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HAL Id: jpa-00224145

https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/jpa-00224145

Submitted on 1 Jan 1984

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- entific research documents, whether they are pub- lished or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers.

L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

THE ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD AND THE PHOTO YIELD AT METAL SURFACES NEAR THE

PLASMA FREQUENCY

F. Forstmann, K. Kempa

To cite this version:

F. Forstmann, K. Kempa. THE ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD AND THE PHOTO YIELD AT

METAL SURFACES NEAR THE PLASMA FREQUENCY. Journal de Physique Colloques, 1984, 45

(C5), pp.C5-191-C5-195. �10.1051/jphyscol:1984527�. �jpa-00224145�

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J O U R N A L D E PHYSIQUE

Colloque C5, supplément au n04, Tome 45, a v r i l 1984 page C5-191

THE ELECTROMAGNETIC F I E L D AND THE PHOTO Y I E L D AT METAL SURFACES NEAR THE PLASMA FREQUENCY

F. Forstmann and K. Kempa

Freie U n i v e r s i t ( i t B e r l i n , I n s t . f. Theor. Phguik, ArnimaZZee 1 4 , 0-1000 B e r l i n 33, F.R.C.

Résumé

-

L ' a p p r o x i m a t i o n h y d r o d y n a m i q u e d a n s l ' o p t i q u e d e s m é t a u x

produit

d e s champs p r è s de l a s u r f a c e e n a c c o r d a v e c c e u x q u i

s o n t ob.tenus p a r l e m o d è l e m i c r o s c o p i q u e de F e i b e l m a n .

A b s t r a c t

-

The h y d r o d y n a m i c a p p r o x i m a t i o n o f m e t a l o p t i c s y i e l d s f i e l d s n e a r t h e s u r f a c e i n c l o s e a g r e e m e n t w i t h t h o s e o f

F e i b e l i n a n s i : ~ i c r o s c o p i c m o d e l .

A r o u n d t h e p l a s m a f r e q u e n c y wp a m e f a l i s s p a t i a l l y d i s p e r s i v e , i t s d i e - l e c t r i c,response i s n o n l o c a l , t h e k - d e p e n d e n c e o f t h e d i e 1 e c t r i c f u n c - t i o n E ( I ( , w ) a l l o w s f o r l o n g i t u d i n a l p l a s m a w a v e s . T h i s F a c t c o m p l i c a t e s t h e c a l c u l a t i o n o f e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c f i e l d s a t a m e t a l s u r f a c e o r a t t h e i n t e r f a c e b e t w e e n t w o m e t a l s . The s u r f a c e m o d e l o f s t a n d a r d o p t i c s , a p l a n e o f p a r a m e t e r d i s c o n t i n u i t y b e t w e e n homogeneous r e g i o n s w i t h a s u r f a c e c h a r g e as an i n f i n i t e s i n k o r s o u r c e o f c u r r e n t , i s n o t s u f f i - c i e n t i n t h i s r e g i m e , b e c a u s e t h e s c r e e n i n g a b i l i t y o f t h e s u r f a c e c h a r g e s u p p r e s s e s t h e p r o p a g a t i o n o f c h a r g e d e n s i t y f l u c t u a t i o n s i n t o t h e n i e t a l .

Two r o u t e s go b e y o n d t h i s l i m i t a t i o n . F i r s t t h e s t a n d a r d o p t i c s m o d e l can b e m o d i f i e d b y t h e r e q u i r e m e n t o f F i n i t e n e s s o f a l 1 c h a r g e d e n s i t i e s , w h i ch y i e l ds a d d i t i o n a l b o u n d a r y c o n d i t i o n s a n d t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e " h y d r o d y n a m i c a p p r o x i m a t i o n ( H O A ) " f o r t h e r e s p o n s e o f t h e h o e o g e n e o u s m e t a l l i c r e g i o n p r o v i d e s a t h e o r y , w h i c h i s s i m p l e , v e r s a - t i l e a n d s u c c e s s f u l i n many e x p e r i m e n t a l c i r c u m s t a n c e s 1 1 - 3 1 . A l s o o t h e r p h e n o m e n o l o g i c a l b o u n d a r y c o n d i t i o n s h a v e b e e n s u g g e s t e d / 4 , 5 / .

