• LA TH~SE A~:r/ .

,

,

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e...t~TheM,," s-;..dIlth_Cltlldi...

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NOTICEI AVI S

. ' . . .., .~ I .

.Thequlin'!' ofttVs miattliche ishNvilV dependent 1Iquill"d.c:memlerofiche~pend,..ndementde upo nttl,qUI1ityoftheori~n. l,thesis sub mlned for.'I,qutli"deI, th's esoum ise....'mimlfilrnage:.Noul micrnfilming.Every,effort 'MM'-bellnmadetol!nsure IVOIlStout flitpournsurec,linequ. liti,llJp6rieur' thehighestqualityotrePfodu~lonpossible. .de ",produ ction.."" .

• LA TH~SE A~:r/ .

^-.

MICROFILMtE TELLE OUE

"NOUSL'AVO ~SRECUE

•THISDISSERTATION HASBEENMICROFILMED

EXA,CTLYASRECEIVEQ PrniouslV-COPYrivh MIN~ 'UoUn\alarticles, publillhedtnts.-.tc.lere-Mj;filmed.,

11

Page, Ire

^missing,~~et'tlM~nlversity whiCh

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sitt nousIfiliiparveni,une-photocopil de maMlise,

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of·thi'fi~isP. u~.

^{mftnepnelle;dt}ce microfilm .emad by ttwCanldian~Act.A.S.C.1970.' e1tsoumi1ei11Loi

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lco:mpltlythisthesis, . f~nd'lIlrtoriutionqui~c:ettethbl.,

.:"

^.

...J

,J

,.MARRIA~PATTERNS 1,NANARCH~CPOPULATION··

A Stu"dy of

Skeletal,Reroain~from ..~ort^au·c ho ix.:NewfoUndland

"-. ;

ABSTRACT

1 _,j

1,'.,'

'g -

.,, ' . ," . " ,-- --'

...

:betwe~n-sexyari~bility'oftr~it ~'xpress ion.

--:

': :' """

..

^{" ."; ..' -, , '-,:,'}

....

and exo g amy (three-f o rms )'a ndthethr e e'principletypeso~

residence

{,,~its wi~h'

^';'peC1fiC-

'p~~t:r~9'

^of

,.w~t~'i'n- ~~d

. '

' . .

<

^{Th is}

^{',S~UdY , i~, b~5~}

^{on the}

^~~emi~e that\n~rri~qe

^.-

rna determin~"the.compos i t ion of the',adult-segment'of,

.,.i!...~l~a,t the· co~~si~:ion oi _~e

a_dultse9m-ent,

is

ref~ectedintliif-exp re ssion"'of;,os(eo -

" ~~~gi'c~i ,~r<ii.t~'::~ithi~

^{.._a n d,}

b~tw~en

t.h e sexes. J\. model is

pr6 Po s e d,wh ,iCh'iiriks.thevarious,combi nations

ci f

~ndo9am~

, . ..',.... ,,:'~ ^{,' .'}

..

-,~,," ^{'- ".} In recent:ye a rs 1o.hetehave,'been a variety of

I ,"'.', ' . ':-' -." ..

attemptsit oreco~struc!-.preh is toric patterns of endogamy ,

e~~9amy.

^{a:n d}

'~st-nu~;i~i' .~~~i~eri~e : ~Sinq.

^'-

d~~a ,

^c?llected

.from'archa~ologic.il ~i.tes.'.Thistfiesi~i~cOncernedwith th~;.;tiS?of,data·cOlle'~t.ed'from'~ke1et~.l'~ern~ins_~~ stud~es of·:·thl sn~ture^••~MOr'espe ; i' f f c a l ly,.'it"i~· c:o~ce:tned.wit:h^{"th e.,}

. '.-, . / ',,' . : ' . ',"''''--,' . ',: ," ,-, ; . ' "

uee~f:osteo.logicaldatain_recon9tructin~themarriage•

.pafterns ofagro u pof ,Arch a'i cIndi a ns bur i edat_.Port au

',A'g r oup of eigh t.eenadult f~male:s·.andtwemty::"tw

adult,mal,":'S,:f r om~c:us1~,<Of'the'po~'t a~'Ch~iX-3 site:

is UB~d ' ~s th~

^I

Su.~le

^{·'f o r'·}

~his study. A-s~ries o f

nlf.!tr1c\..ad

~on~llIetr:(c~~aits desori~~~9 ',~'he '~i~n'ial 'a~d i,~f~~~ran.i.al

skeleton,.and8.'n Umber.o f-u n i v ari a tean'd~U-ltiVa~i~te

, :' s~a~:is~ic~~'" ~~~hn~~ues are,·empiOyed.',i~ ~h~_ ,an,dy~i5-.

^{,'Th e}

.resul~·S:_,of,the-analysis'seem:toind ic a te'the'~practice':.o f

,I:..

~

.

^{' ,}

.

theStatistical C~nsulting

.

unit,Memori~l!Jnivel:~itY;And^{' . .} llIernb~rsof

the·

st.Aff.o~·computin9''se~iee5,~ho I'~'vii~help.

·withva,dou~'a s pe c t s oftl'!e'''c~mput.'!rprogrilmminq.·.Avery

Bpe~'~d fha~k"-~ou, g~'~'~

to ;Y husband, Denis ,

~o:t hi~ nev~r-

· ..

^'.. . ".

_....

..," .\ '

. .

^'

.

endi"ngpatienee·and,enCl)uragement .his unceasing effor,tsin

', :, '

^{', '} ..". ^,'

..

^{.: ":'. "", " ',". ':. " '.-;'."}

typ i ngthe variousdra f tsofthi s.thes i s, and,hishelp in .

p~e~arin~,

^_th'e,.

map~" and . UlustJ:at~on5: ~S~~C.ii~'{ ·~han~

^..

,a~~~

.a otoilly ....o~dl!rful,son·,^{Auon ,'who 50}qene~usiy~ave,'~,tif\\e^'_

, " ,

' / '

ACKNoWLEDGEMENTS'.

.

^{' ; , , ' . , ' .}

.

many'people'who.have Jls s i st'ild~inv~riousways~hroughClut

thi ~ stud~ .,

^{. ,'I n}

,.partiCUlar" l ~OUld _iike t~ ·.tI~ank

^my

:,theS.i~

^.

a~vfsor . ~r . SO~ja':'~er~i~ . ' Wh~ 'i~tr~uc,~d ~ ^:i:o the1: ,.fie~d· ^of

PhYr.ical:'anthro.~10~I~'·and.wJ::!.o has been"avalued sotrce,o f advice"and"e,ncouraqement.t hr o ughou t my universi tycareer~,,:

Dr"tJa:~~s. ~\1Ck.~~O)~gge8~ed ~ t~dY

^,0.£

, ~h~,~~rri~g~'

^patterns

",g~

1

^{ih e.}Arch~i.c,Indian,S5~^po:-t..~u~hO.i.X, ^and.ma~~^ai8ilab1e

" al~!th~ n.~.~eS511~,Y mat:r,ialand,info=,tion,end b,;;BodkKim

·~hOrryvi d e d,,i~va~uable:,h~l~with,,t~e, .st,atis~i~al~a~,alYSis . Mytha nks ax:ealsoexcendedtoMr; Robert-McNeilof,Pa J:ks

:,' :" :tl,, d :,' d: . , H:':::::, m ' , :::k ,~ , ^{, 5}

^{f,: :' .:,i,}

::,~~::,:,:u ,',: , ::::,:~:n , : ,:',a,L ,~ ,: , ^::, ',::0",>""'

hO,U~ ,~:

^in.the,,:

I~t.erpl:et:tiO~. "~e~ter" ~f : t~~ . ,:?,~,~ .. aU~ho~~

'Na t! nal.Histo l:icSite.to

Dr.

1::1 Molto.ofLakehead University,.

.wh?,.'

:e,~igne~; a~d SUPP,li~'

^{a::op y of}

~he '

^{compu t e,I:'}

~7o,gram

^{'us ed: ..}

'~

^.

,i~,t"he':no n - met ric trait,ana.iy~is, and'

to

MrS•.RuthCornishof

"

. .1.

thatshou~d^have~en^his.::

Thi's ~nvestig:atij)n

was

supp;;r tedb! ~inancial^aid' ..fr.Cltll several. SOurces; an, .A'- G.Hatcher.-He.o. r ialSch olarship

fromMemorial Uni versit y ,IINewfo un dl a nda'DdLabr ador

. "

.

' . ; ' . ; ' . . . . .'

.Provi ncial~ver~.n t..Fel/l~wshiP: ~Memor1al-.~niversitY.

