Coding manual for analysis of Ontario fire deaths, 1956

Publisher’s version / Version de l'éditeur:

Vous avez des questions? Nous pouvons vous aider. Pour communiquer directement avec un auteur, consultez la première page de la revue dans laquelle son article a été publié afin de trouver ses coordonnées. Si vous n’arrivez pas à les repérer, communiquez avec nous à PublicationsArchive-ArchivesPublications@nrc-cnrc.gc.ca.

Questions? Contact the NRC Publications Archive team at

PublicationsArchive-ArchivesPublications@nrc-cnrc.gc.ca. If you wish to email the authors directly, please see the first page of the publication for their contact information.

https://publications-cnrc.canada.ca/fra/droits

L’accès à ce site Web et l’utilisation de son contenu sont assujettis aux conditions présentées dans le site LISEZ CES CONDITIONS ATTENTIVEMENT AVANT D’UTILISER CE SITE WEB.

Internal Report (National Research Council of Canada. Division of Building Research), 1956-09-01

READ THESE TERMS AND CONDITIONS CAREFULLY BEFORE USING THIS WEBSITE.

https://nrc-publications.canada.ca/eng/copyright

NRC Publications Archive Record / Notice des Archives des publications du CNRC :

https://nrc-publications.canada.ca/eng/view/object/?id=56acda50-5f36-4277-8a44-5074c72504d6 https://publications-cnrc.canada.ca/fra/voir/objet/?id=56acda50-5f36-4277-8a44-5074c72504d6

NRC Publications Archive

Archives des publications du CNRC

For the publisher’s version, please access the DOI link below./ Pour consulter la version de l’éditeur, utilisez le lien DOI ci-dessous.

https://doi.org/10.4224/20338030

Access and use of this website and the material on it are subject to the Terms and Conditions set forth at Coding manual for analysis of Ontario fire deaths, 1956

NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA

DIVISION OF BUILDING RESEARCH

CODING MANUAL

FOR ANALYSIS OF ONTARIO

FIRE

DEATHS, 1956

by

G, Williams-Leir

(Thf s report has been prepared for information and ret-,osrl

plnposes and is not be be cited as a reference in any p ~ ~ b l l c a t l o ~ j

Report No. 100 of the

Division of Building Research

Ottawa September 1956

PREFACE

The F i r e Research S e c t i o n of t h s D i v i s i o n of Bu%idfrAg Research, N a t i o n a l Research Council of Canada began on 1 2;~sn.la~y

1954 a s t a t i s t i c a l study of d e a t h s caused by f i r e , Two r e p c s t s

have appeared g i v i n g t h e c o n e l u s i o n s reached i n t h e f i r s t .

two

yea-s of t h i s survey:

" F i r e Deaths i n t h e Province of O n t a r i o , 1954" by G,W. S h o r t s r agd G - Williams-Leila, DBR ReportNo.

72,

and

" F i s e Deaths i n t h e Province of O n t a r i o , 1955" by G, Whlliaas- L e i r

,

DBR Report No.

86.

These r e p o r t s a r e of a n o n - t e c h n i c a l c h a r a c t e r ; i t i s hoped t h a t t h e y w i l l be of i n t e r e s t t o any r e a d e r concerned w i t h t h e himan l o s s e s r e s u l t i n g from f i r e .

The p r e s e n t r e p o r t i s intended f o r a much narrowe-

a u d i e n c e , s i n c e i t d e a l s w i t h t e c h n i c a l d e t a i l s of t h e marshallLng of a mass of r e p o r t s t o p r e p a r e them f o r s t a t i s t i c a l t r e a t m e n t ,

Thus i t w i l l have l i t t l e i n t e r e s t o u t s i d e t h e D i v i s i o n except" t o t h o s e who may be c a r r y i n g out a similar survey o r contemplating OP-e

T h i s Coding Manual, 1956, u n l i k e t h o s e used in p r e p a r a t l c n of t h e 1954 and 1955 r e p o r t s , has been prepared i n advance of

need. Having a b a s i s of two y e a r s 1 e x p e r i e n c e , i t r e p r e s e n t s a s u b s t a n t i a l advance over e a r l i e r v e r s i o n s (which d i d n o t appea? as r e p o r t s ) .

