ‘Ž‡ƒ‰‹‘—•

„”‡‡†• ƒ† •Š‘”– Š‡’ ϐ‹„”‡• ƒ”‡ „›Ǧ’”‘†—…–• ‘ˆ –Š‡ –‡š–‹Ž‡ǡ

˜‡‰‡–ƒŽ ‘‹Ž ‘” „—‹Ž†‹‰ ‹†—•–”‹‡• ”‡•’‡…–‹˜‡Ž›Ǥ Š‡› ”‡’”‡•‡–

‹ ”ƒ…‡ Žƒ”‰‡ ”‡‡™ƒ„Ž‡ ”‡•‘—”…‡• –Šƒ– …‘—Ž† „‡ —•‡† –‘

ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡‰‡‘–‡š–‹Ž‡•‹†—•–”‹ƒŽŽ›Ǥ ”‘ƒ‡…Šƒ‹…ƒŽ’‘‹–‘ˆ

˜‹‡™ǡŠ‡’ƒ†ϐŽƒšϐ‹„”‡•Šƒ˜‡Š‹‰Š‡”–‡•‹Ž‡•–”‡‰–Šǡ…‘’ƒ”‡†

–‘…‘‹”ϐ‹„”‡•ȏʹǦͶȐǤ’–‘‘™–Š‡Š‹‰Š‡•–’”‘’‡”–‹‡•ƒ”‡”‡’‘”–‡†

ˆ‘” ϐŽƒš ƒ† ‡––Ž‡ ϐ‹„”‡• •Ž‹‰Š–Ž› ƒ„‘˜‡ Š‡’ ȏͷǦͳʹȐǤ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ

–Š‡‹”™‡ƒ’‘‹–‹•–Š‡‹”Ž‘™ƒ–‹‹…”‘„‹ƒŽƒ…–‹˜‹–›ȏͳ͵ǦͳͷȐǤŠ‹•

ƒ›„‡†—‡–‘–Š‡Ž‘™‹…”‘Ǧϐ‹„”‹ŽŽƒ”ƒ‰Ž‡•‘„•‡”˜‡†ˆ‘”ϐŽƒšƒ†

Š‡’ȋƒ„‘—–ͳͲǏƒ†͸Ǐ”‡•’‡…–‹˜‡Ž›ȏͳ͸ȐȌƒ•…‘’ƒ”‡†–‘…‘‹”ͶͷǏǤ

†‡‡†ǡŠ‹‰Š‹…”‘Ǧϐ‹„”‹Žƒ”ƒ‰Ž‡•Šƒ˜‡ˆ‘”…‘•‡“—‡…‡–‘”‡†—…‡

–Š‡ •‡•‹–‹˜‹–› –‘ ‹…”‘‘”‰ƒ‹• ƒ––ƒ… ȏͳ͹ȐǤ ‘ •‘Ž—–‹‘• –‘

‹’”‘˜‡–Š‡‹””‡•‹•–ƒ…‡–‘‹…”‘‘”‰ƒ‹••ǯ†‡‰”ƒ†ƒ–‹‘•Š‘—Ž†

„‡•–—†‹‡†ȏͳͺǦͳͻȐǤ

Š‹–‘•ƒ ƒ ™‹†‡•’”‡ƒ† „‹‘†‡‰”ƒ†ƒ„Ž‡ ’‘Ž›‡” ‡šŠ‹„‹–•

ƒ–‹‹…”‘„‹ƒŽ ƒ…–‹˜‹–› ȋ„ƒ…–‡”‹‘•–ƒ–‹… ƒ† ˆ—‰‹•–ƒ–‹…Ȍ ȏʹͲǦʹͳȐǤ

ƒœ‡† ‡– ƒŽǤ ȏʹʹȐ •—‰‰‡•– –Šƒ– …Š‹–‘•ƒ ‹’”‡‰ƒ–‹‘ …‘—Ž†

‹’”‘˜‡ –Š‡ •–”‡‰–Š ‘ˆ „ƒ‰ƒ••‡ ϐ‹„”‡•Ǥ ‘‡ ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‹‘• ‘

…Š‹–‘•ƒ ‹’”‡‰ƒ–‡† –‡š–‹Ž‡•ǡ •Š‘™‡† ƒ …‡”–ƒ‹ †‡’‡†‡…› ‘ˆ

–Š‡ƒ–‹‹…”‘„‹ƒŽƒ…–‹˜‹–›™‹–Š–Š‡…Š‹–‘•ƒ‘Ž‡…—Žƒ”™‡‹‰Š–ȏʹ͵ȐǤ

‡‘—ƒ”†‡–ƒŽǤȏʹͶȐˆ‘—†–Šƒ–…Š‹–‘•ƒ‹’”‡‰ƒ–‹‘™‹–ŠŽ‘™

‘Ž‡…—Žƒ” ™‡‹‰Š– ‹• ‘”‡ ‡ˆˆ‡…–‹˜‡ –Šƒ Š‹‰Š ‘Ž‡…—Žƒ” ™‡‹‰Š–

ˆ‘”–Š‡’”‘–‡…–‹‘‘ˆϐ‹„”‡•ƒ‰ƒ‹•–…‡ŽŽ—Žƒ•‡ƒ†„ƒ…–‡”‹ƒǤŠ—•ǡ

–‘’”‡˜‡–’”‡ƒ–—”‡†‡‰”ƒ†ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡„‹‘Ǧ„ƒ•‡†‰‡‘–‡š–‹Ž‡•ǡ ϐŽƒšƒ†Š‡’›ƒ”•™‡”‡‹’”‡‰ƒ–‡†„›ƒŽ‘™‘Ž‡…—Žƒ”™‡‹‰Š–

…Š‹–‘•ƒ ƒ† –Š‡‹” –‡•‹Ž‡ ‡…Šƒ‹…ƒŽ ’”‘’‡”–‹‡• †‡–‡”‹‡†

„‡ˆ‘”‡ ƒ† ƒˆ–‡” •‡˜‡”‡ ‡œ›ƒ–‹… ƒ† „ƒ…–‡”‹ƒŽ ƒ––ƒ…• –‘

‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡–Š‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ‘ˆ–Š‡•‡ϐ‹„”‡•–‘„‡ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡†‹–‘

‰‡‘–‡š–‹Ž‡•Ǥ Š‡ ‡ƒ•—”‡† ’”‘’‡”–‹‡• ‘ˆ ϐŽƒš ƒ† Š‡’ ›ƒ”•

™‡”‡…‘’ƒ”‡†–‘–Š‡‘‡•‘ˆ…‘‹”›ƒ”•™Š‹…Š‹•‘™ƒ†ƒ›•–Š‡

”‡ˆ‡”‡…‡‘–Š‡ƒ”‡–Ǥ†‹•…—••‹‘ƒ„‘—––Š‡”‘Ž‡‘ˆ…Š‹–‘•ƒ

–‘ ƒ‹–ƒ‹ ƒ ‰‘‘† ‡…Šƒ‹…ƒŽ ’”‘’‡”–› Ž‡˜‡Ž ƒˆ–‡” ‡œ›ƒ–‹…

–”‡ƒ–‡–ƒ†„ƒ…–‡”‹ƒŽƒ––ƒ…•‹•’”‡•‡–‡†‹–Š‹•’ƒ’‡”Ǥ

1

ENI Tarbes, France

2

University in Orléans, France

*Corresponding author: ‹‡””‡—ƒ‰‡ǡƒ”„‡•ǡ ͳͻͲͷǡ Ǧ͸ͷͲͳ͸ǡƒ”„‡•ǡ ”ƒ…‡ǡ‡Žǣ͵͵ȋͲȌͷ͸͹ͶͷͲͳͳ͸Ǣ

ƒ‹Žǣ

Abstract

‡‘–‡š–‹Ž‡•ƒ”‡™‹†‡Ž›—•‡†–‘•–ƒ„‹Ž‹œ‡”‹˜‡”„ƒ•ˆ”‘‡”‘•‹‘™Š‡–Š‡•‡‘‡•

ƒ”‡”‡•–‘”‡†‹–‘˜‡‰‡–ƒŽ…‘˜‡”‡†ƒ”‡ƒ•ƒ•‡–‹‘‡†„›—”‘’‡ƒ”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘•Ǥ ‘”–Š‡•‡ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘•‹’‘”–‡†…‘‹”ȋ…‘…‘—–•Š‡ŽŽˆ‹„”‡•Ȍ„ƒ•‡†‰‡‘–‡š–‹Ž‡•ƒ”‡

‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ› —•‡† „‡…ƒ—•‡ …‘‹” ˆ‹„”‡• •Š‘™ ƒ ‰‘‘† ”‡•‹•–ƒ…‡ –‘ •‘‹Ž †‡‰”ƒ†ƒ–‹‘Ǥ

 —”‘’‡ǡ ˆŽƒš ƒ† Š‡’ ’Žƒ–• ƒ”‡ ƒŽ”‡ƒ†› ‰”‘™ ˆ‘” –‡š–‹Ž‡ǡ „—‹Ž†‹‰ ‘”

‘‹Ž ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ ›Ǧ’”‘†—…–• ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ ‹†—•–”‹‡• •—…Š ƒ• ˆŽƒš –‘™• ƒ† •Š‘”–

Š‡’ ˆ‹„”‡• ™‡”‡ —•‡† –‘ ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡ ›ƒ”•Ǥ Š‡ ”‡•‹•–ƒ…‡ –‘ †‡‰”ƒ†ƒ–‹‘

˜‹ƒ–Š‡‡ƒ•—”‡‡–‘ˆ–Š‡‡…Šƒ‹…ƒŽ’”‘’‡”–‹‡•‘ˆ–Š‡•‡›ƒ”••—„‹––‡†–‘

‡œ›ƒ–‹…ȋ…‡ŽŽ—Žƒ•‡Ȍƒ†‹…”‘„‹ƒŽƒ––ƒ…•ȋ‡ŽŽ˜‹„”‹‘‰ƒ†ƒ˜‡•‹•Ȍ‹‹…‹‰

•‘‹Ž†‡‰”ƒ†ƒ–‹‘™ƒ•‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‡†Ǥƒ”‰‡†‡…”‡ƒ•‡•‹‡…Šƒ‹…ƒŽ’”‘’‡”–‹‡•™‡”‡

