L’efficience comme valeur du droit civil : invitation à l’analyse économique du droit

EJAN MACKAAY

L’efficience comme valeur du droit civil : invitation à l’analyse économique du droit

2020S-13 CS

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Ejan Mackaay

Résumé

Le terme efficience est employé ici au sens qu’il a chez les économistes. C’est l’analyse économique du droit qui a introduit ce terme dans le discours du juriste.

L’analyse économique du droit a été découverte un peu par hasard par des économistes s’aventurant hors de leur champ d’études habituel et portant le regard sur des institutions juridiques. Leurs démarches ont conduit à une découverte saisissante, à savoir que la plupart des institutions du droit privé paraissent formulées comme si leur objectif était d’atteindre des solutions efficientes aux interactions humaines. Ce qui a pu intéresser les juristes est la découverte que la solution efficiente correspond souvent à ce que le juriste ressent comme la solution juste.

L’analyse économique du droit donne ainsi prise sur la notion de justice notoirement fugace pour les juristes.

Si l’analyse économique du droit peut fournir des perspectives éclairantes et souvent surprenantes à travers les différents champs du droit, elle n’a pas vocation à remplacer la science autonome du droit, qui porte sur la formulation, la structuration et l’interprétation des textes. Au contraire, des considérations économiques soulignent la parcimonie (relative) de tabler sur des textes écrits. L’analyse économique du droit est complémentaire au savoir du juriste : elle montre les effets des règles et permet de rassembler celles qui paraissent viser des buts semblables ; elle permet d’alerter le juriste aux règles dont les effets sont sérieusement décalés par rapport aux besoins de la société.

À l’expérience, l’analyse économique du droit s’avère un précieux outil de doctrine pour montrer la cohésion des champs du droit, pour préparer les réformes et pour structurer des sujets de thèse de doctorat. À ces titres, elle devrait faire partie de la formation de tout juriste.

Mot-clé : Économie du droit Code JEL : K00

Abstract

The term efficiency is used here in the sense it has in economic discourse. It is the economic analysis of law that has introduced it in the language of lawyers.

The economic analysis of law was discovered somewhat fortuitously by economists venturing outside their usual turf and looking at legal institutions. Their ventures led to a striking discovery, to wit that most of the classical private law institutions looked framed as if their purpose was to propose efficient solutions to frictions arising in human interaction. Of particular interest to lawyers was the complementary discovery that the efficient solution often corresponds to what lawyers intuitively sense to be the just or fair solution. The economic analysis of law thus seemed to offer a grip on lawyers’ notoriously fleeting concept of justice. Whilst the economic analysis of law offers clarifying and sometimes surprising insights throughout the different fields of the law, it is not meant to replace legal reasoning or undermine the autonomy of the law, as these bear on the framing, structuring and interpretation of law texts. On the contrary, economic considerations underscore the (relative) parsimony of relying on written texts in dealing with the problems of human interaction. The economic analysis of law complements legal reasoning: it points to the impact of legal rules and allows rules that appear to be aimed at similar purposes to be grouped together; it draws lawyers’ attention to rules whose effects are seriously out of tune with the needs of society.

Experience accumulated over the past half-century shows the economic analysis of law to be a precious tool for scholarly work, as it allows one to see how texts ‘hang together’, how reforms of the law could be planned and how to structure a proliferation of ideas, rules and material for a doctoral thesis. On all these accounts, it should be part and parcel of a proper legal education.

Keyword: Law and Economics JEL Code: K00

* Conférence prononcée le 21 février 2019, à la Faculté de droit de l’Université de Montréal, dans le cadre du Cycle portant sur les grandes valeurs du droit civil, organisé par la Chaire Jean-Louis Baudouin. Mes remerciements à Claude Fabien, à Alain

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