Any comments on, o r c r i t i c i s m s o f , t h i s Coding Manual w r l l be welcome,

Ottawa,

CODING MANUAL

-

QNT,AREO FIRE DEATkYC,,

_19'55

CONTENTS

PROCEDURE

I,

GENERAL

G e n e r a l coding f ~ r all f l ~ e deaths

11, INFANT FIRE DEATHS

S p e c i a l c o d i n g f o r f i r e d e a t h s of c h i l d r e n l e s s t h a n seven years of age

1 CLOTHI%G-FIRE DEATHS: S p e c i a l c o d i n g

F J , BWILDING-FIRE DEATHS : S p e c i a l c o d i n g

Appendix 1 Coding systems f o r u s e w i t h m a r g i n a l l y -

punched c a r d s

Append1.x 2 D e f i t a i t i o n s : Classes of f i r e d e a t h ApperidZx

3

E x t r a c t from I n t e r n a t i o n a l S t a t i s t i c a l

C l a s s i f i c a t i o n of D i s e a s e s , I n j u r i e s and Causes of Death.

1948.

Vol. 1. Appendix 4 Code numbers f o r c o u n t i e s and

d i s t r i c t s

Appendix

5

Green c a r d s 01- M u r ~ i c i p a l i t y ea.rds

CODING MANUAL

by

G. Williams-Leir

FOREWORD

Numbers of people l o s e t h e i r l i v e s each y e a r as a r e s u l t of f i r e , T h i s r e p o r t d e s c r i b e s a t e c h n i q u e f o r r e c o r d i n g t h e p a r t i c u l a r s of t h e s e d e a t h s f o r s t a t i s t i c a l purposes. It i s designed pkirnarily as a guide t o t h o s e doing t h e r e c o r d i n g .

CODING MANUAL 1956

PROCEDURE

Information regarding f i r e d e a t h s i s recorded on white 5 i n c h

by

8

inch Cope-Chat cards i n t h e following ways:

Words and f i g u r e s t y p e w r i t t e n on c e n t r e of t h e c a r d , F i g u r e s and l e t t e r s around t h e margin.

Notches pmehed around edge of t h e c a r d .

The f i g u r e s and l e t t e r s r e p r e s e n t information by codes which a r e l i s t e d i n t h i s Coding Manual. The notches r e p r e s e n t f i g u r e s and l e t t e r s according t o t h e scheme described i n Appendix 1, The type- w r i t t e n p a r t c o n t a i n s t h e following information i n p r e c i s e l y t h e arrangement shown:

-

Surname (caps)p given names ( l o c o ) of v i c t i m V i t a l S t a t s , Reg,

No,

County o r district M u n i c i p a l i t ~ r name Place of d e a t h

no.

Remainder of addreas of' f a t a l f i r e Place of r e s f dence no,

Name of any f i r e dept., t h a t a t t e n d e d t h e f i r e E Number

Qc rjupancy

N

Number

Material of walls and of c e i l i n g of room where t h e f i r e s t a r t e d

1, Reason f o r f i r e , and 2, Reason f o r f a t a l i n J u r y ,

When typing t h e t e x t on t h e card a I t - i n c h margin should be l e f t

a l l

around, This i s f a c i l i t a t e d by t h e hole numbers ac t h e c a r d , The t y p e w r i t e r srasgln may be s e t on hole 5 and t a b u l a t o r s t o p s a t h o l e s

15

and 25, The c a r r i a g e can then be advanced s o t h a t t h e tisst l % n e of type comes l e v e l w i t h , o r a l i t t l e below, hole 98,

