UNIVERSITE SAINT-ESPRIT DE KASLIK
FACULTE DES SCIENCES AGRONOMIQUES ET ALIMENTAIRES
DEPARTEMENT DE NUTRITION ET DIETETIQUE
HABITUDES ALIMENTAIRES ET HYGIENE BUCCO- DENTAIRE CHEZ LES ADULTES LIBANAIS A
ANTELIAS
Mémoire présenté par IRANI Tia
Pour l’obtention du Master en Nutrition Option : Nutrition et Santé Publique
Kaslik – Liban
Janvier 2013
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RESUME
Les caries dentaires et les maladies parodontales sont les affections les plus courantes chez les enfants et les adultes. Elles influencent la santé dentaire et la qualité de vie. Considérée comme troisième fléau de morbidité mondiale, la carie dentaire est une infection liée aux habitudes alimentaires et à l’hygiène bucco-dentaire. Non traitée, elle peut avoir des répercussions sociales, économiques, fonctionnelles et psychologiques sur la qualité de vie.
Le but de notre travail était de mener une enquête à Antélias (Mont-Liban) sur 200 adultes Libanais entre 18 et 30 ans afin d’aboutir à une meilleure connaissance de leurs habitudes alimentaires et de leurs pratiques bucco-dentaires. Notre étude avait aussi pour objectif de prévenir les caries dentaires et de présenter des perspectives pour de futures recherches.
Le protocole suivi comprend un questionnaire administré dans trois cabinets dentaires dans lesquels nous avons eu recours aux dossiers des patients pour obtenir le nombre de dents cariées, obturées et absentes. L’enquête transversale a été choisie comme appui pour la planification de notre étude. Le questionnaire a été testé sur quinze patients choisis au hasard afin d’être validé.
Les résultats obtenus indiquent que les mauvaises habitudes alimentaires et une hygiène bucco-dentaire insuffisante sont directement liées au nombre de caries. Les facteurs qui contribuent à cette corrélation sont : l’irrégularité et le saut des repas (72.5%), les repas non structurés (52% pour le déjeuner et 76.5% pour le dîner), la consommation élevée de confiseries, le grignotage (74.5%), la consommation de boissons sucrées, la consommation tabagique (64%) et les pratiques d’hygiène bucco- dentaires insuffisantes (i.e. durée de brossage insuffisante (59.5%), visite dentaire irrégulière (63%), intervalle et fréquence de brossage inapproprié (89.5%)).
L’étude est préliminaire et de futures recherches gagneraient à viser diverses régions du Liban. L’importance de ce travail réside dans le fait que le niveau d’atteinte carieuse au Liban est haut chez les enfants de 12 ans et les adultes de 35 à 44 ans, il était donc intéressant de choisir la tranche d’âge entre 18 et 30 ans pour connaitre le degré d’atteinte carieuse. Enfin, vu que le Liban passe par une crise économique et que les maladies bucco-dentaires représentent la quatrième maladie la plus coûteuse à traiter, mieux vaut la prévenir que la traiter.
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Mots-clés
Adultes Libanais – Caries dentaires – Habitudes alimentaires – Hygiène bucco-dentaire
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ABSTRACT
Tooth decay and periodontal disease are the most common ailments among children and adults. They affect the dental health and the quality of life. Tooth decay is the third contributor to global disease burden, and is an infection related to dietary habits and oral hygiene. If left untreated, it could have psychological, functional, economic and social impacts on the quality of life.
The purpose of our work was to conduct a survey in Antélias (Mount Lebanon) over 200 Lebanese adults, between 18 and 30 years of age, to get a better knowledge of their dietary habits and the dental practices. Our report also aimed to promote the prevention of tooth decay and present perspectives for future researches.
The protocol used consisted of a questionnaire distributed in three dental clinics where we have used the patients’ files to determine the number of decayed, filled and missing teeth. The cross-sectional survey was chosen as support for our study planning.
The questionnaire has been validated on fifteen patients randomly selected.
