E/CN.14/STAT/Ser.C/2
ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR AFRICA COMMISSION ECONOMIQUE POUR L'AFRIQUE
FOREIGN TRADE STATISTICS FOR AFRICA STATISTIQUES AFRICAINES DU COMMERCE EXTERIEUR
series/serie
SUMMARY TABLES
TABLEAUX RECAPITULATES
No./No
UNITED NATIONS/NATIONS UNIES
NEW YORK, 1980
TABLE OF COKTIjNTS - TABLE DBS MATIBRBS
Disclaimer/Deni de responsabilite v
Introduction (including explanatory notes/Y compris les notes
explicatives) vi
Review of External Trade in Africa 1968 to 1977 1 Stude du Commerce Exterieur de l!Afrique 1968 a 1977 13 Table 1 - Total Imports 1968-1977/Tableau 1 - Importations
totales 1968-1977 27
Table 2 - Total Exports/Tableau 2 - Bxportations totales 1968-1977 28 Table 3 - Balance of Visible Trade 1968-1977/Tableau 3 - Balance
commercial 1968-1977 • °
Table 4 - Indices of Quantum: Imports 1967-1976/Tableau 4 -
Indices de quantum: Importations 1967-1976 30
Table 5 - Indices of Quantum: Exports 1967-1976/Tableau 5 -
Indices de Quantum: Exportations 1977-1976 33
Table 6 - Indices of Unit Value: Import 1967-1976/Tableau 6 -
Indices de Valeur moyenne: Importations 1967-1976 36 Table 7 - Indices of Unit Value: Exports 1967-1976/Tableau 7 -
Indices de valeur moyenne: Exportations 1967-1976 39 Table 8 - Terms of Trade 1967-1976/Tableau 8: Termes de
I1echange 1967-1976 42
Table 9 - Imports by SITC Section 1968-1977/Tableau 9 -
Importations par Sections de la CTCI 1968-1977 44 Table 10 - Exports by SITC Section 1968-1977/Tableau 10 -
Exportations par Sections de la CTCI, 1968-1977 54 Table 11 - Direction of Trade: Total Imports 1968-1977/Tableau
Tableau 11 - Schanges par pays: Importations totales 1968-1977 64 Table 12 - Direction of Trade: Total Exports 1968-1977/
Tableau 12 - Bchanges par pays: Sxportations totales, 1968-1977 87 Table 13 - Intra African Trade Martices: Imports 1975/Tableau 13 -
Matrices du commerce intraafricain - Importations 1975
North Africa/Afrique du nord 11°
Host Africa/Afrique do l'oucst HI
Central Africa/Africluo du centre 112
Sast Africa/Afrique de l'est H3
Table 14 - Intra African Trade Matrices: Exports, 1975/
Tableau 14 - Matrices du commerce intra-africain:
Bxportations 1975
North Africa/Afrique du nord West Africa/Afrique de 1!ouest
Central Africa/Afrique du centre 116
Bast Africa/Afrique de l'est H7
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (cont'd) TABL£i DBS MATIER&S (suite)
Table 15 - Intra African Trade "by Sections of the SITC:
Imports 1970-1975/Tableau 15 - Commerce intra-africain
par Sections de la CTCI: Exportations 1973-1977 Table 16 - Intra African Trade by Seotions of the SITC:
Exports 1970-1975/Tableau 16 - Commerce intra-africain
par Sections de la CTCI: Bxportations 1973-1977 154 Table 17 - Principal Exports of Developing Africa by quantity
and value 1966-1975/Tableau 17 - Principales exportations
des pays africains en developpement, 1968-1976 189 Table 18 - Exchange rates: Imports 1967-1976 - Cours des
changes: importations 1967-1976 199
Table 19 - Exchange rates: Exports 1967-1976 - Cours des
changes: exportations 1967-1976 200
IV -
GENERAL DISCLAIMER
The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the ECA secretariat concerning the legal status of any country or territory, or of its authorities or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The designations and the presentation were adopted solely for the purpose of providing a convenient geographical basis for the statistical data.
In some tables the classification "developed" and "developing
economies" have been used. This classification is intended for statistic al convenience and does not necessarily express a judgement about the stage reached by a particular country or area in the development process.
DERI DE RfiSPONSABILITE
Les appellations employees dans cette publication et la publication des donnees qui y figurent n'impliquent de la part du secretariat de la' CSA aucune prise de position quant au statut juridique de tel ou tel pays ou terntoire, ou de ses autorites,. ni quant au trace de ses frontieree- Lesdites appellations et ladite presentation n'ont ete adoptees que pour donner un cadre geographique commode aux donnees statistiques publiees.
Bans certains tableaux les classifications "pays developpees a economie de marche" et "pays en developpement a economie de marche" ont ete utilisees a des fins purement statistiques et n1impliquent aucune prise de position quant au degre de developpement atteint par tel ou te"
pays ou territoire.
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INTRODUCTION
Except for the addition of table 18 'Exchange Rates-Imports' and table 19 "Exchange »ates-3xports", this second issue of Foreign Trade Statistics for Africa, Series C: Summary Tables, which presents data for the years 1968-1977 fallows the same pattern as the first.
The following notes explain the concepts and definitions used in the
tables:-
1. Boundary of the statistical territory
The data relate to all the countries of the African region divided as
follows:
North Africa:
West Africa:
Central Africa:
Sast Africa:
Other Developing Africa:
South Africa:
Algeria, Egypt, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (previous ly known as "Libya"), Morocco, Sudan and Tunisia;
Benin, Cape Verde, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea- Bissau, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo and Upper Volta;
Angola, Burundi, United Republic of Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo,
Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe and Zaire;
Botswana, Comoros, Djibouti (previously known as the "French Territory of the Afars and Issas", Ethiopia, Kenya, Lesotho (prior to October 1966, known as "Basutoland"), Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Seychelles, Somalia,
Swaziland, United Republic of Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia;
Namibia (prior to 12 June 1968 known as "South West Africa"), Reunion, Southern Rhodesia and
Western Sahara;
The Republic of South Africa.
2. System of trade
Two systems of recording trade are in common use, differing mainly in the way warehoused and re-exported goods are recorded.
(a) Special trade: Special imports are the combined total of imports for direct domestic consumption (including transforma
tion and repair) and withdrawal from customs bonded warehouses or free zones for domestic consumption.
Special exports comprise exports of national merchandise, namely, goods wholly or partly produced or manufactured in the countrv. together with exports of nationalized
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goods (nationalized goods are goods which having
"been included in special imports are then exported without transformation);
General trade: General imports are the combined total of
imports for direct domestic consumption and imports into customs bonded warehouses or free zones. General
exports are the combined total of national exports and re-exports. Re-exports, in the general trade
system, consist of the outward movement of nationalized goods plus goods which, after importation, move
outward from customs bonded warehouses or free zones without having been transformed.
Technically, direct transit trade, i.e. goods merely being tran shipped or moving through the country for purposes of transport only, is excluded from the statistics of both special and general trade.
However in the statistics of the following six countries it is included:
Cape Verde, Egypt, Ethiopia, Niger, Nigeria and Togo.
The statistics of the following countries are on the special
trade system:
Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burundi
Cameroon Cape Verde
C. Afr. Republic Chad
Congo Djibouti Egypt Gabon
Guinea-Bissau
Liberia Madagascar Mali
Mauritania Mozambique Morocco Reunion
Rwanda Sao Tome &
Principe Senegal Somalia Swaziland Togo
Upper Volta Zaire Zambia
The statistics of the following countries are on the general
trade system:
Comoros Ethiopia Gambia Ghana
Ivory Coast Kenya
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Lesotho
Malawi Mauritius Niger
Nigeria / Seychelles—'
Sierra Leone
3. Africa, Rep. of Southern Rhodesia Sudan
Tanzania Tunisia Uganda
1/ Goods, apart from bulk fuel, imported into bonded warehouses are recorded as imports at the time of release from bond either for home consumption or re-export. Bulk fuel imports are recorded
at time of arrival.