It i s convenient t o use s t e n c i l s t o l o c a t e t h e proper pl.a,?es f o r code numbers and l e t t e r s i n t h e margin of t h e c a r d , The a t e n e i k s a r e e a s i l y prepared; examples a r e shown in F i g , 1, Use of s t e n c i l s wakes any p r i n t i n g on t h e f a c e of t h e card m e e e s s a r y , P r l n t l n g

is u ~ , d e s i ~ a b L e

in

t h i s p m j e c t because it would l f m i t I t s f l e x i b % k " u t ; y , What i a w r i t t e n ~ e g a r d i n g occupancyo m a t e r i a l s p and season goy

f i x and f a t a l i n j u r y ahould be, if p o s s i b l e p in t h e words of t h e osi.ginal r e p o r t , but, above a l l , i t should make c l e a r why t h e p a r t i c u l a r c l a s s i f i c a t f o n coded i n t h e margin has been chosen,

One card should be made f o r each f a t a l i t y , When two OF more

people d i e i n one fire a15 t h e t y p e w r i t t e n p a r t i c ~ a l a k s ~ except name and m a s o n f o r f a t a l fnJury, w i l l be t h e same f o r a l l , Name and reason f o r f a t a l i n j u r y should be e n t e r e d on every card, but t h e ot.her p a r t i c u l a r s need only be e n t e r e d on one. The o t h e r s ahawld b e a r a note

-

( ' w e card f o r

. .

.

. .

.

( ~ a m e ) " .

T a. 0 GENERAL General coding f o r a l l f i r e d e a t h s , C l a s s d f i c a t ion 1

-

4

Month of f % r e January Fe bsuaky December

5

-

1 0 Day of month 1st 2nd Code Motes Ip~arach)

11

-

16 How of day Midnight t o 1 2 , 3 8 a , m , 30

1 a , m . 1

2 a . m . 2

1 2 noon 1 2

1 p.m. 13

1 2 midnight 24

Before noon; hr.unspeci-

f i e d 27 A f t e r noon; h r , u n s p e c i - 2 8

f i e d 1 7

-

29 Location

The l o c a t i o n of t h e f a t a l f i r e i s recorded by means of two numbers, as f o l l o w s , They a r e

obtalned from t h e a p p r o p r i a t e c a r d i n t h e f i l e of green c a r d s (rnunicipalLtg c a r d s ) ; t h e

numbers a r e on t h e aame h o l e s i n both white and green c a r d s ,

Whew t h e c o r r e c t green card has been drawn f o r t h i s purpose, i t should be punched i n f i e l d 54-66 ( s e e Appendix 5 ) . T h i s w i l l f a c i l i t a t e t h e annual process of t r a n s f e r s i c g t h e t o t a l hunabes of white c a r d s f o r each m u n i c i p a l i t y on t o t h e a p p r o p r i a t e gseen c a r d ,

17

-

23 County o r d i s t r i c t 24

-

29 M u n i c i p a l i t y

30

-

35 Vacant, These h o l e s a r e r e s e r v e d f o r i n f ormCf on on c l a s s of m u n i c i p a l i t y and of f i r e department; t h i s belongs on t h e green c a r d s and has been recorded t h e r e . L a t e r , i f i t i s n e c e s s a r y t o record i t on t h e white c a r d s a l s o , the aame codes

should be used as on t h e green c a r d s ( s e e Appendix

F i e l d Topic C l a s s i f i c a t i o n Code Notes 36

-

38

What f i r e department a t t e n d e d t h e f i r e ? ( d i r e c t coded) F , D , of m u n i c i p a l i t y concerned A Another m u n i c i p a l F.D, B Other F , D 1 s ( i n d u s t r i a l , armed s e r v i c e s , e t c ) C

39

Sex of V i c t i m Male o r unknown Female

40

-

4 1 See s p e c i a l coding f o r i n f a n t s , below. 42 -

49

Age

-

I n f a n t s E n t e r number of completed y e a r s of age; e . g . , S i x months: e n t e r 0 . I f age as punched i s 7 o r o v e r , e n t e r 0 Age 0-6 1 5 1 Vacant h o l e 5 2

