HAL Id: tel-02594293
https://hal.inrae.fr/tel-02594293
Submitted on 15 May 2020HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci-entific research documents, whether they are pub-lished or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers.
L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.
Quand une citadelle technique se soumet à l’épreuve de
l’impératif délibératif
C. Bedu
To cite this version:
C. Bedu. Quand une citadelle technique se soumet à l’épreuve de l’impératif délibératif. Sciences de l’environnement. Doctorat en sociologie, Université de Strasbourg, 2010. Français. �tel-02594293�
!!
"
!
!
#
"
$
%&
' & & (&) %& ! (" * !
+ ,- ( !) ,./.
" !
# 0
! $ ' 1 & 2 & & $ $
" ) & 2
+ 3 + 4$ ' 1 & 5 ' %& $ 5
'" / '" ) 6 "(( & 7
* ++ $ ' 1 & 2 $ '"
'"& *+ $ ' "& " 2& * 8 9 " &5 " $ "
( 6 !) 5 7 ' (( $ ": 1 2 $ 5 " ) & 2 6 "(( & 7 ; < + =+ $ ": 1 2 $ & )" ! '" 6 "(( & 7 CemOA : archive ouverte d'Irstea / Cemagref
! " , CemOA : archive ouverte d'Irstea / Cemagref
! " >
$
# %
%
# % &
CemOA : archive ouverte d'Irstea / Cemagref! " ? CemOA : archive ouverte d'Irstea / Cemagref
! "
@
$
'
* "5" # & & & & $ 1 2 %& 9 !" "A B (& )& $ ! & ( %& ( 5 2 " %& ! " %& $ "5 &
( ! ! ! & " "& ! 2 " ! " ) 5 $
C !) &! # D 6 &$ ,..?7B & $ ! " , C
' %& * !!& " D 9 5 '" "&( !) " ( & ( 1 %& ! "!( " ! " (" (" 5 B ; ( ( & & "(( 2 %& %& " ! ! ! " "& &!& & & ( & " 2"2 (" " '" "& &
( " 5" " $ "5 & " (" & # "& 2 %& ! ) " " & $ " " %&" %& ( " A& ,..> 9 " 2 "
5 & ( A "& " !) ,..? 6 &$ ,..@7B ( ! # "
# ( %& $ A & ) 9 ( "!( ( & 6 7
C (" (" 5 DB ' 1 & 5" " " !" " " " " $ A " ( & ( A " 9 " " 8 !(" " 5 ( & " (" 6( & = " = $ '" 5 "& " 7B " " & 5 " & 9 " 1 $
"5 ") 1 " ! ( 1 " " 5 & ( ! " 5
B * 9 ! ! " %& ! & # $ %& A "5" & %& & " (" (" & (&) " " 2 9 ( $ ! "
! ( ( & ) & # =" 9 " ( $ ( & "
! " (" (" 5 " !" "& ( ") B *& & " (" &A "
! 2 $ A ( (" " ( 5 5 " 2 " "
(" & ") " (&) $ ; &5 "( ! & & 5 & $ & 5 & )" 9 !!& "& " $ & "& ( ") $ "5 %& A "5" A& %& " !!& & ) $ ( & %& A & 5" & 5"2& &
( & " " 2 5 !! &) B CemOA : archive ouverte d'Irstea / Cemagref
! " E CemOA : archive ouverte d'Irstea / Cemagref
! "
-%& ( "& !) ( %& A & " ! ( & ! "5 " !("2 $ & & &(( & "& 2 "5 & "& ) %& ( &5" $ A " 5 2 F " A 5" "8 ! " %& 2& G " &) ( $ A"!" %& %& & !( %& 1 2& (" " 2 " 1 " ( 1 & "! " $ ) $ " & " & ! 5 & ( ( & ( & A"!" ! (" H
' & 1& & & $ & "2 & (" & # 6 " " ( &(" " 7 !! & 2 (" & " ! !)I " J ) & $ 6( & & ! # 7 !! & 5 8"2 "& &5 ! 1 %& $ "& ! & K
"5 & & ! & " " F ' & ! 1& & "& $ & ( & L $ 2 " 9 "$ & ! " 2 & B " !" " # &# &
! ( $ &5 $ $ & ( & & ( &5
! 1 !" B 8 " & ! ! 5 ") ( " $ " " ( " & " $ ( " & !" "& %& " & " # $ %& M !" 5 !) " & "& "2 %& B N&" " ( A $ "11 ) ! !! $ ! %& (& $ %& A " ( 1 "%& ! & $
%& ( &5" ! "(( B
+" ( ! # ( %& A 5 & " ! ! " ) $ ! & # $ %& ! " &A & & & $ " 1" $ "5 & & & 1 " ) " ") B ; " & " "
K ! " & "8" & 2 " ) "& ! B ; " ) 1 & & & "5 $ &A & ( ) $ & & %& A ( &5" ( ( $ %& " ( " (
