Conduite de la réaction chimique en réacteurs discontinus : application aux réactions catalytiques homogènes et hétérogènes stabilité thermique

(1)

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discontinus : application aux réactions catalytiques homogènes et hétérogènes stabilité thermique

Nader Frikha

To cite this version:

Nader Frikha. Conduite de la réaction chimique en réacteurs discontinus : application aux réactions

catalytiques homogènes et hétérogènes stabilité thermique. Autre. Institut National Polytechnique de

Lorraine, 2005. Français. �NNT : 2005INPL091N�. �tel-01752534�

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AVERTISSEMENT

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Il est soumis à la propriété intellectuelle de l'auteur. Ceci implique une obligation de citation et de référencement lors de l’utilisation de ce document.

D'autre part, toute contrefaçon, plagiat, reproduction illicite encourt une poursuite pénale.

Contact : ddoc-theses-contact@univ-lorraine.fr

LIENS

Code de la Propriété Intellectuelle. articles L 122. 4

Code de la Propriété Intellectuelle. articles L 335.2- L 335.10 http://www.cfcopies.com/V2/leg/leg_droi.php

http://www.culture.gouv.fr/culture/infos-pratiques/droits/protection.htm

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% 4 3 2

2 - 2 3 2 4

- = +

−

# . 6

P 7 9 ;

2A 9 /

[

⁻

]

^α

⁼ [

⁻

]

^α

=

= ) ) L

₎ _F⁾ ₎ _F⁾

)

)₂ _-

* - 2 * - 2

3

# . 2

7 = 2 . 2A

7A 7 7

0 " 2 = /

[ 3

₎

2

₎

] [ = 3

₎

2

₎

]

_&

N % − 5 O # . @

(31)

-7 )%

= ;/

[ ] [

) )

]

_&^%

) F )

− −

= * - 2 3 2

5

^α

# . :

+ R

5) )

0 8 8 α /

[

⁻

]

^α

= * -

₎

2

_F⁾

[ ] [ ]

[ ]

α

= +

− ) ) )

&

) J ) ) ) )

% 4 3 2

2 - 2 3

* 4 # . 9

= ; /

[ ] [ ] ⁽ ⁾

[ ] ( )

α α

− +

= −

− −

) )

&

) )

)

&

) J ) ) %

&

) )

%

% 5 2

3 4

5 2

- 2 3

* 4 5

# . 3

, 8 = 7

9 9 L ;

7 0

+ 9 α = % 0 + 9 8

= /

[ ] [ ]

[

₎ ₎

]

⁾

&

) J ) ) ) )

% 4 3 2

2 - 2 3

* 4

= +

−

# . 0;

2 8 = = 0

== ; = 2A 7A 9 =9

/

[ ]

&

) J )

%

= * - 2

−

# . 00

.7 % & " '& " $ ) $ &!($ ! " # $

"

" 7A 7 8 ; P

7 8 A 7 9 = 9

8 0 + 7 9

9 7 A 8 8 8

: 0

(32)

8 2A 7A 7

-7 ))

" 7 8

7 A 8 0 " 7 7 8 7

0 .7.0% $ ! " #

" == A 8 7 A 8

= 8 0 7 8 9 8 7 8

8 8

7 8 0 " ; 7 ==

7 8 ; 0

" 8 7 8 /

• == = 9 8 7 8 9

• = ϕ 8 7 8

= 8

= 8 0

= 2 9 >

7 8 , = 7 7 8 0 " 7 8

8 7 8 /

+ 6 -

+ +

7/ N − O = ϕ − # . 0<

" 8 %) = 8 $ 0 "

2 = [= 7 8 = 2 ϕ0

.7.<% 5 " * !

" 2A 7A

2A 8 = 0 7

2A 8 9

8 = 0 "

2A / &9H* T &9F T %9K )9J $

&9)* %9*_0 0

- + -

= %

ϕ

(33)

-7 )G

+ ? 9 7 7

8 A 8 = 2 7 ;

= 2 = 2

7 7 0 N, 2 ,O

, ; P 7 P = 9

7 ; /

8

= ν ^# ^{. 07}

+ 3 -

+ +

7/ N − O = ϕ + ∆ 7 8 # . 06

" 8 9 8 8 9

; ;

2 0

+ 9 8 7 9 =

N 8 CO0 - 9

2 9 A 9

2 2 =

8 7 0

9 8 0 - =

; 2 == 8 9 ; A

7 8 == 8 0

.6 % = " , #

" 8 = 7 8 =

7 8 W( ] %FFIX0 " 8

0 8 = 8 7

7 A 8 8 0

.6.0% / &

" = = 9 7 ;