‘„•‡”˜‡†ǡ‡˜‡–Š‘—‰Š–Š‡•‡‘‡•™‡”‡•–‹ŽŽŠ‹‰Š‡”–Šƒ–Š‡ƒ•”‡…‡‹˜‡†”‡ˆ‡”‡…‡ …‘‹”ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽǤˆ–‡”‹’”‡‰ƒ–‹‘„›…Š‹–‘•ƒ‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‹„”‡•ǡ–Š‡–‡•‹Ž‡’”‘’‡”–‹‡•

‘ˆ –Š‡ ›ƒ”• ‰Ž‘„ƒŽŽ› ”‡ƒ‹‡† —…Šƒ‰‡† ƒˆ–‡” •‡˜‡”‡ ƒ––ƒ…•Ǥ Š‡ …Š‹–‘•ƒ

ƒ…–• ƒ• ƒ ’”‘–‡…–‹‘ ƒ‰ƒ‹•– –Š‡ •‘‹Ž ‹…”‘‘”‰ƒ‹• ƒ––ƒ…•Ǥ • ƒ …‘•‡“—‡…‡ǡ

ˆŽƒšƒ†Š‡’„›Ǧ’”‘†—…–•…‘—Ž†„‡‰‘‘†…ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡•ˆ‘”Ž‘…ƒŽƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰‘ˆ

„‹‘†‡‰”ƒ†ƒ„Ž‡‰‡‘–‡š–‹Ž‡•Ǥ

Keywords: ŽƒšǢ ‡’Ǣ ‹‘ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•Ǣ ‡‰”ƒ†ƒ„‹Ž‹–›Ǣ Š‹–‘•ƒǢ ‡…Šƒ‹…ƒŽ

’”‘’‡”–‹‡•

Materials and Methods Materials

Š”‡‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•™‡”‡—•‡†–‘•–—†›–Š‡„‹‘†‡‰”ƒ†ƒ–‹‘

‘ˆƒ–—”ƒŽϐ‹„”‡›ƒ”•Ǥ‘•–—†›–Š‡”‡•‹•–ƒ…‡–‘†‡‰”ƒ†ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ

ϐŽƒš–‘™•ƒ†Š‡’ϐ‹„”‡•ǡ–Š‡•‡‘‡•™‡”‡–™‹•–‡†‹–‘›ƒ”•ǡ„›

”‘—’‡‡’‡•–‡Ž‡ȋ‡‘…ƒ••‡ǡ ”ƒ…‡ȌȏʹͷȐǤ‘‹”›ƒ”•ǡ‹’‘”–‡†

ˆ”‘†‹ƒǡ™‡”‡’”‘˜‹†‡†„›…‘„‹‘–‡šȋŠ‹œ›ǡ ”ƒ…‡Ȍȏʹ͸ȐǤŠ‡

…‘‹” ›ƒ”• ƒ”‡ –™‹•–‡† ‹ †‘—„Ž‡ ›ƒ”• ‹‰—”‡ ͳǤ Š‡ ’Š›•‹…ƒŽ

’”‘’‡”–‹‡•‘ˆ–Š‡›ƒ”•ƒ”‡’”‡•‡–‡†‹ƒ„Ž‡ͳǤ

Table 1: Š›•‹…ƒŽƒ†‡•‹Ž‡’”‘’‡”–‹‡•‘ˆ—Ǧ’”‘…‡••‡†ϐŽƒšǡŠ‡’ƒ†…‘‹”›ƒ”•Ǥ

Yarns Fineness (tex) Torque (rd/m) Tensile Strength (MPa) Young’s Modulus (MPa)

Žƒš Ͷͳͺ͹ά͵ͻ͸ ͸Ͷ ͹ʹά͹ ͹ͷͻάͶͲ

‡’ Ͷ͵ͳʹάͷͳ͵ ͸ʹ Ͷͷάͷ ͹ͺͺάʹͺ

Coir ͸ͳ͹ʹάͳ͹ͷͶ ‘—„Ž‡–™‹•–‡†›ƒ” ͳͶάʹ ͻͳάʹͶ

Figure 1: —–‡ƒ†‘…‘„ƒ•‡†‰‡‘–‡š–‹Ž‡•ǣȋǣ™™™Ǥ‡…‘„‹‘–‡šǤˆ”ȌǤ

Degradation treatments

 ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ –‘ ‰‡‘–‡š–‹Ž‡• ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘ǡ ‡…Šƒ‹…ƒŽ ’”‘’‡”–‹‡•

‘ˆ †”› ϐ‹„”‡• ™‡”‡ ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡† „› •‹—Žƒ–‹‰ ƒ……‡Ž‡”ƒ–‡†

•‘‹Ž †‡‰”ƒ†ƒ–‹‘ …‘†‹–‹‘•Ǥ ‘” –Š‹• ’—”’‘•‡ǡ ‡œ›ƒ–‹… ƒ†

‹…”‘‘”‰ƒ‹• –”‡ƒ–‡–• ™‡”‡ …‘†—…–‡† ‹ ‘’–‹‹œ‡†

…‘†‹–‹‘•ȏʹͶȐǤ

 –Š‹• ™‘” ‡œ›ƒ–‹… ƒ† „ƒ…–‡”‹ƒŽ †‡‰”ƒ†ƒ–‹‘ ™‡”‡

’‡”ˆ‘”‡†ƒ•†‡•…”‹„‡†„›‡‘—ƒ”†‡–ƒŽȏͳ͸Ȑ„›—•‹‰•’‡”‰‹ŽŽ—•

‹‰‡”…‡ŽŽ—Žƒ•‡‡š–”ƒ…–ƒ†‡ŽŽ˜‹„”‹‘‰ƒ†ƒ˜‡•‹•„ƒ…–‡”‹ƒǤŠ‡›

™‡”‡ ”‡•’‡…–‹˜‡Ž› ’—”…Šƒ•‡† ˆ”‘ ‹‰ƒ ƒ†

Ȁ

„ƒ…–‡”‹ƒ…‘ŽŽ‡…–‹‘ǡ‡–‹˜‡”•‹–›ȋ‡Ž‰‹—ȌǤ Chitosan impregnation of yarns

Žƒšƒ†Š‡’›ƒ”•™‡”‡•—„‡”‰‡†‹–‘ƒ…Š‹–‘•ƒ•‘Ž—–‹‘ǡ

’”‡’ƒ”‡†™‹–Š†‹••‘Ž˜‡†…Š‹–‘•ƒ’‘™†‡”•‹ͳΨƒ…‡–‹…ƒ…‹†ƒ–

”‘‘–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡Ǥ‘Ž—–‹‘•™‡”‡•–‹””‡†ˆ‘”ͺŠ‘—”•Ǥƒ”•™‡”‡

–Š‡‹‡”‰‡†‹…Š‹–‘•ƒ•‘Ž—–‹‘—†‡”•Šƒ‹‰ˆ‘”ͳ͸ŠȏʹͶȐǤ

Š‡‹’”‡‰ƒ–‡†›ƒ”•™‡”‡–Š‡†”‹‡†‹ƒ‘˜‡ǡƒ–͵͹Ǐ†—”‹‰

͵†ƒ›•Ǥ

Tensile properties

ƒ•‡† ‘ –Š‡ –‡š–‹Ž‡ •–ƒ†ƒ”†• ͲͲǦͲͲ͵ ȏʹ͹Ȑǡ •’‡…‹‡•

™‡”‡…‘†‹–‹‘‡†ƒ–ʹʹǏάʹǏƒ–”‘‘–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ƒ†͸ͷΨάʹΨ

‘ˆ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Š—‹†‹–›ˆ‘”ʹͶŠ‘—”•„‡ˆ‘”‡•–ƒ”–‹‰–Š‡–‡•–•Ǥ‡•‹Ž‡

–‡•–• ™‡”‡ …‘†—…–‡† ‘ —Ǧ–”‡ƒ–‡†ǡ ’”‘–‡…–‡† ƒ† •—„‹––‡†

–‘ ‡œ›ƒ–‹… ƒ† „ƒ…–‡”‹ƒŽ ƒ––ƒ…• ϐŽƒšǡ Š‡’ ƒ† …‘‹” ›ƒ”•ǡ

ƒ……‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‡ʹʹͷ͸•–ƒ†ƒ”†ȏʹͺȐǤƒ”•™‡”‡™‡‹‰Š–‡†ǡ

Ž‡‰–Šƒ††‹ƒ‡–‡”‡ƒ•—”‡†‹‘”†‡”–‘…ƒŽ…—Žƒ–‡–Š‡‹”’Š›•‹…ƒŽ

’”‘’‡”–‹‡• •—…Š ƒ• …”‘•• •‡…–‹‘ ƒ† ϐ‹‡‡•• ȋŽ‹‡ƒ” †‡•‹–›ȌǤ

ŽŽ–Š‡–‡•‹Ž‡–‡•–•™‡”‡…‘†—…–‡†‘ƒͶͷͲ͹–‡•‹Ž‡

ƒ…Š‹‡™‹–ŠƒͷŽ‘ƒ†…‡ŽŽǤ Statistical treatments of data

ŽŽ †ƒ–ƒ ’”‡•‡–‡† ‹ –Š‹• •–—†› ƒ”‡ –Š‡ ‡ƒ ƒ† •–ƒ†ƒ”†

†‡˜‹ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆǡ ƒ– Ž‡ƒ•–ǡ ͷ ‹†‡’‡†‡– ”‡’Ž‹…ƒ–‡•Ǥ ‘’ƒ”ƒ–‹˜‡