-

54 Nature of f a t a l i n j u r y Asphyxia Burns Carbon-monoxide p o i s o n i n g Other 55

-

59

Occupancy

( ~ n t e s two d i g i t s a s shown; punch t h e

f i r s t on h o l e

55

and t h e second on h o l e s R e s i d e n t i a l Unshared s e p a r a t e d w e l l i n g Shared s e p a r a t e d w e l l i n g Apartment Rooming house B a r r a c k s , e t c , Hot e 1 Summer c o t t a g e Shack o r one-room d w e l l i n g Dwelling - no f u r t h e r p a r t i c u l a r s Other o r mixed

F i e l d

--

Topic C l a s s i f i c a t i o n Not. R e s i d e n t l a l I n d u s t r i a l M e r c a n t i l e Off i c e I n s t i t u t i o n , e.g., h o s p i t a l , home f o r a g e d , e t c . P l a c e of r e s t r a i n i ; , e . g . , g a o l , m e n t a l h o s p i t a l P l a c e of assembly Barn, farm o u t - b u i l d i n g s S t a t i o n a r y v e h i c l e Outdoors O t h e r o r mixed 60

-

63

R e s i d e n t d e n s i t y ( a p p l i c a b l e o n l y i f 0 i s Code Notes e n t e r e d on h o l e

55)

From t h e f l o o r p l a n , o r , f a i l i n g t h a t , t h e o v e r a l l dimensions g i v e n , c a l c u l a t e t h e g r o s s f l o o r a r e a i n s q u a r e f e e t , c o u n t i n g i n p a s s a g e s p w a l l t h i c k n e s s e s

,

e t c . T o t a l t h i s . f o r a l l f l o o r s e x c e p t t h e basement; i f t h e basement

i s known t o have been used f o r s l e e p i n g , i n c l u d e i t , t o o . Then d i v i d e by t h e nwnbes of p e s s o n s n o r m a l l y r e s i d e n t i n t h e d w e l l i n g ( i , e

..

e x c l u d e v i s i t o r s ) . I n m u l t i p l e d w e l l i n g s do t h i s f o r t h e b u i l d i n g as a whole, p r o v i d e d t h e dimensions a r e a v a i l a b l e ; f a i l i n g t h a t , do i t f o r t h e i n d i v i d u a l a p a r t m e n t , e b c . Code t h e r e s u l t as f o l l o w s : - Square f e e t p e r p e r s o n : - L e a 8 t h a n 50 50 b u t l e s h than 70 70

"

I I " 100 100

"

I I

"

₁₅₀ 150

"

I I " 200 200 ' I I 1

"

300 300

"

I 1

"

500 500

"

I 1 I I " 700 700

"

"

1000 1000 o r more # 64

-

6 5 Number of d e a t h s

i n

t h i s f i r e One TWO T h r e e or more

F i e l d Topic C l a s s i f i c a t i o n Code Notes 66 S p e c i a l comment

E n t e r 1 if t h e r e i s s i g n i f i c a n t i n f o r m a t i o n i n t h e r e p o r t s f o r which t h e scheme of'

coding d e s c r i b e d i n t h i s manual p r o v i d e s no p l a c e ; and summarize t h e i n f o r m a t i o n on t h e back of t h e c a r d , 6 7

-

7 1 Source of r e o r t s -@EZ&T F i r e S e c t i o n , D i v i s i o n of B u i l d i n g A Researc.h O f f i c e of O n t a r i o F i r e Marshal B P o l i c e C F i r e Chief D Newsclipping E 72 Inque s t E n t e r 1 i f a n i n q u e s t was h e l d 73

-

77 Source of i g n i t i o n (must be t h e same f o r a l l t h e d e a t h s ' i n e a c h f i r e , u n l e s s Code 1 a p p l i e s ) B u i l d i n g i g n i t e d as r e s u l t of a c l o t h i n g f i r e as d e f i n e d below (Appendix 2 ) P l a y i n g w i t h matches Someone f e l l a s l e e p w h i l e smoking Other i n s t a n c . e s of smoking In j u d i c i o u s u s e of flammable 1 i q u i d s Use of open f l a m e s , w e l d e r s 1 s p a r k s , e t c , Burning r u b b i s h n o t i n i n c i n e r a t o r ; b o n f i r e s E x p l o s i o n s S e l f - h e a t i n g o r spontaneous i g n i t i o n I n c e n d i a r i s m F a u l t y maintenance o r u s e of : - E l e c t r i c a l :