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3. Valuation
Generally imports are valued c.i.f., i.e., the value at which the goods were purchased plus the cost of transportation and insurance, where
not included to the frontier of the country of import (including unloading charges at the frontier if any). However in respect of the following countries the value reported is the c.i.f. value as herein defined plus customs duties or other customs charges.
Benin Central African Madagascar Sudan
Botswana Republic Mozambique Swaziland
Cameroon Lesotho Niger Upper Volta
Exports are generally valued free on "board (f-o.b.) or free on rail
or road vehicles (f .o.r.) at the frontier of the country, including export duties, internal taxes and similar charges imposed in the country of export in so far as they in fact remain charged on the goods exported.
This is the value at which the goods were sold by the exporter, including transportation and insurance, to bring the goods onto the transporting vehicle at the frontier of the exporting country. However in respect of
the following countries the value reported falls short of the definition by the exclusion of export duties and/or other internal expenses:
Angola Djibouti Sierra Leone Tunisia
Cape Verde Madagascar Seychelles Upper Volta
Comoros Rwanda Togo
4. Merchandise
Merchandise is defined to include all goods which add to or subtract from the stock of material resources in a country as a result of their movement into or out of the country.
The following items are therefore excluded from the statistics;
(a) Goods consigned by a government to its armed forces and diplomatic missions abroad 1/,
(b) Trade of foreign missions stationed in the reporting country 2/, (c) Trade of foreign military forces stationed in the reporting
country _^/,
( d) Bank notes A/ and coins %/ in circulation,
l/ Included in the Statistics of Benin and Madagascar
gj Included in the Statistics of Benin, Botswana, Central African Republic, Gambia, Mauritius, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sierra Leone and Togo.
3/ Included in the Statistics of Benin, Mauritius and Upper Volta.
4/ Included in the Statistics of Benin, Cape Verde, Comoros, Gambia,
Sudan and Togo.
$/ Included in the Statistics of Benin, Cape Verde, Gambia and Malawi.
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(e) Vehicles engaged solely in carrying goods or passengers between countries, 6/
(f) Vehicles of tourists and travellers, jj ( g) Other effects of tourists and travellers, B/
(h) Animals temporarily imported for raising or "breeding 9/
(i) Goods shipped only for temporary storage, 10/
(j) Goods for exhibition only, ll/
(k) Returnable samples 12/ and returnable containers 13/*
As regards the treatment of gold, it is the practice to include non-monetary gold only in the statistics of the following countries:
Botswana Ethiopia Mauritius
Cape Verde Sierra Leone Swaziland
and both monetary and non-monetary gold in the Statistics of the following:
Algeria Benin
Central Afr. Sep.
Comoros Egypt Gambia
Ghana Kenya Madagascar
Maiawi Reunion
Seychelles
Tanzania Uganda
However, largely because of technical difficulties and because the SITC revised treats all types of gold as non-merchandise trade, gold is also not included in the tables.
6/ Included in the Statistics of the Central African Republic, Ethiopia, Mauritius, Mozambique, Nigeria, Rwanda, Seychelles, Sudan and Togo.
2/ Included in the Statistics of Benin, Central African Republic,
Djibouti, Niger, Mauritius, Mozambique, Nigeria, Seychelles and Togo
8/ Included in the Statistics of Cameroon, Central Afr. Republic,
Ghana, Nigeria and Togo.
2/ Included in the Statistics Benin, Central Afr. Republic, ^gypt,
Ghana, Malawi, Niger, Nigeria, Reunion and Sudan.
10/ Included in the Statistics of Benin, Botswana, Mauritius, Mozambique,
Niger, Nigeria and Reunion.
ll/ Included in the Statistics of Benin, Gambia, Ghana, Kenya, Malawi,
Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Tanzania, Togo and Uganda.
12/ Included in the Statistics of Benin, Ghana, Kenya, Niger, Nigeria,
Sierra Leone, Tanzania, Togo and Uganda.
13/ Included in the Statistics of Benin, Chad, Central Afr. Republic,
Gambia, Ghana, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Sudan and Togo.
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Other exclusions ares
(a) Bunkers and stores for ships and aircraft, 14/
(b) Fish and salvage sold abroad or to foreign vessels off national vessels 15/'% and fish and salvage landed from foreign vessels in national ports 16/,
(c) Goods on lease 17/1
(d) Repairs to foreign ships and aircraft 18/,
(e) Goods sent for 19/ and returned from repair 20/.
Included are the following!
(a) International transactions of sales and purchases of ships and aircraft 21A
(b) Silver ore, concentrates, bullion, unissued coin and scrap and partly-worked and manufactured silver 22/
(c) Trade in gas .23/, electricity 24/1 and water 23/«
14/ Included in the Statistics of Benin, Central Afr. Republic, Comoros,
Ethiopia, Gambia, Kenya, Madagascar, Nigeria, Reunion, Seychelles, Somalia, Swaziland, Tanzania and Uganda.
15/ Included in the Statistics of Benin, Ethiopia, Somalia and Togo.
16/ Included in the Statistics of Benin, Cameroon, Central Afr. Republic,
Comoros, Bgypt, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Reunion, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia,
Sudan, Tanzania, Togo and Uganda.
17/ Included in the Statistics of Benin, Botswana, Gambia, Ghana, Kenya,
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Reunion, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Tanzania, Togo and Uganda.
18/ Included in the Statistics of Benin, Lesotho, Nigeria, Sudan
Swaziland and Zambia.
19/ Included in the Statistics of Benin, Gambia, Ghana, Malawi,
Mauritius, Niger, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Sudan and Swaziland.
20/ Included in the Statistics of Benin, Botswana, (Value of the repair only), Cameroon, Comoros, Bgypt, Gambia, Ghana, Kenya, Lesotho,
Malawi, Mauritius, Niger, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia.
2l/ Excluded from the Statistics of Cameroon, Gambia, Ghana and Niger.
22/ Excluded from the Statistics of Cameroon, Libya, Mozambique, Niger,
Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Somalia and Zambia. In respect of the Seychelles, Sudan and Swaziland, only bullion and specie are excluded.
23/ Excluded from the Statistics of Nigeria.
24/ Excluded from the Statistics of Central Afr. Republic, Bgypt, Niger,
Nigeria and Somalia.
25/ Excluded from from the Statistics of Djibouti, JSgypt, Niger and
Nigeria.
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(d) Parcel post 26/,
(e) Trade on government account Zll (but see the first three items under exclusions above),
(f) Trade on account of foreign concessionaires operating in a country 28/,
(g) Goods not liable to customs duty 29/*
5- Partner countries
The classification under "country" names of geographical parts of the world with which the various countries have trade is not uniform in their official statistics. Thus, the definition of trading partner varies for a number of countries and the following terms apply:
(a) In respect of imports
(i) "Country of origin" or production (i.e. the last country
in which the goods received appreciable physical trans
formation) for Algeria, Angola, Benin, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo, Ethiopia,
Gabon, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya 30/, Ivory Coast,
Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritius, Mauritania, Morocco, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Reunion, Senegal,
Sierra Leone, Seychelles, Somalia, Tunisia, Tanzania 30A Uganda 30/ and Zambia-
(ii) "Country of consignment" (i.e. the country from which the goods were first despatched to the importing country) for Botswana, Egypt, Kenya 3lA Libya, Sudan, Tanzania 3l/, Uganda 31/ and Zaire.
(iii) "Country of purchase" (i»e. country of residence of the seller) for Swaziland.
(iv) "Country of provenance" in respect of all other countries.
26/ Excluded from the Statistics of Mauritius (imports), Mozambique,
Nigeria and Rwanda.
27/ Excluded from the Statistics of Egypt and Nigeria.