•–ƒ–‹•–‹…ƒŽ ƒƒŽ›•‹• ‘ˆ ‰”‘—’• ™ƒ• ’‡”ˆ‘”‡† —•‹‰ –—†‡–ǯ•

–‡•–Ǥ–ƒ–‹•–‹…ƒŽ–‡•–•™‡”‡…‘•‹†‡”‡†–‘„‡•‹‰‹ϐ‹…ƒ–ƒ–’δͲǤͲͷǤ

–ƒ–‹•–‹…ƒŽ –”‡ƒ–‡–• ™‡”‡ ’‡”ˆ‘”‡† —•‹‰ –Š‡

•‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡Ǥ

Results

Tensile strength

Tensile strength of un-protected yarns: ˜‡”ƒ‰‡ ˜ƒŽ—‡• ‘ˆ

–‡•‹Ž‡ •–”‡‰–Š• ‘ˆ ƒ•Ǧ”‡…‡‹˜‡† ϐŽƒšǡ Š‡’ ƒ† …‘‹” ϐ‹„”‡• ƒ”‡

’”‡•‡–‡†‹ƒ„Ž‡ͳƒ•ƒ…‘’ƒ”‹•‘„ƒ•‹•ˆ‘”–Š‡‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡

–‡•‹Ž‡’”‘’‡”–‹‡•™‹–Š†‹ˆˆ‡”‡––”‡ƒ–‡–•Ǥ‡…ƒ‘„•‡”˜‡–Šƒ–

–Š‡–‡•‹Ž‡•–”‡‰–Š‘ˆ–Š‡ϐŽƒš›ƒ”•ȋ͹ʹά͹ƒȌ‹••‹‰‹ϐ‹…ƒ–Ž›

Š‹‰Š‡” –Šƒ –Š‡ ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Š‡’ ›ƒ”• ȋͶͷάͷ ƒȌ ƒ† –Š‹•

ˆ‘”‡“—‹˜ƒŽ‡–›ƒ”ϐ‹‡‡••ƒ†–‘”“—‡˜ƒŽ—‡•Ǥ”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆͳǤ͸‹•

‘„•‡”˜‡†ǤŠ‹•‹•†—‡–‘–Š‡ˆƒ…––Šƒ–‘”‡Ž‹‰‡‘—•”‡•‹†—‡•ƒ”‡

’ƒ”– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ›ƒ” •–”—…–—”‡Ǥ Š‡ Š‡’ ›ƒ” ‹• –Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ …‘ƒ”•‡”

ƒ† –Š‡ ’”‘„ƒ„‹Ž‹–› –‘ ‡…‘—–‡” ™‡ƒ œ‘‡ ‹• Š‹‰Š‡” –Šƒ ˆ‘”

–Š‡‡ƒ–‡”ϐŽƒš›ƒ”Ǥ–Š‡‡ƒ–‹‡ǡƒ„Ž‡ͳƒŽ•‘‹†‹…ƒ–‡•–Šƒ–

–Š‡–‡•‹Ž‡•–”‡‰–Š‘ˆϐŽƒšƒ†Š‡’›ƒ”•‹•—…ŠŠ‹‰Š‡”–Šƒ

–Š‡‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡”‡ˆ‡”‡…‡…‘…‘›ƒ”—•‡†–‘‡Žƒ„‘”ƒ–‡…‘‡”…‹ƒŽ

‰‡‘–‡š–‹Ž‡• ȋͳͶάʹ ƒȌǤ Š‡ ϐŽƒš ƒ† Š‡’ ›ƒ” •–”‡‰–Š• ƒ”‡

”‡•’‡…–‹˜‡Ž›ͷǤͳƒ†͵Ǥʹ–‹‡•Š‹‰Š‡”–Šƒ–Š‡…‘…‘›ƒ”‘‡ǤŠ‡

”ƒ–‹‘•„‡…‘‡‡˜‡Žƒ”‰‡”‹ˆ‘‡…‘’ƒ”‡•–Š‡”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡•–”‡‰–Š

˜ƒŽ—‡•ȋ•–”‡‰–ŠȀϐ‹‡‡••Ȍ„‡…ƒ—•‡–Š‡ϐ‹‡‡••‘ˆϐŽƒšƒ†Š‡’

›ƒ”•‹•ͳǤͷ–‹‡•Ž‘™‡”Ǥ–Š‹•…ƒ•‡ǡ–Š‡”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡ϐŽƒšƒ†Š‡’

•–”‡‰–Š•ƒ”‡”‡•’‡…–‹˜‡Ž›͹Ǥ͸ƒ†ͶǤ͸–‹‡•Š‹‰Š‡”–Šƒ–Š‡…‘…‘

”‡ˆ‡”‡…‡˜ƒŽ—‡Ǥ

Š‡ •—„‹––‡† –‘ ‡œ›ƒ–‹… ƒ† „ƒ…–‡”‹ƒŽ ‡˜‹”‘‡–•ǡ

–Š‡ ƒ• ”‡…‡‹˜‡† ϐŽƒš ƒ† Š‡’ ›ƒ”• •Š‘™ Žƒ”‰‡ •–ƒ–‹•–‹…ƒŽŽ›

•‹‰‹ϐ‹…ƒ– –‡•‹Ž‡ •–”‡‰–Š †‡…”‡ƒ•‡• ™Š‡ …‘’ƒ”‡† –‘ –Š‡‹”

‹‹–‹ƒŽ’”‘’‡”–‹‡•ǤŠ‡–‡•‹Ž‡•–”‡‰–Š˜ƒŽ—‡•ˆ‘”‡œ›ƒ–‹…ƒ†

‹…”‘„‹ƒŽ †‡‰”ƒ†‡† ϐŽƒš ›ƒ”• •Š‘™ ”‡•’‡…–‹˜‡Ž› ƒ †‡…”‡ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ

͵͵Ψƒ†͵ͺΨǡ™Š‡”‡ƒ•–Š‡‡“—‹˜ƒŽ‡–˜ƒŽ—‡•ˆ‘”Š‡’›ƒ”•ƒ”‡

ͷ͵Ψƒ†Ͷ͵ΨǤŠ‹••Š‘™•–Šƒ–ˆ‘”„‘–Šƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š‡•Žƒ”‰‡–‡•‹Ž‡

•–”‡‰–Š †‡…”‡ƒ•‡• –‘‘ ’Žƒ…‡Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ‹ •’‹–‡ ‘ˆ ƒ •‹‹Žƒ”

…Š‡‹…ƒŽ…‘’‘•‹–‹‘ǡϐŽƒš’”‡•‡–•Š‹‰Š‡”–‡•‹Ž‡’”‘’‡”–‹‡•–Šƒ

Š‡’ǡ‡˜‡ƒˆ–‡”†‡‰”ƒ†ƒ–‹‘ ‹‰—”‡•ʹƬʹǤˆ–‡”†‡‰”ƒ†ƒ–‹‘

„›…‡ŽŽ—Žƒ•‡ǡ–Š‡‹‹–‹ƒŽ”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–‡•‹Ž‡•–”‡‰–ŠȋͳǤ͸Ȍ„‡–™‡‡–Š‡

›ƒ”•‹•‡“—ƒŽ–‘ʹǤ

–‹•ƒŽ•‘˜‡”›‹–‡”‡•–‹‰–‘‘–‡–Šƒ––Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡•‘ˆ–Š‡†‡‰”ƒ†‡†

ƒ•”‡…‡‹˜‡†ϐŽƒšƒ†Š‡’›ƒ”•ȋ—’”‘–‡…–‡†Ȍ‡šŠ‹„‹–•–”‡‰–Š

˜ƒŽ—‡•–Šƒ–ƒ”‡Žƒ”‰‡”–Šƒ–Š‡•–”‡‰–Š‘ˆ–Š‡‘Ǧ†‡‰”ƒ†‡†„›

‡œ›ƒ–‹…‘”„ƒ…–‡”‹ƒŽŽ›”‡ˆ‡”‡…‡…‘…‘„ƒ•‡†›ƒ”ǤŠ‡†‡‰”ƒ†‡†

•–”‡‰–Š ‘ˆ ϐŽƒš ƒ† Š‡’ ƒ”‡ ”‡•’‡…–‹˜‡Ž› Žƒ”‰‡” „› ˆƒ…–‘”• ‘ˆ

ƒ„‘—–͵ƒ†ʹˆ‘”ϐŽƒšƒ†Š‡’”‡•’‡…–‹˜‡Ž›Ǥ

Tensile strength of chitosan impregnated yarns: ‡•—Ž–• ‘

‡ƒ–‡•‹Ž‡•–”‡‰–Šǡ’”‡•‡–‡†‹ ‹‰—”‡ʹƬʹ †‘‘–•Š‘™

ƒ›•‹‰‹ϐ‹…ƒ–†‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡„‡–™‡‡–Š‡ƒ•”‡…‡‹˜‡†•–”‡‰–Šƒ†

–Š‡ …Š‹–‘•ƒ –”‡ƒ–‡† ‘‡Ǥ Š‡ –”‡ƒ–‡† „› …Š‹–‘•ƒǡ –Š‡ ”ƒ–‹‘

„‡–™‡‡–Š‡ϐŽƒšƒ†Š‡’›ƒ”•‹•ͳǤͶƒ••Š‘™‹ ‹‰—”‡ʹǤŠ‡

”ƒ–‹‘‹•‰Ž‘„ƒŽŽ›‘–ƒˆˆ‡…–‡†„›–Š‡ƒ††‹–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡’”‘–‡…–‹‘Žƒ›‡”Ǥ

Š‡•–”‡‰–Š˜ƒŽ—‡•ˆ‘”ϐŽƒšƒ†Š‡’›ƒ”•–”‡ƒ–‡†„›…Š‹–‘•ƒ

ƒ”‡ ”‡•’‡…–‹˜‡Ž› ͸ͻάͳͲ ƒ ƒ† ͶͻάͷƒǤ – ‹• ‹’‘”–ƒ– –‘

‘–‡–Šƒ––Š‡ƒ††‹–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡’”‘–‡…–‹˜‡Žƒ›‡”‘ˆ…Š‹–‘•ƒ†‘‡•‘–

ƒŽ‘•–…Šƒ‰‡–Š‡–‡•‹Ž‡”‡•‹•–ƒ…‡‘ˆ–Š‡ϐŽƒšƒ†Š‡’›ƒ”•Ǥ

Figure 2: ˜‘Ž—–‹‘‘ˆ–‡•‹Ž‡•–”‡‰–Š‘ˆϐŽƒšƒ†Š‡’›ƒ”•ˆ‘”†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–’”‘–‡…–‹‘ƒ††‡‰”ƒ†ƒ–‹‘–”‡ƒ–‡–•Ǥ

