Monthly Rainfall (mm)

THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF LUSAKA –

A POSSIBLE CAUSE FOR CURRENT & FUTURE GROUNDWATER MANAGEMENT PROBLEMS

D.C.W. NKHUWA (PhD), SCHOOL OF MINES

INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION

™ Selected after careful

consideration of a number of alternative locations--

Chilanga, Broken Hill, and some Copperbelt towns Chilanga, Broken Hill, and some Copperbelt towns

™ Chosen partly to (i) avoid domination by mining

cos., & (ii) because of its central location @

intersection of main route

Lusaka was:

™ Inaugurated new capital city of NR on Friday, 31 May 1935.

PRESENTATION OUTLINE PRESENTATION OUTLINE

‰ Nature of bedrock underlying the city

‰ Initial city layout plans

‰ Evolution of the city & loss of a vision

‰ Some ^current Public Health issues

‰ Recommendations

NATURE OF BEDROCK UNDERLYING LUSAKA

Schists

Quartzites Marbles

City

Nature of Bedrock underlying Lusaka - Solution Features

Nature of Bedrock underlying Lusaka - Solution Features

Subterranean channels

Nature of Bedrock underlying Lusaka - Solution Features

LOGS OF SOME BOREHOLES IN LUSAKA

INITIAL LAYOUT OF THE CITY

Schist ridge considered favourable construction for

purposes

To maintain Lusaka as a garden city, design Plan of 1950 detailed Lusaka to accommodate ^{a total}

population of 125,000 within 25 years

-100,000 Africans, and -25,000 Europeans

Initial Layout of the city ^(contd.)

Initial Layout of the city – population growth HOWEVER…...,

196000

536000

769000

1200000

0 200000 400000 600000 800000 1000000 1200000

1964 1980 1990 2000

EVOLUTION OF THE CITY & LOSS OF A VISION EVOLUTION OF THE CITY & LOSS OF A VISION

Lusaka in 1951 Lusaka in 1965

Evolution of the city & loss of a vision

Evolution of the city & loss of a vision ^{(contd.)(contd.)}

Evolution of the city & loss of a vision ^(contd.)

Evolution of the city & loss of a vision ^(contd.)

Lusaka in 2002

Consequently, city has had difficulties to:

Evolution of the city & loss of a vision ^(contd.)

Cope with a high rate of population increase….

Formulate an adequate and elaborate strategy for water supply &

management of liquid and solid wastes.

•Exploitation of Groundwater

200 litres per capita consumption per

day

⇒ 240,000 m³/d

Î Unregulated drilling of boreholes and excessive abstraction of groundwater from

the aquifer

Official supply only 200,000 m³/d

196000

536000

769000

1200000

0 200000 400000 600000 800000 1000000 1200000

1964 1980 1990 2000

Evolution of the city & loss of a vision ^(contd.)

Evolution of the city & loss of a vision (contd.)

-20 -15 -10 -5 0

150 200 250

Av.Rainfall LH-Rd Shaft 5/2

Monthly R

low ground surface (m)

M o n t h s

Consequently, Consequently,

Cost of pumping may increase to such levels that the poor may not readily

afford water charges

Waterborne

25% Pit latrines

55%

Septic tanks 20%

Evolution of the city & loss of a vision – LIQUID WASTE DISPOSAL

The 55% serviced by pit latrines

The 55% serviced by pit latrines -- live in highlive in high--density density residential townships, in areas, where the water table is residential townships, in areas, where the water table is

very close to surface.

very close to surface.

Evolution of the city & loss of a vision

High-density settlement of Misisi

Evolution of the city & loss of a vision

Evolution of the city & loss of a vision

Shallow

Pit latrine

Evolution of the city & loss of a vision – LIQUID WASTE DISPOSAL ^{- 4}

Toilet

Well Toilet

Well Toilet

Well

Evolution of the city & loss of a vision – LIQUID WASTE DISPOSAL ^{- 5}

MISISI

Quarry

Evolution of the city & loss of a vision – LIQUID WASTE DISPOSAL ^{- 6}

3000 5300

52 28

20 16

659 610

S/Well

11000 14000

115 103

6.2 40

656 1056

S/Well

12 48

65 77

9.8 16

773 1120

B/H

40 92

42 110

10.3 18

460 1371

S/Well

1 9

45 44

10.4 -

547 679

B/H

90 150

61 80

2.1 16

442 1063

S/Well

60 100

33 81

2.9 19

387 1177

S/Well

20 35

75 6

7 12

478 1446

S/Well

0 7

90 79

8.4 4

787 1401

B/H

3 18

125 7

13.3 10

846 1236

B/H

240 285

55 84

28.7 17

468 1228

S/Well

180 220

95 144

11.8 18

724 1686

S/Well

195 280

97 125

14 24

654 1489

S/Well

FC2 TC2

C-2 Cl1

N2 N1

Cond2 Cond1

ID

[WATER QUALITY VALUES (N0vember 2003 & February 2004)]

Evolution of the city & loss of a vision – LIQUID WASTE DISPOSAL ^{- 7}

Annual cholera figures for Misisi and John Laing (1996 – 2004)

CASES OF CHOLERA YEAR

MISISI JOHN LAING

TOTAL CASES IN THE CITY OF

LUSAKA

1996 109 28 2,469 1997 140 26 2,492

1998 0 0 0

1999 - - 6,485

2000 0 0 0

RECOMMENDATIONS

Current land use practices and type of geologic setting render most forms of aquifer protection unworkable.

Further, economics and inadequate public awareness programmes may make it very difficult to force changes in land use practices in pursuit of aquifer-wide protection strategies.

RECOMMENDATIONS Therefore:

™ NEDD FOR AWARENESS CAMPAIGN @ ALL LEVELS.

™ Deep boreholes for water supplies as short- term measure.

™ Establish monitoring networks to include entire aquifer for timely interventions

Thank you for your attention

Thank you for your attention Thank you for your attention