28/ Excluded from the Statistics of Egypt, Ghana, Mozambique, Nigeria,
Seychelles and Sudan.
29/ Excluded from the Statistics of Cameroon, Ethiopia, Mauritius,
Reunion and Sudan.
20/ Up to 1975.
31/ After 1975-
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(b) In respect of exports
(i) "Country of last consignment" (i.e. the last known destination) for Algeria, Cameroon, Central African Republio, Comoros, Egypt, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Liberia, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Morocco, Higer,
Nigeria, Reunion, Senegal, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda and Upper Volta;
(ii) "Country of consumption" (i.e. country where merchandise
should receive treatment for which it was designed at the time of production or manufacture, or place where it should be transformed, repaired or submitted to further workman
ship, not including blending, repacking or reassortment) for Angola, Cape Verde, Gambia, Benin and Mozambique;
(iii) "Country of sale" (i.e. the country of the residence of the buyer) for Swaziland;
(iv) "Country of destination" in respect of all other countries.
( c) Countries trading with themselves.
Some countries have been reported as trading with themselves. Among the various explanations for this are the following:-
Imports: Where merchandise exports have been returned, such merchandise are recorded as imports into the country from where they were orginally exported. This is true of Malawi and Madagascar.
Exports: These relate to:
(i) Stores sold to national vessels but treated as exports
of the country concerned. This true of Madagascar.
(ii) Sxports to a "free area" and shown as exports in the
national publication. This is true of Morocco.
The country aggregates shown throughout this publication are based on those set forth in the United Nations Standard Country Code except as concerns the African sub-regions.
6. Index numbers of quantum, unit value and terms of trade
Index numbers of unit value in national currencies and of quantum and terms of trade are presented at tables 4 to 8. Apart from the estimates shown,the indices are the official indices which show the changes in the average price of the aggregate merchandise imports or
exports (indices of unit value) and the volume of the aggregate merchandise imports or exports (indices of quantum). 3ach index number represents a
change in pries or volume between the period to which the number relates, callod the current period, and a fixed period, called the publication base, in which the index is represented by the percentage 100. In order
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to facilitate comparison the indices shown have "been adjusted so that ' the calendar year 1970 is the publication base. :
The formulae used for the computation of the quantum and unit value
indices are as followss
Quantum
index Unit value
index
Laspeyres (base weighted) Mo
Paasche (current weighted)
Fisher total
'-- 0r po
n
qo
X
1
n n
"""' P Q.
x p ( P 0. o^ <. P q ■ o^
where »p» denotes "average price", »q» denotes "quantity", "o(l denotes
"base period" and "n" denotes "current period".
The unit value indices in respect of the following- countries are
bascd:-
( a) On the Laspeyres formula
Ghana, Libya—{ Mauritius, Mozambique^, Nigeria and Senegal;
("b) On the Paasche formula
Algeria, Egypt, Gambia, Ivory Coast, Madagascar, Morocco, Malawi
and Zaire;
(c) On the Fisher Ideal formula
Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia.
The quantum indices in respect of the following countries are based;-
^ a) On the Laspeyres formula
Algeria, Cameroon, Egypt, Gambia, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Libya'
Madagascar, Morocco, Mozambique 32/, Malawi, Sudan, Togo and
Zaire;
^ "b) On the Paasche formula
Mauritius, Nigeria and Senegal;
', c) On the Fisher total formula
Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia.
32/ The indices are calculated on moving period weights and chained.
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On the other hand for the estimates included in the tables the unit value indices have been computed on the basis of the Laspeyres formula while the quantum indices are based on the Paasche. Where no direct calculation could have been effected the estimates are based on apparent trends for countries or groups of countries in the same sub-region with broadly similar patterns of trade. Such estimates are linked to the existing national series.
The estimates in respect of unit value indices for the region as a whole and the sub-regional grpupings are the average of the country index numbers weighted by the US dollar equivalent of the relevant aggregate value of imports or exports. The corresponding quantum indices are interdependent and have been obtained by dividing the unit value indices
thus computed into the relevant total value indices thus:
ft
nP V
n nV '. V
n
Where "V" denotes the total value of the imports or exports of a given
n
country in the current year, denotes the corresponding value in the base year, and "P " denotes the unit value index number for that country
in the current year.
nThe terms of trade have been calculated as the ratio of the unit
value index numbers of exports to those of the corresponding imports.
7. Symbols used
The following symbols have been used in the tables:-
"..." denotes "not available"
" - " denotes "magnitude of less than half the unit used"
11 i " denotes "provisional or estimated figure"
8. Estimates used
The estimates of absolute value shown in the tables are by and large extrapolations on derivates from monthly data, reported by the country or from the data of partner countries.
Sources of data
(a) United Nations (i) Yearbook of International Trade Statistics, Vol. 1, Trade by Country 1966-1976
(ii) Foreign Trade Statistics for Africa - Series A, Direction of Trade
Nos. 13-26
- Series B, Trade by Commodity, Nos. 12-30
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(b) International
Monetary Fund: Direction of Trade annuals 1970-74, ;
1969-75 and 1970-76, :
(c) Statistical Office
of the European
Communities: Acl; Yearbook of Foreign Trade Stati
stics, 1975-
National annual statistical reports on external trade have also been used as well as current issues of the following periodicals:
(a) Africa Research Ltd. (England) Africa Research Bulletin (b) The Economist Intelligence Unit, Ltd, (London) Quarterly
Economic Review and
(°) Marches tropieaux et mediteraneens (Paris)
In addition direct correspondence has been maintained with national
statistical services.
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INTRODUCTION
Excepte 1*addition du tableau 18 "Taux de change-Importations'' et celle du tableau 19 "Taux de change-Exportation,'le second numero des
"Statistiques du commerce exterieur pour l'Afrique Serie Cs tableaux sommaires," qui fournit des donnees pour les annees 1968-1977* ©st de me"me modele que le premier numero.
Les concepts et definitions utilises dans les tableaux sont les suivants:
1. Limites du territoire statistique
Les donnees concernet tous les pays de la region africaine, divisee comme suits
Afrique du Nord:
Afrique de l-'Ouest;
Afrique du Centre:
Afrique de l'Est:
2.
Autres pays en developpement
d'Afriques Afrique du Sud:
Systemes du commerce
Algerie, Egypte, Jamahiriya arajae libyenne
(autrefois connue sous le nom de "Libye"),
Maroc, Soudan et Tunisie;
Benin? Cap Vert, C6te d^Ivoire, Gambie, Ghana, Guinee, Guinee-Bissau, Haute Volta, Liberia, Mali, Mauritanie, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone et Togo;
Angola, Burundi, Congo, Republique centrafricaine, Gabon, Guinee equatoriale, Republique-Unie du Cameroun, Rwanda, Sao Tome et Principe, Tchad e t Za i re 5
Botswana, Comores, Djibouti, anciennement Territoire francais des Afars et Issas,
Ethiopie, Kenya, Lesotho (connu jusqu'en octobre 1966 sous le nom de "Basutoland", Madagascar, Malawi, Maurice, Mozambique, Ouganda, Republique- Unie de Tanzanie, Seychelles, Somalie, Swaziland et Zambiej
Namibie (connue jusqu'au 12 juin 1968 sous le nom de "Sud-ouest africain")? Reunion, Rhodesie
du Sud et Sahara occidental;
Republique sud-africaine.