Bu rs ary. and IIre5e arch.!,ssistan~shi pinthc.'Depar tment'of Anthropol~y.^Hemor'ial'universi t yl. The.Department"of- ,.

~uropo~~qy a~~

_.

'

_'"

suppli~d

_.

. th'e n~ce'~sa'~~

_{. ' , :-~.:}

com~u~er'

^{t! me·•}_'.,. ^.

,.J.:.'.

,., '

33,.. 34 35

CHlIPTE~ '3 :,~~~OR~~::~::~~: : ; : ; ::: : , : I:, ::'~ .; :::: . : . :::::.:

: : T~e~:::;~~;:::~o\~ ~;~;~~~'. :;; ~ : . ... ^~. ; ..

.t "Marr.iage

' pll.tte~na

^{'..••.• •... .'••• .-.•••• v}

3.2 Theme:a'd e 1

i : ;.• ..

;~~·

•.'..

;:~

... · .... • -v-

,

: Theo~Y:

^'

·.·. ,. '. ; . ~ .,

^{•••••••.}

, l

", , ' ; APp~~;:~:n.~. ~~~~~~~~~;~~~~ . .... ^c.;

. .3.3 Agedetemna tion•••••;••...• •••.••••••• . 3.4' Se~ deterinin~tion^{•••.•......:•• • .... . . . .} 3.5 Th~'ge~eti'~'ba~is'^o£,osteol!:glcal

. traJ.ts•••• .' '.•'~ i· e, :~.

introducti.~n' ~~.~'.~ ,~".;.'.••~•.

.'. Metr~c.

^{tra its••}

~,

^{:.,••• •': ;.':•.,•••}

> . .

Non-- metri c trai ts ••:.~ '••'••• ,DiscusSion,"':~'^{;":s;;'.••}'.~^•••

< •...

~'

..

',:~:

Page

.ABSTRACT,..:•• "

;~.~

^{' ':}

.c.:. ,' _ ' :

'i i

, 'I ..' -.' ,

ACKNOWLE,qGE~NTS -.••• • •••;.~••• • •• • ••••.•.•,.~••~•••••,••• • ••. iv

LI~T.

OF.TABL E S,••'

~

.;

~

.-

~

•""'" ••

~v1j

^..

i

LIST.OF'FI GURES.: : ' -;•.•.• ix'

;' ..; '

. :-

' ^'. .

:

LISTOF',APPENDICES ~" , .

CHlIP'rER·:,l.:INf RODVC'l'ION...• ••'•••"",,' " •••••• •••.-•.•'••.••.~... 1

~. l ''I'he'pr o b lem ~^{••• ;' : '.,;.} 1

, 1.2"

previous

studies· ;...;,~" ^{:;';· '...... ... 2.}

r. '

'Et hn Cigtaphic'studies••.

~

^{.•.••. ..•;'••.' ,'2}

~," 'Atc h ;"e old-gica l~tud'ies.:.:••.. • •.~.: 4

cHAl'T E}l.'2 THBMATERIAL,•.·••;.•• • ••••••• •• •• ;••••;'••• •••• 9, \ I 2.1 Archaicburia~s^{,.fr o mPort,au Cho!x••••• 9}

:i. 2 The.samp1e .••',...••..;..•.:..:••..'.:,'.':.~.: ~7

/'

Metr ictrai t"s electi on •.•• • _••• •••• •;••"'50'.

Pr evious'work ,•••••.• •.•'•••;'••~••~.~• 50 Thi sst udy:··•• • • ••••: •••_•••.•;••• ••.~••• 50

~rocedu:r~'fO,~ recOrd~nq

3.7

Non~~~;~~:C~:LL~::

_{'.Previous~ork'••••••• ••:'.~}

: ::

_~'•

::

_••

:::

_•••

::::

_••.;'.

· ::

₆₃

sex bi as,:•.• •~'..•.~•••~•••~.•_:••..;'.-.63(.

~::·e':i::l~~~·: ' , :: ' : ~ ' : : : ' ; : ::: : ' : : ' : . : ~'::: :,~ :;

Proce dur~,^forrec"ard"i ng-

non-m etric data ••':••••..-;;•.-... 77

:;:;:~::'L::~i'::~o:r~~~~; >:: : ~ :"~ : : ' : :

,3.6

, ,i;-

CHAPTER4 STATISTI CS.•• .•.. .• ••.. . •• ••:••'... ..~•• •:... . 83 4.1 In t roduct ion ~^••'~~^{•.• •-,•.••}~. ⁸ⁱ .4.2 :etric

~nalys1s'

•.••:_

"~

•.• •• 83 . uniya~~ate: ~tatist'i cs••'.~•• :~..'.;••• ' 83

'Multiv arlate s t atis tics ~••.•~'•••••.• 103

4~'³ Non-m~trica~alysb^{•:••••-.••. •••.• •}~^•••:.

114

tJniv~~ia te sta~is~ics,._.•:.',_.;.••~.

114

Mu~tivari~te st~t~StiC5'^••••~^{.• .,••••••123}

4~4 Summaryofsta ~st ica l"resu lts••:••• •• •'1~ 9

Met~ictra i t analysis~ , 12~.

Non-metri ctraitana l ysis..• •• ;,..•'~.¹³³ ConCltision~':••;.~._,;,.'•• -.•• •••'.,;•••.:•• •i34 CHAPTER'S'PISCOSS I ON·'••~••.-•• •• ••:::•.•• •.- :35 .REFE~·cES' ._.~^{••••• •;,..}~^•••~:~ ^{;•• •};;~,.~ ^{'•• •••14.1}

• " . ,-... . ". , '.. '. #

APPENDICES.,' •••••~~ ;.;'-";.:'~_•.-: ~::••••.•'••••• •16.3'

.,

.

.r

~ I

I

"! .

·',/'

LIST,

~F T~i.E~ ,

8 9., '

.' " ,-,' ,

..

:' .

, "' , ' " .'

11..

Des~~~~;~~~i~t~~~~;~c~.,~,~,~.'~~~~:~~:' ''~'

^{•. . .•••• ;.ic,}

;16

DeS~riPti\re statis~ics ^{fbr ,}

infiacraitial'.

,non~metri c ,tr ait s ;. ,••.. •'••:.;'••• ••.•,-,'117 Tests'of independencefor cranial .

ncn-me urf c tr ai ts ...•'.~...:••. .. • •,•..••••..••';,120

-: '" .' ,' " .' : ,, i

,

Testsof'independencefo r 'i nfr a c ra ni al , "- non-metric tr~,~~,s"',:~~," ,:^••

+

^_'.~':

. . ;.... . . " . ..; ,

^,121

Nori·~trictraUB'used:i n analY'isi s of .;

. .,)leAn.'M:a~ur8',~~,~iv~~g~nc7.

"i"..

~,

-.':.,.., ...• •

'126 16.,.Resu ltsof analysis'ofMe~nMea1sure()~

,_,.;-.-,.__oive:r:::sence.•'."t ~~:••~,: ',.,.~ "j~,

, .' ; .' , '

^{~ ~}

" . ' ,'

^~2,B.

i !'

. ; ", :"/"t",. "

'j: ,

': Pag9

1: Ar~h~ic I,ndia~burials from,po ,rt.au Chjb:,:••~., . .•• 16

:: . ;::::,~:d,~::d::::n:r~,~~~:,;:~ .:::: : :J: : : : : t: ::: ::

4.

Se~in9

^of

~CU6

^II

~ndiV1dual~

^{.•••••}

~ . J. . ... ~ . ....

^'40'

5 ,Des:;~~;::.~~t~:~:::,:~~, :~:~:~~: , .. J ;, . .

^.1..'..:

~

6. ,De s cri p t i ve staHfticsforinf,racraniat

l

n;e.asureine..nts· '."'.":

~.'

^,.'.

' .~. ''~ j ; .' _ .:.

^8S

',7 ..:Co e f fi c i'l:mt sof

va~iation ,for k~ania1 :' ,I ,

1tleasu~~~ents.,:," ~",;,•.. ...•,; .•.•••( .•••_~,' .' .' 88 8. Coefficients of vari.ationfor infracrani al

measurement's, ..••,c,.-••••••• ••••••• •1••;.-.

'9.

" Descriptive s ta~istics

^forcranial

J, .

indices_{.,~.;" "" "}....•. .,;,;.,.•: .._)~:;•••:..r:':: 97 10. Descri ptivestat i stics fo r'infrac r alii al·. .

indices'. '•.-'•. .. •• ..• •• :...•;. _ •.•••.••... •:'. ;'••:'•• 98 Table

· \. ,2 , . .