The s e c o n d w i d e l y s t u d i e d t r a c k s t a r t s f r o m m i c r o s c o p i c m o d e l s o f a m e t a l s u r - f a c e , e i t h e r m i r r o r p l a n e s i n homogeneous s y s t e m s 1 6 - 8 1 o r e l e c t r o n s b o u n d b y some s u r f a c e p o t e n t i a l

19-111.

Due t o t h e c o m p l e x - i t y o f t h e s e a p p r o a c h e s , o n l y t h e s u r f a c e o f a j e l l i u m h a l f s p a c e h a s b e e n s t u d i e d a n d o n l y t h e w o r k o f F e i b e l m a n h a s b e e n c a r r i e d t o w a r d s a c r i t i c a l a n d s u c c e s s f u l c o m p a r i s o n w i t h e x p e r i m e n t / 1 2 / . T h e r e f o r e F e i b e l m a n s c a l c u l a t i o n f o r an e l e c t r o n gas b o u n d e d b y a L a n g - K o h n p o - t e n t i a l r e s p o n d i n g s e l f c o n s i s t e n t l y ( i n R P A ) t o an e x t e r n a l f i e l d i s u s e d as a s t a n d a r d f o r c o m p a r i s o n w i t h s i m p l e r a n d m o r e f l e x i b l e a p p r o x i m a t i o n s

.

F o r a m e t a l h a l f s p a c e s p a t i a l d i s p e r s i o n c h a n g e s t h e r e f l e c t i v i t y o n l y b y t h e o r d e r o f one p e r c e n t c o m p a r e d t o F r e s n e l s s t a n d a r d o p t i c s r e s u l l , b e l o w t h e l z v e l o f s e p a r a b i l i t y f r o m r o u g h n e s s o r c o n t a m i n a - t i o n e f f e c t s . B u t t h e f i e l d s n e a r t h e s u r f a c e a r e q u a l i t a t i v e l y d i f f e - r e n t a n d c a n b e t e s t e d b y t h e s u r f a c e p h o t o e m i s s i o n y i e l d . We t h e r e - f o r e h a v e e v a l u a t e d t h e f i e l d s n e a r t h e s u r . ? a c e a n d t h e p h o t o e n i s s i o n y i e l d i n t h e s i m p l e H D A . We show t h a t t h i s a p p r o a c h i n c l u d i n g o n l y c o l -

l e c t i v e e l e c t r o n m o t i o n a n d t r e a t i n g t h e a b s o r p t i o n b y a f r i c t i o n c o n - s t a n t o r s c a t t e r i n g 'cime y i e l d s a l 1 t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f s p a t i a l a n d S r e q u e n c y d e p e n d e n c e o f t h e f i e l d s n e a r t h e s u r f a c e a n d o f t h e f r e q u e n - c y d e p e n d e n c e o f t h e p h o t o y i e l d . Th& c u a p a h i b o n nuggenCn t h e H O A t u b e nn e x t h e m e L y b u c c e o n g u 2 a p p n o x h m a t i v n a p p l i c a b i e ,to a v ~ i c ! e fi a n g e 0 5 pnüVLenin i n ,;ieZa.? o p h i c ; .

Article published online by EDP Sciences and available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jphyscol:1984527

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C5-192 JOURNAL DE PHYSIQUE

THE F l E L D S NEAR THE S U R F A C E

T h e f i e l d s f o r a s h a r p s i n g l e s t e p d e n s i t y p r o f i l e r n o d e l l i n g a m e t a l s u r f a c e h a v e b e e n e v a l u a t e d b y K l i e w e r / 1 3 / e m p l o y i n g t h e R P A b u l k d i e - l e c t r i c f u n c t i o n i n a s u r f a c e a p p r o x i m a t i o n b y a m i r r o r p l a n e . F i g . 1 d e m o n s t r a t e s , t h a t t h e e l e c t r i c f i e l d f o r f r e q u e n c i e c b e l o w a n d a b o v e

c a l c u l a t e d b y t h e H D A i s h a r d l y d i s ' c i n g u i s h a b l e f r o m i c i i e w e r s f i e l d s :!cePt f o r t h e v e r y s m a l l F r i e d e l t y p o s c i l l a t i o n s s e e n b e l o r wp.