On utilise communement pour les echanges commerciaux deux systemes qui different essentiellement par le mode d'enregistrement des marchandises entreposees et reexportees.
a) Commerce special: Par importations speciales, on entend le total
combine des importations pour la consommatinn interieure directe
(y compris la transformation et la reparation) et les marchandises
retirees des entrep&ts en douane ou des zones franches pour la consommati^n interieure. Les exportations speciales comprennent les exportations de produits nationaux, les marchandises totale- ment ou partiellement produites ou fabriquees dans le pays ainsi
que les exportations de produits nationalises (par produit
nationalise on entend des pro&uits qui ont ete inclus dans les
importations speciales puis sont exportee sans transformation); .
b) Commerce general: Les importations generales sont le total combine des importations pour la consommation interieure directe et des importations dans les entrepots en douane ou dans les zones franches. Les exportations generales sont le total combine des exportations et des reexportations nationales. Dans le systeme du commerce general, on entend par reexportation l'expedition a l'etranger de biens nationalises et de biens qui, apres avoir ete importes, sont retires des entrepSts en douane ou des zones
franches sans avoir ete transformed.
Techniquement, le commerce de transit direct, c'est-5-dire le trans- bordement ou le mouvement de biens a" travers le pays aux seules fins du
transport, est exclu des statistiques du commerce special et du commerce general. II est cependant inclus dans les statistiques des six pays suivantss Cap Vert, Egypte, Ethiopie, Niger, Nigeria et Togo.
Les statistiques des pays suivants relevent du syste'me du commerce special:
Algerie Angola Benin Botswana Burundi Cameroun Cap Vert Congo
Djibouti Egypte
Rep. Centrafricaine Gabon
Guinee-Bissau Haute-Volta Liberia Madagascar
Mali Ma roc Mauritanie Mozambique Reunion Rwanda Sao Tome et
Principe
Senegal Somalie Swaziland Tchad Togo Zaire Zambie
Les statistiques des pays suivants relevent du syste'me du commerce general;
Comores Lesotho Rhodesie du Sud
C6te dilvoire Malawi Seychelles 1/
Ethiopie Maurice Sierra Leone
Gambie Niger Soudan
Ghana Nigeria Tanzanie
Jamahiriya arabe Libyenne Ouganda Tunisie
Kenya Rep. sud Africaine
3. Evaluation
En general, pour les importations, la valeur de transaction est la valeur a" laquelle les marchandises auront ete vendues, augmentee des frais de transport et dfassurance, s'ils ne sont pas deja" compris, jusqu'5 la frontie're du pays importateur (y compris les frais de dechargement 3 la frontiere s'il y a lieu). Four les pays suivants, la valeur donnee est
\J 1-3 marchandiars, exceptr-; 1'£ ccmbustrbles, importees en entrepot, sont euregestrees comme, importations au moment ou elles sont desentreposecs pcur la consommation interieure, cu pour la reexportation.
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cependant la valeur c.a.f. telle qu1elle vient d'etre definie, a laquelle s'ajoutent les droits et autres frais de douane.
Benin Haute-Volta Mozambique Soudan
Botswana Lesotho Niger Swaziland
Rep. centrafricaine Madagascar Rep. Unie du Cameroun
La valeur des exportations est generalement estimee franco bord (f .o.b.)
ou franco wagon ou vehicule routier, a la frontiers du pays vendeur, les droits de sortie, impbts interieurs et autres charges analogues imposes dans le pays d1exportation etant egalement inclus dans la mesure ou ils restent reellement percus sur les bians exportes. C'est la valeur a laquelle les biens ont ete vendus par 1'exportateur, les frais de transport et d'assurance pour amener les marchandises jusqu'au vehicule utilise pour les transporter a la frontiere du pays exportateur. Dans les pays suivants cependant, la valeur ne correspond pas a la definition, du fait de 1'exclusion des droits
d'exportation et/ou autres depenses internes!
Angola Cap Vert Comores 4. Marohandises
On entend par marchandises tous les biens dont I1exportation ou 1!importation contribuent a l'accroissement ou a la diminution du stock des ressources materielles dans un pays.
Les marchandises sujvantes sont done a exclure des statistiques°.
a) Marchandises envoyees par un gouvernement a ses forces armees
et a ses representants diplomatiques a l'etranger 1/,
b) Commerce des missions etrangeres stationees dans le pays— ,
c) Commerce des forces militaires etrangeres stationnees dans le pays—1, d) Billets de banque—' et pieces de monnaie^ , en circulation,
e) Vehicules utilises uniquement pour transporter des marchandises ou des passagers entre Igs pays _6/,
Djibouti Haute-Volta Madagascar
Rwanda
Sierra Leone Seychelles
Togo Tuni si e
l/ Incluses dans les statistiques du Benin et de Madagascar.
2/ Inclus dans les statistiques du Benin, du Botswana, de la Republique centrafricaine, de la Gambie, de liaurice, du Niger, du Nigeria, du Rwanda, de la Sierra Leone et du Togo.
_3/ Inclus dans les statistiques du Benin, de la Haute-Volta et de Maurice.
4/ Inclus dans les statistiques du Benin, du Cap Vert, des Comores, de la Gambie, du Soudan et du Togo.
jj/ Incluses dans les statistiques du Benin, du Cap Vert, do la Gambie,
et du Malawi .
6/ Inclus dans les statistiques de la Rep. centrafricaine, de lfLthiopie, de Maurice, du Mozambique, du Nigeria, du Rwanda, des Seychelles, du Soudan 9t du Togo.
— xviii -
f) Vehicules des touristes et des vcyageurs Jjy g) Autres effets des touristes et des voyageurs £/,
h) Animaux importes temporairement pour l'elevage ou la reproduction , i) Marchandises expedieesuuniquement en vue d'un stockage temporaire—
j) Marchandises importees a des fins d'exportation seulement 11/,
k) Echantillons JL2/, et conteneurs 1$/ restituables.
En ce qui concerne l'or, les pays suivants seuleraent inclusnt 1»or
non monetaire dans leura statistiques;
Botswana Ethiopia Maurice
Cap Vert Sierra Leone Swaziland
et les pays suivants incluent aussi Men l'or monetaire que l'or non
monetaire dans leurs statistiquess
Algierie Egypte Ghana Ouganda
Benin Rep. centrafricain Kenya Reunion
Comores Gambie Malawi Tanzanie
Cependant, compte tenu des difficultos techniques du fait que dans la CTCI revisee, les mouvements de tous les types d'or ne sont pas classes parmi les mouvements de marchandises, l'or non plus ne figure pas dana lea
tableaux.
7/ Indus dans les statistiques du Benin, de la Republique centrafricaine, de Djibouti, du Niger, de Maruice, du Mozambique, du Nigeria, des
Seychelles et du Togo.
8/ Indus dans les statistiques du Cameroun, de la Republique centr africaine, du Ghana, du Nigeria et du Togo.
9/ Indus dans les statistiques du Benin, de l'Egypte, £e ia Republique centrafricaine, du Ghana, du Malawi, du Niger, du Fig- ria, de la
Reunion et du Soudan.
10/ Jncluses dans les statistiques du Benin, du Botswana, de Maurice, du Mozambique, du Niger, du Nigeria et de la Reunion.
11/ Incluses dans les statistiques du Benin, de la Gambie, du Ghana, du Kenya, du Malawi, du Mozambique, du Niger, du Nigeria, de 1*Ouganda, 12/ Indus dans les statistiques du Benin, du Ghana, du Kenya, du Niger,
au Nigeria, de l'Ouganda, de la Sierra Leone, de la Tanzanie et
du Togo,
13/ Indus dans les statistiques du Benin, de la Rep. centrafricaine, de la
~~ Gamble, du Ghana, du Mozambique, du Niger, du Nigeria, de la Sierra Leone, du Soudan, du Tchad et du Togo.
xix -
Parmi les autres marchandises exclues figurent:
a) Les combustibles de soute et les provisions de bord pour les
navires et les aeronefs 14/,
b) Poisson et epaves vendus a l'etranger ou a des navires etrangers par des navires nationaux l%/9 et pcisson et epaves debarques des
navires etrangers dans les ports nationaux 16/,
c) Marchandises louees 17A
d) Travaux de reparation sur des navires et des aercnefs etrangers—;
e) Marchandises envoyees § des fins de reparation 1£/ et
restituees 20/.