2 ! ( " C ) & "2 2 " D 6A " !) "(( !" " "& 2 ! ( !( & H7$ %& " " $ "%& 1 $ 9 ! & %& (" !! !! C 2& D$ &5" &A & " 1 !& " A& & ( &
! "2 !" & ( ) A & & ( &" " &5
1 %& B ' & & "$ ( & & "5" ( $ & " " $ ( & "5 ( ( A # A& %& "& ) & $ C & & H D$ A ! "&A & & $ "5 ) "& &( ! & ( %& !" %& " (" $ A & I $ 1" & B & "5" $ M & & ( ! " & (" & 9
CemOA
: archive
ouverte
d'Irstea
! "
O
1"P )A " " 8 9 & " !( %& & ! ) $
! !" %& A9B
; & 9 ! % " !!& "& & )" "
( $ ( & "5 1" " ( ! $ " 1 " # ! %& !" ! $ " " " "5" ") " 1 %& A (# $ & " & & & 5 ! 2 !B *L $ A ! (" & " " 2"= ") $ ( & "5 (
* 5 (" " " " "%& "5" "& " (" 5& A & B ; ! 2" ! ; " =' (( $ J" $ 5 8 +" 2 $ &) $ *" + " $ " " & & %& ( & ( ! "2 & )G ! * 8 =
" " = # $ ( & "5 &11 ! " %& A &" & ! " & = & " !!& "& 1 %& ( = (" & ") & "&$ 5
" "&$ Q " $ R" " & 8= " Q & A = ( & & 5 " 1$ " ( " 2 " ! " 5 %& ! " L !) !( 1 " 5 & %&
! ( ! "5" " ! ( B *L " ( $ ! ! ! 5
& (" & # ! 9 "8! +" &J $ Q") & $ ' (( " $ !) " "& 6 ; " =+& $ ! %& $ "$ +"& $ + 3 $ " "$ )"
" 7$ "2 " 2 '"& * & & $ ( & "5 ) 5 & & " & "(( 2& %& A " " ! ( ! (" "& & 5 !!& "& " $
& 9 ( A & " " " (" & B ;& $ ! "5 (" "2 ! )& "& & = 5 " $ & ! 8( # &(( ! "& &! & B
" 2 " 1 " 5" 2" ! 9 & " & %& A " %& (" & & & ) & ! "5 ! B ! C (" " ( 1" D ( ! " & & ! ( $ 8 5 5" & & "2 " !!& "& & )" 5 " ( &
( (" (" 8 $ ! ( & !( " $
1 !& ! ! ! 5 %& 6"& 7 5 "5" 9
( ! &5 " ! " (" (" 5 B * ! ! "& " (& & 6"& ) 7 " " ( & ( !" 5 & " A "& ! ( & ! ( A B &
%& ( ( $ ! "!! 9 +& Q "! $ +"& " $ " " $ " ! "& !!" & * "!(" B 2 " ! 2" ! "& & & 5 " " 1 9 ! "5" $ + 3 "& $ S" T " $ *" J) 2$ S5 ! $ ;& Q " S '& 2$ ;& " ( $ ! !) & " * " & &( !
K 1 %& C '" (" & (&) $ $ ! " (" (" 5 D F ( & &
CemOA
: archive
ouverte
d'Irstea
! "
U
"5 B ;& $ ! ( & !& " & &22 " & " ) " 5 B 1 $ A 5 & " ! ( " " (" (" "5 %& A " & " "5" 1 ( 1 & 9 ! & ( & 5" " & "5 8 $ " 5 ! $ '&) %& $ + $
! " "!! B
(" "2 ! ! 9 " " # ( & ( B
" ! ! $ ("(" !"!" $ 5 & 1 2& J ) 5 !! K B N& 5 & 9 (" ! %& A 5 & " ! F ' & & & "! & %& 5 & ! J$
" ! &8 $ C ! % D$ # 5 & B "& =
& ! (# = 9 %& $ ( & " & $ & $ "11 " 1"! " ( ") 9 & " # B " (" & & " " & & $ A & (" & %& A "& " "(") ! ( 9 ) & B & & ! $ & "5
!) & : 9 ( & ( " %& " ) " 1"! H & 1 & V& 9 !" 2 " =!# $ ( & & !( "& & & 2 "(("
G " ) 5 & B "& 9 ! 1 # & $ !" ) = V& 5 "$ !" V& "W 6! " 2 7$ ! $ " & $ ! ! =1 # $ ( & & & &
& "2 ! ( !" F ' $ 5 ! " " & & " ! ! & $ 5 " 2 6C ) ! ) * D7 ! " "& V& B "
& 5 " " K (" & 2 "( " 5 ) "5 & " F
+ $ A " ! " ! !" !!& "& "! " $ %& " 1" ( &5 & & " 1" B $ , ( & " 1 " $ " & & $ ( ! ! !" ! 1 X A " & $ %& " ( & " (" " 5 "5 "& F
9 5 & & $ 5 5 !" H $ " $ $ ;& *8 $ ( " $
& & ! %& 5 & "5 J &A & 9 ( & ! " & B A"! $ %& ( 1 %& ( & = & !" " Y $ '"& $ ' "& $ " $ ;& F & & " "& $ %& "& " =A 1" " & ! ! !( $
1 "& & %& %& ) &5"2 ) 1 " $ %& ! 1" ( $ "& " M A " &A & (" $ " " %& A " K "& ) & B * " & 9 5 !" # $ 5 & ! "5 J & $ 5 $ & ( & 1 X 5 & "5 J (" "2 ! A
&(( A& %& "& ) & ! (" ! B "& 9 ! "! " " $ * $ ; " "$
CemOA
: archive
ouverte
d'Irstea
! "
/.
