Article pp.141-143 du Vol.22 n°2 (2003)

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'FKVQTKCN

%OGUV GP UGRVGODTG NQTU FOWPG EQPHÃTGPEG QTICPKUÃG CW .CDQTCVQKTG 0CVKQPCN FG .QU #NCOQU SWG NOGZRTGUUKQP 8KG #TVKHKEKGNNG 8#C ÃVÃ GORNQ[ÃG RQWT NC RTGOKÂTG HQKU GP XWG FG TGITQWRGT UQWU WPG OÄOG CRRGNNCVKQP NGU VTCXCWZ FOGPXKTQP EJGTEJGWTU %QOOG NOC ÃETKV .CPIVQP FGWZ CPU RNWU VCTF n NGU TGEJGTEJGU UWT NC 8# UG XGWNGPV EQORNÃOGPVCKTGU FG EGNNGU SWK ECTCEVÃTKUGPV NGU FKUEKRNKPGU VTCFKVKQPPGNNGU FG NC DKQNQIKG #NQTU SWG EGU FGTPKÂTGU RQTVGPV UWT NOCPCN[UG FGU ÄVTGU XKXCPVU NGU TGEJGTEJGU UWT NC 8# XKUGPV ´ NC U[PVJÂUG FG EQORQTVGOGPVU TGUUGODNCPV ´ EGWZ FGU ÄVTGU XKXCPVU CW OQ[GP FOQTFKPCVGWTU QW FOCWVTGU CTVGHCEVU

&G PQU LQWTU NGU CTVGHCEVU CKPUK U[PVJÃVKUÃU RGWXGPV ÄVTG CWUUK DKGP FGU CIGPVU GZRNQTCPV NG 0GV FGU RGTUQPPCIGU PQP LQWGWTU FCPU WP LGW XKFÃQ FGU GPVKVÃU CWVQPQOGU ÃXQNWCPV FCPU WP OQPFG XKTVWGN QW FGU n CPKOCVU L CPKOCWZ UKOWNÃU UWT QTFKPCVGWT QW TQDQVU TÃGNU .GU ECTCEVÃTKUVKSWGU TGEJGTEJÃGU RGWXGPV ÄVTG VTÂU IÃPÃTCNGU EQOOG NQTUSWOKN UOCIKV FG FQPPGT NOKNNWUKQP FW XKXCPV GP CVVTKDWCPV ´ WP CIGPV EGTVCKPGU ECRCEKVÃU FOCWVQPQOKG GV FOCFCRVCVKQP 'NNGU RGWXGPV ÄVTG CWUUK VTÂU URÃEKHKSWGU EQOOG NQTUSWOKN UOCIKV FG UOKPURKTGT FG NOQTICPKUCVKQP GV FG NC RJ[UKQNQIKG FW EGTXGCW FOWP TCV RQWT OGVVTG CW RQKPV WP U[UVÂOG FG PCXKICVKQP GV FG XKUKQP CEVKXG RQWT TQDQV CWVQPQOG

.GU UQNWVKQPU KPHQTOCVKSWGU WVKNKUÃGU ´ EGU FKXGTUGU HKPU RGWXGPV ÄVTG GPVKÂTGOGPV EQPÁWGU RCT WP RTQITCOOGWT 'NNGU RGWXGPV ÃICNGOGPV ÄVTG CLWUVÃGU RCT CRRTGPVKUUCIG QW ÄVTG GPIGPFTÃGU FG HCÁQP RNWU QW OQKPU CWVQOCVKSWG RCT WP RTQEGUUWU ÃXQNWVKQPPKUVG

&GRWKU FG PQODTGWUGU ÃSWKRGU FCPU NG OQPFG UOKPUETKXGPV FCPU FG VGNNGU RGTURGEVKXGU GV NO+PVGTPCVKQPCN 5QEKGV[ HQT #TVKHKEKCN .KHG JVVRYYYCNKHGQTIEQORVG RNWUKGWTU OKNNKGTU FOCFJÃTGPVU &GU LQWTPCWZ URÃEKCNKUÃU L #TVKHKEKCN .KHG #FCRVKXG

$GJCXKQT QW #TVKHKEKCN .KHG CPF 4QDQVKEU L RWDNKGPV NGU VTCXCWZ EQTTGURQPFCPVU &GU EQPHÃTGPEGU KPVGTPCVKQPCNGU GV GWTQRÃGPPGU UQPV QTICPKUÃGU CWVQWT FG EG VJÂOG EQOOG RCT GZGORNG #.KHG #TVKHKEKCN .KHG 5#$ +PVGTPCVKQPCN %QPHGTGPEG QP 5KOWNCVKQP QH #FCRVKXG $GJCXKQTQW '%#. 'WTQRGCP %QPHGTGPEG QH #TVKHKEKCN .KHG