FF9F _ 2A 7A F9K) $ N%%& 'O0

2 2A 7A 7

0 " 7 = Y ; 9 7 8 9

&9* "0 " P / + ] 9

(34)

8 2A 7A 7

-7 )H

N R J&& O ( 7 9 2A 7A 0

A 7 == 7 9 8 9 :

7 0 " 7 = ;

2A 9 7 : N = ; G_

2A O ? 0

" A 8 0 "

8 %& 0

" 2A 7A 8

N, 2 ,O0

.6.< % '& $ , $ "& $

• + !

" + ] 8 8 0

9 7 8 9 ; 8

&9* 9 == = ,9 8

&9)J >03

^%

9 == ϕ 8 / %9&K*0 " 7 8

2 !0 - 9 7

/

" 7 = /

[ 3 2 ] [ 3 2 ] ⁵

&

) ) )

)

=

−

= # . 02

( ⁺ ⁺ ) ^- ⁺ ⁵ ³

7/

_!

− = ϕ +

_&

∆ # . 0@

τ = /

7/

= - τ

/ + ( +

_!

+ ) + 5

ϕ ϕ

τ

+ ∆

= − _# _{. 0:}

= / ( ) ( − )

+

−

∆ = + +

_!

+ + + 5

&

ϕ τ

ϕ ^# ^{. 09}

∆ 8 / [ ] ( )

- 3 2

+ 3

⁾ ⁾ ^&

ρ

∆

= −

∆

(35)

-7 )*

N O9

&

; 9

0 , N 8 %FO9 9 8 ;

8 8 0 -

2 7 8 ; 7 8 L ; ; 8

7 ; 7 == 8 0

( ) ( − )

+

− +

= +

= + +

^!

+ + + 5 + + +

&

ϕ τ

∆ # . 03

2 8 =

%0 " 2 7 9 9 8 8

7 = 0 " 8 = =

8 2 0

" 8 8 ;

7 8 7 < ; = 2 0

285 290 295 300 305 310 315

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500

t (s) T (K)

T expérimentale T adiabatique

1 %/ ,:

&

R )F% 3T W5

) )

X

&

R &9F $ T W-

) J

X

&

R &9&&G $

• " 0 ! 0

+ = 8 9 7 /

5 + +

+ −

_&

= ∆ # . <;

2 N. R %O9

2

/

(36)

8 2A 7A 7

-7 )I

)K&

)F&

G&&

G%&

G)&

GG&

GH&

G*&

GI&

& )&& H&& I&& K&& %&&& %)&& %H&&

N O N3O

R )F% 3 R G&G 3 R G%G 3

&

)K&

)F&

G&&

G%&

G)&

GG&

GH&

G*&

GI&

& )&& H&& I&& K&& %&&& %)&& %H&&

N O N3O

R )F% 3 R G&G 3 R G%G 3

&

2

+

+ = −

∆ # . <0

= %9 ∆ R )&9) 30

7 8 9 2 ;

/

+ + 5 +

∆

= −

^&

# . <<

.6.7 % & " #

+ = ==

A 8 2A 7A 7 =

8 0

9 = N)F%9 G&G

G%G 3O == 2A 7A N &9H* )9J $O0 "

7 ; &9&&G $0

1 )/ = / W5

) )

X

&

R %9K $ T W-

) J

X

&

R &9&&G$

" = ) 8 W5

) )

X

&

R%9K $0 "

2 -0

" = G 5

) )

&9F $9

== 7 0

(37)

-7 )J

&

%&

)&

G&

H&

*&

I&

J&

& H&& K&& N O %)&& %I&&

&

N3O

W5 X R &9H* S W5 X R &9F S

W5 X R %9K S

W5 X R )9J S

) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

&

%&

)&

G&

H&

*&

I&

J&

& H&& K&& N O %)&& %I&&

&

N3O

W5 X R &9H* S W5 X R &9F S

W5 X R %9K S

W5 X R )9J S

) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

&

*

%&

%*

)&

)*

& %&&& )&&& G&&& H&&& *&&& I&&& J&&&

N O

&

N3O

W- X R &9&&% $ W- X R &9&&%* $ W- X R &9&&G $ W- X R &9&&I $ W- X R &9&%& $ W- X R &9&%* $

) J ) J ) J ) J ) J ) J

&

*

%&

%*

)&

)*

& %&&& )&&& G&&& H&&& *&&& I&&& J&&&

N O

&

N3O

W- X R &9&&% $ W- X R &9&&%* $ W- X R &9&&G $ W- X R &9&&I $ W- X R &9&%& $ W- X R &9&%* $

) J ) J ) J ) J ) J ) J

1 G/ == 7 /

&

R )F% 3 T W5

) )