,13.

5'

73 7.

'7' 16

. '78

.

7'

92

93 10 1 102 10 7::

·10B 111'

. ' ' . L ' ' .

B.'.Lo~~li~·~ea~u:ernent~\.;~ ,:'.,•• ••:.'.:;.••••:•••.

s. : ,cr~li~al ,non-:metr~c tra:~ts·tnorma f~~al~S')

^..

':~\~, :

^•••

,10. 'Cr ani al'non~me tri.ctraits (n o rma;J.ater al i s ) ••~'••••

1l. cran~al n~n:~et~,~c '~raits

^{,<no rmabaSaliS>.'.: '-; .''.••}

12. Cranialno~-metrictraits1normaoccipitalis) .:.;••

13. Inf~~c;~ania1'n~n-metric^ti:"aits,l scapuI~~

h~e rus , uln a,'and atlasvertebra) •••~••~.:•.••

14. : ..Inf r acrania1 non ;;'met'ric'tr~its(innomi na te,;

femur; ,~pate lla"cat.caneas, a~talus) ..;.~•• •~; 15. ,coe f f i ci ents of va r i a t i on';..

cra nialmetries'~•••;~••••• •.;••

Figure;

1. LOcation of Fort au Cho ix•.••.,'.••••••••;.•••.~•.••

. . , '. .

.

^{' . \}

2. LOca t ionof Archaic Indian burials..•.••••••• ••••~;.. 11 3.

LOCU~ _',I~';' '1ocati~n o!="

^{btirilll.S .•}

' .> ... ...., :. ' : ..

¹⁹

4. ,~anial':llleasurements-( notll':a:frontali s).•~~~.~.~~ ;~. 54

•

5~ ~ani~i'~as~r~~ts..:.(~ci~tei~lis) _.,:~

^{.:... •}

~.7

^••/

755~-+~"ry

6. cranialll'lea sure ments

·C nc;itna .

bas'aii s) ~••• ;',.' 56

.7• •'Opper'l~ measurements"••.• •••••;....~.'••••• ;'. ..••• •. SB

\

1~ !. ^is.

CO,ffici,nts" V'd . t i, . :

i'- .

infr,acr~nial.me t ri c s'•.• • ::-.,...

} 17;. Stand a rddE7~.i~tfons,~cranial.1I!~ic~~•• •~••;•••.••,

. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . I

.."." "

. ^~ ..•.... . ^~ .. ^~ • .. '•. . · .' . '

.1~.^ra,··

^s~and~rd

~cat.~e~~,~.a~ram

^,~evbtio~6

,::-.cTan,~lme tric:tra^{- 1i'}

^nfracr~n'b

^..l"indit~.^,

^ice~,

••,.;,•^,';.,"• •^•.~^:;'.

-v

·'20.

Scat~~r

diagram:'"

infracrania.l·lilet~lc

^traits.

, ' r ·. .'

l

J

I I '

I'

_[:

".;"-

Th e secondha H 'o f th~·twent1 e ft { c enturyhaswitnessed

·a:'shif.t

-in",t~e ge~~ra~ &n~e~ns "of archaeoio9i~a,..1· ·research. ·

'T~e- previ.~~s ~phjsis .on· .,?esc~i~t.·ionB.

^0,£

IlIateria~ , cu~ture ~nd '

.,'.".,.:..E.roble~sof'c;::hrono i o g y 'nes.~en r~l?lai:::edby,a,concerh~ith·. .

.;

~ec~n'~ruct;i~n~ :~f ,w~~le cu~tur~l.: . . Syst ~~s~ ' in~;i~~a.t:i~g

· ,in fo rma t i on on. tJ,1e'natural_env,i!:"orun~nt."^{an d,}~e:-social^an.d

·cu I~ural'.c~nt~xts.{W~l~~Y19(8) ""Thi s:,change'of emphasis' -has be enacc.cimpanl edbY'~qroiii ng.,soph·i~t.i~atl~n:.ih·methOdsof.

1fa~~e:ri'~~~~'an~··a.e'~c~~.b~ni d~~~ " "~~·, :the .~~~t~uit~~p : o; ~ew. ^':

theo;,et~~al'metho~sfC?~., f~terp~etin9.'~hesed~ta,(Ff.~~~~ 1~68)'.

'. .o~eco ncern,()f this's~alled 'ne wa~chaeo'lO~Y'

has

,

~en . th~ :rec,?~struco\:.ion

^of

;p~;£lst;or:ic pa~t~rri's, ^of end09~Y~

" ,". , : ''. . . . '"or:. .,,!,.-- :

:.;:,exogam~-ra~d'post:-nv.p!=-if1 re5 ~dence: Att~~P~~,a t,su ch're- tf'?nstru,; tions lriave.bee-n,1'im~t~~,in':,n~er'.';b ut liav~,ernp1?yed'.

a,.!~i~~:,Y6f,·sour,:'es.~f,d'~.ta, i~Cl~d~ng~rt~~act',a~Sembla~e:,;,

•,~ettl~n:e:~t,pa,.tter~~,,',lin~~stic,~ecordSr,_andSk~l~ta1J,r~inu Thisthe sisis'concerne dwitHthe ap p ]J. c a t i o n of-datafr om

~e" liis~ ~f"

^{the se}

::s~~r~es .: · sk~l~tal

:rema i ns ,·.

~,'st~aie'~" '9f', '-:' th.i/ _~ature. '"MOt;~

Spec l£,1.ca,l l y ;:'i t

~~s; COrl~~r"ried

^wi,th,

t~euse

of ol;teological data in reconstructingthE(marri~9~pattern~

~.~'~'~~r~~~,,~f,!'orc~~~~:~,~~~~m?~~Uri~?,^{at':Po r}

7 • au

Choi x ,

·Newfou ndl a.J\d.

.

^.'

-

'

.

.AJ;:chaiCIndian remai nsfr o m-port auCho~xmay'b e,'summariZ~d. as fo l lows:

1 1

j

j

I

that

The spe cific.andgen~ral" 'ailllsOf thisanal ysis~f'

.

^{" -" , , '}

ma~riage pattcrnsdeterminethe compos i t ion'o f the'adult .segm~n~0'-£,hunter-gatherergroups.'and:hence . ha ve.b iolo g-i di

/ ',..

·re:feren~e~'

^Itis'

~u.~gest.~dl ·u~~refore .

^{th at}

.~' S't~d~"~f '

^the.

'....-b i olo g i c al compositionofan adul tsampl efromany_h uri't e r-

gath~r 9~~~P

^{mayprOvid e a}

~~si"s

^from

~hich 'to~ inf~~ ~e ,

-, '

'"

.

.

,

r i'

L · ' .

study 'ce\i~thin-and between-sexv;arlability_ofoseeo- .lo g ical tr a i texpr~ssiDn .

2. T~:considerhO,w.th epa tte rn ofse xu et variation

- :a

^yre~ate to the nature of grour composition. and.·_to patte rnsof

r ...··· - '.. .:' . .: ..

~n~ogamYI ex.o,gamy,~nrpost':'riupt.ial.~e.side~ce '~" To consider the resultsof this studyin re l ationto

'- . , '

previous'~dels

of

hUl\t.~r:--9atherer'llla r:r i a g e.patt~'rns 4. T:O,

a.~~e~s

^the,.

~a~ldi.~Y .~f ~ing oste~ ~~~i'c'al -aat~

^{,t o} .reconstru~t^{themarriagepatterns}o~ preh~~~or~cg}OUP~

.'

'1.2_Previous'stud ies "1,·

=== =" .== . .

