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Segmentation d'images de bois gravés par l'analyse multi-échelle

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HAL Id: hal-00116728

https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00116728

Preprint submitted on 5 Dec 2006

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Segmentation d’images de bois gravés par l’analyse multi-échelle

Victor Chen-Yuan, Su Ruan

To cite this version:

Victor Chen-Yuan, Su Ruan. Segmentation d’images de bois gravés par l’analyse multi-échelle. 2006.

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Cartographie de l'image par LoG (sigma=1) Cartographie de l'image par LoG (sigma=3)

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Image segmentée par Laplacien de la Gaussienne

Image segmentée utilisant les valeurs propres

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