‡‰”ƒ†ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ϐŽƒš ›ƒ”• „› …‡ŽŽ—Žƒ•‡ ƒ† ‡ŽŽ˜‹„”‹‘ ƒ†ƒ˜‡•‹•Ǣ ϐŽ—‡…‡ ‘ˆ …Š‹–‘•ƒ ‹’”‡‰ƒ–‹‘ ˆ‘” ϐŽƒš ›ƒ”• –‡•‹Ž‡

•–”‡‰–ŠǢ‡‰”ƒ†ƒ–‹‘‘ˆϐŽƒš›ƒ”•‹’”‡‰ƒ–‡†„›…Š‹–‘•ƒ„›…‡ŽŽ—Žƒ•‡ƒ†‡ŽŽ˜‹„”‹‘ƒ†ƒ˜‡•‹•Ǣ‡•‹Ž‡•–”‡‰–Š…‘’ƒ”‹•‘

‘ˆϐŽƒšƒ†Š‡’›ƒ”•Ǣ‡‰”ƒ†ƒ–‹‘‘ˆŠ‡’›ƒ”•„›…‡ŽŽ—Žƒ•‡ƒ†‡ŽŽ˜‹„”‹‘ƒ†ƒ˜‡•‹•Ǣ ϐŽ—‡…‡‘ˆ…Š‹–‘•ƒ‹’”‡‰ƒ–‹‘Ǣ

‡‰”ƒ†ƒ–‹‘‘ˆŠ‡’›ƒ”•‹’”‡‰ƒ–‡†„›…Š‹–‘•ƒ„›…‡ŽŽ—Žƒ•‡ƒ†‡ŽŽ˜‹„”‹‘ƒ†ƒ˜‡•‹•Ǣ‡•‹Ž‡•–”‡‰–Š…‘’ƒ”‹•‘‘ˆϐŽƒš

ƒ†Š‡’›ƒ”•‹’”‡‰ƒ–‡†„›…Š‹–‘•ƒǢ‡ƒ•—”‡‡–•ƒ••‘…‹ƒ–‡†–‘†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–Ž‡––‡”•†‹ˆˆ‡”•‹‰‹ϐ‹…ƒ–Ž›‘‡ˆ”‘ƒ‘–Š‡”ƒ–δͲǤͲͷ

—•‹‰–—†‡––‡•–Ǥ

Š‡ •—„‹––‡† –‘ ‡œ›ƒ–‹… ƒ† ‹…”‘„‹ƒŽ ƒ––ƒ…•ǡ ‘

•‹‰‹ϐ‹…ƒ– †‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡ …ƒ „‡ ‘„•‡”˜‡† „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ …Š‹–‘•ƒ

‹’”‡‰ƒ–‡† ›ƒ”• „‡ˆ‘”‡ ƒ† ƒˆ–‡” ƒ––ƒ…• ‹ ϐ‹‰—”‡ ʹ Ƭ ʹ

ˆ‘” „‘–Š ϐŽƒš ƒ† Š‡’ ›ƒ”•Ǥ Š‹• –Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ ‹†‹…ƒ–‡• –Šƒ– –Š‡

…Š‹–‘•ƒƒ•‹‹–‹ƒŽŽ›‡š’‡…–‡†™‡ŽŽ’”‡˜‡–•–Š‡†‡‰”ƒ†ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡

–‡•‹Ž‡”‡•‹•–ƒ…‡‘ˆ–Š‡…‡ŽŽ—Ž‘•‡”‹…ŠϐŽƒšƒ†Š‡’ϐ‹„”‡•Ǥ Young’s modulus

Young’s modulus of un-protected yarns: ƒ„Ž‡ ͳ ƒ† ‹‰—”‡

͵ ‹†‹…ƒ–‡• –Šƒ– –Š‡ ‘—‰ǯ• ‘†—Ž—• ˜ƒŽ—‡• ˆ‘” ϐŽƒš ȋ͹ͷͻάͶͲ

ƒȌƒ†Š‡’ȋ͹ͺͺάʹͺƒȌƒ•”‡…‡‹˜‡†›ƒ”•†‘‘–•Š‘™ƒ›

•–ƒ–‹•–‹…ƒŽŽ›•‹‰‹ϐ‹…ƒ–†‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡ǤŠ‹•‹•†—‡–‘–Š‡ˆƒ…––Šƒ––Š‡

•–”—…–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡›ƒ”•‹•‰Ž‘„ƒŽŽ›‡“—‹˜ƒŽ‡–ǤŠ‡ϐ‹‡‡••‘ˆ–Š‡

›ƒ”•ƒ”‡”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž›…Ž‘•‡–‘‡ƒ…Š‘–Š‡”ȋͶͳͺ͹ά͵ͻ͸–‡šȌˆ‘”ϐŽƒš

ƒ† ȋͶ͵ͳʹάͷͳ͵Ȍ ˆ‘” Š‡’ ƒ† –Š‡ –‘”“—‡ ƒŽ‘•– ‹†‡–‹…ƒŽ ȋ͸Ͷ

”†Ȁˆ‘”ϐŽƒšƒ†͸ʹ”†Ȁˆ‘”Š‡’ȌǤ

‘”ƒ•”‡…‡‹˜‡†›ƒ”•ǡ•–ƒ–‹•–‹…ƒŽŽ›•‹‰‹ϐ‹…ƒ–†”‘’•‘ˆ‘—‰ǯ•

‘†—Ž—• ƒ”‡ ‘„•‡”˜‡† ƒˆ–‡” ‡œ›ƒ–‹… ƒ† „ƒ…–‡”‹ƒŽ ƒ––ƒ…•

‹ ϐ‹‰—”‡ ͵ Ƭ ͵Ǥ ‘” ϐŽƒšǡ „‘–Š –Š‡ ƒ––ƒ…• ”‡•—Ž– ‹ ‰Ž‘„ƒŽŽ›

‡“—‹˜ƒŽ‡–”‡•—Ž–•ȋǦͶͷΨȌ™‹–Š‘•–ƒ–‹•–‹…ƒŽ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡„‡–™‡‡

–Š‡‡œ›ƒ–‹…ƒ†–Š‡„ƒ…–‡”‹ƒŽ†‡‰”ƒ†ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ‘”Š‡’ǡ„ƒ…–‡”‹ƒŽ

ƒ––ƒ…•‡‡•–‘„‡–Š‡‘•–†ƒƒ‰‹‰ȋǦ͸͸ΨȌ‹…‘’ƒ”‹•‘–‘

–Š‡‡œ›ƒ–‹…‘‡ȋǦͷ͵ΨȌǤ

– ‹• ‹–‡”‡•–‹‰ –‘ ‘–‡ Š‡”‡ –Šƒ– –Š‡ †‡‰”ƒ†ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡

—–”‡ƒ–‡† ƒ• ”‡…‡‹˜‡† Š‡’ ‘†—Ž—• ‹• ‘”‡ •‡˜‡”‡ –Šƒ –Š‡

‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡ϐŽƒš›ƒ”•ǤŠ‹•ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•–Š‡•ƒ‡–‡†‡…›ƒ•–Š‡‘‡

‘„•‡”˜‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡•–”‡‰–Š’ƒ”ƒ‡–‡”Ǥ

Š‡ ‡œ›ƒ–‹…ƒŽŽ› ƒ† „ƒ…–‡”‹ƒŽŽ› †‡‰”ƒ†‡† ƒ• ”‡…‡‹˜‡†

ϐŽƒš ƒ† Š‡’ ›ƒ”• ȋ—’”‘–‡…–‡†Ȍ ‡šŠ‹„‹– ‘†—Ž‡ ˜ƒŽ—‡• –Šƒ–

ƒ”‡ Žƒ”‰‡” –Šƒ –Š‡ ‘‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘Ǧ†‡‰”ƒ†‡† „› ‡œ›ƒ–‹… ‘”

„ƒ…–‡”‹ƒŽƒ––ƒ…”‡ˆ‡”‡…‡…‘…‘„ƒ•‡†›ƒ” ‹‰—”‡͵Ƭ͵ǤŠ‡

†‡‰”ƒ†‡† ‘†—Ž—• ‘ˆ ϐŽƒš ƒ† Š‡’ ƒ”‡ ”‡•’‡…–‹˜‡Ž› Žƒ”‰‡” „›

ˆƒ…–‘”•‘ˆƒ„‘—–Ͷƒ†͵ˆ‘”ϐŽƒšƒ†Š‡’”‡•’‡…–‹˜‡Ž›Ǥ

Young’s modulus of chitosan impregnated yarns: Š‡

‹’”‡‰ƒ–‡†„›…Š‹–‘•ƒǡ–Š‡›ƒ””‹‰‹†‹–›ȋ‘—‰ǯ•‘†—Ž—•Ȍ‘ˆ

ϐŽƒš‹•‘–•–ƒ–‹•–‹…ƒŽŽ›ƒˆˆ‡…–‡†‹ϐ‹‰—”‡͵Ǥ‡…ƒŠ‘™‡˜‡”‘–‡

–Šƒ–ƒ†‡…”‡ƒ•‡„›ƒˆƒ…–‘”ͳǤ͵ȋ‘”ƒ†‡…”‡ƒ•‡‘ˆʹ͹ΨȌˆ‘”–Š‡Š‡’

›ƒ”‘†—Ž—•–ƒ‡•’Žƒ…‡ ‹‰—”‡͵ ǤŠ‡–”‡ƒ–‡†„›…Š‹–‘•ƒǡ

–Š‡”ƒ–‹‘„‡–™‡‡–Š‡ϐŽƒšƒ†Š‡’›ƒ”•‘†—Ž‡‹•ͳǤʹ ‹‰—”‡

͵ǤŠ‡ƒ††‹–‹‘‘ˆ…Š‹–‘•ƒŠƒ•–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ˆ‘”‡ˆˆ‡…––‘”‡†—…‡–Š‡

‘†—Ž—•‘ˆŠ‡’ƒ†‘––Š‡‘‡‘ˆϐŽƒšǤŠ‡”ƒ–‹‘„‡–™‡‡–Š‡

–™‘ϐŽƒšƒ†Š‡’›ƒ”•‹•–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ƒˆˆ‡…–‡†Ǥ