'-. ,.The hi s toryofethridgrap hic research,recordsa.'va~iety

where exogamo us JIlOlrriag e '....as ne c e s s a r y •

MO~.e r~cent ethn~9ra~hi~ work: h';:s. sugg'e~ted

^{'t ha t}

groups~of,hunter-gatherers tend'to'befle.xi~le 'inthe ir

. ; " . ,"

as,hecalled.ib, fostered,rn'a l c'cooperation'in'iiunti n g:and

:d~fe~~~~ . ·.:He vi~w~-cl>

the patrilocal'ba nd'

'~~ th'~' ~bor1ginal'-

^{fo rm}

~f

^{a1 1}

hunte~-9atherer

^groups,'

a~d

sugges ted the

~posite

ba~d^w;"sthe'pro~uct~Of'EUi::~pea~,^c?ntact:~niluericeson this>

ahorigirial"f orm.: -;

. .,',. " ,'. . " ,

Au st r a l ia', Thistt!-e o r e t i cal base,wa eeXpa'nded'byJulia n"

.St e wa r d

(195'~) , ~~.de,sC~ibed \~ ,PC;l~r', '~y~~s"

^of

g~UP's~~cture

anIOng'

hunte:r::-:9a~hei'argro~p~ '-:" ~he " ~atriliri~~i ·ba.~d ; ,

'a n

cx09~~us.~irilo'~a:r: gto~p; '

^and"t.he

" ~b~~;s~t~:'~~~d" ' >~

^group

La ok dnq~'xo~am'1'-c'rules.and'ex;:'licit~a;£tal··~~~idetlCe,cust~ms, Aoco~dingto'Steward':(l955 ).the patr i linea."Ibandpi-av i d'e d

.An.~l~e:nat~~e'e;XPlan~ti~n):O!=th e .e~iste:~ce.~fth~se

,two.typ,,:s0,£ba~d.o r g a ni z.atio n was,o.ffere~by Elman:Se~iCe:

"(1971 ,c19 79),

seevree

sU9ges t~d thatthe''pat~i loca lband'~

J " .

mairia:g~for hunter:-gatherer groups,

:~~tic~lar'area^o'fre s e a r c h

ina

y.besee~'~sbe g im:i.ingwi t h

Radcliffe'-Br.?~n

'(19 31 ( a n dhi s

de$~r~Pt'~,~~' of

't he.· patri.,-··

~ineal t,patrilocal,".terri t?r ial;·exogamous,'h0J:"de'·1iS t.h e ba s i c"un'i t'of:social organizationamong,hu n t e r -g a there rs,'~f.

\

-I i

i

I I

u

..~.

circumstances

(Le~ .

^and''oeVore'

196'8 IW~d~urn

^1968.''Damas

19 691', Le~cock

^'1969);,"According-<to thismodel,"

9rou~" ~~y

d{SPlay-

tend~n~ies 'toward-' ~~do9~m~;: e~09a~y;' :,Vi'~i1~~~lity"~r

. ..

.

uxo'l:'ilo ca lity ;'a s cir cunis t a nc e s

req~ire. b~t

f:lex i bility ;

f'e~ins th~ u:flderlyi~q

pri ncip le

(sp~nc~.; :i.974). ,

.re

~as

been ,a~gued, ho~e'"v~r,':that th e'hunter - g at he J;e r group~in\restigBt ed

~- ethn6graPh~~~'

^al{,Sh'c,:w

some '-,'s~ars .'~f ~ontact'

^{,: 'a nd'}

tha~

thisflexibility

of s~cial orga~~zation ~~

^be

a post.~~ontact

. .

ph e nbmeno nl,servicel~71l•.L.e~.a nd,DeV~re(-.19 68 )~havepoiiltl;!d out'that.

Al though.fluid's~ialorga nh:atlonmakesecologica l sense for many.hu nters, and couldbe sho wnto be moreadaptive't h a n patriloca lorganizatio n ,,,'initself thisis not evddencevforaboriginalcondit io ns.•••• •

.(Lee andD&Vore.,-J;9Dll:'"Sr ' , . .: . . ' ., .,..

Sin'ce:th eie"i sat'presentnop~oofthatany

o f

^{-t he}

y

~thnOgra~hic

^modils

de~ived frd~'

_.

S~\.ldies

_{' ., -}

6£

_,

rec~n t hu~t.e;-

_{. '} ^'

gat here r'gioups a'r~applicabletc.aborigina lgroups,'ar c hae-

Ologis~s' 1I'l~.st

^be

y~r'i. caut.iou~ ' .itl,us·ing t.he~ 'mo~~ls~t~·

'". -.-.. ., . .

re co ns tr uc t thewayof life of prehistoric_poptilations~

.

.,...., . :

. "

,"

' .

.; " '. ,:~"..

:

( )__lnstead,archaeolo9i~tsmu~t^{striye'to.:finll.}me t h o ds of.

U~tr~Cti~9

^'SUCh

in'f;rmationdi~ectlY 'from th~' sit,eS:'theYf

.ex ami ne•

.~

^{. '.. ....'}

~~

^.:'

.

^{, '}

homoge n eityIrithe'1ateroccupa t ion(AD,12QO-14 00 ).'o f the 5'1

t~'

^'may

~~fl~~t' t~_~' 'dcvel~~lit ~f u~oriloc~l pr~fer~'~~~s,

perh'ap s Coinciding'withcl oser

~~ontact

^with,llg r icul turali s t s;

"

of

w~~ ~ro'rn

^1I

variety"'~f ,so~rce5; a~ wci~ll:1 ~ ~~pe~ted'

^in-a

situaH,o n o f band'exog~and vlrilocal!ty, while ceramic

. ' , .' -

:" -,:

^" -,,-.

.

and_avi;r,~l,,ocalp'ost-~uptial:res'~dence_paeeern,

:'Ma.CPher r o ri":'(1967)

ti~~d

^this

s6~t , ~f

^{rood e i to}

eXPl~in

^'

o " ,', ' .'.' ,,' .~"',': .,' ": r-

cer~lll.ic.changesat~heJuntu~n's ite.inMichiga,n.· ,.HacPhe r ron SU~gests.:t ha t,~e.i:a~ic'h~terOgeneit~'~ri,the~~~l'i~r occup~'tion 'Of,theJunt un en site'(AD 800-10( 0)'may reflec t''t he':a bsorptio'n

,,:.. ' "

--

"

°frOlIl on t ario:.'1\v':\rietyof other'work e rs neveuSedsimilar ,inodels.to,ac coUn t'f~rv,ar iabi li ty,in'

p bttery:

saJlIples'llnd'~o

. '~~f~r pa~t.er~S,'Of ' ,~n~o.~,~Y"; ex~~~'

^and

post-nuP~i~l" re~id~~~e.