14/ Indus dans les statistiques du Benin, des Coraores, de la Republique
centrafricaine, dc l'Sthiopie, de la Garabie, du Kenya, de Madagascar, du Nigeria, de l'Ouganda, de la Reunion, des Seychelles, de la Somalie, du Swaziland et de la Tanzanie.
15/ Indus dans les statistiques du Benin, de 1'Ethiopie, de la Somalie
et du Togo.
15/ Indus dans les statistiques du Benin, des Comores, de l'Egypte, de
la Republique centrafricaine, de l'Ethiopie, de la Gambie, du Ghana, du Kenya, de Madagascar, du Malawi, de Maurice, du Mozambique, de 1'Ouganda, de la Republique-Unie du Cameroun, de la Reunion, des
Seychelles, de la Sierra Leone, de la Somalie, du Soudan, de la Tanzanie et du Togo.
17/ Indus dans les statistiques du Benin, du Botswana, de la Gambie, du
Ghana, de la Jamahiriya arabe libyenne, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, de la Reunion, des Seychelles, de la Sierra Loone, de la Somalie, de la Tanzanie, du Togo et de l'Ouganda.
j8/ Indus dans les statistiques du Benin, du Lesotho, du Nigeria, du
Soudan, du Swaziland et de la Zambie,
J2/ Indus dans les statistiques du Benin, de la Gambie, du Ghana, du
Malawi, de Maurice, du Niger, du Nigeria, de la Sierra Leone, du Soudan
et du Swaziland.
20/ Indus dans les statistiques du Benin, du Botswana, (valour dcs
reparations uniquement), des Comores, de l'Egypte, de la Gambie, du
Ghana, du Kenya, du Malawi, de Maurice, du Niger, du Nigeria, de
l'Ouganda, de la Republique-Unie du Cameroun, de la Sierra Leone,
du Swaziland, ct la Tanzanie et de la Zambie.
Les merchandises suivantes sont 5 inclure:
a) Transactions internationales concernant la vente et l'achat de navires et d*aeronefs 21/,
b) Minerai, concentres, lingots d'argent, pieces de monnaie en argent non emises, dechets et argent partiellement ouvre 22/,
c) ComiEerce de gaz _23/, d'electricite _24/ et d'eau 25A d) Colis postaux 26/,
e) Commerce pour le compte d© l'Etat Zjj (voir cependant ci-dessus les trois premieres categories de marchandises a" exclure), f) Commerce pour le compte de concessionaires etrangers operant
dans un pays 2%/,
g) Marchandises auxquelles les droits de douane ne sont pas appliques 29/-
5- Fays partenaires
On ne trouve pas, dans les statistiques officielles, de definition uniforme des "pays" de diverses regions geographiques du monde avec
lesquels des echanges commerciaux ont lieu. La definition de "partenaire commercial" varie done dans un certain nombre de pays et les termes
suivants sont employes:
21/ ibcclues des statistiques de la Gambie, du Ghana, du Wiger et de la
Republique-Unie du Cameroun,
22/ Exclues des statistiques de la Jamahiriya arabe libyenne, du Mozambique,
du Niger, du Nigeria, de la Republique-Unie du Cameroun, de la Sierra Leone, de la Somalie et de la Zambie. En ce qui concerne les
Seychelles, le Soudan et le Swaziland, seuls les lingots et le numeraire sont exclus,
_23/ Exclues dos statistiques du Nigeria,
_24/ Exclues dos statistiques de 1'Egypte, de la Republique centrafric3.ine,
du Niger, du Wigeria et de la Somalie,
25/ -xciues des statistiques de Djibouti, de lf3gyptc, du Niger et du
Nigeria,
26/ ilxclues des statistiques de Maurice (importations), du Mozambique, du
Nigeria et du Rwanda,
27/ -xclues des statistiques de 1'Bgypte et du Nigeria,
28/ Ixclues <3ea statistiques de l'Egypte, du Ghana, du Mozambique, du Nigeria,
ces Seychelles et du Soudan,
29/ Sxclues des statistiques de l^Ethiopie, do Maurice, de la Reunion, du
Soudan et de la Republique-Unie du Cameroun,
a) En oe qui oonoerne les importations
i) "Pays aborigine" ou de production (c'est-3-dire le dernier pays dans lequel les merchandises ont subi une transformation materielle appreciable) pour les pays suivantss Algerie, Angola, BtSnin, Cap Vert, Comores, Congo, C6te d'lvoire, Republique centrafricaine, Ethiopie, Gabon, Ghana, Guinee- Bissau, Kenya ^0/, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Maroc,
Maurice, Mauritanie, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, 0Uganda30/, Republique-Unie du Cameroun, Republique-Unie de Tanzanie 30/,
Reunion, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Seychelles, Somalie, Tchad, Tunisie et Zambie.
ii) "Pays de consignation" (c'est-3-dire le pays d'ou les marchandises ont ete initialement expedites au pays
d»enregistrement) pour les pays suivants: Botswana, Egypte, Jamahiriya arabe libyenne, Ke-iya ^1/, Ouganda ^1/, Soudan Tanzanie ^1/ et Zaire.
iii) "Pays d'achat" (c'est-3-dire pays ou reside le vendeur) pour
le Swaziland.
iv) "Pays de provenance" pour tous les autres pays.
b) En ce qui concerne les exportations
i) "Pays de derniere consignation" (c'est-a"-dire derniSre destination connue) pour les pays suivants: Algerie, Comores, C6te d'lvoire, Egypte, Republique centrafricaine, Ethiopie, Gambie, Ghana, Haute-Yolta, Jamahiriya arabe libyenne, Kenya, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Maroc, Mauritanie, Maurice, Niger, Nigeria, Ouganda, Republique-Unie du Cameroun, Reunion, Senegal, Soudan, Tanzanie, Togo et Tunisie;
ii) "Pays de consommation" (c'est-S-dire pays ou la marchandise devrait subir la transformation prevue au moment de la production ou de la fabrication, ou bien endroit ou elle devrait §tre transformed, reparee ou subir un complement d'ouvrage, a 1'exclusion des operations de melange, de
reconditionnement ou de reassortiment) pour 1'Angola, le
Cap Vert, la Gambie, le Benin et le Mozambique;
iii) "Pays de vente" (c'est-a"-dire pays ou reside l'acheteur)
pour le Swaziland;
iv) "Pays de destination" pour tous les autres pays.
30/ Jusqu'a" 1975, 31/ Apres 1975-
- XXI1
c) Pays commercant avec eux mernes
Certains pays se sont signales comme commercant avec eux me^es.
Jilntre autres, on trouve les explications suivantes a cette situation.
Importations'. Les marchandises exportees ete retournees. De cettes marchandises ont ete enregistrees en importations dans les pays de provenance. C'est le eas du Malawi et de Madagascar.
'iixportations: II s' agit
i) des provisions vendues a des navires de la flotte marchande
nationale et traitees comme des exportations du pays concerne.
C'est le eas de Madagascar;
ii) des exportations en direction d'une "zone franche" nationale et
presentees comme exportations dans la publication nationale;
c'est le eas du Maroc.
Les groupes de pays cites dans la presente publication sont conformes au "United Nations Standard^ Country Code/' sauf en ce qui concerne les sous- regions de l'Afrique.
6. Indices du quantum, valeur unitaire et termes de l'echange
Lies indices de la valeur unitaire en monnaies nationales et les indices du quantum ainsi que les termes de 1'echange sont presentes aux tableaux 4 a 8. A 1'exception des estimations, les indices sont les indices officiels qui montrent les modifications du prix moyen des importations ou exportations
globales de marchandises (indices de la valeur unitaire) ainsi que le volume des importations ou exportations globales de marchandises (indices du quantum) Chaque indice represents une modification du prix ou du volume entre la
periode sur laquelle porte 1'indice, appelee la periode actuelle et une periode fixe, appelee la base de publication pour laquelle l'indice est represente par le pourcentage 100. Afin de faciliter la comparaison, les indices ont ete ajustes de faqon a faire de l'annee civile 1970 la base de publication.