;& $ R 8 " $ %& (" "2 "& )" & " F " 9 " ( & "1 " " %& $ 5 !("2 H
"& 9 & %& (" "2 & ) & )& " !" 5 " $ " )
! ) ( X " B
; ! & ( " ! ! "! & $ " $ ;& $ " $ !" F %& " ( 1" " " "& %& $ ( " &T " "& 1 !& " %& 5 & B Q " P F ; ( %& 1"& " ) 5 " ! C " 2
" 6 7$ ( Z6( 8 7 2 [$ ( Z L "& ! [$ ! 2 Z"(( "2 (" &! & [F ; " " 9 ! " ( "%& ( ! $ & 5 & B ; (# %& 2"2 9 " "& & ! 11 H " $ " F
-1 $ A ! ! ! $ ( & ! K 1" 1 " ( & "5 " 2 & %& ! !) " " "& 5 ( & X ( & ! K ! 9 " G " %& A "5" ) ( & 5 $ (" 1 $ "5 !! %&" *" ")8 " " !
!) " ( . / F
; (# %& ! & "& "& " ( " 9 2 %& A " & 9 B
CemOA
: archive
ouverte
d'Irstea
! " // CemOA : archive ouverte d'Irstea / Cemagref
! " /,
+
# $ " ( "& " 5 )" 6" \ ]7 " 5 ! 5 )" 6 &5& "& !!& "& " ,..O7
' " " ' ! * " 2& * 8 &5 " ' =( * * 5 (( ! ** '+ * !! + " 5 '&) + "& **N * * & " 1 N&" % & ' ( =" = 5 Q ; & C Q !" = D 9 " ! " (" (" 5 &( ! * * 8 ( *' * ! ' "2 ' &( ' "2 ^ / ' ! _ T= 1 !" ^ , & #! _ T= 5 2" ^ > #! _ T= ) " Q G =1 &! * C 5 8 D * &5 2 1 !" " * !!& " 0 % ' # CemOA : archive ouverte d'Irstea / Cemagref
! " />
1
$ ' 2 3 + 45 1 46 $ #) 0 # 43 + 56 7 8 59 1 # 65 ! # * ' ( +, /B + 5 & )" 9 & " (" (" BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB?> ,B + ( "& 9 "2 " & )" (&) BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB-, >B + & "& & ( A ( BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBU.! % * #-#
/B +" = 5 BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB/.@ ,B + )& " & ( A ( BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB/,/
! + * .
#,)
/B %& " ( & BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB/-O ,B 5 & & A & ( ) !" %& BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB/UU >B +" ) " " ( & 8( C ! (&) D BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB,// ?B & ( & ( ! A& 8 8 " 1 " P" BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB,?,
! / ( %0)
/B + & " BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB,EE ,B + & " %&" " BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB,O?
! ) 1 ( +0+
/B + " 2 " " " 8 BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB>E? ,B + "5 1 " ( # " BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB>EE
! 0 2 ( /)+
/B " 6 7 " (" (" BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB?@@ ,B + C ( # D " 5& (" A& BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB?O/ >B +" ( ( & A& BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB@.-!34!*.5$34 )%# ) ( : 256 + ' ; 259 264 < # : 26= 2>6 ? # 229 )00 CemOA : archive ouverte d'Irstea / Cemagref
! " /? CemOA : archive ouverte d'Irstea / Cemagref
! " /@
$46 3(.!6$34
● ● ● C = $ ! ( % @ A : B ' ' % @ A ) :\'" ] 0 '" (" %& %& "&F ; 5" (" %& A 8 " !" 5 & & J ) $ 8 " (" " %& !( (" H * " %& A ( " %& A ( &5" K & $ ` =9=
11 5 ! ! & ) & !! (" " 2 "&
9 " ( $ A & %& & "& & $ ( & %& A " (" "(") & "5 Y * !! & $ %&" " 5 "( # $ " 5 & &A %& (" 1 ! & " $ (" %& B 9 "&$ & ) 9 (" ( & "5 "! $ A " (" ! B A ( " "
9B D
aaa
C \'" ] 0 " 2 ! 9 ( "& !" " $ 5 & 1" (" %& A 1" " (" & (" A " "& 2"2 & " $ (" (" $ "
&! $ A &" A & %& $ 5 ") ! B " (" (" 5 $ A& ! B ; (" & ( ( %& 9 (" & ! ! M ( ) #! " ! $ 8 " (" ( ) #! B Q"& A& ! "& 5 "& & & $ !!
(" "5" B * !! & %& " 0 Z %
@ CB 8 " !( %& 9 (" & ! ! M ! "& 5 "& & & %& & ! %& !( D
\D8 # ) ! ( ] ● ● ● CemOA : archive ouverte d'Irstea / Cemagref
! "
/E
+ 1 ! ! " (" (" 5 1 & "5 ( 1" 8 "
( 2 5 ! " 8 #! ( " 1 ! " !( "
! "& "2 & &) 2" " 9 & 9 ( B + &
" ( ( 1 ! 2 " 5 A& "8" 1" (
& C " 8 D$ %& C E # % !