X

&

R &9F $

7 = 2A 7A 0

1 H/ == 2A 7A

&

R )F% 3 T W-

) J

X

&

R &9&&G$

= )9 8 8

9 8 =

, 7 0 8

8 2A 7A 0

(38)

8 2A 7A 7

-7 )K

= G9 7 0

8 8 2 ? 9 8 8

7 = / L 8

2A 0 , = 9 8 8

0 "

= 7 ; = 2 9 ; =

2A 7A 0

, 0

+ + 5

= ∆ %

# . <7

+ Z [ ] [ ]

&

) )

&

) )

&

%

=

= ∆

= +

2 + 5 3

2 3 _# _{. <6}

" = * 2A =

7 0

" 8 8 ;

7 0 = 8 α ; %0

A R &9%)2 (⁾R &9FFG%

&9& b&&

H9& &H K9& &H

%9) &G

%9I &G )9& &G

& &9&&) &9&&H &9&&I &9&&K &9&% &9&%) &9&%H &9&%I W-

) J

X

&

N$O

&

N

%%

O

1 */ ' 5

) )

=

7 /

&

R )F% 3 T W5

) )

X

&

R &9F $

" = H ; < 2 =

2A 7A / == 8 7

N W5

) )

X c &9F $O 2A 7A 0

(39)

-7 )F

"

N ; 2A O0

%/ -

- 5

) )

N$O &9H* &9F %9K )9J

&

N 0

^%

0

^%

O )9IG %&

^H

H9%* %&

^H

H9J* %&

^H

H9JF %&

^H

- 8 2A 9 8

0 == 9 9 8

< 2A N 8 %& 8 %%O

7 0 = 2A 9 30W5

) )

X

⁾

? 8 %

2A 0

" 8 8 8 9

2A N O ;

7 0 "

8 7 A 8 0

.6.6 % " ! & #

• "

" 8 ∆ 9

2 7 ∆ 50

&

+

3 - ∆

−

=

∆ # . <2

,

&

5

) )

0 " ∆ 5 2A

&9F $9

&

R )FG 3 == 7 0

)/ + ∆ 5

W-

) J

X

&

N S O &9&&% &9&&%* &9&&G &9&&I &9&% &9&%*

∆ 3

− N@4S O FG9K F)9K F*9H FH9H FI9G FH9I

- ; ∆ 5 A MFH9I @4 5

) )

)9G _0

(40)

8 2A 7A 7

-7 G&

• " 8 8 /

) 9 , 7 /

−

= +

&

*

_&

2 ^# ^{. <@}

, 9

) 8 /

°

− ∆

= +

4 2 9 # . <:

, ∆ Q = -

) F)

0 " 2 7 9 8

8 ∆ Q = 0 , 9

N)FG G)G 3O9 = -

) F)

? /

( ) + 3 ( ) +

&

+ 1 ( ) +

&

9 ° = ∆ ° − ∆ °

∆ # . <9

Z ∆ΗQN

&

O ∆ QN

&

O 7 = -

) F)

;

&

R )FK 30

" = 8

0 9 A

2 8 3 ; /

• + 8 3

[ ] [ ]

[

) )

]

⁾

&

) J ) ) ) )

% 4 3 2

2 - 2 3

*4

= +

−

# . <3

° + ∆

°

− ∆

= 1

+

4 2 3 # . 7;

" 2 /

[ ] ^[ ^] [ ]

&

) J ) )

)

& ) ) J )

%

−

+

=

2 - 2 *

2 3 -

*4 # . 70

(41)

-7 G%

A R )9HK&2 I9FJ

&

&9)

&9H

&9I

&9K

%

%9)

%9H

%9I

%9K

G9%* G9) G9)* G9G G9G* G9H G9H*

%&&&S N3

^%

O

A_G%GR K&9)G*2 b )&%9*

N3O

AG&GR %II9)J2 b I%%9G A)F%R H&J9&)2 b %KJK

&

*&&

%&&&

%*&&

)&&&

)*&&

G&&&

G*&&

H&&&

H*&&

& % ) G H * I

%SW5

) )