–‹•‹’‘”–ƒ––‘‘–‡–Šƒ––Š‡ƒ††‹–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡’”‘–‡…–‹˜‡Žƒ›‡”

‘ˆ…Š‹–‘•ƒ†‘‡•‘–ƒŽ‘•–…Šƒ‰‡–Š‡‘†—Ž—•‘ˆ–Š‡ϐŽƒš›ƒ”•

™Š‡”‡ƒ•‹–…Šƒ‰‡•–Š‡‘†—Ž—•‘ˆ–Š‡Š‡’‘‡• ‹‰—”‡͵ǤŠ‹•

‹•’”‘„ƒ„Ž›†—‡–‘–Š‡…‘ƒ”•‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡Š‡’›ƒ”Ǥ†‡‡†ǡ

–Š‡ ƒ††‹–‹‘ ‘ˆ …Š‹–‘•ƒ ‹ ƒ …‘ƒ”•‡” ›ƒ” ƒ› ‹…”‡ƒ•‡ –Š‡ ‹

Š‘‘‰‡‡‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡ϐ‹„”‘—••–”—…–—”‡ƒ†–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ƒ›†‡…”‡ƒ•‡

‹–•–‡•‹Ž‡‘†—Ž—•Ǥ

Figure 3: ˜‘Ž—–‹‘‘ˆ›‘—‰ǯ•‘†—Ž—•‘ˆϐŽƒšƒ†Š‡’›ƒ”•ˆ‘”†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–’”‘–‡…–‹‘ƒ††‡‰”ƒ†ƒ–‹‘–”‡ƒ–‡–•Ǥ

‡‰”ƒ†ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ϐŽƒš ›ƒ”• „› …‡ŽŽ—Žƒ•‡ ƒ† ‡ŽŽ˜‹„”‹‘ ƒ†ƒ˜‡•‹•Ǣ ϐŽ—‡…‡ ‘ˆ …Š‹–‘•ƒ ‹’”‡‰ƒ–‹‘ ˆ‘” ϐŽƒš ›ƒ”• ‘—‰ǯ•

‘†—Ž—•Ǣ‡‰”ƒ†ƒ–‹‘‘ˆϐŽƒš›ƒ”•‹’”‡‰ƒ–‡†„›…Š‹–‘•ƒ„›…‡ŽŽ—Žƒ•‡ƒ†‡ŽŽ˜‹„”‹‘ƒ†ƒ˜‡•‹•Ǣ‘—‰ǯ•‘†—Ž—•…‘’ƒ”‹•‘

‘ˆϐŽƒšƒ†Š‡’›ƒ”•Ǣ‡‰”ƒ†ƒ–‹‘‘ˆŠ‡’›ƒ”•„›…‡ŽŽ—Žƒ•‡ƒ†‡ŽŽ˜‹„”‹‘ƒ†ƒ˜‡•‹•Ǣ ϐŽ—‡…‡‘ˆ…Š‹–‘•ƒ‹’”‡‰ƒ–‹‘Ǣ

‡‰”ƒ†ƒ–‹‘‘ˆŠ‡’›ƒ”•‹’”‡‰ƒ–‡†„›…Š‹–‘•ƒ„›…‡ŽŽ—Žƒ•‡ƒ†‡ŽŽ˜‹„”‹‘ƒ†ƒ˜‡•‹•Ǣ‘—‰ǯ•‘†—Ž—•…‘’ƒ”‹•‘‘ˆϐŽƒš

ƒ†Š‡’›ƒ”•‹’”‡‰ƒ–‡†„›…Š‹–‘•ƒǢ‡ƒ•—”‡‡–•ƒ••‘…‹ƒ–‡†–‘†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–Ž‡––‡”•†‹ˆˆ‡”•‹‰‹ϐ‹…ƒ–Ž›‘‡ˆ”‘ƒ‘–Š‡”ƒ–δͲǤͲͷ

—•‹‰–—†‡––‡•–Ǥ

Discussion

”‘–Š‡”‡•—Ž–•’”‡•‡–‡†‹ƒ„Ž‡ͳƒ† ‹‰—”‡ʹǡ–‡†‡…‹‡•

…ƒ„‡‡š–”ƒ…–‡†Ǥϐ‹”•–‘‡•Š‘™•–Šƒ––Š‡–‡•‹Ž‡•–”‡‰–Š‘ˆƒ•

”‡…‡‹˜‡†ϐŽƒš›ƒ”•ƒ”‡Š‹‰Š‡”–Šƒ–Š‡Š‡’‘‡ƒ„Ž‡ͳǤŠ‹•

‹•’”‘„ƒ„Ž›†—‡–‘–Š‡ϐ‹„”‡ȀŽ‹‰‡‘—•”‡•‹†—‡•”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ†‡‡†ǡ–Š‡

Š‡’ ›ƒ” ‹• …‘ƒ”•‡”ǡ Ž‡•• Š‘‘‰‡‡‘—• ƒ† ’‘••‡••‡• ‘”‡

Ž‹‰‡‘—• ”‡•‹†—‡• –Šƒ –Š‡ ϐŽƒš ›ƒ”Ǥ ‘” –Š‡ ‘—‰ǯ• ‘†—Ž—•

–Š‡ ˜ƒŽ—‡• ƒ”‡ ‡“—‹˜ƒŽ‡– „‡…ƒ—•‡ –Š‹• ’ƒ”ƒ‡–‡” ‹• †‹”‡…–Ž›

”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘–Š‡ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡ϐ‹„”‡•ƒ†–Š‡•–”—…–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡›ƒ”

ƒ• „‘–Š ›ƒ”• ’‘••‡•• ‰Ž‘„ƒŽŽ› ‡“—‹˜ƒŽ‡– ϐ‹‡‡•• ƒ† –‘”“—‡

’ƒ”ƒ‡–‡”•Ǥ ‡‡”ƒŽŽ›ǡ –Š‡ •–”‡‰–Š ƒ† –Š‡ ‘†—Ž—• ‘ˆ ϐŽƒš

‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽϐ‹„”‡•ƒ”‡Žƒ”‰‡”–Šƒ–Š‡‘‡•‘ˆŠ‡’ǤŠ‹•‹•‘–†—‡

–‘–Š‡…‘’‘•‹–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ϐ‹„”‡•„—–‘”‡–‘–Š‡™ƒ›–Š‡ϐ‹„”‡•

ƒ”‡‡š–”ƒ…–‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡•–‡•Ǥ†‡‡†ǡ–Š‡‡–Š‘†•—•‡†–‘‡š–”ƒ…–

Š‡’ϐ‹„”‡•ƒ”‡‘”‡ƒ‰‰”‡••‹˜‡ƒ†…ƒ—•‡‘”‡†‡ˆ‡…–•‹–Š‡

ϐ‹„”‡•–”—…–—”‡Ǥ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‹•™‘”•Š‘™•–Šƒ––Š‡•–”—…–—”‡‡ˆˆ‡…–

‹•–Š‡ƒ‹’ƒ”ƒ‡–‡”–Šƒ–…‘–”‘Ž•–Š‡‘†—Ž—•‘ˆ–Š‡ϐŽƒšƒ†

Š‡’›ƒ”•ǤŠ‡…‘ƒ”•‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡Š‡’›ƒ”•†‘‡•‘–ƒˆˆ‡…–

–Š‡‘†—Ž—•‘ˆƒ•”‡…‡‹˜‡†›ƒ”•Ǥ

Š‡ ‹’”‡‰ƒ–‹‘ „› …Š‹–‘•ƒ †‘‡• ‘– ƒˆˆ‡…– –Š‡ –‡•‹Ž‡

•–”‡‰–Šƒ†–‡•‹Ž‡‘†—Ž—•‘ˆϐŽƒšƒ†Š‡’›ƒ”•‹ϐ‹‰—”‡•

ʹǡʹƬ͵ǡ͵Ǥ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ‘‡…‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡‡š’‡…–‡†–Šƒ––Š‡–‡•‹Ž‡

’”‘’‡”–‹‡•‘ˆ–Š‡’”‘–‡…–‡†„›…Š‹–‘•ƒ›ƒ”•ƒ”‡Š‹‰Š‡”–Šƒ–Š‡

ƒ•”‡…‡‹˜‡†‘‡•ƒ•–Š‡…Š‹–‘•ƒƒ›Šƒ˜‡’Žƒ›‡†ƒ”‘Ž‡‘ˆŽ‘ƒ†

–”ƒ•‹••‹‘„‡–™‡‡–Š‡ϐ‹„”‡•Ǥ

Š‡•—„‹––‡†–‘‡œ›ƒ–‹…†‡‰”ƒ†ƒ–‹‘•—…Šƒ•…‡ŽŽ—Žƒ•‡ǡ

‘” „ƒ…–‡”‹ƒŽ ƒ––ƒ…• •—…Š ƒ• ‡ŽŽ˜‹„”‹‘ ‰ƒ†ƒ˜‡•‹• –Š‡ –‡•‹Ž‡

’”‘’‡”–‹‡•‘ˆ—Ǧ’”‘–‡…–‡†ϐŽƒšƒ†Š‡’›ƒ”••Š‘™”‡•’‡…–‹˜‡Ž›

Žƒ”‰‡•–ƒ–‹•–‹…ƒŽŽ›•‹‰‹ϐ‹…ƒ–‹˜‡†‡…”‡ƒ•‡•‹•–”‡‰–Šƒ†‘†—Ž—•Ǥ

‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ‡˜‡ ƒˆ–‡” –Š‡ ‘•– •‡˜‡”‡ †‡‰”ƒ†ƒ–‹‘•ǡ –Š‡ –‡•‹Ž‡

’”‘’‡”–‹‡• ‘ˆ ϐŽƒš ƒ† Š‡’ ›ƒ”• ƒ”‡ Š‹‰Š‡” –Šƒ –Š‡ ‘‡• ‘ˆ

ƒ•”‡…‡‹˜‡†…‘‹””‡ˆ‡”‡…‡›ƒ”•ȋ͵–‹‡•ƒ†–™‹…‡ˆ‘”ϐŽƒšƒ†

Š‡’–‡•‹Ž‡•–”‡‰–Šƒ†Ͷ–‹‡•ƒ†͵–‹‡•ˆ‘”ϐŽƒšƒ†Š‡’