# DB ( # & $ %& & C # D$ = "5" "2 %&
( 1" ( & ( " !" = 1 %& %& " 2
$ "&11 ! !" %& $ " %&" " $ ! " ( $ " 2
" " ! "&BBB Y !) & "5"& ! %& "5 ( & " "( $ 8 " "(") 1 !& "5 %&" ( & " & &5 " " ) " (" " (&) %& "5 5 ( &(
& B %& ( ! $ 8 " (" ( ) #! (" & $ !! ( & = 2" 1" 1 & 1 " ) " 8 $ ( & %& 6 7 & " 6 7 Y A &
"5" B
" & ! $ 2 2 "( %& ! 1 %& ! & B
& & 11 2 ! ( & ( ! ( ) $ " !!
_" T $ !( & " ( 1 )A & 0
C +" ! & !" # 5" & & " " # 2 " & "
( )A & "5 & " ( 1 %& & ! $
"5 "& " ( 1 $ 9 %& " "((" %& "& )A #5
( )") ! " D 6,..?$ (B OU7B
5" & $ ( %&" ! " & B ( # "5 ( " ( ) !" %& " # $ & ( ( " ( $ ( & &
& 5& !) & !" "& !( %& $ 1 " " & & " # B
1
& ( " 8!" " & 2 & & "8" (" ( 9 & ( !
" " & ( A ( % ! 1 " 6 5 & ! 7 ( ! & (" " 8! " !( # B +" &
( 8 "8" ( (" 9 ( 0 ( ( & "5" $ "
( ! " ( " &" & C " ) " D ! 1 %& & " (" &
( ( ( %& " (" !!" " B CemOA : archive ouverte d'Irstea / Cemagref
! "
/-0
#
* # ( & " ! " " " 2 &5 " & 5 "& ( ") (" & !" (" (" 5 B " " & * 5 (" " "
" ( $ & "5 "! 9 ( ( A ( $ %& "!! (" " ( $ " " " 5" &" & C " 8 D
( " & C DB "5"
" $ ( & %& $ 9 & 8( # !"A & B +" ( ! # & C &5 G2 " (&) %& D$ 8( # "%& " 2 !
(&) %& " !" &) 9 & 1 ! & & "& (" (" ( $ (" (" %& (" " & & ( ) "! 2" ! " %&" $ ( & ( & %& & ) " %&" ! (" ! (" (" B * 8( # &5 & ( ! # 1 !& " " " /UO.$ "5 "!! " ( ( ") !" (" (&) "2 !!& " 6 ") !" $ /UO-X /UU>7$
"5"& ( ( %& " " 6/UO@X ,..,X ,..?7
2 $ "5# ! & #! ( %& " (&) %& $ & " 9 " C '& " (&) %& D & C 5 (&) D 6+"&1 $ /UO?7B ( (" ! "8 ("
&) " = !" & " = " 2 " " 5 " (" (" $ " 1 " ( 1 ) " 1 & 1 &(( & & 6 "&
! $ ,..,X "& $ ,..?7B +" 8( # ! 2 &
! " %& 6*" $ /UUU7B + " %& $ (" " # ! 9 5 & ( & $ " &) " !K! %& C ! ( %& D 6 " $ ,..E7 %& " ") ! " 2 0 " !" # ( ! # & )" (&) " !" ( (" ! & (" C !) 2 %& D$ " & " !
5 1 %& $ )" ( %& $ 2 A& = 2 ! " F * !) 2 & &5 "& 8( (" ( %& $ C 1 &! 8) D$ " " (" & C ( 1 " & " D "& &%& " & 2# )" ( & ")
!( ! 1 %& ! ( "& ) $ ! %& ! 5 ") =
( %& ! " ! ) B G " & $ " " 8 %& 2"2 9 & L 6*" $ /UUU7$ 9 2" 1 &! 8) ( & 2 " ! $ 9
" 9 &5 1 ! " 2 %& ! " B CemOA : archive ouverte d'Irstea / Cemagref
! "
/O
" ! " & " " 8 & ! ! "(( ( " & #! (" (" 1 "& & 2" " )& "& " %& " $ & ( 2 5 !
= " ( & "& " ( 5& ( ! 2 "5 = & " ( ( "2!" %& ( & 8( C ! (&) D 9 " " 2 &5 "
5 & )" B & 8 "5 & (" " ! "(( & !" "& !( %& " ) ) 2 "( B
N& 11 "(( " & " " & " &5 1 ! ! " Y ' & "!( ("8 "2 ) ) 2 "( %& " ( 9 "& 5 $ ( &
2 &( 2 " " 2 B & (" $ & "(( !" 5 &
( ( %& 11 P" 1 C ! " " "
! " D 6*" $ +" &! $ ,../7B ( (" !( "& & " & " ! " ) " 5 6Q& 2 ^ 2 $ ,..>X Q& 2$ ,..@7$ & 9 & & " ! " %& 6*" $ /UUOX " ) $ ,../X & "& # $ ,../X *" $ +" &! $ ,../X " ) ^" $ ,..>7B "& "(( ( & L " " 8 = ( 5 $ & 5" " (" 1 " (" (" " %& C & ( # D ! " K ( %& ! & & 6 "& $ ,..?X ,..O7$ 2 ( " !" # %& " " & " ( C &5 2 "!!" " (&) %& D C A (" (" 5 ) " 5 D 6 "&
! $ ,..,X "& $ ,..@7B " ( ( 5 $ 5 "& " " 8 " J 5" 0 " 1 " ( & $ 8( 2 5" &" ( & (" (" 5 $
( 1 ) " (&) %& "A 5 & (" (" F
" "5" "2 " " C ) : D " (" (" ) " $ " "5"&
( ! ! & !( " 5" ! 2"2 ! ( !