The se'workers includ eLongacre (1964).Deetz(1965),1'lri ght··

~~~S~t~I~:~~~/6~r~h~~I~:~g~-\iO::::~~th~,-'

^".

indic;ated.t h a t'it was femal es whomanufactured ' ,."

,po t t e r y._-In _societies.where matrilocalre s i dence '

was therule,-there would be less'f orma l va r i ability expect ed-in the executionof ce r ami c-des igns within any'single'commun i t ytha n unde rconditi ons where

•patril oc ali t y was the'r ule ,'sincepatriloca lity

.~~i~~~rr~;~8~~~~;~~r~U.lation~.f.}emale,~tters

In'

I~t:he~

^{words ,}

cer~ic ~.omo9~rieitY,

^{is'associated}

wit~

^',"

exogamous'-mar ri a ge -:andan uxorilocalpost-nup tial re sidenc e

•-' .f ,- ~ ;\. . ', , '

.pattern;andceramic heterogeneitywithexo gamOus marria.ge

. I

.! oj

i I . ,!. I

.. .. I I

.

^~,

.j

·,1 1

~

.

. j

~;';'.:'

. mai.~i~~':.~o diff~r-:~/n;e~' ~'U'~d, ^{·find .'.it} ~allier

^..

~~ .

^{l i,,:e}

~,~nd~~ '

:'.oneioof.aftei:ina.rri~getha~'~ouid·unre l ate dwcse nmarri~dto

' . -,

" :,_" ,. _ ' . ". ._ .: . .," • . ....1·...

is-mad~

by

_~rs,o fon~sex.only.,and

that th is:

sexis knOwn ~

By"adapting'Tretyak ov' s'"('1934r

IIiod~l -fO~

^{lise with}

suc~

^data.

-.-

.".

.

^~

•it'~Y,~ sugges~edthat..exoga":I1J'~1~i~iloca~gro ups:.." ".

displayle s sva r i abi li tyintoolsmanu f ac tur~dbylIlenthan

.

~uld _~~~rilocal

^{g:icmps•.dnte'}

ux~~ilocali(y

^{bri ngs'}

"abo~t

^r.

~. lIli~~ '

populatiort

o~·

^eafes,

LikewiS~-,

^it

-.ay ,~ pr~pOSed

tl>Atexogamou.

ux~d~o~" .roup,:

will

'\'P;o~- ,

eas v=lab ilit Y· . in

_the t~is manufactu~~d

^'bY

~men th~n 'vi~i;~ca~

^g:roups,

.:s~~c;

·

vi~ilocalitY :~rin9;

^{\lbo ut,a}

mi~~d '~PUlation <:,f,~femal~8.,

^.'

'., "De e tz.(1;68;

,:US~d '~his' a.pp~~a~h

ⁱⁿ

h~~ ~~tu~y ,

^of.the

··~h~~Sh,.

^a

hU~tin9~gath.~.r~in~ " ,grou~

^in"

sout~~r~, ~a lifor~ia

^..

Hefo und'h Lator-Le.pe r iod'Chwnash,sites charac:tedzedby'a

·si t e-·: c:.-Si te d ive rs i t yof

artUa~ts' pr~u~ed' ~Y ~·les .(·~~o~

· jectil~ ^{poInt') . ond.",}

⁰

.1" , p; no. unif6~lti'~f .rtif.~t1

J:l~uced.by felllales.lbuketsand.milling equipment ).,Th i.s·I

.

~ituatio;'~ledDe~tz^to'sug ge s t that·ChU~ S~

'women

IllOve dwid"e-ly·

·in

'thei~. ~~ietY. ~~ile 'the

^men_

remained r~lat'ivelY

^{.l oc al iz e d.}

In otherwords,-the dat.aSU9gest'th~'pra~tice·ofexo~amy

.. - ! :u: : :> : : h:~~:::::e~;::n:::~:~::~:::e::;j :i:::.Whi~h " .

Ember U9:73 I,has'propose d.a:.,C<?r~~l~tlonbet ween',ho u s e -.

~iz·~· and ·~esidenc~

^{pat:tetns.·'..H!'."}

SU9-qe8,t~ ~h'~

^t

societi~s

^";ith

i:.

·wc~,r,~lial. re~id~nce ~ill ~av~ ,~'~eui~~s'''~ith large~· fi

9 o ;,".,

.:....'

Ar,eaS·'~h~n.·t~~!le ·\<d~h, Viri,~P~~l :.~e~i~enc:e j .~inc:~

^-:

w~men 'd~ --no~t

~

^.

r

r ¹

1

1 I I

. ,'," :', . ' -

.'In.~.st UdY'of skelet.ons'fro~alargeresi~nti"al

.

^{. .}

ba s iS fro m whi ch to infe:!;'~he,pract~c'e'o fexog~mycoup1e.dwit.h .

a

.viri l~'alPost-nu'?t~alrE;side.nc~".patt.ern. ^{Thi s}.i~ference

issupPorted'

b y

evid~nce'fr om' hist oricalaccou nts•

crania fr'om

c~pe ' Kialeg~k ' ~~

^{.s e.}

Lawren~.~. Ish.n~ '~n

^the

B-~~in~ "

~ea,"

^{Spence (1974)}

' ~ound gr~ate~

^{metrict.rait.·}

v~riabilit'y With~n t~e' 'femai~·':ll~le.': 'and. u'~~dthiS info'tm'ation '~s

^a'

of

,~keleta~ .rern"a~nS fro~

^theIrene

'Si~,e' in'Cha~

^{Cou n ty,}

Georgia. Hulse found

gr~ater vad~bility ~fm·ei.ric ~~~i~

, ^{, "}

. '

,' ,.' .

as't.hosewithi~'t.h'e ,fema le''qr oup. Basedon:thi~i~'for:mation,. prtiPo sed'.t}1~t:t he pe tipleof Ire~e.were.exogamo\l'~,a~d ptactice.duxoriloqal'pos,t-:nuptiilire s idence.' Madel~ine Kneberg'

Le~~~~:~'~~wiS"

'and

Le~is

'19(1).found.

femile~ ,'fro~' ()':~

^.'

comPonent'o f

'the

Eva,s~te

'in

the'.TEmnesseeValleYdisplay~d gre a t er

.me~ric tr~it'V;riab~~~;ity t~n:'did the,'.'mal~~; ~nd

^{"u si ng:,}

thesam~' 'lO,9i~'as'H.Ulae,(1941) .8u9gest'ed:~hat'th e'Evap~opl~"

wereexogamo us:an'dvirilocal. 5imiiarly ,'ina',study"ofEskimo'.'

, . . .

evIde-ncefrom twOseparaterandomgam~leg dra:~'from:the Human Rela.tionsArea:F~~e.(HRAFJ/..:

Of"primaryinterest.Lnthi sstudy,however,-isthe

" "" '., ...' '.

·c or r ela t i on,wh i ch has been propOsed.betweenth e,biological

.

~~~~~bi'~~ty,:ed~.enced~y 'Sk'e:le~l~ sa~Ple~' '~~d., mard~ :

pabtexns , 'Hu l s e (1941) made:such a,connectdcninhi s's t ud y

l

ex~ressl~~ 'witl\i~' th~ '~le S:unPI~ ~r~ t~is ' Bite,~~g9~st'~ng

^.

.·'tha tbi ologicAl:t ie swithinthe malegroupwere not.'asstrong

J l

.1 I

S·

of non-me bxfc_traits

.

._to"'infe r'

.

~rriage

.

pa~t~rns :" ,;':Hi~'_^{ana lysis}

,ind~cat~~ : 9r~ater V~~i~il.i~Y. :Of t~ait--expre~~ i.on ~~,thi~- 'tfle ,

femalesamp le,onceaga insuggesting-~he'pr acti ce of ,exog a my andvi~i1ocality. .In asimii"~/mam1er~_Laneand,Subl ett",(1972) used non-me t r i c··tra H s tostudy agroupo!skeleton ~fr oin

. sever~l hi~tor;~ perio~ seri~~~ 'cem~teries ⁱⁿ ~e~~ork ,i't~te.

that

,the _ ~l~s .

^remained-

';~i:a

^,

tivelY

^{, -}

iocali~~d wh.ile··the' fem~les

":c~tcula~ed-'mo~~wi~ely:in_{th~_~oci ~ty., .·r~is}informatio n·i s·

-.consistent'w'i t hthe'p r a cti c e 'of

group exogamy_and

^vlrilocal

post- nuptia l're si de nce: .J

~ ^,

I

,

i..

,.,

Thi~.,^st'udy'qf\~r~~a ic^{Indi a n'}rC.IlI.all'l~.^fro.mpor~',^au. Choix,'N~wfou~diand, inc'orporatesbothmetric' :al).d·\non -ioetric

. .: . -'. ' .

.

^..

tra i t s . Asinthest udies',out line dabOve,.the pa t.te rn-of

. .

^{... -' ,' '.:}

.

with in-'andbebwee n-eexvariabilityof't ra i t,expressionis

~s'~d

^as.a

~asis--"from ~~iCh

tti

i~~e;.' t~~;,'~rri~ge ·'~;t.t:er.ns

^'Of

. ,_thegroup •.;.

;;'.

. ,

.,',

j

, .,

"

^" .

ha.s,:a~i9h~hell,co nt e nt:~hich~~kesi tvery~lkaline. 'The

p~ val~es'

^ave;ageclC!5e'toB.O·(TuCk1976). This"alkalinity h~s^{perm itted}rema~kable'~reserv:~tiOn^of"the.·,s ke l e t al~.te~iai buri e d,at.Porfau Chobe.

The earliest.re c ? r ded ·dis cove r i esof,Archa i c Indian burialsin ,this

cornmunity'lia~e

^{be e ri}

desc~ibe~'

bY,Harp"

(~9S1 , ',

" ' . ', .', , : .

ove r one hundred indi vidu al s, and(Iatin gfrom sometimelate'

; ,

. '

,. ',

intheth irdmillen i wnB.C";'down to the 'end o{ the se c o nd

mi ileniuma. c .,,(Tuck 1976). . .

. All

'the Archa,icIndian·'bur,i.als:foundatPor t au Choil( . come from an'ancie~t,b~~ch lyi~~^{a,hout·6..mete rs}';(2 0fe~tl

'~'b~~e

^{,t he}:pr e s e nt'

s~a ' ~e~el '~Fi9ur~'

^2')...

"' ;h~S beac~ 'r~ns

thr ougho u t the

' t~

^on'a"course

p~rallei

^{tothat of th e}

" Bac~

^,

Arm',',·asmall sheltered harbor-which,rorme

.

the.

.

nor t he rn'limit for most of the toim.''Thesa nd whichcOI:lprises>thi~beach

'. " , "

, .

,

.periodic"disc o ve r,l e s'of - ii-chaic'Ind ianburial~ ;",^..~oi~,^{.tha n} sixty su c h buria;tsha ve 'been found,contai ni ngtbe-rema Ine of

',", ' ....,. ', , ' ';,

.Portau'Choix'Is a small'.fish i ng COmmtU11tylo c a t e d on

-'.

Newf~~~~l'~nd'

^s';

Gre~t

'Nor t h e r n'

pe~i~~u~a ,:~~i9ur~, n~ , 'ove~; t~~

past forty_ye ar s'thistown hasbeen thesi t e of.ase r ies of

!

t t

^FIGURE'

~.'