2NWUKGWTU NCDQTCVQKTGU HTCPÁCKU UG TGEQOOCPFGPV GZRTGUUÃOGPV FG NC XKG CTVKHKEKGNNG #KPUK FCPU NG DWV RTKPEKRCN FG EQPVTKDWGT ´ WPG OGKNNGWTG EQORTÃJGPUKQP FGU ÄVTGU XKXCPVU GP IÃPÃTCN GV FG HCKTG CXCPEGT NGU UEKGPEGU EQIPKVKXGU GP RCTVKEWNKGT FGU CTVGHCEVU KPFKXKFWGNU UQPV UKOWNÃU UWT QTFKPCVGWT CW

Cet article des Editions Lavoisier est disponible en acces libre et gratuit sur tsi.revuesonline.com

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142 RSTI - TSI – 22/2003. Vie artificielle

.CDQTCVQKTG FG 0GWTQDKQNQIKG FG /CTUGKNNG CW .14+# FG 0CPE[ CW .+#2 CW .+2 GV EJG\ 5QP[ %5. ´ 2CTKU &G OÄOG FKXGTUGU UKOWNCVKQPU OWNVKCIGPVU UQPV OKUGU GP WXTG CW .+4// FG /QPVRGNNKGT GV EQPEGTPGPV FGU CTVGHCEVU GP UQEKÃVÃ 'P QWVTG RNWUKGWTU NCDQTCVQKTGU VTCXCKNNGPV ´ NC TÃCNKUCVKQP FG TQDQVU CWVQPQOGU QW WVKNKUGPV FG VGNU TQDQVU ´ FGU HKPU CWUUK DKGP HQPFCOGPVCNGU SWOCRRNKSWÃGU EOGUV RCT GZGORNG NG ECU FW .+4// FG /QPVRGNNKGT FG NO+/#) FG )TGPQDNG FG NO'6+5 ´

%GTI[ 2QPVQKUG FW .CDQTCVQKTG FG 0GWTQDKQNQIKG FG /CTUGKNNG FW .14+# FG 0CPE[ FG 5WRÃNGE ´ /GV\ FW .+2 GV FG 5QP[ %5. ´ 2CTKU &OCWVTGU NCDQTCVQKTGU U[PVJÃVKUGPV FGU CTVGHCEVU TGUUGODNCPV NG RNWU RQUUKDNG CWZ ÄVTGU XKXCPVU OCKU ´ FGU HKPU RWTGOGPV CRRNKSWÃGU %OGUV RCT GZGORNG NG ECU FG NO+5 FG 5QRJKC #PVKRQNKU SWK UOKPVÃTGUUG ´ FGU UKOWNCVKQPU FG VTCHKE TQWVKGT FG NO+4+6 FG 6QWNQWUG FW .+#2 FG 2CTKU GV FG NO++/NCD FW 2ÏNG 7PKXGTUKVCKTG .ÃQPCTF FG 8KPEK SWK RTQFWKUGPV FGU U[UVÂOGU CFCRVCVKHU RQWT NC 4ÃCNKVÃ 8KTVWGNNG &G PQODTGWUGU CRRNKECVKQPU KPFWUVTKGNNGU OGVVCPV GP WXTG FGU EQPVTÏNGWTU PGWTQPCWZ GVQW FGU OÃVJQFGU ÃXQNWVKQPPKUVGU DÃPÃHKEKGPV FOWP UCXQKT FKTGEVGOGPV KORQTVÃ FGU PGWTQUEKGPEGU FOWPG RCTV FG NC IÃPÃVKSWG FG NOKOOWPQNQIKG GV FG NOÃEQNQIKG FOCWVTG RCTV %OGUV RCT GZGORNG NG ECU ´ NO'EQNG 2QN[VGEJPKSWG ´ NO+04+# GV EJG\ &CUUCWNV#XKCVKQP ´ 2CTKU QW ´ NO+5 FG 0KEG ´ NO'0#% FG 6QWNQWUG QW ´ NO7PKXGTUKVÃ FG .KNNG 'PHKP ´ NO'562 FG 2CTKU FGU TGEJGTEJGU UQPV EQPFWKVGU UWT NC HQTOG GV NC ETQKUUCPEG FGU ÄVTGU XKXCPVU CKPUK SWG UWT NC HQTOG GV NC ETQKUUCPEG FG NGWTU EQPUVTWEVKQPU