The obtained results show that bad dietary habits and poor oral hygiene are positively correlated with number of tooth decay. In fact, the most contributing factors to poor oral hygiene are: skipping meals and irregular meal patterns (72.5%), unstructured meals (52% for the lunch and 76.5% for the dinner), high consumption of sweets, snacking (74.5%), sweetened beverage consumption, tobacco consumption (64%) and poor oral hygiene practices (insufficient brushing time (59.5%), irregular dental visit (63%), interval and frequency of inappropriate brushing (89.5%)).
The study is preliminary and future research would benefit from targeting various regions of Lebanon. The importance of this work lies in the fact that the level of caries in Lebanon is high among children at the age of 12 and adults between 35 and 44 years, so it was interesting to choose the age group between 18 and 30 years to know the degree of caries. Finally, seeing that Lebanon is passing through an economical crisis and that oral diseases are the fourth most expensive disease to treat, better prevent than treat.
Keywords
Lebanese adults – tooth decays – dietary habits – oral hygiene
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لم صخ
رّثؤت يتلاو ًاراشتنا رثكلأا ضارملأا نم ةمعادلا جسنلا صارمأو نانسلأا سّوست ربتعي
،ملاعلا يف ًاراشتنا ضارملأا رثكأ ثلاث نانسلأا سّوست رابتعابو .ةايحلا ةيعونو نانسلأا ةّحص ىلع نوكي دق ،هتجلاعم مدع لاح يفو .نانسلأاب ةيانعلاو ،ةيئاذغلا تاداعلاب طبتري وهف ،ةيعامتجا ًاراثآ هل
.ةايحلا ةيعون ىلع ةيسفنو ،ةيلمعو ،ةيداصتقاو ينانبل باش يتئم ىلع نانبل لبج يف يأرلل علاطتسا ءارجإ ىلإ اذه انلمع ءارو نم فدهن
نيب مهرامعأ حوارتت 81
و 03 فدهي .ةيومفلاو ةيئاذغلا مهتاداع ىلع لضفأ لكشب علاّطلال ًاماع
ىلإ ،رملأا كلذك ،انعورشم .ةيلبقتسم ثاحبأ مدخت رظن تاهجو ميدقتو ،نانسلأا سّوست يدافت
ءاتفتسا هانحرتقا يذلا لوكوتوربلا نمضتي انعلّطا ثيح نانسلأل تادايع ثلاث يف هانيرجأ
رايتخا ّمت .ةطقاسلاو ،ةمّمرملاو ،ةسّوسملا نانسلأا ددع ةفرعم لجأ نم ىضرملا تافلم ىلع دعاسملل يضرعلا يأرلا علاطتسا ىلع يرجُأ ،ءاتفتسلاا قيثوتلو .انتساردل طيطختلا ىلع ة
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.ًايئاوشع مهرايتخا ّمت ضيرم تابجولا لوانت يف ماظتنلاا مدعك( ةئيس ةيئاذغ تاداع اهيلع لوصحلا ّمت يتلا جئاتنلا رهظت
اهضعب تيوفتو (72.5%)
ةمّظنملا ريغ تابجولا لوانت ، (%25 ءادغ لا لوان ت ل
و لوان ت ل
(76.5% ال ءاش ع تابجولا نيب ماعطلا لوانت ،تايولحلا نم ريثكلا لوانت ،
(74.5%) لوانت ،
نيخدتلا ،ركسلا ىلع يوتحت يتلا تابورشملا (64%)
مفلاب ةيفاكلا ريغ ةيانعلا نع ًلاضف )
نانسلأا فيظنتل يفاكلا تقولا ءاضمإ مدع( نانسلأاو (59.5%)
ةدايعل ةمظتنم ريغ تارايز ،
نانسلأا (63%) ظنت ،
ةئطاخ ةقيرطب نانسلأا في (89.5%)
) .