" & (" "(( 9 &5 11 ! " %& = %& ( & " " 6 & " = &( $ ,..@7 & ( & ( " 6 " ) $ ,..@"7B "& "5"& " " 8 " 1 !" &)A 5 & (" " (" (" 6*" $ ,..EX Q & "&$ ,..-7 & " & $ 9 "5 " (" (" $ & C 2 "!!" (&) %& D 2 &5 " " 2 ) " 1 ( ! " 9 & %& 8 ( 5
& " %& C ) 8 D 6 " ( $ ,..E7B & L &! " (" (" 5 $ !) & 9 " " # &5 ! 2 "( %& ( & " ( " " 8
( 1 (" (" 1 & ) " 1 6 Q & "&$ ,..EX " $ "& $ ,..-X
Q " S '& 2$ ,..-7 ( 1 ! " " 2 ( !
6 "& $ " & $ /UUUX " %& $ 8 $ ,..@7B * & " " " 8 %& ( 1
CemOA
: archive
ouverte
d'Irstea
! "
/U
( 2 (" & #! "(( 9 5 "5" "2 ( " B + 11 " 9
2"2 # ( $ ! V&5 $ 5" &" ( & $
)& 9 ") 6 _ ;B Q _ $ ,...X Q & "&$ ,..@X _ Q _ $ ,..@X Q & "&$ ,..-7B * " ( & ( " 1 ! C ! !( D$ 2& ( " %& &
! 2 "( $ "( " " ( & 1 ! #2 (
! V&5 & ( ) !" ! 11 ") ( & 6Q& 2$ ,..>X
& 2 8$ ,..@X " + 5 $ ,..@X Q& 2$ ,..E7B
" "!( ") "!! 1 & " ! " (" (" 5 &, ) " 5 $
& %& %& & $ "((" " (" " %& %& C (" ) & D 1 ( & 5 2" 1 %& 0 " (&) %& (" (" 5 C " 1" D$
( ) " ! " %& 5 $ ! "
1") " 5 & C "5 8 DB ( " $ !( "
( 2 5 ! "11 ! & "& 2 "5" B
( ! &$ "%& C " (" (" " !( 9 (" ! (" & # $ "& "5 ( 1 ( & & ! " " D$ 2 " 6 "& $ ,..O$ (B,>7B " "2 & C !( " 1 (" (" 1 D ( & ( & ( 2 " $ ( 1 1 & ( & ( & 5 " " $ & = " " ( & 9 & !" " (" (" !" 1 " 6 A $ ,..E7B +" 2 # ( 1 (" (" 1 &5 ( !! 2 %& " $ " 5 ( %& " "& ( & 8 1 " B * " "5"& " " 9 "! ( !# ( & C & " D
5 & & !" " ! " (" (" 5 $ 5" "!! "A& ! " & C ") " ( " D %& & & ( 1 (" (" 1 (" ! 2 " !!" " $ ( " " (" (" 6Q " S '& 2$ ,..-7B " !! #! = =9= ( & & & $ & & ") & & " = (" (" 1
) " 1 ! = = "& & 2" " %& 5 %& $ !! 5 %& = = Y +" C 5 D 9 #! $ "5" " ") " " ( " $ 1" =
2
+ & ! ) " 5 " "& ( 1 (" (" 1 (" &5 $ " ( &(" "5"&
9 1" "((" ": " ! " ) " 5 !! & 5" " " " ! " (" (" 5
6 &5 $ ,..-7B ; & C & D ( & & %& "!( ( 1 " (" (" "
) " &5 (" " ! B !" ( &5 K (" (" 5 " K ) " 5 $
& !! !" 1 & " ) " ( & & 5 (" " ! & )A 1 !( "
& (&) B ( 1 ) " 1 ( & (" (" 1 ( & (" (" 5 ( &
) " 5 $ 1 ! ! " %& %& 5 (( 9 & " & &5 & ! B
CemOA
: archive
ouverte
d'Irstea
! "
,.
" & ! Y * ( ! # " & ( 5 %& # & " "!! !) B + 2 # )& " & ( A %& & "5 ( "5 "&
& 2 " 2" " )& "& " %& " " ( 9 " 6 71 !& " 5 " !!" " "& ! " "(( ( " & #! (" (" 1 (" & !!" " B * "(( $ ( ( & "8 " "!( " " ! %& " (" (" = & "& !" (" (" 5 " &5 & "& " &
!!" ( %& " "& ) ( " " 2" " &
1") " =$ %& & "5 ( 5 2 11 &" & =" " ( " 2" " !!" " $ "& & 5 & )" B + 5 "& ( ") $ (" & $ " & & ( ! ( ( & C ! 2 D
5 ! %& $ 2" " ( %& " (&) %& (" (" 5 C " 1" DB
&$ " " & & " (" (" ! 9 ( & 2 " !) (
" !" " ( ! $ !( " " %& ( ! 1
"! "2 ! & )" 6 " ) $ ,../X " ) $ ,..@X " $ "& $ ,..-X "!!" $ " $ ,..O7$ !" "& " "& " "& 2! ") & ! C
D !! & "& ( ") $ %& ( & ! & & 2& ( 9 " # =( " " 5 %& " ( %& " B ' & %& 11 $ "5 8 Y ' & & ( 1 "& "!! $ " ( ! # )A 9 " (" (" & (&) " ( & 5 %& ( & " 2& "5 & "2 B + & ( 9 ! %& "& ( ") 1" (" ( & 1 " & & & # $ %& ("
%& & K 9 2" 5 2 " ! %& " 8 1 !