F i g . 1

-

T h e e l e c t t - i c f i e l d E z n o r m a l t o t h e s u r f a c e f o r a s u r f a c e m o d e 1 w i t h a s h a r p d e n s i t y s t e p :

) f r o m K l i e w e r 11.31;

( -

- -

- ) f r o m t h e H D A ; ( --

.

-.

.

- ) f r o m s t a n d a r d o p t i c s . y / o p = 1 0 - 2 , 4 8 12 16 ZIA

-0.2 t o p : w = 0 . 8 w

P

'

b o t t o m : w = 1 . 2 w P

F i g . 2

-

N o r m a l i z e d e l e c - t r i c f i e l d

E z

n e a r t h e s u r - f a c e , ~ ( Z ) = [ E ~ ( z ) - ~ * ( i n ]

/

in)- in out)

,

(-)Re

n

( z ) ,?-:--)Irn

n(z).

-1 wlwp

=1.18

L e f t s ~ d e a c c o r d i n g t o

F e i b e l m a n 1 1 4 1 , r i g h t s i d e

:-IDA

w i t h s m a l l e r d e n s i t y s u r f a c e s t e p a n d h o m o g e - n e o u s d a m p i n g

.

ulup=

0.95

-1

(4)

F e j b e l m a n s mode1 i n c l u d e s a s o f t e l e c t r o n d e n s i t y g r a d i e n t n e a r t h e s u r f a c e w h i c h i n f l u e n c e s t h e f i e l d s q u a l i t a t i v e l y . I n t h e H D A we a p p r o x i m a t e t h i s s o f t t r a n s i t i o n by a s t e p o f s m a l l e r e l e c t r o n d e n s i t y ( 0 . 7 n b u l k ,

4

A t h i c k n e s s ) i n f r o n t o f t h e b u l k d e n s i t y . The p a r a m e t e r s a r e d e t e r m i n e d f r o m t h e s u r f a c e p l a s m o n d i s p e r s i o n 1 2 1 . I n F i g . 2 we c o m p a r e t h e H D A f i e l d s w i t h t h e f i e l d s o f F o i b e l m a n . E s p e c i a l l y t h e p e a k i n Im q ( z ) r e l a t e d t o e n e r g y a b s o r p t i o n a n d t o t h e p h o t o e m i s s i o n y i e l d i s a l s o s e e n i n t h e H D A , w h i c h d e m o n s t r a t e s , t h a t i t i s d u e t o a s t a r i i n g p l a s m o n i n t h e low d e n s i t y t a i l .

THE SURFACE PHOTO YIELD

The s u r f a c e p h o t o y i e l d ( F i g . 3 ) h a s been m e a s u r e d by two g r o u p s ( p a - n e l a ) . I t s f r e q u e n c y d e p e n d e n c e s h o w s a l a r g e maximum b e l o w b u t c l o s e t o

LJ

, a minimum a t and a s m a l l y i e l d a b o v e

LJ

. The c a l c u l a t i o n s i n p a n e 8 b i n c l u d e i n a d d i t i o n t o n o n l o c a l f i e l d s t h P z i n a t r i x e l e m e n t s f o r t h e p h o t o e m i s s i o n t r a n s i t i o n . I n p a n e l c t h e p h o t o y i e l d

Y

was e v a -

m

l u a t e d f r o m

Y

w i a ( ~ ) e - ~ / ' d z w i n h a ( z ) t h e a b s o r p t i o n d e n s i t y and

?,

an e l e c t r o n e s c a p e l e n g t h

( A

* 1 0 A ) . C o m p a r i s o n o f b a n d c s e e m s t o i n d i c a t e , t h a t t h e m a t r i x e l e m e n t s f o r t h e e l e c t r o n i c t r a n s i t i o n s d e - t e r m i n e t h e f r e q u e n c y d e p e n d e n c e . O u r H D A c a l c u l a t i o n ( p a n e l d ) e v a - 1 u a t i n g a g a i n t h e i n t e g r a l o y e r , t h z e n e r g y a b s o r p t i o n d e n s i t y

a ( z )