ةفلتخم قطانم لّثمت جذامن ةّدع ىلع لوكوتوربلا قيبطت ،ةيلبقتسملا ثاحبلأا لجأ نم حرتقن
ميمعت اننكمي لا ،اذل .نانبل لبج ةقطنم بابش ىوس نمضتي لا انيديأ نيب يذلا جذومنلا ّنأ ثيح ف .نانسلأاب ةيانعلاو ةيئاذغلا تاداعلا نيب ةقلاعلا ىلإ اولخدي نأ نيثحابلا ىلع حرتقن ،ةياهنلا ي
ةّحص ىلع رّثؤي كلذ ذإ ءاتفتسلاا اذه مهعم انيرجأ نيذلا صاخشلأا ةلوفطب قلعتت ةلئسأ ءاتفتسلاا .بابشلا رمع يف نانسلأا ةيسيئر تاملك
نانسلأاو مفلاب ةيانعلا – ةيئاذغ تاداع – نانسلأا سوست – ينانبللا بابشلا
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TABLE DES MATIERES
Page
INTRODUCTION ET PROBLEMATIQUE ... 1
CHAPITRE 1. REVUE BIBLIOGRAPHIQUE ... 3
1. SANTE DENTAIRE ... 3
1.1 Définition ... 3
1.2 Santé dentaire et santé générale ... 3
1.3 Déterminants du comportement alimentaire ... 4
2. CARIE DENTAIRE ... 5
2.1 Historique, définition et prévalence de la carie ... 5
2.2 Causes de la carie ... 6
2.2.1 Alimentation et carie ... 8
2.2.1.1 Comportements alimentaires ... 9
2.2.1.2 Caractéristiques des aliments ... 10
2.2.1.2 Cariogénicité des aliments ... 11
2.2.2 Hygiène bucco-dentaire et carie ... 12
2.3 Evaluation de la carie ... 13
2.4 Prévention ... 13
2.4.1 Action sur l’alimentation ... 14
2.4.2 Mise en place d’une hygiène bucco-dentaire adaptée ... 15
2.4.3 Renforcement des dents par l’apport de fluor ... 15
2.4.4 Visites dentaires ... 16
CHAPITRE 2. MATERIEL ET METHODES ... 18
1. PROTOCOLE ... 18
2. QUESTIONNAIRE ... 19
2.1 Renseignements généraux... 19
2.2 Habitudes alimentaires ... 19
2.2.1 Comportements alimentaires ... 20
2.2.1.1 Tendance au grignotage ... 20
2.2.1.2 Ordre d’ingestion des aliments au cours des repas ... 21
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2.2.1.3 Fréquence de consommation de certaines confiseries ... 21
2.2.1.4 Addition de sucre à des aliments déjà sucrés ... 21
2.2.2 Collation et grignotage ... 21
2.2.3 Consommation de boissons ... 22
2.2.4 Consommation tabagique ... 22
2.3 Pratiques d’hygiène bucco-dentaire ... 22
3. RECUEIL DES DONNEES... 23
4. ORGANISATION DES DONNEES ... 24
CHAPITRE 3. RESULTATS ET DISCUSSION ... 25
1. IDENTIFICATION DES SUJETS ... 25
1.1 Age et sexe ... 25
1.2 Lieu de résidence ... 25
1.3 Niveau d’étude ... 26
1.4 Caractéristiques socio-économiques ... 26
1.4.1 Logement ... 26
1.4.2 Biens possédés ... 26
1.4.3 Niveau socioprofessionnel du chef de ménage ... 27
2. HABITUDES ALIMENTAIRES ... 27
2.1 Tendance au grignotage ... 27
2.1.1 Régularité des repas ... 27
2.1.2 Durée et lieu des repas ... 30
2.1.3 Structure des repas ... 31
2.2 Ordre d’ingestion des aliments ... 32
2.3 Consommation de confiseries ... 33
2.4 Collation et grignotage ... 34
2.5 Consommation de boissons ... 35
2.6 Consommation tabagique ... 36
3. PRATIQUES D’HYGIENE BUCCO-DENTAIRE ... 37
3.1 Brossage des dents ... 37
3.2 Moyens de brossage ... 38
3.3 Fréquence et durée de brossage ... 39
3.4 Régularité de brossage ... 41
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3.5 Consommation d’aliments après brossage ... 42
3.6 Substitution du brossage ... 42
3.7 Consultation dentaire ... 43
3.8 Etat dentaire ... 44
CONCLUSION ET PERSPECTIVES ... 49
REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUES ... 52
ANNEXES ... 58
REFERENCES
BIBLIOGRAPHIQUES
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