HAL Id: inria-00074433
https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00074433
Submitted on 24 May 2006
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Computing the toughness and the scattering number for interval and other graphs
Dieter Kratsch, T. Klots, H. Müller
To cite this version:
Dieter Kratsch, T. Klots, H. Müller. Computing the toughness and the scattering number for interval and other graphs. [Research Report] RR-2237, INRIA. 1994. �inria-00074433�
a p p o r t
d e r e c h e r c h e
INSTITUT NATIONAL DE RECHERCHE EN INFORMATIQUE ET AUTOMATIQUE
Computing the toughness and the scattering number for interval and other graphs
D. Kratsch, T. Kloks, H. M ¨uller
N˚ 2237
Mars 1994
PROGRAMME 1
Architectures parall`eles, bases de donn´ees, r´eseaux et syst`emes distribu´es
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