( P& 6 &( & " ! " $ " " & 2 I $ & ( ( & $ "& ( A&2 5 F7B & " !" # $ " 1"P !" "& ( ") &5
" " " & ( " !! & !) 2 5" $ &) $ &8"& ! & )" 2 %& $ )& (" 9 " 2 2" & )A B !) &
"5"& ! %& " ! ( " !" (" (" 5 1" %& ( & A & C ( ( %& D 6 " %& $ 8 " B$ ,..@7 " 1 "& ( "
" " $ 9 "5 #! "8" " 9 5 ! !! " & %&" 6( ( $ & " $ "! "2 ! (" (&) F7 X " " (" (" & 2 & ( "!# " & " ) 5" & 9 1 !& 8( # & C 5 ! & ( %& D 6 "& $ ,..>7 (" " (" (" B & $ ( " !
CemOA
: archive
ouverte
d'Irstea
! "
,/
( %& ( " "& " !" " !K! & &A 6 & )A 7 %& ! )" B
* !! & 2 B & $ " )& ( ( !K! C !
(( & ! )" (&) 0
C + (" "2 %& & ( ) #! 5 & " & Z(&) [ 1" ( & & ! & " )& $ & %&" ( ( B * =9= %& " & " " 9 11 & "5" !( & ! !!& B 6F7 +" !" " " %&
& & & (& " ( & 1" & ( $ ( & 5 ) "
%& $ ( & 1" " !( Z " [B 6F7 \+ ] " " # %&
\ ] (" & ) " $ " & ") " %& " & D 6,..U$ (B,>7
" ! ( %& & ( 11 5 ! " ! " !" $
& "5 9 & ( & "2 " ( & & ( ! ( %& & )A %& "& ( ") $ 9 " 1 " $ ( & " !" " (" & !( " ( 1
%& "& 5 "& " B " & $ "& 6( ") 7 (" ( & 5& A (" (" 5 $ !! ! 2 !& ( 6 " 5 7 ! "& )" (&)
!( " $ 9 & " B * !" $ %& !( !( &
K !( ! ") 9 5 & (" (" 5 ! " " (&) %& "
& 5 $ & " & (" ( & " C !( " 1 ) " 1 D$ & " & 11 5 " (" (" ") C ( D (
" $ 5 8" !! " !" 8 "2 $ & !! ( & "! 9 "2 B
" " & $ " ! ! 9 C 1 )A b ! "
(" (" 5 D 6Q " S '& 2$ ,..-$ (B@/U7 %& 9 C "&11 D 2" 6( %& $ 2 " $ " " 1$ ( 1" 1 %& 7 ( & )A C "& D$ ( & 5 !!
&(( & ! ( %& C 9 1 D$ 5 (" (" %& & = 5 ! " = " " ! & & ( ) = " !" 5 & & " ! " %& B
1 $ &5 !!" " 5" "5" !
(" (" 5 ) " 5 $ & 1 # 1 ! B " ( ( 5 $ &
9 ( & $ & (" & !!" " !! & C " & 2 ! & ") D>$ ( 9 & & 11 " ( %& B '" " & $ ( &
3
' & ( $ A & 5") "& !( = & &5 "2 " # 11 & (" B + !
6,..O7B 2& " %&" 1 " $ & ( %& & &5 11
CemOA
: archive
ouverte
d'Irstea
! "