Les formules utilisees pour le calcul des indices du quantum et de la valeur unitaire sont les suivantes:
Indice de la valeur
Laspeyres (ponderation de l'annee de base)
Paasche (ponderation de l'annee sn cours)
Fisher (formule ideale)
Indice
: po C Po
'/ Pn
; pn - Po
Po
du
% qn
^n
%
quantum
- p q.
-: Pn %
unitaire
*> P q.
■'-. .no
< p q
<Z o o
P q.
<-. n n
■-" p q.
■_. ° n
., p q ■ p q
- n o v r:. n n
o o -^ o n
xsi i i -
- dans lesquelles "p" signifie "prix moyen", "q" signifie "quantite", "o"
signifie "periode de base" et "n" signifie "periode actuelle".
Les indices de la valeur unitaire en ce qui concerne les pays suivants sont fondes:
a) Sur la formule Laspeyres
Pour le Ghana, La Jamahiriya arabe libyenne 32/, Maurice, Mozambique 32/, le Nigeria et le Senegal;
"b) Sur la formule de Paasohe
Pour l'Algerie, la Cote d'lvoire, l'Sgypte, la Zambie, Madagascar, le Malawi, le Maroc et le Zaire;
c) Sur la formule ideale de Fisher
Pour le Kenya, l'Ouganda, la Tanzanie et la Zambie.
Les indices du quantum en ce qui concerne les pays suivants sont fondes:
a) Sur la formule Laspeyres
Pour l'Algerie, la Cote d'lvoire, l'Sgypte, la Gambie, le Ghana, la Jamahiriya arabe libyenne, Madagascar, le Malawi, le Maroc le Mozambique 32/, la Republique-Unie du Cameroun, le Soudan, le
Togo et le Zaire;
b) Sur la formule de Paasche
Pour Maurice, le Nigeria et le Senegal;
c) Sur la formule ideale de Fisher
Pour le Kenya, 1'Ouganda, la Tanzanie et la Zambie.
Par ailleurs, pour les estimations portees dans les tableaux, les indices de la valeur unitaire ont ete calcules sur la base de la formule de Laspeyres, alors que ceux du quantum etaient calcules sur la base de la formule de Paasche. Dans les cas ou aucun calcul direct n!a pu etre fait, les estimations sont basees^sur les tendances apparentes pour les pays ou les groupes de pays de la meme sous-region presentant des structures commerciales analogues. Ces estimations sont liees aux series nationales existantes.
Les estimations concernant les indices de la val r unitaire pour la region dans son ensemble et les groupements sous-regionaux sont des moyennes des indices nationaux ponderes par lfequivalent en dollars des Stats-Unies de la valeur partinente globale des importations ou des exportations. Les indices correspondants du quantum sont interdependants et ont ete obtenus
32/ Ces indices sont calcules a partir de ponderations pour des periodes
mobiles et mis en chaine-
en divisant les indices de la valeur unitaire ainsi obtenus par les indices pertinents de la valeur totale, soit:
Q = — n . --— - n n
«_!_ o -i.. n
— ou "V " represente la valeur totale des importations ou des exportations dans dans un pays donne pour l'annee en cours, "V " represente la valeur corres- pondante pendant l'annee de base et "p " represente 1'indice de la valeur unitaire pour ce pays pendant l'annee en cours.
Les termes de ^echange ont ete calcules en etablissant le rapport des indices de la valeur unitaire des exportations et des indices des importa tions correspondantes,
7- Symboles utilises
Les syroboles suivants ont ete utilises dans les tableaux.
"... " signifie "non disponible"
" - " signifie "ordre de grandeur inferieur a la moitie de l'unit©
utilisee"
" & " signifie "chiffre provisoire ou estimatif".
8. Estimations utilisees
Les extinctions de la valeur absolue figurant dans les tableaux sont en general ies extrapolations ou des derives des donnees mensuelles etablies soit par le pays ou sont tirees des donnees fournies par les pays partenaires.
9- Sources des donnees
Les publications internationales suivantes ont ete utilisees pour 1'etabliasement des tableaux:
a) Nations Unies: i) Yearbook of international trade statistics.
Commerce par pays 1966—197^
ii) Statistjques du commerce exterieur de
1'Afrique
- Serie A, Schanges par pays numeros 13-26
— Series B, Echanges par produit numeros 12-39
b) Fonds monetaire Direction of Trade Annuals 1970-1974,
international5 1969-1973 et 1970-1976
XXV —
c) Bureau de statistique Annuaire dea statistiques du des Communautes commerce exterieur, 1973
europeennea:
Des rapports statistiques annuels par pays sur le commerce exterieur ont aussi ete utilises ainai que les numeros recents des revues suivantes:
a) Africa Research Ltd. (Grande-Bretagne) Africa Reaearch Bulletin b) The Economiat intelligence Unit, Ltd. (Londrea) Quarterly
Bconomic Review^ et ~" "*"
c) Marches tropicaux mediterraneens (Paris).
Sn outre une correspondence directe a ete entretenr.u avecles differents
services nationaux de statistiques.
- xxvi -
- 1 -
RSVISW OF AFRICAN EXTiiRNAL TRADE, 1968 to 1977
Imports, Exports and balance of visible trade
The total imports and exports of the African region classified by sub- region and country for the years 1968 to 1977 inclusive are respectively presented at tables 1 and 2 and the resulting trade balances at table J-
It has been estimated that in 1977 the value of imports into the region had increased by 3.8 times in current terms as compared with 1965 and
amounted to U.S. $54-8 thousand million. On the other hand, the correspond ing exports had increased by three and half times and amounted to US *53-tf thousand million, so that there was a visible trade deficit of Us »1.0_
thousand million. However when the trade of the Republic of South Africa is deducted we are left with that of developing Africa in respect of which imports were US M9.6 thousand million, exports US $48.0 thousand million and the resulting adverse balance was US $1.6 ithousand million which re
presented 3-3 per cent of exports.
The trade of developing Africa increased continuously during the review period. During the years 1968 to 1972 the value of trade grew at an almost steady annual rate of 12 per cent but thereafter the rate of growth increased considerably to an average 27 per cent per year so that over the entire
period the trade had grown at an average annual compound rate of 18 per cent.
Most of that increase has been attributed to imports which grew at a pro gressively increasing rate averaging per annum 13 per cent during the first four years from 1968 and 29 per cent thereafter. Exports which had grown much more rapidly than imports up to 1974 at an average annual rate of 26 per cent as compared with 22 per cent for imports suffered a dramatic decline
thereafter in the rate of growth so that over the entire period to 1977 exports registered an average growth rate two per cent below the level of
imports in current terms.
Nevertheless when the balance is struck it is found that over the ten year review period there has been as estimated surplus of US Jl8 thousand million in the visible trade of developing Africa. This has been attributed
largely to the trade of nine countries, namely, the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Nigeria, Zambia, Gabon, Angola, Ivory Coast, Zaire, Uganda and Liberia, in
that order, which jointly accounted for approximately 62 per cent of all developing Africa1s exports in 1977 and built up an estimated visible balance of US 357 thousand million accounting for 39 per cent of their exports. It is significant that a little over one-quarter of that surplus was realized in 1974 alone, that 41 per cent was accummulated over the 197 5- 77 period and that the first two named countries jointly accounted for a
little more than three-quarters of the amount. Of the remaining 44 countries, only in respect of six, namely, Equatorial Guinea, Guinea,Mauritama, Sao Tome & Principe, Southern Rhodesia and Swaziland, was a favourable trade
balance shown over the period. For the remainder there were almost continuous yearly deficits which worsened with the passage of time-
Unit Value, Volume and Terms of Trade
Indexes of unit value, volume and net barter terms of trade for the
region as a whole, the sub-reGions and countries for the years 1968 are shown
at tables 4 to 8 inclusive and are summarized at table A below so as to distinguish between the region as a whole, developing Africa, petroleum exporting, other mineral exporting and non-mineral exporting countries.