=

( 4 , 1 : / ~ i 2 ) y l j ( z ) 1 2 + R e ( E * . j ) d e m o n s t r a t e s t h i s n o t t o be t r u e . The l a r g e pegl< b e l o w

wp.

i s d u e t o t h e s t a r t i n g p l a s m o n i n t h e low d e n - s i t y t a i l . T h e r e f o r e t h i s s o f t s u r f a c e g r a d i e n t i s e s s e n t i a l f o r u n d e r - s t a n d i n g t h e s u r f a c e p h o t o y i e l d . The f r e q u e n c y d e p e n d e n c e i s d e t e r m i n - e d by t h e e l e c t r i c f i e l d , n o t by i n t e r f e r e n c e s i n t h e m a t r i x e l e m e n t s .

0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 o/wp

F i g . 3 - The p h o t o e l e c t r o n y i e l d f r o m a m e t a l s u r f a c e a t f r e q u e n c i e s a r o u n d

M e a s u r e d y i e l d s :

rom R e f . / l 5 / ,

(...)

f r o m R e f . / l 2 / . ( b ) Cal c u l a t i o n s i n c l u d i n g m a t r i x e l e - m e n t s : ( 2 ) E n d r i z / l 6 / , ( 3 ) F e i b e l m a n / 1 2 / , ( 4 ) G a r b g r a ~ / I n g l e s f i e l d / 1 7 / . ( c ) a ( z )

=

R e ( ~ * . j ) : ( 5 ) K l i e w e r / l 3 / ,

0.6 0.8 1.0 12 1.4 w/wp

( 6 ) A p e l l / l 8 / , ( 7 ) . $ t a n d a r d l o c a l o p -

t i c s , ( 8 ) a ( z ) -

y j

f o r H D A a t a

s h a r p s t e p s u r f a c e . ( d )

H O A

f o r a s o f t s u r f a c e :

5 _*,. \_-,/---

( 9 ) l y j 2 e - z ' X d z , ( i O ) l l u i , d z 1 2

. I O

0.6

0.8

1.0 1.2 1.4

(5)

C5-194 J O U R N A L

DE

PHYSIQUE

THE EFFECTIVE SCREENING CHARGE POSITION dl

S e v e r a l a u t h o r s / 9 , 1 9 , 2 0 / h a v e s u g g e s t e d t o c o n d e n s e t h e d e v i a t i o n s f r o m s t a n d a r d o p t i c s w i t h r e s p e c t t o r e f l e c t i o n a n d a b s o r p t i o n i n t o t h e r e a l a n d i m a g i n a r y p a r t o f a l e n g t h dl:

E;(z) i s t h e z - c o m p o n e n t o f t h e a s y m p t o t i c t r a n s v e r s e wave f i e l d c o n - t ~ n u e d t o w a r d s t h e r e f e r e n c e p l a n e z = 0 .

T h i s i n t e g r a l o v e r t h e s u r f a c e f i e l d s , t o o , e v a l u a t e d i n HDA f o r t h e a b o v e m e n t i o n e d s o f t s u r f a c e m o d e l w i t h a d e n s i t y d e c r e a s e i n t w o s t e p s shows t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c d e p e n d e n c e s o f t h e e v a l u a t i o n i n F e i b e l mans m o d e l

.

See F i g . 4 .

F i g . 4

-

The e f f e c t i v e s c r e e n - i n g c h a r g e p o s i t i o n Redl a n d

2 2

A(W)=~%'UIC(U /mP-l)Imdl.

-

HDA w i t h t w o s t e p s u r f a c e

O

( n s = 0 . 7 n b u l k , 4 A, ~ / w ~ ' O . l )

- . - .

F e i b e l m a n , R e f . 9

- - - - SCIB

mode1 o f R e f . 6

-

8

. . . .