X

&

N

⁾

0

⁾

O

%S

&

N 0 0

^%

O

R )F% 3 R G&G 3 R G%G 3

9 /

[ ] ^β

α +

=

₎

&

)

& )

%

2 3 # . 7<

, [ ]

&

) J )

%

=

−

2 - α *4

[ ]

&

) J )

%

=

−

2 -

β * 9 /

α

= β

4 # . 77

" = ; 8

N 8 )HO0 "

2 -0

" = I =

2A 7A 0

1 I/ +

8 39 W-

) J

X

&

R &9&&G $

1 J/ +

3 " 8 9 == ;

; 0 " 7 8 3 = %S =

J0 " 2 8 /

) )

0 "

F*J 9 )HK& I

2 −

= +

4 - 7 9 7 8 =

8 7

0 - 7

8 30

(42)

8 2A 7A 7

-7 G)

" = 8

= G0 - = ==

7 0 " 8 7 N 2 = . 9

8 GHO 7 8 A ( 3

$

^d

[ H* 0 " 2

= [= 7 8

= ; N) @ ) 3O9

0 -

W" %FFKX0 "

2 +0

[ ] [ ] ⁽ ⁾

[

) )

]

⁾_&

( )

⁾

)

&

) J

& ) ) )

%

% 5 2

3 4

5 2

- 2 3 5 *4

− +

= −

−

⁺ ( ⁺

!

⁺ ) ⁺ ⁵

ϕ ϕ

τ

+ ∆

= − _# _{. 76}

" ; /

% F

IF)&

2 %&

0 *G 9

) −

⁻

= +

* )JJI * 9 %F "

⁾

0

⁾

2 −

= +

4 &

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000

290 295 300 305 310 315 320

time (s)

T T

7 2

W-₎ _JX R&0&&% $ W-) JX R&0&&G $

W-₎ _JX R&0&&I $ W-₎ _JX R&0&% $

N3O

&

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000

290 295 300 305 310 315 320

time (s)

T T

7 2

W-₎ _JX R&0&&% $ W-) JX R&0&&G $

W-₎ _JX R&0&&I $ W-₎ _JX R&0&% $

N3O

1 K/ - 2 T W5

) )

X

&

R &9F $

= K Z 2

; 0 " = 0 " 3

9 = 9 == 9 8

0

(43)

-7 GG

" 2 ?

= A /

) S ) %

2

%

2

−

= +

+

σ + # . 72

A == 9 2 3 /

−

= % +

₂

+

# . 7@

2 20

8 9 A %9I%&

^G

A == &9GF 30

$ % , 2 9 = 9 4 [ 3

₎

2

₎

]

⁾_&

( % − 5 )

⁾

; %9 8 7 < 2A 0 , =

2 9 9 4 [ 3

₎

2

₎

]

⁾_&

( % − 5 )

⁾

= ; %

8 20 , 2A

< 20

" 8 2A 7A 7

; 7 9 2 8 %&0

N O *J9I @4S 9 = 2 @

&

)9*G0%&

^F

N

^%

O0 "

8 / ∆5

^&

N

&

O R )G9% @4S ∆

^&

N

&

O R

HG9% 4S S30

= 2 0

.2 % $ = " $ = $ & & ($ ! " #

==

" A 7 8 == , + ==

7 8 2 = 7A 8 7 8 8 7 == Z

8 = ; = 0

2 = 0 "

8 0 " ==

2 W6 )&&HX0 - == ;

7 8 9 7 9 8 8

7 0

(44)

8 2A 7A 7

-7 GH

.2.0 % / &

• &

2 8 ; N&9)* O0 -

7 7 < + 0 + 9

2A 7A A 9 0 "

8 9 ?

2 NJ&& O == 8

8 0 2 8

0 "

₌

N O

= N O 0 "

7 0 " 2 1 30

($ *"

# $

! 5" $

< < : "

& ) "" ,)

" )) #

"&

($ *"

# $

! 5" $

< < : "

& ) "" ,)

" )) #

"&

($ *"

# $

! 5" $

< < : "

& ) "" ,)

" )) #

"&

1 F/ $ 2

" =

! + = +

; = 8 2

7 8 8 0 9 2

A 2 8 0

= 8 2 8 0

• " ττττ ϕ ϕ ϕ ϕ

7 8 Nϕ τ O9 ; 7

8 N 7 8

9 8 %)O0 7 9 A / , R )9HK >3

^%

ϕ R %9&*J

τ R )*G 0

(45)