%G PWOÃTQ FG 65+ KNNWUVTG NC ITCPFG FKXGTUKVÃ FGU VTCXCWZ UG TÃHÃTCPV CW FQOCKPG FG NC XKG CTVKHKEKGNNG GP CDQTFCPV SWCVTG VJÂOGU EQORNÃOGPVCKTGU

.CKUUG\NGU XKXTG .G RTGOKGT CTVKENG CHHKTOG EG RQUVWNCV HQPFCOGPVCN UKIPKHKCPV SWG NG EJGTEJGWT FQKV UG TGVKTGT NG RNWU RQUUKDNG FG NOÃNCDQTCVKQP FGU CTVGHCEVU GV GP RCTVKEWNKGT FG NC HCÁQP FQPV KNU EQPUVTWKUGPV NGU KPHQTOCVKQPU FQPV KNU QPV DGUQKP

%QOOG VQWV U[UVÂOG XKXCPV EGWZEK FQKXGPV GP GHHGV EQPUVTWKTG GWZOÄOGU NGWT n OQPFG RTQRTG EQOOG NG FÃHKPKUUCKV NOÃVJQNQIKUVG XQP 7GZMWNN CW FÃDWV FW UKÂENG FGTPKGT #W UGKP FG EG OQPFG KNU RQWTTQPV UG EQORQTVGT GHHKECEGOGPV GV n UWTXKXTG CW OQ[GP FG NGWTU UGPUGWTU GV CEVKQPPGWTU ÃXGPVWGNNGOGPV IT¸EG ´ NC OKUG GP WXTG FG RTQEGUUWU CFCRVCVKHU VGNU SWG NG FÃXGNQRRGOGPV NOCRRTGPVKUUCIG QW NOÃXQNWVKQP

%GV CTVKENG RTQRQUG PQVCOOGPV WP OQFÂNG FOCTEJKVGEVWTG FG EQPVTÏNG PGWTQPCNG RGTOGVVCPV ´ WP CPKOCV FOCRRTGPFTG FG HCÁQP CWVQPQOG GV GP NKIPG NGU EQ FÃRGPFCPEGU VGORQTGNNGU GPVTG ÃXÃPGOGPVU FG NOGPXKTQPPGOGPV GV ÃXÃPGOGPVU UGPUQTKOQVGWTU $GUNQP 5QWNC

.QTUSWG NC UKOWNCVKQP EQPEGTPG NG EQORQTVGOGPV EQNNGEVKH FG PQODTGWZ CPKOCVU WP FGWZKÂOG VTCXCKN UOCVVCEJG ´ FÃOQPVTGT GP SWQK RQWT UKOWNGT WP VGN U[UVÂOG EQORNGZG WPG FÃOCTEJG CUEGPFCPVG NKÃG CW FQOCKPG FG NC XKG CTVKHKEKGNNG GUV RNWU CRRTQRTKÃG SWOWPG FÃOCTEJG FGUEGPFCPVG NKÃG IÃPÃTCNGOGPV CW FQOCKPG FG NO+#

U[ODQNKSWG 'P GHHGV EGVVG FGTPKÂTG UWRRQUG SWG NGU RTQDNÂOGU RQUÃU EQNNGEVKXGOGPV CWZ CPKOCVU CKGPV FGU ÃVCVU KPKVKCWZ GV HKPCWZ RNWVÏV DKGP FÃHKPKU GV RQWXCPV ÄVTG CKUÃOGPV FÃEQORQUÃU GP UQWURTQDNÂOGU .QTUSWG NGU RTQDNÂOGU UQPV FGU n RTQDNÂOGU FG VQWU NGU LQWTU EOGUV´FKTG RNWU QW OQKPU DKGP FÃHKPKU RCT EGWZ SWK FQKXGPV NGU TÃUQWFTG WPG CRRTQEJG CUEGPFCPVG UGTC RNWU GHHKECEG GP UG HQECNKUCPV UWT NOQTICPKUCVKQP FGU KPVGTCEVKQPU CW PKXGCW OKETQUEQRKSWG FG HCÁQP ´ HCKTG