These figures are at best crude representations but they serve to provide
a general indication of trends.
The increase in the value of African international trade may be
attributed largely to price increases in respect of both imports and exports.
There has also been a steady increase in the physical volume of trade with the outside world, but more particularly in respect of imports which are estimated to have increased by 84 per cent over the period while the corres ponding' exports showed an estimated volume increase of 12 per cent.
During the nineteen-seventies and particularly after 1972 prices increased very rapidly. However, on the average, the increases in respect of exports were much greater than those in respect of imports so that the region is seen to have enjoyed increasingly favourable terms of trade.
Table A. Unit values, volume and terms of trade for Africa, distinguish ing betwoen developing, oil exporting, other mineral export ing and other developing countries, 1968 to 1976.
Territory Year
Unit Imports
Value Sxports
Terms - of
Trade Imports
(1970 =
Volume
100)
Exports TOTAL AFRICA
1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976
DEVELOPING AFRICA 1968
1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976
93 98 100 105 113 130 174 205 216
93 98 100 105 112 129 177 206 214
97 99 100 105 116 151 351 322 354
97 99 100 106 117 154 375 343 371
104 101 100 100 103 116 202 157 164
104 101 100 101 104 119 211 166 173
107 10
119 1O
139 155 151
862/,
87 93j
86 83
100 108 111 125 141 165 168
80 92 100 98 104 111
84 82
90
Table A. Unit values, volume and terms of trade for Africa, disti
nguijiish- ing between developing, oil exporting, other mineral export ing and other developing countries, 1968 to 1976. ( cont' d)
Territory- Year
Unit Imports
Value Exports
Terms of Trade
(1970 = Volume Imports
100)
JJxports
PETROLEUM EXPORTERS
1968 93
1969 98
1970 100
1971 107
1972 110
1973 127
1974 179
1975 207
1976 213
OTHER MINERAL EXPORTERS 1968
1969
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1976 1975
96 99 100 98 104 118 159 178 189 OTHER DEVELOPING AFRICA
1968 1969
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976
91 96 100 101 113 178 133 216 225
101 98 100 116 134 179 452 410 438
100 103 100 91 91 112 176 148 154
87
92 100 97 101 122 176 184
210
109 100 100 108 122 141 252 198 206
104 104 100 93 88 95
ill
83 81
96 96 100 96 89
92 99 93 85
80 100 85
111 122 144 176 240
255
83 88 100 111 120 127 131 141 132
89
90 100 114 105 114 121 112 109
73 90 100
99
101 110 96 94 108
79 100 95 98 114 124 117 118 115
95 94 100 105 115 127 110 108 113
a/ Including intra-African trade b/ Net of intra-African trade.
The increasingly favourable terms of trade may be attributed almost
entirely to the eight petroleum countries l/ of the region, in respect of
which the average annual rate of export Price increase, estimated at 20 per cent, was more than twice the rate for imports. The ten other mineral
countries^/ jointly su*f-rod -; d:clinc: in export prioos from 1969 to 19^2 l/ AlgpriH, Angola, Congo, figypt, Gabon, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Nigeria
and Tunisia.
2/ Ctntral Afr. Republic, Liberia, Mauritania, Morocco, S. Rhodesia, Sierra
Leone, Senegal, Togo, Zaire and Zambia.
- 4 -
countries gj jointly suffered, a decline in export prices from 1969 to 1972
and again after 1974 while comparatively there waa a continuous increase in the prices for their imports, so that, except for 1974 when prices for
phosphates from Senegal and Togo suddenly increased, there has "been for that group of countries a steady deterioration in the terms of trade which already had "been unfavourable since 1970. In respect of the rest of developing
Africa the increasing export prices had not "been able to move as rapidly as those for imports so that the terms of trade have been unfavourable through
out the entire review period.
It would have been useful at this stage to examine the changes in terms of quantity and price in respect of relevant specific commodities which influenced the terms of trade. There is however an insufficiency of data to permit such an analysis. Only in respect of exports has it been possible to present some commodity detail at the regional level, and indices of unit value and volume in respect of selected agricultural and mineral products which accounted for 82 per cent of the exports of developing Africa in 1976
are shown at table B.
Table B. Index numbers of unit value and volume for principal exports, 1968 to 1976 (1970 = 100)
Commodities 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976
Unit Values Agricultural products
Bananas, fresh 101.4 91.9 100.0 100.7 112.3 126.7 134.4 151-1 181.2 Citrus fruits 107.7 110.2 100.0 113.4 118.4 132.8 130.9 181.7 188.0 Cocoa beans 75.8 96.7 100.0 76.7 71.6 102.6 159.1 178.9 180.0 Coffee beans 83.1 79-0 100.0 97.9 100.6 122.2 139.4 136.4 232.1 Cotton raw & linters 95-1 101.3 100.0 103.8 111.8 138.2 223.2 200.4 198.6 Groundnuts 77.3 89.2 100.0 110.2 126.5 151-5 197-5 229.2 203.2 Oil, groundnut 79.9 92.4 100.0 115.6 113.4 127-3 268.5 249.0 188.9 Olive 104-2 102.3 100.0 108.3 116,0 180.4 266.5 274,8 185.8 Palm 91.2 66.6 100.0 109.4 102.3 139-5 262.2 232-4 217.1 Palm kernel 115-4 79.0 100.0 95.4 74.7 94.4 259-9 146-5 131.4 Palm nuts & kernels 111.4 93.3 100.0 92.9 72.1 126.4 238.2 123-2 IO4.4 Rice 144.6 132.8 100.0 95*7 100.0 191.2 586.8 475-5 329-^
Rubber, raw 85.4 106.8 100.0 88.2 73.4 125.7 177-0 122.2 161.1 Sesame seeds 94.1 91.8 100.0 120,4 133-7 132.9 231.3 264-8 231.6 Sisal, raw 104-1 112.1 100.0 101.0 124-7 253-7 586.5 366.8 283-5 Sugar, raw & refined 91-5 98.8 100.0 112-3 134.4 158.7 321.7 429.0 311.4 Tea 102.6 95-4 100.0 102.7 102.8 98-7 111.6 122.8 126.0 Tobacco, unmanfuctured 82-8 97-8 100.0 109.0 IO9.5 125.4 148.6 167.2 181.9 Wine 99.3 97-9 100.0 93.6 109.6 146-6 161.1 194-4 215-2 Wood 95.6 99.4 100.0 96.7 112.5 197-2 222.8 200.6 235-9
Mineral products
Bauxite and aluminium 106.7 IO5.9 100.0 103.7 IO6.5 111.2 117-5 141.7 153-7
Cobalt, metal & ore 88.6 85.2 100.0 121.0 116.1 143.1 120.8 203.9 300.4
Copper, metal & ore 82.0 95.5 100.0 71.3 69-7 111.0 142-5 78.9 86.3
Diamonds 92.3 98.9 100.0 84.6 93-9 152.2 154-9 133-7 159-1
Iron ore 96.6 98.9 100.0 108.7 113.1 109-9 144.0 222.5 217.4
- 5
Table B. Index numbers of unit value and volume for principal exports, 1968 to 1976 (1970 = 100) (cont'd)
Commodities 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975! 1976"
Unit Values '■
Mineral products (cont'd) Lead, metal & ore
Manganese ore Petroleum, crude Phosphates and
fertilizers Tin, metal & ore Zinc, metal & ore
80.7 95-5 100.0 87.7 85.8 101.1 175.7 140.2 124-1 125.6 109.5 100.0 113.0 128.3 142.5 174.7 229.6:246.6 102.0 99.9 100.0 135.6 170.1 238.2 715.4 626.7 682.0 109.2 108.0 100.0 99.6 109.6 127.7 489.1 622.6 320.4 83.7 87.7 100.0 97.8 99.6 101.0 174.0 151.7 169.6 88.3 96.6 100.0 110.2 129.9 181.0 255.2 265.4,239.0
Agricultural products Bananas, fresh Citrus fruits Cocoa beans Coffee beans
Cotton, raw & linters Groundnuts
Oil, groundnut Olive Palm
Palm kernel Palm nuts & kernels Rice
Rubber, raw Sesame seeds Sisal, raw
Sugar, raw & refined Tea
Tobacco, unmanufactured Wine
Wood
Mineral products Bauxite & aluminiijm Cobalt, metal & ore Copper, metal & ore Diamonds
Irone ore
Lead, metal and ore Manganese ore
Petroleum, crude
Phosphates & fertilizers Tin, metal and ore
Zinc, metal and ore
93. 83.