^LOCATION

O~ PO~T ·~U CH~,lX

^.

t, '·'

. Ji j U

I I

.1 I

I

I

- I

d j

. .... . .] .

. !

!

12 r:

0,

l'

. ..•. . ' , . ' , . ' ": I ". . . " ^.1

... . . iii~1;;~:'~ -;:~~ n,~

'~rial

was

unco ve r ed ten'yearsbef o reHarp'5 lI?a:taeOioqi.eaL ~

_ ~.t= . · .~ii· 'eX~di'H~n to ,~~f~~(n~nd 'i~

^1949,

a~.·when;~ ~~ri~e'd ~ ~-o --.~.+

ev i de nc ewhi~hre ma inedwa sf~llqmentary ;. However,Harpwas I

,.-. -.': " ' ':" : '.

''-.. .

"," : . ,

:

able~odetennin e..,t hiltthe?rave.ha~c:ontaine4.th er.~i.nsof : ,; atleastfive-i ndividuals',in'as sociati onwith9ra~e^{-goods "., -;} ~.

=~~::::::::::~:;:~.:::~': t_ " : I

,o'! e~cavatiori'for'.a'se~i-subterraneanic e-house(Hoarp a;'d. . I"

·~~1he~ · 1-;~B l .,"·

^This

.b~rla~-

^•.

d~d~~ted ~~dal

³

~f _the _po~t

^of' ."".'1"

".. .auChoixvillager~ains ,i.la~~'itua~ed a~ut-.loo

met er;

'(328' ·-

"

~-eet).·'no!~-northeast ~~ ^the'

first:'-bu ri al ,,.a nd:ceRtai neS

~~

^{. '.}

~J

" ~keleto!1

^,?f'II"Si ngl e"': ault'maieaCC01\I.pa n l e d by'

~rt~ fa'ct$

,1·

t }

"t

i !

.J' I

rel a ting"toth~^ArchaicIndi~n^tra diti on:...

;

, .

^{" .}

Athird Archaic"Ind i a nburial"a s'found in'the"su.-.ner

of 1'~~-O ly~~ apP~oxi~telY ll.i~ vaY '~twJ'en

^{., .,}

.·bu~ia ls de$cribed~e (HarP 'a~d HUqheS . l~6B)-.' .T~e ~el1lAins ~ere

^'

;~se·~f^{asin g l ead u l t}~le~~c~an~ed^byqra~e9~s.-:~is

burlal.:WilS

,desiqn~ted BUria~ :

4

~f t~e

port"

a~

.Choixvillage

rema i ns. . .

A number ofmOrere centdiscov e ri ea'o f'Archaic,Indian

~keleta~': ~emai~9

^{inPor t}

.a~

"Cho iJC'ha v e

bc~n ·~~.scribed 'i~

^a.

~erie'6 of----artic;~s '~y Jame~

^{Tuck.1191 0 . 1971',')91 6 1.-}

'.T~e

^.

-.

f~~st.· li t" 'the'~e .disc~~eri~s

^....

a~. llI~de .

^{in_,the fd lof.19 67:....}

h~ai

i".

.. ^-,

r ·

/

..13,.....

"

,. ₁ r.~. ^{i )}

.f ,

i I

.~

^{piece of'}

~um~n bon~ _fr~nt B~~i.1.1

^So.

yield~d'

^a'da t e of 3930

.~

^1:30

~i' ·( I- ~678) . " -.TUCk ' {l9~6):: ~as S~9ge~ted

^{thatth eaid-est}

date for

Locu~' ~I

^{'(SU Ot"}

1 ;- ' 0'

BPl.

'~aY be -un~eJ,.iable.'·, sin~e th~ bO~;-

^{ir o n,}

no~~i~ ,, ~rom _-~hi~h t~~, ~od - ~a~~e' ~as " t<i~en

m ayh 'ave- fo~d.~'ro-und th~ de~d"~~~ .~o~:_~~! ~9~~~ ,_.~·~,f~r_e .

i twas,collec~edbythe.India.ns~,_...Hehas-a.ls~:·no~e:d,.,~hat~he

".vad~ce·'~Vid.enC~d-bY

^..

~he,'

^{thre e't.:o·od}

:·?h~r~o~r:.dat~s ~kes

the~e

^{,subj e ct"t.o,}

ijusplciO~.

·The r e f ore,.