,,
(" (" 5 & ) " 5 1") %& "! (" C ( " (" (" D %& " & & "5 =1" & ( ( ( " !" 6 A $ ,..@X ,..E7$ %&
9 1" "((" ": !! !" 9 " ! " %& ( & " ! 1 "& &"2 I! & ") & !!" B & L $ ( & ( & 1
&5 ( & ( & & 5 " " %& X "& $ 5 " " 1" & "(( ( & " %& 2 2 " ! V&5 &
( 1B "&A & & $ & ( & " & 1 ") " & # 5" &" " ! (" (" 5 & ) " 5 ( & $ & !) %& "!( !( %& ") " &" " ( & ( !# ) " 1
2 B & 1 $ "5"& ( 5 2 " & "(( 2 "( %& ( & ( " 5 ) " 5 $ ( & " (" & # "& "A 2"2 !
C !( 8 D " " ( & 8( 1 " 8 $ 9 "
1"P 8 ( ( & ) 5 ! "1 ( & & "5 1 " 6Q " S '& 2$ ,..-X Q & "& "1 $ ,..-X 2 $ ,..U7B " " ( & & "5
8 ! & $ $ &A & & C ) : DB + 5 & !) 1&
!) !8 & ! " ) & " 1 5 8 1" "
& "2 & " (&) %& ( & " 2&! 1"P 2 5& & ) !!& K 2 " B & !" (" (" 5 & ( & %& (
5 ! $ & C ( D %& 5" K ( (" ( "2 "5 "& ( "2 $ !" "& 1 ! ( & "& & B * " & "
&A & & ( " & & & " 2 B " 2 " !& ( & & ( & 8( C ! (&) D "!! A& 8 8 6( & %& Q& 2$ ,..>X * )8$ ,..?X " Q "$ ,..@X " + 5 $ ,..@X c T ! $ ,..@X
2 $ ,..OX & !"$ * $ ,./.X 2 $ ,./.7$ ( $ & !) = = $
5 ") ! ( & " %& %& $
=9= & ! B *
& A & ( & " 1 "! " $ " ( & & ( & %& & ( ) "5 & !(" & " ( %& B & ( ( 2 ( & 8 "! %&
& ( " ! ! " ! !" 1 & ! # " ) " = " 2&! " C 1 & ! & " 2&! D = ( & ( 5 2 & "(( ( "2!" %& " & " " 8 1
" %& !! & C " & & ") D ( & A& 1 ( !" # "
(&) %& B CemOA : archive ouverte d'Irstea / Cemagref
Ce m OA : a rc hi ve o uv ert e d'I rs te a / C e ma gr ef ! "
,?
K 5 2 " ! " " K & !!& B '" " $ & 1" " & " 2"2 ( %& ( ! & 5 %&" 1 & 5" !) $ 5 & ! 1" " & ( " ( & & ! " 2 9 " 2 " 2&! B & "5 ( ( & & "(( ( " 2 ( "2!" %& B
2 " ! (" 2 ( "2!" %& $ & 2 ( " & " $ ( & (" & # ! $ C & !" 2 %& " "& ( " %& =!K! ( & =!K! D 6 &( $ ,..?7B + "(( ( "2!" %& " " 8 ! " ! " 2& # 9 (" " !( %& 0
C +" 2 %& 6F7 & Z %& " 1" !! [B + 2 "
( "2!" %& # 9 " 2 & %& !! $ %& 1"
& =!K! "& 0 " %& ( $ & %&
D 6 " &3 $ /UUU$ (B,U>7
* "(( & "!! "5"& & * 2 5" 4 &
&( 2 ' %& " "& & " 5
(& " /UO.B '" ! V&5 !" %&" $ &5 "2 B +" & B ^ 2" $ +
+ $ & " " 8 C " D " ( &
1 %& 6/U-O 6 B /UUE77B + "& & 5 " ( & " C "
1" D$ 2 "( " ! & & ! G ! 1 &
& 2 " & ( & &5 1 %& B + " ( & " C ! " D %& " =;" %& " " )" " & B *" $ %&
" !! (K & " "( & " 2 1"P 9 ( ") & 5" $ " !( " " & ") = &!" !! C " " D 9
(" # " 5 %& 6/UOE7B +" & "((
( "2!" %& 2" ! ) "& &( 9 &5 "2 +& " T +"& 5 $ ( ) 6/UU/7$ %& 9 ) & & ! ! " 2 ) & & $ ") " "(" " & 9 !( ) $ &" $ & & 5 =9=5 "& &
& ( 9 " A& B &5 " !) )& 1 %& & 5 ")& " !!& " 5 ! ") $ %& ( 5 2 ( &5 $ ( $
" & $ "&$ ( F +" 2 ( "2!" %& ( & 2" ! "
4 *1B___B B !(B1 5 *1B (0 2 (!B B1 CemOA : archive ouverte d'Irstea / Cemagref
! "
,@
( ( ( & " " 8 B %& & " (" & 2& $ %&
& 8 #! ( ( ! " !( " 5 2 !
" %& & " B ' & " 2" ! " ! " " 6 &!" &!" $ " A& 1 " F7 & !! ( 5 2 "
" 9 & & $ 1 & & "5" " "( 9 " ( 1 " ) 5 6 " &3 $ /UUU$ (B,U@=,UU7B '" " $ "(( ( "2!" %& & !) ( ( & & !" & 5 (" " " 2& " )A %& B
" " " 8 ( "!! "5"& QB * " "& "8 "& 6 %& " & "(( !( 5 " 9 & 5 "& ( & ( # %& 1 " & $ & "(( 1 2& " $ ( ! " `"(( ( & "& 9 &
!" B ' & (" $ "!) " "( # "(( 9
% B * ( &
" " 8 ( "2!" %& 5 & " 8 "! %& ) " 5 = " ) " " & "& " 2 C ( & 5 9 " " # ( & ! " 2&! 5& "(( & ( 9 & %& ( D =$ ( ! & ( $ "& ! !( " ! $ " & C 2 8 %& D %& 9 " 1 " " " 8 & "(( 1 " & ( 8" " 2 5 $ & C 2 ! " D %& " 5" & K " ) " & " & " 2&! " " 6* " "& "8 "& $ ,..-$ (B/,U7B " ( ( 5 $ & & " " & & 9
!( %& ! " (" A & " 2&! 5"
1 2& " 1 2& " 5 & A & " & &" B + " " 8 %& (" " 2&! 5" & (" ( "(( 1 $ " 8! &
" 2 %& " & " & &" & = 2 " 5& ( & 5 $ !" ( 5 2 ( & " %& ( & !( !! "2 & 1 )" $ !( " & ( " " 9 " 2 # "&
") ( (" ( "2 B !! $ "2 ( & " "A %& !" " & C !!& "& )" " D 6 &5 $ ,..-7 ( & !( !! & 1 8 ( ( & ( 9 & %& %& & ( $ !