–‡•‹Ž‡ ‘†—Ž—•ȌǤ ‡ …‘—Ž† ‘„Œ‡…– –Šƒ– •–”—…–—”ƒŽ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡•

‡š‹•– „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ •‹‰Ž‡ –™‹•–‡† ϐŽƒš ƒ† Š‡’ ›ƒ”• ƒ† –Š‡

†‘—„Ž‡ –™‹•–‡† …‘‹” ‘‡•ǡ „—– –Š‡ ‰‘ƒŽ ‘ˆ •—…Š …‘’ƒ”‹•‘• ‹•

–‘ ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š ‹ˆ –Š‡ ”‡ˆ‡”‡…‡ …‘‹” ’”‘†—…– ’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ…‡• …ƒ „‡

‘˜‡”…‘‡Ǥ Š‹• ‹• ‘„˜‹‘—•Ž› –Š‡ …ƒ•‡ ƒ† –Š‡ ”‡•—Ž–• ’”‡•‡–‡†

‹–Š‹•™‘”†‡‘•–”ƒ–‡–Š‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ‘ˆϐŽƒšƒ†Š‡’•‹’Ž‡

›ƒ”•–”—…–—”‡•ˆ‘”–Š‡—•‡‹‰‡‘–‡š–‹Ž‡• ’”‘†—…–•™‹–Š‘—– ƒ›

’”‘–‡…–‹˜‡–”‡ƒ–‡–•Ǥ

‘ ‡Šƒ…‡ –Š‡ ”‡•‹•–ƒ…‡ –‘ „ƒ…–‡”‹ƒŽ ƒ† ‡œ›ƒ–‹…

†‡‰”ƒ†ƒ–‹‘‘ˆϐŽƒšƒ†Š‡’ϐ‹„”‡•ǡƒ’”‘–‡…–‹‘„›Ž‘™‘Ž‡…—Žƒ”

™‡‹‰Š– …Š‹–‘•ƒ ™ƒ• ƒ’’Ž‹‡† ˆ‘” ‹–• ’Š›•‹…ƒŽ ’”‘–‡…–‹‘ ƒ†

„ƒ…–‡”‹‘•–ƒ–‹…’”‘’‡”–‹‡•ȏʹͶȐǤŠ‡”‡•—Ž–•’”‡•‡–‡†‹–Š‹•™‘”

•Š‘™–Šƒ––Š‡’”‘–‡…–‹‘„›…Š‹–‘•ƒ‹•‡ˆˆ‡…–‹˜‡ˆ‘”„‘–Š–›’‡•‘ˆ

ϐ‹„”‡•™Š‡•—„‹––‡†–‘˜‡”›•‡˜‡”‡…‡ŽŽ—Žƒ•‡‘”„ƒ…–‡”‹ƒŽƒ––ƒ…•Ǥ

Ž‘„ƒŽŽ›ǡ–Š‡‘…‡’”‘–‡…–‡†ϐŽƒšƒ†Š‡’›ƒ”•†‘‘–’”‡•‡–

ƒ› •‹‰‹ϐ‹…ƒ–‹˜‡ Ž‘•• ‘ˆ –‡•‹Ž‡ •–”‡‰–Š ƒ† ›‘—‰ǯ• ‘†—Ž—•Ǥ

Š‹• –Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ †‡‘•–”ƒ–‡• –Šƒ– –Š‡ ’”‘–‡…–‹‘ „› …Š‹–‘•ƒ

’”‡•‡”˜‡• –Š‡ ’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ…‡• ‘ˆ ϐŽƒš ƒ† Š‡’ ›ƒ”• •—„‹––‡†

–‘ •‡˜‡”‡ ‡œ›ƒ–‹… ƒ† ‹…”‘„‹ƒŽ †‡‰”ƒ†ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ Š‹• ‡ˆˆ‡…–‹˜‡

’”‘–‡…–‹‘ …‘ˆ‡””‡† „› …Š‹–‘•ƒ ‡•–‹ƒ–‡† „› ƒ ‡…Šƒ‹…ƒŽ

’”‘’‡”–›ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š‹•‹ƒ‰‘‘†ƒ‰”‡‡‡––‘–Š‡”‡•—Ž–•‘„–ƒ‹‡†

„›‡‘—ƒ”†‡–ƒŽǤȏʹͶȐƒ„‘—––Š‡‹Š‹„‹–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡†‡‰”ƒ†ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ

–Š‡•‡ϐ‹„”‡•„›…Š‹–‘•ƒ‡•–‹ƒ–‡†„›ƒƒŽ›–‹…ƒŽ‡–Š‘†•Ǥ

•–Š‡‡…Šƒ‹…ƒŽ’”‘’‡”–‹‡•‘ˆ–Š‡ϐŽƒš‘”–Š‡Š‡’›ƒ”•‘ˆ

–Š‹•™‘”ƒ”‡—…ŠŠ‹‰Š‡”–Šƒ–Š‡”‡ˆ‡”‡…‡…‘‹”‘‡•ƒ†–Š‹•

ˆ‘” ›ƒ”• …‘–ƒ‹‹‰ ͳǤͷ Ž‡•• ϐ‹„”‘—• ƒ––‡” ’‡” ›ƒ”ǡ ‘‡ …ƒ

…‘…Ž—†‡–Šƒ––Š‡…Š‹–‘•ƒ’”‘–‡…–‡†›ƒ”•†‡•…”‹„‡†‹–Š‹•™‘”

…ƒ„‡‰‘‘†…ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡•ˆ‘”‰‡‘–‡š–‹Ž‡•ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘•™‹–Š–Š‡˜‹‡™

–‘”‡’Žƒ…‡–Š‡‹’‘”–‡†…‘‹”‰‡‘–‡š–‹Ž‡•Ǥ†‡‡†ǡ–Š‹•™‘”•Š‘™•

–Šƒ– –Š‡ ‡…Šƒ‹…ƒŽ ’”‘’‡”–‹‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ϐŽƒš ƒ† Š‡’ ›ƒ”• ƒ”‡

—…ŠŠ‹‰Š‡”–Šƒ–Š‡‘‡•‘ˆ”‡ˆ‡”‡…‡…‘…‘›ƒ”•ȋ͵–‹‡•ƒ†

–™‹…‡ˆ‘”ϐŽƒšƒ†Š‡’–‡•‹Ž‡•–”‡‰–Šƒ†Ͷ–‹‡•ƒ†͵–‹‡•

ˆ‘”ϐŽƒšƒ†Š‡’–‡•‹Ž‡‘†—Ž—•ȌǤˆ‘‡”‡’‘”–•–Š‡’”‘’‡”–‹‡•

–‘–Š‡ϐ‹‡‡••‘ˆ–Š‡›ƒ”•ǡ–Š‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡‹’”‘’‡”–‹‡•™‘—Ž†„‡

‡˜‡Žƒ”‰‡”ǤŠ‡–‡•‹Ž‡•–”‡‰–Š•™‘—Ž†„‡ͶǤͷƒ†͵–‹‡•ˆ‘”ϐŽƒš

ƒ†Š‡’›ƒ”•”‡•’‡…–‹˜‡Ž›™Š‡”‡ƒ•–Š‡–‡•‹Ž‡‘†—Ž‹™‘—Ž†

„‡͸–‹‡•ƒ†ͶǤͷ–‹‡•Žƒ”‰‡”ˆ‘”ϐŽƒšƒ†Š‡’’”‘–‡…–‡†›ƒ”•Ǥ

Š‹• ‹†‹…ƒ–‡• –Šƒ– —…Š Ž‘™‡” ƒ‘—–• ‘ˆ ϐ‹„”‘—• ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•

…ƒ „‡ —•‡† –‘ ‘„–ƒ‹ •‹‹Žƒ” ’”‘’‡”–‹‡• ™‹–Š ϐŽƒš ƒ† Š‡’

›ƒ”• –‘ –Š‡ ‘‡• ‘ˆ ”‡ˆ‡”‡…‡ …‘…‘ ›ƒ”•Ǥ Š‹• ‹• ’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ”Ž›

‹–‡”‡•–‹‰ˆ‘”–Š‡‡…‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ‡‰‹‡‡”‹‰’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ•ƒ•‹–…‘—Ž†

„‡’‘••‹„Ž‡–‘—•‡—…ŠŽ‹‰Š–‡”’”‘†—…–•ˆ‘”‡“—‹˜ƒŽ‡–Ž‡˜‡Ž•‘ˆ

’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ…‡ƒ†–Š‹•ˆ”‘’”‘†—…–•ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡†Ž‘…ƒŽŽ›ˆ”‘

Ž‘…ƒŽƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽ”‡•‘—”…‡•Ǥ”ƒ•’‘”–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆŽƒ”‰‡”‰‡‘–‡š–‹Ž‡•

•—”ˆƒ…‡•ˆ‘”ƒ•ƒ‡ƒ••…‘—Ž†„‡ƒŽ•‘‡š’‡…–‡†ǤŠ‹•™‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡

ˆ‘”‡ˆˆ‡…––‘”‡†—…‡–Š‡…‘•–‘ˆ–”ƒ•’‘”–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡’”‘†—…–•ƒ†

ƒ‡–Š‡Žƒ„‘—”‘ˆ–Š‡‡†—•‡”•‡ƒ•‹‡”Ǥ

Conclusion

‘‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡–Š‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ‘ˆ‰‡‘–‡š–‹Ž‡•’”‘†—…‡†ˆ”‘Ž‘…ƒŽ

”‡•‘—”…‡•ǡϐŽƒšƒ†Š‡’›ƒ”•™‡”‡•—„‹––‡†–‘‡œ›ƒ–‹…ƒ†

„ƒ…–‡”‹ƒŽ†‡‰”ƒ†ƒ–‹‘’”‘–‘…‘Ž•—•‹‰•’‡”‰‹ŽŽ—•‹‰‡”…‡ŽŽ—Žƒ•‡

ƒ† ‡ŽŽ˜‹„”‹‘ ‰ƒ†ƒ˜‡•‹• „ƒ…–‡”‹ƒ –‘ ”‡’”‘†—…‡ •‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡

’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ ƒ–—”ƒŽ †‡‰”ƒ†ƒ–‹‘ ‡…Šƒ‹•• ‹ •‘‹ŽǤ  –Š‹• ™‘”ǡ

–Š‡ ‹’ƒ…– ‘ˆ ‡œ›ƒ–‹… ƒ† „ƒ…–‡”‹ƒŽ †‡‰”ƒ†ƒ–‹‘• ‘ –‡•‹Ž‡

‡…Šƒ‹…ƒŽ ’”‘’‡”–‹‡• ™ƒ• ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡† ‘ ƒ• ”‡…‡‹˜‡† ›ƒ”•

’”‘†—…‡†ˆ”‘„›Ǧ’”‘†—…–•‘ˆ–Š‡–‡š–‹Ž‡ƒ†„—‹Ž†‹‰‹†—•–”‹‡•

ƒ† ‘ ›ƒ”• ‹’”‡‰ƒ–‡† „› Ž‘™ ‘Ž‡…—Žƒ” ™‡‹‰Š– …Š‹–‘•ƒǤ

˜‡ ‹ˆ Žƒ”‰‡ ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡ †‡…”‡ƒ•‡• ‹ ‡…Šƒ‹…ƒŽ ’”‘’‡”–‹‡• ™‡”‡

‘„•‡”˜‡†ƒˆ–‡”†‡‰”ƒ†ƒ–‹‘’”‘–‘…‘Ž•ˆ‘”ƒ•Ǧ”‡…‡‹˜‡†›ƒ”•ǡ–Š‡•‡

‘‡•”‡ƒ‹‡†—…ŠŠ‹‰Š‡”–Šƒ–Š‡”‡ˆ‡”‡…‡’”‘†—…–ˆ‘”„‘–Š

ϐŽƒšƒ†Š‡’›ƒ”•ǤŠ‡Ž‘••‡•‹’”‘’‡”–‹‡•™‡”‡ƒŽ™ƒ›•Š‹‰Š‡”

ˆ‘”Š‡’–Šƒˆ‘”ϐŽƒšǤŠ‹•‹•’”‘„ƒ„Ž›†—‡–‘–Š‡…‘ƒ”•‡”ƒ–—”‡

‘ˆ –Š‡ Š‡’ ›ƒ”Ǥ ‘” –Š‡ ›ƒ”• ‹’”‡‰ƒ–‡† ™‹–Š ’”‘–‡…–‹˜‡

…Š‹–‘•ƒǡ –Š‡ –‡•‹Ž‡ ’”‘’‡”–‹‡• ‰Ž‘„ƒŽŽ› ”‡ƒ‹‡† —…Šƒ‰‡†

ƒˆ–‡”•‡˜‡”‡†‡‰”ƒ†ƒ–‹‘ƒ––ƒ…•†‡•’‹–‡ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡•ƒ‡

†‡‰”ƒ†ƒ–‹‘’”‘–‘…‘ŽǤŠ‹••—‰‰‡•–•–Šƒ––Š‡ϐŽƒšƒ†Š‡’›ƒ”•

‹’”‡‰ƒ–‡† „› Ž‘™ ‘Ž‡…—Žƒ” ™‡‹‰Š– …Š‹–‘•ƒ ™‘—Ž† ”‡–ƒ‹

–Š‡‹”Š‹‰Š‡•–‡…Šƒ‹…ƒŽ’”‘’‡”–‹‡•™Š‡•—„‹––‡†–‘•‘‹Ž„‘”

‹…”‘‘”‰ƒ‹••Ǥ Š‹–‘•ƒ ‹’”‡‰ƒ–‡† ϐŽƒš ƒ† Š‡’ ›ƒ”•

…‘—Ž†–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ƒ––Š‹••–ƒ–‡„‡—•‡†–‘ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡‰‡‘–‡š–‹Ž‡•

™‹–Š‹’”‘˜‡†‡…Šƒ‹…ƒŽ’”‘’‡”–‹‡•‹…‘’ƒ”‹•‘–‘–Š‡…‘‹”

”‡ˆ‡”‡…‡ ’”‘†—…–Ǥ • ƒ ‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ –Š‡ ‘†—Ž—• ‘ˆ ϐŽƒš ›ƒ”•

”‡’‘”–‡† –‘ –Š‡‹” ƒ•• ƒ”‡ ͺ –‹‡• Žƒ”‰‡” –Šƒ –Š‡ ”‡ˆ‡”‡…‡ …‘…‘ ’”‘†—…–•Ǥ Š‹• ‹†‹…ƒ–‡• –Šƒ– ‘‡ …‘—Ž† †‡•‹‰ ‰‡‘–‡š–‹Ž‡•

™‹–Š —…Š Ž‘™‡” ƒ‘—–• ‘ˆ ϐ‹„”‘—• ƒ––‡”ǡ ƒ† –Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡

”‡†—…‡–Š‡…‘•–‘ˆ–Š‡‰‡‘–‡š–‹Ž‡•„›–Š‹•™ƒ›„—–ƒŽ•‘”‡†—…‡–Š‡

–”ƒ•’‘”–ƒ–‹‘…‘•–•Ǥ•–Š‡‰‡‘–‡š–‹Ž‡•…‘—Ž†„‡—…ŠŽ‹‰Š–‡”ǡ‘‡

…‘—Ž†‡š’‡…––Šƒ––Š‡Žƒ„‘—”‘ˆ–Š‡‡†—•‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡‰‡‘–‡š–‹Ž‡•

•—…Šƒ•–Š‡‡…‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ‡‰‹‡‡”‹‰’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘„‡…‘‡•‡ƒ•‹‡”Ǥ

Acknowledgements

Š‡ƒ—–Š‘”•™‘—Ž†Ž‹‡–‘–Šƒ–Š‡‡‰‹‘‡–”‡ȋ ”ƒ…‡Ȍˆ‘”

–Š‡‹”ϐ‹ƒ…‹ƒŽ•—’’‘”–Ǥ

References

ͳǤ ‘œŽ‘™•‹ ȋʹͲͳʹȌ ƒ†„‘‘ ‘ˆ ƒ–—”ƒŽ ϐ‹„‡” ’”‘…‡••‹‰ ƒ†

ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘•Ǥȋͳ

^•–

‡†Ȍǡ‘‘†Š‡ƒ†’—„Ž‹•Š‹‰ǡ’’ǤͳǦͷͶͶǤ

ʹǤ ‡…Šƒ– ȋͳͻͻͺȌ –Š‡” Ž‘‰ ˜‡‰‡–ƒ„Ž‡ ϐ‹„‡”•Ǥ ǣ ‡™‹ Ƭ

‡ƒ”…‡ȋ†•ǤȌǡƒ†„‘‘‘ˆϐ‹„”‡•…‹‡…‡ƒ†–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›Ǥ ‹„”‡

…Š‡‹•–”›Ǥƒ”…‡Ž‡‡”ǡ‡™‘”ǡǡ͵ͺȋͺȌǣͷͲ͹ǦͷͲͺǤ

͵Ǥ ‘•–‹…ǡ‡Œ‹…ǡ—†”‹…ȋʹͲͲͺȌ—ƒŽ‹–›‘ˆ…Š‡‹…ƒŽŽ›‘†‹ϐ‹‡†

Š‡’ϐ‹„‡”•Ǥ‹‘”‡•‡…Š‘ŽͻͻȋͳȌǣͻͶǦͻͻǤ

ͶǤ Šƒ”ƒȋͳͻͻ͹Ȍ…‘ˆ”‹‡†Ž›ƒ†˜‡”•ƒ–‹Ž‡…‘‹”‰‡‘–‡š–‹Ž‡•Ǥ‡‘

•›–Š‡–‹…••‹ƒ…‘‰”‡••ǡ†‹ƒǤ

ͷǤ ƒŽ‡›ǡ‘—”ƒ—†ȋʹͲͳͶȌ˜‡”ƒ‰‡–‡•‹Ž‡’”‘’‡”–‹‡•‘ˆ ”‡…Š

‡Ž‡‡–ƒ”›ϐŽƒšϐ‹„‡”•Ǥƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•Ž‡––‡”•ͳʹʹǣͳͷͻǦͳ͸ͳǤ

͸Ǥ ƒ”–‹ǡƒ˜‹‡•ǡƒŽ‡›ȋʹͲͳͶȌ‘’ƒ”‹•‘‘ˆ–Š‡’”‘’‡”–‹‡•‘ˆ

•…—–…Š‡†ϐŽƒšƒ†ϐŽƒš–‘™ˆ‘”…‘’‘•‹–‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ”‡‹ˆ‘”…‡‡–Ǥ

†—•–”‹ƒŽ”‘’•Ƭ”‘†—…–•͸ͳǣʹͺͶǦʹͻʹǤ

͹Ǥ ‡ˆ‡—˜”‡ ǡ ‘—”ƒ—† ǡ ‘”˜ƒ ǡ ƒŽ‡› ȋʹͲͳͶȌ Ž‡‡–ƒ”›

ϐŽƒš ϐ‹„”‡ –‡•‹Ž‡ ’”‘’‡”–‹‡•ǣ ‘””‡Žƒ–‹‘ „‡–™‡‡ •–”‡••Ǧ•–”ƒ‹

„‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”ƒ†ϐ‹„”‡…‘’‘•‹–‹‘Ǥ†—•–”‹ƒŽ”‘’•Ƭ”‘†—…–•ͷʹǣ

͹͸ʹǦ͹͸ͻǤ

ͺǤ ‘†”‘•ǡƒŽ‡›ȋʹͲͲͺȌ–—†›‘ˆ–Š‡–‡•‹Ž‡’”‘’‡”–‹‡•‘ˆ•–‹‰‹‰

‡––Ž‡ϐ‹„”‡•ȋ”–‹…ƒ†‹‘‹…ƒȌǤƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•Ž‡––‡”•͸ʹǣʹͳͶ͹ǦʹͳͶͻǤ ͻǤ ƒ””‘– ǡ ‡ˆ‡—˜”‡ ǡ ‘–‘‹”‡ ǡ ‘—”ƒ—† ǡ ƒŽ‡› ȋʹͲͳ͵Ȍ

ƒŽ›•‹• ‘ˆ –Š‡ Š‡’ ϐ‹„‡” ‡…Šƒ‹…ƒŽ ’”‘’‡”–‹‡• ƒ† –Š‡‹”