,t~'e ,,~;;:t· r~~iabl~'

~~~e. t~'~ L~~~ " 'ii,' ~y: ,be~t~~:.h~rn·' ^bene '~at~':~~ ':..

^39;O"

~·. l~~_ ~p~:,

'. '/ , .?h~ )li,stor~.ofdis.~lver.ie soJ]~C~ail::Indi ~_.'~U.~,:~lS . :fn Port,.au,Choix~oesnotl!!:rd,'her~_.,:,.:In-19 6,9""e xc,av ati o n s,to

:-bur y~the'town wate r,1i;'e revealed'the~etnains,'^of'tw'o"in,f~ri'ts

neata's mallst.ream

'~bo1ft, i 7 5 , mete~6

^{C'51 5':}

fe'~t)/ nor~h";'e~t-

^of

Locus r r•

" ~hes_e b~ials wer,eae'sigria,~ed t,~cUS ,}V"~ ~

^{the'Po r t} auChclix-3 site. since a'DOr-se't,Eskimo,~ett.lemEmt':'discoYer~d

in

.'196'8:, h~d :al~e~dY bE!en' desl9~~t~~

^Locus,;III

" {~Ck ' 1 9 ;6 i: ~

A',6ai~~~i4'

^{dateOf:'3230':}

t ~2~ 'BP\ (1"4 380 ~ 'w~~ obt~ined,'~n

a"

~r~~ent.'of ' h~iu, ~~e:' f'~O~ ~~iS: l~cus. ':s~9gest~~9:~that th~ ^'.

LocusIV,

buri~i,s; ~~t

..

da,~e :tho~e f,~O~ 'Lo~~S

^11.\'The,

~~ti.fact~,,~ '

~s~ociat~dwlth ~~ b~r~ais

^from

th.i~e',;:tWo

^{Lc cLs'upport;thi s'} s'eque~ce'CTuc k'19 7 i }~

, " " ,-' '- ',', " ," ,

In 1971,excavations.forahousebeing.bu i l t,ne x tto.

"the

" southern ~~rner

^of,

~e 'R~man 'C~thOHC?" c~~ery'

^?fPort

a~

Choi~' re'veale4; an~'ther " 'ArChaic ' I~dian

,6uria{. 'This'

bU~i~i ',

" ~~'t~iri~_~ ~'e :~~in~" '~f-, t~adu.~t ,_~~CUVid~~is w;t~" -~cC:+~~,~ri~,

.s ravego~s

^{• .}

I'; ~~7" e~Ca~a\iOnS

^{for a}

h~U~~ ~~i.rn

^.:,;.•..

15

"a~ adj~cen't^lot:pcoduced'th~'r~ins^ofsix'o~herindi~idualB ;^.

The,a:r~a ~h~~e^{'the s e'}t~.iUs~veries^-:rerelNldehas-~en'

,. .. - . . . '

c.

desi9nated·i.o~s'Vo.! thePor tauChoi~-3 sit e: ~.9rave

9~~_.as~~~ated^withthe~e^{buri a lssuggest} tha~~!!~.~ate

",from a~rox.:matelYthe.s.at:Ietillteperiod'" as.those from~us

I:-(J.'Tu~k':persona l-cOJlII[l\,lnicatiot\:).-

Finally!.i t'~y'be notedtha,i:.'excav~tio~s'fo'r :

th e

~

··t~·-water. liri~' in

^19'76"

:ai~o· ~evealed. ~~Cha'ic , Indian ~~:in~.

whe n.a ~in9~e ~~~ialcon t a i n ing,'t h e remai~~^of,o~.~·.·~~Ul:^,male

'.wa s'fciund about 160tneter'~-.{52S'feet] northwe~t'·of-LOcus~V

. .'. " ,.' , . " ;" • ....

, ., '

'(J.Tuck, pers onal communication). Thisareaba sbeen designatedLocu s,VI.of:"the~po rtau^CM1x-J'~it~

. . , :

,,- ." . : .: ," "

Thepre cedi ng'history ;swnmari~~inTable1. iDakes.-

. .

i~ c!ea~,^that th,~.~rt~ii,C~oix-~^siteWIIS..i.prefe r re'd 'A'~chaic

~ndian~rialgr6undfor a,pez-Iod'~fsev en hundred yea rsor'

~~e.'.~,

',-:Mte

natu~;e

of thesi t;, .and the

r~~ical?l~

preservation'

.ofWit.erial

excava't~ there'

hasmade

the

site a'

~nique '~nd

';'"ery.valuable"find.

in

viewof thi s fac t.the FOrtauChoix-3

,

.

^{" "}

" ,

^{.. ' . . .'}

·sitewas aectareaII\~ tovincialHistori.~·si~,,:by t~e_Goverrunent

·o~~NewfDU~lll~a~~Labr~dOrin196~~~'and;·i.n~~7S.~~was,... . " , peclar e da:Nat ional Historic siteby,tileGOv'!r mne nt ofCan ada., .

; '.

.. .. ' , .

ASlllal1l!1usewn~lUil tbY.t;heprOvin'iJ, al government in1969.

·

a~ ' l~~¥i ~pand.ed

^by

th e F~~~ral 90vernm~n~. di~~lays se~era~ .

~keletons'exc avatedsi nce196 7'and an~ssortmentofgravegodd s

:'~i~h~'';;C~pa~Yi~g p~c~ures"3;nd 't~xts :,

^'The

~eu\~,inder

^ofthe" ' .•..

-.sk e l eta l.materialex cavatedsi nce 1967 is on,loan to Menori al

~r " .

·-:..:...-

. ....····.. ·~;~~YrlL~ .. :~~~{2'·. ·-;:.: .~~·~~·:: ·JIa l··

\ 2.2 The".s at;'pie.

mat ici non..chronology:SE;e'm5't~^{'su g gest'thatthesite s} r~fiect

I I )

I

I i

I

I

I I

\ L

.. . '.',

d.numbe~of~i f,f~ren~bur ia l e'piso~esby members of one,or . morebands. .--

The',la c k:of.p r e c i s e infortllation.onth~^{nat u reof··the se} bu ri a l'

~'ites' '~;de "it

unacc ept abl e to

i~cluae ;;k~letai ma~erial"

. . ' ;.' ." .".

'.

.'. "

^.

orvsere c t; preservation,o r alack'of.i n f orma t ion

on

chl::onology~

least in.:_'part;cnenechoice.ofa

qoo~ ,salllJ'~e . ,

^..

~hi~' .-~ay ·, ,.

pro ve

to

^{be a difficu l t}taskwhen'dealinqwith.archaeological

tern~i~s"

^{.gi ven}

th~: c~i~tence" of ' s~Ch

'p r'o bl ems as

diff~rential

^•

- ,.. ^{" ' -} .,

The.ArchaicIndianburialsfr 'om"'PortauChoixspan a

peri~d .

^of,

~p~r~ximatei;' se~en. hU~dred.

^{ye a rs.o e}

" mor~.~ (N~k

^.-

19 7 6) • .Astudy.ofth e naturean d distributionofthes e remains

'. . ",," " " ,

]I.des.crip~ionof the.,s kel.e t a l r,:inai"; s from·Burials'

"1,.3"and.' 4·

o·~

tl}e Po r t

.au'

Choix'

~illage

^remains'

has h~en

., "

.

in dicatesthe.pres e nce ofonelarge bur ialsitekn o wnas Locus II. and a seri'esof smaller

sites ,~eparated

^{'f romLo'CUSII and}

"from one>a noth er . The.tr ue

me~ni~g ~f this

diS ti ibut i on"may

• '", _""..,I". :L ' .

,ne v er be cOlnp~e telyunde r s t o od . However, the-limited. in for-

;1..'

18

fromall the s e"a r e a s inthesample for this study.' .:Ins t ea d ,

. .

.'Tuck

" (197 '6 )':

an(

~':Entreinont; (197~1.l

^{sugges t-tha t.thes e}

~iusters­

~ay \ ' represent .

^..

~hree

^{. 'famil.. y}plots":

.

'

Alte~nativelY

' " .

, T~Ck:sayS

'. '

,

tiYrna:,~epresentthre e slig~tlydi~~e,rent pe.riO.d~dUri~~

wMo h-theburia ls,'were,ma de, thoughhe suggeststha t the:time dif f er'ellc e.

iriv<?lv~d"'may'

^not'

~e" ;a~g~'

^enough'to'

b~:'~~ tected' by

-~. ',

. . . .

t~e'carbop,:,"14method. He poi ntsouLt ha~

(1),the overallarraiigerne~t

of

th~gra ve s ,-.·t hec om-

pacenee s"of thecemetery , and the Cl uster i ng,of the bur i al s indica te:anint ensi velyuti lized-b uria l are a, and (2)thattherelat ivehOlflogene i ty,oL the a r t i fa c t s [fr om,Locu s'II}'i nd i ca t e s,thatthi siflten siveuse,toOk place,overC\short'pe riodof ti me'(Tuck.1976: l 2) •

,- , ',

--

^{' , '} _.; ""

''l'h ee~idence su99~sts^,that."t he··Loc usn',cemet~ry

represe~'t~

^al.l,the

j:nd'i~idU~1s

^that

-d1e.~,

^{dut { ng.}

,t~ ~~~-~d

of tiIne that th:i.'s,cemete r ywasin'us_e. Both'p:r.:itllaiy<and

" . .

^,,' -. - :" " , / .-' -:^'.. ',::-. ;.'. ,--.'

• secondaryinte rme n t s-we re foundi- ruck:,(197Q) point s out tha~

--i

Sk~letons were found're'fl_ecti~g,:ali ; st-a9~,S' ~f decom­

pos itio~,whi c hsugges ts'that peopl,ewhodied in the wi nter-wereno tburi ed.untilthegr o u nd.t h a wed in spring,.crearly.summe~(T~ck1970:5 ),.

ThUS,

th e: indivi:d~ah frolU .~'cus

^II.donot

see~

^to

repJ;.es~~t

a in 'three r elatlvelydistinctclust.er's .(Figur e3),

Th enor thernmo s t.

i~~1:ude'5'

^_

'Buria~'

^I"J4

,, 6-14'; :-~nci

^'2'1

:-(1 4bu r ials' and.18in di v i d u als) ;-thecenereL grou p inc l ud e sllurial~5, 15- 31;-a"hd33 (19 bur i al s and 29 .• ,ind iv idua ls );:andth e'sout her l ygroupincl udes Buri al s .

~3 2and 34- 53 (22 burials'arid 42 indiv i duals):,(Tuck 19 76: 10 )". .

r

,"

Selects'~le' Of :i~aivldUalS-" dYin9 ~t ' a- 'par~ic::Ul~~ Pla~~

." . : .,'"- ~ .,. '. ' ,.- . I

or at-a particu lar,timeof theyea r; ",Of course.t.herestill

e~ist.s ~e 'possihility

, ", ^{tha t . ,}," ..