2& $ 9 & 5 "& ! $ 1" & %& 2 " ( & 1 " 1B
6
Q " * " "& "8 "& & ` & 9 ` "& & " $ M 2
&( 2 ' "2!" %& 1 5 $ %& ( !& ( 5 9 (" " 2
( "2!" %& B *1B (0 2 ( B B1 B1 CemOA : archive ouverte d'Irstea / Cemagref
Ce m OA : a rc hi ve o uv ert e d'I rs te a / C e ma gr ef ! "
,-" " ( ( 5 & 2 ( "2!" %& " 5 9 ( 8 ( 1" 2"2 " " ( 1 (" (" 1 ) " 1 $ & "5 2" ! ! &
"&( # C A& D C (" D7B + %&K C & ( D & " I ( !) ,..- & & A& 8 8 " ,..> & "
& 6*L ! 7 " " 2 $ %& J &5 &
"&( # " & (" ( " 6 !!" " $ " " $ ( " " $ 8 =A& 7B " " ( ( 5 & 5" &" 8 " 8 ( " A" 5 ,..U$
&J " "5 A& ( & & & ( ( ( (
( 8B
( %&" 9 ( " !" & !( B * " & & " 1" )A & " ( ! & & " $ (" $ (" & ")
" ( $ %& )& 2 " =" & ( ! " "5 & 9 " 1 ! ") ( & " " 8 9B + 5 & & ( ( &((
" 6 " 8( C & D & C ! D$ $ ( $ ( $ "( (
8 C H DF7 5 " B * " & " 1 "2!
" ( & & 1 & ( & C ) & 11 "2 D & !( " "2 ( " # $ 2 " & 8 %& & ( "2 ") 9 " & $
& " B & "5 " ( ) 11 & 1 !
( ( & & B " & "5 (" ( " %& &( # ( & $ ( & & " B + & %& $ "& ( " %& B & ") $ & %& "((" (" 9 ) 5" & (" "2 & C ) D 1 !"
" & C !"&5" D & " & " 5" & 11 8
( $ " ) &)A 5 ! M !! C 5 ") D ( ( %&
2& ! ( &5" K 2& "& ( " " " " 8 B * 9 M 5 " & #! " 0 "& (" %& ) " (" ( " =
7
; !( ! ( (" 8 1"P 11 "& 2 "5" B
8
+ " ! &5 " /B
9
; 9 ! & ") " "& "5 2"2 11 1 " ( & & ( & $
2" ! "2 ") %& ( & ") &! ! ( & &(& & "5" " ( $ K ( 9
( 2 !)" %& " 5 & )" $ " %& !& " 5 " %& & "5
(& "5 & & A & ( ! 2 %& & 5 (" " ! " ( B *1B
___B &! ! B ! CemOA : archive ouverte d'Irstea / Cemagref
Ce m OA : a rc hi ve o uv ert e d'I rs te a / C e ma gr ef ! "
,U
( ) 1" "5 ( & (" (" 1 D ( & " "&$ ( " %& " (& 5 " 2"2 1 " ! "5" " & " (" " " & "& " & & B
0 " " !) ,..-$ ") " "5 & " " 5 ! " $ ( 10B & "! "( # =! $ (" (" % ! !) " " 5 ! " & ! !) & * " " " 8 " 2 $ " ( ( & ! ( " & !) " & & K "(( "5
( C "& D & C 8 DB '" " & $ ( ( &(( & A& 1 " ! = "1 ") & ! # " ( " 5 (" (" %&" 9 " ( " & 8 " " 2 "&B * ( !
"!! %& "(( & ( 1" 9 )A C "& D &! ! 8 &( (" " ! " "2 " ! " 1B ' & " 5 6 2& & " # $ ( " & ( ! & ( ! " 7$ & "5 ( (" (" & " " & " ( ! " B * " !
( & 1 $ 9 1 & " "!! $ " "( / "5" B
. ' 9
1 ( 5 ! " ( & 9 ( ( " ! "
(" (" 5 " %& " ( ( ( %& & " ( " & 8 " !" $ & A & C 1 !" =" D 9 " ! " (" (" 5 6Q 7 " P& ") " & ( " $ ! /- A" 5 ,..O "5 2 " "2 " "& 6 7 " 2 11 "&B
+" !" " " 9 & "( " B * " 5 " 5 9 ( & & %& 6 7 "& (" (" %& 8 ( (" & ( = & & 2 " (" "& B ( ! ( & 2 &( & 2 " !) ` $ 2 &(
6 5 & ! " 7 ") & 9 & & 1 ( "
`" B $ " %& ( "& 2 &( " " & 5" 0 C
10
(L $ " 5 ! $ *' '"8 " & "& " `" " "2 " ( &
` 5 ! 5 (( ! & ") 6___B ( B !7
11
"2 ( " & (&) %& $ A ! "5 & ( " & ( 5 $ " & " )& "& &
" ( $ ( & !( " "&B CemOA : archive ouverte d'Irstea / Cemagref