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Editorial 143

ÃOGTIGT NGU RTQRTKÃVÃU TGEJGTEJÃGU CW PKXGCW OCETQUEQRKSWG 7P GZGORNG GP UGTC FQPPÃ FCPU WPG CRRNKECVKQP n DGTIGTU GV ECPCTFU CXGE FGU VGEJPKSWGU FG OQFÃNKUCVKQP CNNKCPV EJCORU FG RQVGPVKGN GV CNIQTKVJOGU IÃPÃVKSWGU (NCEJGT 5KICWF .G FQOCKPG FG NC XKG CTVKHKEKGNNG C NOCODKVKQP FOCRRQTVGT UC EQPVTKDWVKQP PQP UGWNGOGPV ´ NC HCÁQP FQPV NGU EQORQTVGOGPVU UG OGVVGPV GP RNCEG CW EQWTU FG NC XKG KPFKXKFWGNNG OCKU GPEQTG ´ NC HCÁQP FQPV KNU QPV RW ÃOGTIGT CW EQWTU FG NOÃXQNWVKQP .G VTQKUKÂOG VTCXCKN GZRQUG NG VQWV TÃEGPV FQOCKPG FG NC n NKPIWKUVKSWG ÃXQNWVKQPPCKTG SWK GZRNKSWG EQOOGPV NGU VGEJPKSWGU ÃXQNWVKQPPKUVGU RGWXGPV VGPVGT FG ENCTKHKGT NG FÃDCV GPVTG n KPPÃKUVGU GV n EQPUVTWEVKXKUVGU FCPU NOÃNCDQTCVKQP FG NC EQOOWPKECVKQP JWOCKPG 'P RCTVKEWNKGT FGU CIGPVU XKTVWGNU QW TQDQVKSWGU RGWXGPV FÃXGNQRRGT FGU TÃRGTVQKTGU UQPQTGU CXGE FGU EQPVTCKPVGU UÃNGEVKQPPKUVGU NKÃGU CWZ RCTVKEWNCTKVÃU FG NGWTU U[UVÂOGU UGPUQTKOQVGWTU GV RGWXGPV ÃICNGOGPV EQPUVTWKTG EQNNGEVKXGOGPV WP TÃRGTVQKTG FG OQVU FQPV NGU UGPU UGTCKGPV RCTVCIÃU RCT VQWU 5VGGNU

'PHKP ETÃGT ´ NC HQKU FGU ETÃCVWTGU CRRTGPCPV EQOOWPKSWCPV GV ÃXQNWCPV FCPU WP OQPFG XKTVWGN GV CXQKT UQP CXCVCT KPVGTCIKUUCPV CXGE FG VGNNGU ETÃCVWTGU RGWV GPIGPFTGT FGU RGTURGEVKXGU CWUUK DKGP HQPFCOGPVCNGU SWOCRRNKSWÃGU 7P OQPFG ÃOKPGOOGPV F[PCOKSWG RGWV GP GHHGV EQPUVKVWGT WPG RNCVGHQTOG FG RTÃFKNGEVKQP RQWT VGUVGT NC RGTHQTOCPEG FGU OÃECPKUOGU CFCRVCVKHU FGU CTVGHCEVU 'P TGVQWT EGU CIGPVU RGWXGPV RGWRNGT GHHKECEGOGPV NGU WPKXGTU FGU PQWXGCWZ LGWZ XKFÃQ UWT KPVGTPGV QW NGU HWVWTU RCTEU FG NQKUKTU FG TÃCNKVÃ XKTVWGNNG %G FGTPKGT VTCXCKN ÃVCDNKV WP ÃVCV FG NOCTV FG NC EQPEGRVKQP FGU ETÃCVWTGU XKTVWGNNGU GV RTQRQUG WP PQWXGCW NCPICIG RGTOGVVCPV FG FÃETKTG GPVKÂTGOGPV WP OQFÂNG FOCIGPV FGUVKPÃ ´ XKXTG FCPU WP OQPFG OWNVK CIGPVU FCPU NGSWGN EGTVCKPGU ETÃCVWTGU RGWXGPV ÄVTG EQPVTÏNÃGU RCT FGU JWOCKPU 4KEJCTF %QFQIPGV )TWODCEJ

2QWT CRRTQHQPFKT NC FÃEQWXGTVG FGU OWNVKRNGU CWVTGU VTCXCWZ EQPUCETÃU ´ EG FQOCKPG FGU NKGPU WVKNGU RGWXGPV ÄVTG EQPUWNVÃU UWT NG UKVG FG PQVTG NCDQTCVQKTG JVVRCPKOCVNCDNKRHT