'i~~<iVidU~l~

. . .

b~fed

,.

-~t' ~oc;~s

II;e p r.e s e nt

~ember5 ,

of more"tha n one

.·b~ci: ~~~v;er';

.t he

"unifoi:mi ty'o f_,a rtifa c t s and buri~lsty'l e,,.ant,ltheintensive

use of:theceni~terysug9'estthat·thi~ is..un~ikely .·. This

'po s s i bil it y will

b~.:.

:econside:r;ed

whenth~ .:r:~su_~t_li o~ thi~

':J I

'band'. Ho';'ever',th e term"band' has yet ec-bedefin~d^ina"

,

mann~~·

^..

ac'~~p't~~le t~ th'~', majOri~Y

^{Of'workers'(Le e,and}

,Dev~r~

19\68f., Dam~s: ~96?). ,~n.·this,. st~y~ ~·he rtertl!'. ~il1 ~~, use~ ~O.

refer to a group of,ind,ivid~~IS:who·l~ve.tog e t he r ,a nd' ta k e,pa~t ,'incommoneconomic".social.a n d'c e r e moni a l activitlies.·I~is .accepted'thatth~s,f o.:rntof:,ociil~or_9a'';lizatlondO~!!F'n o t'i nc l ud e

spe;Clalizati'onofla bo ur beyondth~t!:>ased on'~ex ;: no rinclude'c l a s s divisions.a.,fQ:rntalpriesthood.. or hierarchical politi cal,organi za tion.In.additi9n, basicsources~f,livelihoodar e,not privatelyowned (Leacock1969:3).

' .',

'.

.- ..' ,, :'

It,i s'6 f,note thilt wi th inthe,ban d levelof socia,l' ,org a n i z a t i o n ,itdistinct,ionis sornetime~'ma'd e be tween~hat are.re fe·rr~a to'^{.a s-'mi cro band s;}a nd" mac r6ba n d s ' . The,t erm

'microb~~d" ' i;.u~ed

^{',t o}

"ref~r

^to,the,mini mum viable·unito'f bandso ci'a l '';rga n iza t i o n ,:~hile^the.term''macroba~d^'.·i' s.us e d to

~efer

^to'anaggregatio,;

of 's~eral mic~;;ban~s

^forthe'pu rpO s e

'." . ' . ' .-,' 1

of;communal activities."This study,'is concerned,o nly withthe,.

"micrOb~~d 'i~ve~ ' ~f ' s~~ial , o.r9a~i~~~i~n, ~~d u~~ .~f

^.

ih e '~erro

["

,\

:::..;\l;~~.i..

Marriage:patterns

'.'in' any'give n s'ocie:ty "thereareeut e s,s~m~times

~:ner~l.and ,s,ome±,~me6 'specif~C ; '?~erni~g: ~marriage ,yat~erns "

^'

thatis,,t h e,cho i c e of aspouae.in?>the fonnof.po~t-"nuPUal

.resid~~ce.· Theserulesd~fineidealbehaviorp~tter'nswhich

rr:a

ynotbe reflecte din

~e, actu~l' b~ha~i~~'

^eea

9r~p . '-:

^A

study

s~~~

^as'

~his

^'bne

'c~n

^{beu'se d to}

'~eveal

^{ac t ual}

p~tter~~

.' :of'c'h Oo Sin g a:spouse an d

'deterrni~~n9 ,poBt~nuptial' '~~si~e~ce ,

^..;

b~t C~~~cit

^be'

a~S~d

^{." reveal}

~de~~' P~tt~~I)B

^-.,

:Ant hropolo gi s.ts distinguishtwo setsofpossible

marriage.part ne rs ,.those

w~.~hin'

^{the,groupto:Wh i ch}

a

particula r

,~ndiVid~al belang~ , . ~~

^those

'~titsid~" t~'e,

^group:

'. . '.

whichhevbeIonqe,the union istermed'e n dogamo us' . Ifan

.

.

ind i v i c1ua l'marriessomeo nefrom outsideth egroup to'wh ich

'he

- I " ' "" ,'' ".' .,.~

be l o n g s , 'the uni o ni~ te rmed 'e xog ~u s ' . All.sacie~ies

h~ve^{ru les,'of}exagamy"i~^{th a t ,}und~rnormal ~ir9'umstances,

'j

.

^'.

. .

6f·~~og~'my;.·^{but with thepracti ce}'o f endogamy'or'e~9amy,^as

·,1

i

./'

J i

,I ~

! i i

I L.

"t hecase may,be, at',th~'ba n d lev el'

The"term 'ban d,endogamy '';i11be,used in.this'study

"to refe r to a'situat ion, , ' ',' ,i n,which·- 'individua·l~.,

.

froma 9i~en bandmarry'othe~IndividU:~ls frpni't h esameb~nd J.for ex~p1e , Band'Amale~marryfemalesw~.erealso fr om BandA;

The ..

te rm"band exogamy'.'wi 11'beus edji o ref.er to a situat i on in wh~ch'-'indiVidtla1Sfr~a 9i~~n ba~dma~r~ ,ind~vi~ualfifrom

', , ' "

23

bandsot he r than" th e ir own, for example,B,and A mal? smar ~J:.:·

fema l es fro mBa nd s B,'C,and D.

In-o~der^{to more'clearly}define marriagepat.tern~.^a' di stinc,t i o n will be made'between>threepos"'i.ble.fo rmsof .'exogamy,each,o f,Wh i ? h has a"different~ffect-on the,,,:ay

individuals are:,cha nI)e lle d betwe,enbands.' The sethree.forms

of ex09'amy~- referr~d

^{,t o'here,}

as.',·,non-s~ifiC I , .

^{'presc:;.ribed.',,}

and'r e cip.roc a.l exogamy'. ' .^" are-defined-as. ; , fol l ows:

.

Non-s pe o if.'i c exogamy--'af~'rmof exogamy"in"which-th~'o n ly.

.:.-., '. . ' ." .. ,~. '

,

..~,

speci ficati on is that·indiv idualstake'marriag e"par t ners

:" "

.

^{" ,' .' '"} "".- .

from bands,ot he r ~ant~eirowm"~or'e ?tample,Band._A_m_~ ~ e s' ma rry femalesfrom Bands B,C;'a!",d D

.,.pr e 7lc ri b:dexo.~amy,- a,fonn'~f.exogam"Y~nwh i c ha\specif_~c s~t,

of marriagepartners,isre lie ~upon:for,exempde,Band.A

males ma r ryBan d.Bfemales .

.:gec Lprocaj,exoqemy_. ,Coa

~articular}6rm

_{. . .}' of presc::ribed,

e~o~aTllY' . .

in~hich"marri a g e partners-areexe'han ged betwee nqr~ups;' /

,fo~

^example,:

B~nd

^{Amale.smarry'}

B~nd

^{,BtemeIes,and}

Ba~d

B

:m~le"s ma~'ry Ba~d A-~~les

Anthr o polog i s t s useta varietyoftermsto descr ibe

• . " .c .. " , ', "

~attern sof-po;;t-~uptialresidenCe:,The·term s.'emPl~Y'~din t.his studyare,a s_.follows:

24

~such reconstructionsare'pos s i bl e

. " .

forme rreeaeeecein which.

' . ' ' " , ' , . '

.

,t o'the de gr ee that' ,anysocial"organi~ati6nal'feature correapon dsto the,bi ol og i cal.refe,rents,of theki :nshi p' system'{L'aneandSub let t 1972:187}. .

For

~everal r~aso'~~~ " ~he,.ma:Cr~~ge ,~~·tei'ns,

^o'f

~~nt~r:" ^..

gathe re r

grou~~' ~e,m

^{ideally sutted' ,to}

,o5teoiogi~'a'i ,

a"nalysis .a nd

reconstrUc~io~ ~'

^{'Firstly(,marr i age}

pattern~ ' i~

^{hu nter-}

'ga the r e r

~ocieties' ar~. inti~tely tied to

kins tt"ipsys tems',,and

h;ric~.

. ' ^{fu lfi l l}' -, ' "

t~; "quir,;,~t

' ,' " ,

,at . ~

^{" ' -}

'~ane '~d,

^{"', Sublet t,,"}

..

' ,^{l;7',

^2).

',

.Seco ndly,'marr ia gep~tterns"determ,ine'the.compositionofthe

( .

part~er'Bkin9ro~p

Avunculo cal'pos t -nu pti al,residence'- a'f orm"ofreside,'n c'e.dn

' " '" . ' , ',,' , ,' .: ,

,whi c h. il,cou pl e resi deswithor nearthehusband'sr!lother's

.Theory

.The

"ti5~' ^ee oBt~o16~ica~

^datain

rec~n~truc~ing

^any feat~re'of'5 6 <::18.1 organizatio n'depend s.o n the'e x i;t enc e'of

o

some'·~gre~e.n~ ~e~~~E!n: ~h~' '~()~ia~ ~i~'~

^{'a n d,the'}

'bi~'~o9i'cal'.

re~a:tionShip~uniting.individuals(spence:H71.l974;·L11l1e. and,SUblet,t :'l9in).>~ne,'and subie~theve sugg,estedthat

b~oth~r ',J' .'

..

B.i~~ca~po~t,~nUPti~l ·residenc·~ ~

^{",a:·f.o rm}

o~, re~i,?ence i~

^{whi ch}

acouplehas<the·oPtion,~t.r~sidingwith or neareiiher the husba:i'ld ~ sorwlfe'sg,roup

Neola"cal,pcist-nuptial,re s id e n c e

:i

.

.~

i [

f

I ~ :

T _[

J.

I "

1

,

ad u lt.,5 e epnent of'hun t e r -qa t her e r societ ie5, andhence;

... '

det~nrln~· the:· ~iOl~ical ma~eup. ·c:if

^such

·se~e·nts. ~

^..

" ' . I , .' :., ... ..:

-Thebasic pri nci ple eJ1ployed-i n this'analysiB·of.the

.

,.,

.

~-, 25

J.

)

. ./

~

r

· 1

!.

I

j.

! _i

I 'I I

I')

I. In s.itl!ations·Of.ban~end'aq amy:.

.

.

A. I fth e residenc e.uni t s ofabaridar e,basedon ma t e-

~ '.. ' ' \

maleti es (virilo cil lity andavuncu10 c a lity ) ,.the n 1. males'and~ema ~e 5wi lldispla y"littl e wit hin- 5ex varia h ili t y oftrait'expressio n ,lSinc~the y a1 1.belo n g,