93.
97. 84.
187.
124.
120.
95.
93.
89. 88.
87. 84.
90.
91. 86.
94. 56.
96.
84.
95- 89.
90.
80.
138. 95.
65.
■ 91.
97- 86.
.9 ,2
.9 ,8
■ 2
■7 ■ 3 .6 8 8 6 9
2 1 4 7
0 4 0 9
9 5 4 8 5 3 5 4 6 6 2 The pattern and distribution of
102 94 87 98 82 149 180 87
106, 89.
91- 113- 89.
104.
82.
93.
97- 91.
118. 91.
119, 88.
104.
100.
90.
100, 146.
83.
88.
99.
109.
.2 .6 .0
• 7 .8 .9 .6 .0 .0 .2
.5 .9 .2 .1 .6 .4 .0 .9 .6 .3
.2 .6
■ A
■ 1
■ 3
■9 ,0 8 4 1 1 trade
100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
100 100 100 100 100 100, 100, 100, 100, 100, 100,
.0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0
.0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0
102.
91.
111.
97.
105.
75.
53.
209.
111.
95.
110.
75.
100.
85. 80.
89.
101.
111.
44.
106.
88.
98.
101.
101.
91.
97.
155.
90.
113.
85.
100.
.3 .2 .7 .9 .4 ,8 .5 4 4 9 4 9 7
0
7
1 0 0 7 0
5 4 8 4 5 4 5 7 3 6
*>
Volume
116 91 113 107 97 108 65
474 82 91 88
65 97 97 81 92 126 125 48 119
115 135 112 104 93 120 200,
90, 120, 117. 75-
.9 .0 .0 .7 .3 .5 .9 .2
• 7 .7 .8 .5 .8 .2 .6 .8 -3 .9 .3 .8
.3 .1
• 5 >7 .9 .6 .6 .8 .4 .6 .6
112 119 104 117 97 74 80 211 71 91 66 42 98 110 70 102 132 149 86 132
107 141 108,
91 103.
126, 182, 94.
134.
62, 98.
.2 .1 .3 .2 .6 .3 .4 .0
.9 .0 .7 .2 .8 .3 .0 .1 .8 .9
• 5 .4
.3 .1
■ 4 .3 .0
► 2 .2
•5 .4
•7 .6
115 91 100 115 69 60 55
340 118, 100, 86, 20, 103.
120,
69.
96.
129- 147.
52.
107.
80, 161.
110, 88.
108.
118.
185.
79- 151. 61.
96.
.2
• 5 .8 .1 .0 .9 .2 .8 .9 .3 .0 .9 .4 .6
• 7
• 7 .8 .9 .2 ,0
• 3 ,1 ,2 ,1 ,1
■3
■ 2 6 5 9 0
84 81 94 108 61 56, 162, 75.
106, 66, 69, 15.
100, 77.
56.
74.
129.
142.
46, 88.
123. 71.
103.
75. 74.
87.
172.
80.
103.
56.
71.
.6 .5 .5 .4 .1 .7 .9 .3 .0 .4 .8 .8 .3
■ 3 .8 -9
■ 2 .0 .8 ,2
■ 9 5 3 6 7 4 6 2 9 0 8
1
: 80
' 91 100
115 66 83
102 246 78 62 95 29 83 75 44 81 146 167 33 97
68 115- 109. 63, 80, 84.
183.
93.
119.
40.
76, .3 .0 .6 .1
• 5
.0 .0 .8 .4 .0 .8
• 5
• 7 .8 .3 .2 .1 .3 .0 .1
.7 •5
.2 .8 .1 .1
► 8 .1 .4
• 5 .4
Tables 9 and 10 show the values of imports and exports respectively, classified by sub-region and country and sections of the standard International
Trade Classification (SITC). These data have been summarized and are shown at
tables C and D expressed as percentages of totals.
- 6 -
Table G. Distribution of African imports and exports by sections of the
Period
1968 1969
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1968-72 1973-77 1968-77
1968 1969
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974
1975 1976 1977 1968-72 1973-77
1968-77
SITC 1968 to
0
11.1 10.5 10.7 11.1
11-5 12.6 14.3 12.4 12.2 12.4 11.0 12.7 12.3
24.4 21.2 22.4 20.9 21.1 19.7 14-2 15-7 15.4 15-3 21.9 15.7 17-3
1
1.8 1.7 1.6 1-4 1.4 1.4 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.6 1.2 1.3
1.8 1.4 1.8 1.2 1.2 1.5 0.6 0.8 0.7 0.7 1.4 0.8 1.0
1977
2
4.3 4.1 4.1 3.8 4.0 4.2 5.0 4.8 4.4 5.1
4.0 4.8 4-6
21.7
20.7 19.2 19-0
18.5
18.1 14.4 13.9 12.5
12.2 19.7 13.7 15-3
3
6.1 6.2 5.5 5-8 5.7
4.0 6.1 5.9 5.9 5-9 5.8 5.7 5-8
24.8 26.5 28.8 34-2 35.8 37.4 53.4 51.6 57-7 56.4 30.6 52.8 47-1
Sections of 4
1.2 1.1 1.3 2.0 1.4 1.3 1.6 1.8 1.3 1.4 1.4 1-5 1.5
1.8 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.8
1.2 1.4 1.1 1.0
0.9 1.6 1.1 1.2
Imports 5 9.1 9.2 9.1 9.3 9.2 10.0 9.5 9-1 8.7 9.0 9-2 9-2 9-2 Exports
1.3 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.2
the 6
23.7 23-9 23.7 21.8 21.7 22.4 21.3 21.0 20.6 21.8 22.8 21.4 21.7
20.5 22.1 20.1
16.4 15.1 15.8 11.2
8.9 6.0 9.1 18.5 9-6 11.9
SITC 1/
7
33.5 34.1 35.5 36.1 35-7 35-7 32.0 37.3 38.9 36.2
35.1 36.3 36.0
2-3 2.6 2.8 3.3 3.2 2.8 1.8 2.5 2.1 2.1
2.9 2.2 2.4
Percentages
8
7-5 7-6 7.2 7-2 7.3 7-0 7.6 5.7 6.1 6.2 7-3 6.4 6.6
0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.9 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
9
1.7 1-7 1-4 1.6 2.0 1.8 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.7 1-7 0.9 1.1
1.1 1.4 1.2 1.3 1.0 1.3 1.1 3.1 2.5
1.1 1.2 1.8 1.6
. O Tial
100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
The Sections of the S.I.T.C. are as follows:- 0: Food and live animals chiefly for food.
1: Beverages and tobacco.
2: Crude materials, inedible, except fuels 3: Mineral fuels, lubricants and related
materials.
4* Animal and vegetable oils, fats and
waxes•