-7 G*

.2.< % $ $ '& " '

9 =

=

0 = /

+ +

+ = − ^# ^{. 7:}

" == 7 8 = ; /

O N

ϕ τ ϕ

+ 5 +

+ = +

∆ _# _{. 79}

" 8 GK = 8 /

( ) = + ∆ + 5 ( ) = + + + + ⁺

&

O O N

N τ

ϕ # . 73

" 8 == 9

L 8 L 2

= 0

280 290 300 310 320 330 340 350 360

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500

t (s) Tréac (K)

0,01 K/s 0,02 K/s 0,027 K/s 0,04 K/s 0,06 K/s

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500

t (s) Tréac-Tref (K)

0,01 K/s 0,02 K/s 0,027 K/s 0,04 K/s 0,06 K/s

5 )F&

G&&

G%&

G)&

GG&

GH&

G*&

GI&

& && %&&& %&& )&&&

N O

N3 O

=

1 %&/ , A 7 8 == / '

==

S R &9&)J 3S

(46)

8 2A 7A 7

-7 GI

" = %& , %& !

2A 7A )9J $9 A &9&&G $9

&9%* 9 &9&% ; &9&I 3 0

^%

0 " = %& - 8

=

9 9

&9&)J 30

^%

0 .2.7 % " ! & #

" 7 ; 8 N∆

R *K9K 3 -

5) )

R )9J $O9 ∆ 3 − F% 9 ) : ± 9 I _ 2A

7A 0

" 8

= 8 ? 7 8

8 0 " = 2 = %& ,0

8 8 0 /

% K

IG)&

2 %&

0 %%

9 I −

⁻

= +

* )K&G * 9 GK "

⁾

0

⁾

2 −

= +

4 == A 8 0 " = %%

8 2 = 0

1 %%/ - 2 / + = )FG + & 9 &)J

W5

) )

X R )9J $ T W-

) J

X R &9&&G$

" 2 0

"L A = H9% %&

^G

A == %9% 30

" 8 9

2 7 8 0 9

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000

290 295 300 305 310 315 320 325 330 335 340

N O N3O

7 2

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000

290 295 300 305 310 315 320 325 330 335 340

N O N3O

7 2

(47)

-7 GJ

9 7A 7 N 2 L 7 9 7

O 0

= 2 7 8 9 =

; ; 9 ;

8 Z 7 = 0 9 8

8 ? = N 2 /

O9 = 8 L 8

8 0

.@ % " $ & , #

" = 8 ; ;

0 " = 2 ? 8 A 7 8 == 9

9 0

" 7 7 8 ? 8

A 7 8 == N 7 8 O0

- = 7 7 8 ; / ϕ = % 9 &*J 9

FJ

%

9 *

⁻

= 64

7/ τ = %&* 9 % 0

.@.0 % $ $ '& " '

" = %) = 2 ;

7 8 8 9 N 2A 7A = 2 ; )9J $

7 &9&&G $O9 2 == N)F)9K* 3 G)G 3O0 ,

7 8 9 = 2 ; &9%* 0

290 291 292 293 294 295

0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000

t (s)

Tréac(K)

Tréac Tp

300 310 320 330 340 350 360

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900

t (s) Tréac(K)

Tréac Tp

1 %)/ 2 9

W5

) )

X R )9J $ T W-

) J

X R &9&&G$

(48)

8 2A 7A 7

-7 GK

= 8 ; 9

7 < = 7 8 / = 8

< N 8 O ;

2A 7A 0

9 7 8 = = /

,N O R '∆ 59 ∆ %9H* 30 + , N

8 O9 ; )FH9G 3 R I0%&

^H

0

^%

0

^%

8 ; @ &9)

^%

; = 2

8 :; 0

" = ? 8 0 == 9

A 7 ; /

( ) ( − )

+

−

=

∆ + +

+ + 5 +

&

ϕ τ # . 6;

+ 2 8 a 8 a

= 7 8 8

7 8 9 7 ; 0

( ) ( − )

+

− +

=

∆ +

= + +

+ + + 5 + + +

&

ϕ τ # . 60

G%&

G)&

GG&

GH&

G*&

GI&

GJ&

& )&& H&& I&& K&& %&&& %)&&

N O N3O

G%&

G)&

GG&

GH&

G*&

GI&

GJ&

& )&& H&& I&& K&& %&&& %)&&

N O N3O

&9&

&9)

&9H

&9I

&9K

%9&

%9)

& )&& H&& I&& K&& %&&&

N O .