IBM-RPA m o d e l , R e f . 11

CONCLUSION

I n summary we h a v e d e m o n s t r a t e d , t h a t t h e h y d r o d y n a m i c a p p r o x i m a t i o n f o r t r e a t i n g e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c f i e l d s n e a r a m e t a l s u r f a c e c a n b e j u s t i - f i e d b y c o n p a r i s o n t o t h e c l o s e s t t o r e a l i s t i c m i c r o s c o p i c c a l c u l a - t i o n b y F e i b e l m a n . The c o m p a r i s o n h a s b e e n made i n d e t a i l f o r t h e f i e l d s n e a r t o t h e s u r f a c e / 2 1 / . I t g i v e s c o n f i d e n c e i n t h e HDA i n many o t h e r c o n t e x t s , t o o , as a p r a c t i c a l m e t h o d f o r m e t a l o p t i c s p r o b l e m s .

(6)

REFEREN CES

/1/ FORSTMANN F . , STENSCHKE H., P h y s . Rev. L e t t e r s 3 8 ( 1 9 7 7 ) 1 3 6 5 / 2 / FORSTMANN F . , STENSCHKE H . , P h y s . R e v . 0 1 7 ( 1 9 7 q 1 4 8 9

/ 3 / FORSTMANN F., GERHARDTS R.R., F e s t k o r p e r p r o b l e m e

/

A d v . S o l i d S t a t e P h y s . 2 2 ( 1 9 8 2 ) 2 9 1 / 4 / BOARDMAN A . D . , RUPPIN R.

,

S u r f a c e S c i

.

l l T ( 1 9 8 2 ) 1 5 3 / 5 / MONREAL R.

,

GARCIA-MOLINER F . , FLORES F.,hys. S c r i p t a

( 1 9 8 0 ) 1 5 5 / 6 / KLIEWER K . L . , S u r f a c e S c i . 1 0 1 ( 1 9 8 0 ) 57 / 7 / APELL P., P h y s . S c r i p t a 1 7 ( m 8 ) 5 3 5 / 8 / GERHARDTS R.R., P h y s . S z i p t a , i n p r i n t

/ 9 / FEIBELMAN P . J . , P r o g r . S u r f a c e S c i . 1 2 ( 1 9 8 2 ) 2 8 7

/ I O / MANIV T . , METIU H . , P h y s . R e v . B 2 2 ( n 8 0 ) 4 7 3 1 ; J . Chem. P h y s .

-

7 6 ( 1 9 8 2 ) 5 9 7 , 2 6 9 7 /Il/ GERHARDTS R.R., KEMPA K., t o b e p u b l i s h e d

/ 1 2 / LEVINSON H . J . , PLUMMER E.W., FEIBELMAN P . J . , P h y s . R e v . L e t t e r s 4 3 ( 1 9 7 9 ) 9 5 2

/ 1 3 / KLIEWER K . L . , P h y s . R e v . B 1 4 ( 1 9 7 6 ) 7 4 1 2 / 1 4 / FEIBELMAN P . J . , P h y s . R e v 7 2 3 ( 1 9 8 1 ) 2 6 2 9

/ 1 5 / PETERSEN H . , HAGSTROM S . B . M T P h y s . R e v . L e t t e r s ( 1 9 7 8 ) 1 3 1 4 / 1 6 / ENDRIZ J . G . , P h y s . R e v . 8 7 ( 1 9 7 3 ) 3 4 6 4

/ 1 7 / BARBERAN N., I N G L E S F I E L D ' J . E . , J. P h y s .

C14

( 1 9 8 1 ) 3 1 1 4 / 1 8 / APELL P . , P h y s . S c r i p t a 2 5 ( 1 9 8 2 ) 5 7

/ 1 9 / BAGCHI A., BARRERA R.G.,-RAJAGOPAL A . K . , P h y s . R e v . 8 2 0 ( 1 9 7 9 )

w 7

/ 2 0 / APELL P., P h y s . S c r i p t a 2 4 ( 1 9 8 1 ) 7 9 5

/ 2 1 / M o r e d e t a i l s i n : KEMPA K, FORSTMANN F . , S u r f a c e S c i .

129

( 1 9 8 3 ) 5 1 6

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