•…ƒ––‡”‹‰ȋ ‡†‘”ƒͳ͹ȌǤ†—•–”‹ƒŽ”‘’•ƒ†”‘†—…–•ͷͳǣ͵ͳ͹Ǧ͵ʹ͹Ǥ ͳͲǤ —˜ƒŽ ǡ ‘—”ƒ—† —‰‹‡” ǡ ƒŽ‡› ȋʹͲͳͳȌ ϐŽ—‡…‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡

•ƒ’Ž‹‰ƒ”‡ƒ‘ˆ–Š‡•–‡‘–Š‡‡…Šƒ‹…ƒŽ’”‘’‡”–‹‡•‘ˆŠ‡’

ϐ‹„‡”•Ǥƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•Ž‡––‡”•͸ͷȋͶȌǣ͹ͻ͹ǦͺͲͲǤ

ͳͳǤ Žƒ…‡– ȋʹͲͲͻȌ Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹œƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ –Š‡”‘Ǧ‡…Šƒ‹…ƒŽ

„‡Šƒ˜‹‘” ‘ˆ ‡’ ϐ‹„”‡• ‹–‡†‡† ˆ‘” –Š‡ ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ ‘ˆ Š‹‰Š

’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ…‡…‘’‘•‹–‡•ǤŽƒ••‹…ƒŽŠ›•‹…•ͶͲǣͳͳͳͳǦͳͳͳͺǤ ͳʹǤ ŠƒƒŽǡŠƒ‰ȋʹͲͳͷȌŠ‡—•‡‘ˆŠ‡’ϐ‹„”‡•ƒ•”‡‹ˆ‘”…‡‡–

‹…‘’‘•‹–‡•Ǥ‹‘ϐ‹„‡””‡‹ˆ‘”…‡‡–‹…‘’‘•‹–‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ǡǡ

’’Ǥͺ͸ǦͳͲͳǤ

ͳ͵Ǥ ‘…œ‡™‹…œ ǡ ‘œŽ‘™•‹ ȋʹͲͳʹȌ œ›ƒ–‹… –”‡ƒ–‡–•

‘ˆ ƒ–—”ƒŽ ϐ‹„”‡•Ǥ ƒ†„‘‘ ‘ˆ ƒ–—”ƒŽ ‹„”‡•ǣ ”‘…‡••‹‰ ƒ†

ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ‘‘†Š‡ƒ†’—„Ž‹•Š‹‰ǡǡ’’Ǥͳ͸ͺǦͳͺͶǤ

ͳͶǤ ‘”•ƒȋʹͲͳʹȌ–‹‹…”‘„‹ƒŽƒ–—”ƒŽϐ‹„”‡•Ǥƒ†„‘‘‘ˆƒ–—”ƒŽ

‹„”‡•ǣ”‘…‡••‹‰ƒ†ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ‘‘†Š‡ƒ†’—„Ž‹•Š‹‰ǡǡ’’Ǥ ͶʹͺǦͶ͸͸Ǥ

ͳͷǤ ‹ŽŽƒ–ǡƒŽŽƒ”†‘ǡ‹†ƒŽǡƒ•–‘” ǡ‡–ƒŽǤȋʹͲͳʹȌ‘…‡”‘Ǥ

œ›ƒ–‹…‰”ƒˆ–‹‰‘ˆƒ–—”ƒŽ’Š‡‘Ž•–‘ϐŽƒšϐ‹„”‡•ǣ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ

ƒ–‹‹…”‘„‹ƒŽ’”‘’‡”–‹‡•Ǥƒ”„‘Š›†”ƒ–‡‘Ž›‡”•Ǥͺ͹ȋͳȌǣͳͶ͸ǦͳͷʹǤ ͳ͸Ǥ ‘ Š‹ ȋʹͲͲͺȌ –—†‡ †‡ Žǯ‹ϐŽ—‡…‡ †‡ Žƒ –‡’±”ƒ–—”‡ ‡– †‡

ŽǯŠ—‹†‹–±•—”Ž‡•’”‘’”‹±–±•±…ƒ‹“—‡•‡–”ƒ…–‹‘†‡•ϐ‹„”‡•†‡

…Šƒ˜”‡‡–†‡…‘…‘Ǥ—‡„‡…‹˜‡”•‹–›ǡƒƒ†ƒǡ’’ǤͳǦʹ͵ͶǤ

ͳ͹Ǥ œ‘•–ƒǦ‘–‘™ƒȋʹͲͲͶȌ‹‘†‡–‡”‹‘”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–‡š–‹Ž‡•Ǥ–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ

„‹‘†‡–‡”‹‘”ƒ–‹‘„‹‘†‡‰”ƒ†ƒ–‹‘ͷ͵ǣͳ͸ͷǦͳ͹ͲǤ

ͳͺǤ ‡‡ǡƒ”ǡ‡‡ǡ‡‘‰ǡŠǡ‡–ƒŽǤȋʹͲͳ͵Ȍ–‹‹…”‘„‹ƒŽ

ƒ†„‹‘†‡‰”ƒ†ƒ„Ž‡‡†‹…ƒŽ•—–—”‡•™‹–Šƒ–—”ƒŽ‰”ƒ’‡ˆ”—‹–

•‡‡†‡š–”ƒ…–•Ǥƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•Ž‡––‡”•ͻͷǣͶͲǦͶ͵Ǥ

ͳͻǤ Ž‘•‘ǡ‹‡‘ǡŽƒ›‘ǡƒ“—‡œǦ‘””‡•ǡ‡’—Ž˜‡†ƒǦƒ…Š‡œ

ǡ‡–ƒŽǤȋʹͲͲͻȌ”‘••Ž‹‹…Š‹–‘•ƒ‹–‘Ǧ‹””ƒ†‹ƒ–‡†…‡ŽŽ—Ž‘•‡

ϐ‹„‡”• ˆ‘” –Š‡ ’”‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ–‹‹…”‘„‹ƒŽǦϐ‹‹•Š‡† –‡š–‹Ž‡•Ǥ

ƒ”„‘Š›†”ƒ–‡•’‘Ž›‡”•͹͹ǣͷ͵͸ǦͷͶ͵Ǥ

ʹͲǤ ‹ǡ—†•‘ȋʹͲͲ͵Ȍ‡˜‹‡™‘ˆ…Š‹–‘•ƒƒ† ‹–•†‡”‹˜ƒ–‡•

ƒ• ƒ–‹‹…”‘„‹ƒŽ ƒ‰‡–• ƒ† –Š‡‹” —•‡• ƒ• –‡š–‹Ž‡ …Š‡‹…ƒŽ•Ǥ

ƒ…”‘‘Ž‡…—Žƒ”•…‹‡…‡ǣ’ƒ”–Ǥ‘Ž›‡””‡˜‹‡™•Ͷ͵ǣʹʹ͵Ǧʹ͸ͻǤ ʹͳǤ ‹ƒ—†‘ ȋʹͲͲ͸Ȍ Š‹–‹ …Š‹–‘•ƒǣ ”‘’‡”–‹‡• ƒ† ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ

”‘‰”‡••‹‘Ž›‡”…‹‡…‡͵ͳǣ͸Ͳ͵Ǧ͸͵ʹǤ

ʹʹǤ ƒœ‡†ǡ•Š‘”‹ǡŠ‘”ƒ•ƒ‹ǡ„†—ŽŠƒ‹ǡ„›ƒœȋʹͲͳ͵Ȍ”‡Ǧ

‡š–”ƒ…–‹‘ ‘ˆ Š‡‹…‡ŽŽ—Ž‘•‡• ˆ”‘ ƒ‰ƒ••‡ ϐ‹„‡”•ǣ ˆˆ‡…–• ‘ˆ †”›Ǧ

•–”‡‰–Šƒ††‹–‹˜‡•‘’ƒ’‡”’”‘’‡”–‹‡•Ǥ†”‘’”‘†Ͷ͵ǣ͵͸ͷǦ͵͹ͳǤ ʹ͵Ǥ ‘ǡƒ”ǡ‡‡ǡ‡›‡”•ȋʹͲͲʹȌ–‹„ƒ…–‡”‹ƒŽƒ…–‹˜‹–›‘ˆ

…Š‹–‘•ƒ•ƒ†…Š‹–‘•ƒ‘Ž‹‰‘‡”•™‹–Š†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‘Ž‡…—Žƒ”™‡‹‰Š–•Ǥ

– ‘‘†‹…”‘„‹ƒŽ͹ͶȋͳǦʹȌǣ͸ͷǦ͹ʹǤ

ʹͶǤ ‡‘—ƒ”† ǡ ƒ‘ ǡ —ƒ‰‡ ǡ Ž‘†‡ƒ— ǡ ƒ‹‡ ȋʹͲͳͶȌ

”‘–‡…–‹‘‘ˆϐŽƒšǦ„ƒ•‡†›ƒ”•ƒ‰ƒ‹•–ƒ–—”ƒŽ•‘‹Ž†‡‰”ƒ†ƒ–‹‘„›

…Š‹–‘•ƒǤƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•‡––‡”•ͳ͵͹ǣʹ͸ͻǦʹ͹͵Ǥ ʹͷǤ ȋʹͲͳͶȌ‡’‡•–‡Ž‡‰”‘—’ǡ‡‘…ƒ••‡ǡ ”ƒ…‡Ǥ ʹ͸Ǥ …‘„‹‘–‡šǡŠ‹œ›‡•‘—”‰•ǡ ”ƒ…‡Ǥ

ʹ͹Ǥ ˆ‘”ȋʹͲͲͷȌ‡š–‹Ž‡•ǣ–‘•’Š ère normale de conditionnement

‡–†ǯ‡••ƒ‹Ǥȋʹ

^nd

‡†ȌǡǤ͸Ǥ

ʹͺǤ ȋʹͲͲͺȌ ‡•‹Ž‡ ’”‘’‡”–‹‡• ‘ˆ ›ƒ”• „› –Š‡ •‹‰Ž‡ •–”‡‰–Š

‡–Š‘†Ǥ‡”‹…ƒ‘…‹‡–›ˆ‘”‡•–‹‰ƒ†ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ǡǤ