1 %G/ +

W5

) )

X R %9K $ T W-

) J

X R &9&&G$9

&

R G%G 3

- = : 8 = 8

= 8 0 ∆

= = 0 N= %GO

(49)

-7 GF

.@.< % " ! & #

, 8

8 7 0

2A 7A %9K $ ∆

H%9G 30 " 7 ∆ 3 ; FI9% @4 2A 7A 0

- 7 0

, = : 9 =

8 8 0 - 9 8 7 7

8 N@

_&

9 9 ∆5

^&

S( 9 ∆

^&

S( O9 < 0 = Y ==

/ " 8

8 < 9 9

8 0

I 9 /

% F

I*J&

2 %&

0 JH 9

% −

⁻

= +

* )J)* H 9 F% "

⁾

0

⁾

2 −

= +

4 " = %H 2

8 0

" 2 1 2 0

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

312 314 316 318 320 322 324 326 328

N O N3O

7 2

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

312 314 316 318 320 322 324 326 328

N O N3O

7 2

1 %H/ ' 8 8

W5

₎ ₎

X R %9K $ T W-

₎ _J

X R&9&&G $ T

_&

R G%G 3

" 8 7

0

(50)

8 2A 7A 7

-7 H&

)

&

) H I K

%&

%)

&9&&%* &9&&) &9&&)* &9&&G &9&&G*

%S N3

^%

O N@O

N@O N@O N@O

8 8 , +

)

&

) H I K

%&

%)

&9&&%* &9&&) &9&&)* &9&&G &9&&G*

%S N3

^%

O N@O

N@O N@O N@O

8 8 , +

"L A = %9F %&

^G

A == &9*) 30 "

8 7 A 8 7 2

8 0 , 9 8 8 ?

A 2 8 7 A 8 = Y =

0 .:% $

" 2A 7A /

8 9 A 7 8 == N, +O 8 0 -

= 8

0 = %*9 8 @

= 0

1 %*/ - 8

" = 8 7 2 ?

A 8 0

" 2 8 9 8

== 7 8 = , +

; == 0 "

8 8 8 0

== 7 0

(51)

-7 H%

G/ -

S( N3O " N@

&

O ∆ 5 N@4S O −∆5

^&

S( N3O −∆

^&

S( N O

, 8 IF)& )%9I* FH9I )JJI *9%F

, + IG)& )&9)G F%9) )K&G *9GK

8 IJ& )%9)K FI9% )J) H9F%

8 I _ S( H_

7 0 - ; A /

% F

II&&

2 %&

0 GF 9

% −

⁻

= +

* 9 ∆ 3 = − FH *: 0

⁻^%

9 )JIK * 9 %I "

⁾

0

⁾

2 −

= +

4 " 7 7

0

%

H 9

FK

⁻

−

=

∆ 3 *: 3 W%FJ)X0

8 5 9

0 3 2

2A [ N 5 ≈ H9JO 8 !

N 5 ≈ G9)O0 " ! R G%G 3

&9I

^%

9 3 G9K

^%

0 5 )9J ? 8

2 / == 9 R G%G 39 @ R &9FJ

^%

0 , 9 2A 7A A

7 9 == 7 = N 7 8 9

7 8 9 = A 7 8 == O

7A 7 8 ; 0 8 =

; 8 U 2 =

0 2 9 8 8

< 2 2A 7A 8

: 2 9 7

2A 7A 8

7 0

" 8 7 7

7 8 0

(52)

% 5

/ 4 1

/ /

(53)

-7 HG .0 %

" U 7 8 = :

7 8 W, e %FFI9 $ %FK)9 %FK*9 %FKK9 @ %FJFX9

7 8 0 - 2 2 2 ; : W

)&&%9 7 )&&%9 + 7 %FFIX0 - 8 2

P 9 = 9 A 8 7 2 7 8 /

2A 7A 7 0

" 7 2 ; P =

; : = 0

"

; = 2 8 0

2 8 W>

%FFK9 $ %FK*9 < %FKH9 ' > %FJ&9 5 @ %FIFX 8

= Y 8 0

.< % $ $ " '& $

- 2 2A 7A

7 8 0 ,= 7 8

9 2 9 0

- ; 7 9

0 = 2 2A

= 2 7 ; 0 "

7 2 ,0

7 ; =

=

N 2 !O0 " 2 ; N

O 0 " 2

= 8 == 0 -7 8

/ 2A 7A 9 8

8 7 8 9

: 8 8 A 0 "

0