-

Cooking o r c o o k i n g - h e a t i n g a l s ~ l i a n c e s 11 S a s ; - h e a t i n

e

a p p l i a n c e s

8

12 0 h e r , i n c l u i n g w i r i n g , l i g h t i n g , - - - - r a d i o s , e t c . N o n - ~ l e c t r ~ c a l : - 13 Cooking o r c o o k i n g - h e a t i n g a p l i a n c e s 1 4

s

ace-Reat in8 a p p l i a n c e s ~ F h e r , i n c l u i n g lamps,

15

chimneys and f l u e s , e t c , 1 6 F a u l t y d e s i g n of a p p l l . a r ~ c e s 17 F a u l t y i n s t a l l a t i o n of a p p l i a n c e s

18

Other known c a u s e s 19

F i e l d Topic C l a s s i f i c a t i o n Code Notes

78 Clothing

E n t e r 1 I f t h e d e a t h was due t o a

c l o t h i n g f i r e as d e f i n e d i n Appendix 2

79

-

97 See s p e c i a l Coding, below

98

-

101 Yeas of f i r e

Enter l a s t d i g i t of y e a r number.

(This system good up t o 1963 i n c l u s i v e )

11, INFANT FIRE DEATHS: S p e c i a l Coding

Use t h i s s e c ~ t i o n i f , and only i f , 1 has been e n t e r e d on hole 50.

If

t h e v i c t i m was a c h i l d l e s s t h a n f i v e y e a r s o l d i t i s assumed t h a t some o t h e r person was r e s p o n s i b l e f o r h i s w e l f a r e . Then o u r obJect i s t o a s c e r t a i n t h e reasons which prevented t h i s person from safeguarding t h e i n f a n t . The same remarks apply g e n e r a l l y t o c h i l d r e n of

5

o r 6, and t h e coding system provides f o r asking t h e same q u e s t i o n s i n a l l c a s e s of f i r e d e a t h s of c h i l d r e n under 7, F i e l d Topic C l a s s i f i c a t i o n

40 Who was, a t t h e time of t h e f i r e , t h e " r e s ~ o n s i b l e ~ e r s o n " ?

If It w a s anyone o t h e r t h a n t h e i n f a n t ' s p a r e n t s , e n t e r 1, 1

-

42 Age of t t l s zesponsible person

Code Note3

-

ITrader 2 1

21

-

34

F i,e l d Topic Classif i c s t i o n

43

-

46 Reason f o r LnfantBs fatal i n j u r y

Responsible person busy s a v i n g o t h e r p e r s o n ( s ) o r t r y i n g t o

Responsible person i n j u r e d (non-

f a t a l l y ) i n t h e same f i r e

Responsible p e r s o n i n J u r e d ( f a t a l l y )

ir, same f i s e

Someone performed hazardous o p e r a t i o n in pffesence of i n f a n t Respo9sible p e s s a n l s judgement i m - pa3:ed ( e , g o by l i q u o r o r d r u g s ) Hesponsfble p e r s o n ' s judgement i m - p a i r e d ( p a n i c , h y s t e r i c s , e t c . ) Hesponsible person n o t t h e r e ) o r n o t I n t i m e , and no f u r t h e r p a r t i c u l a r s Responsible person n o t t h e r e : had l e f t

i n f a n t f o r 5 minutes o r more

Responsible person i n same b u i l d i n g a t time of' E i r e , but was n o t i n time t o

save i n f a n t

Q t h e r known r e a s o n s

Code Notea

-

.

-1 CLOTHING-FIRE DEATHS: S p e c i a l Coding

Use t h i s a e c t i ~ n %F, and o n l y i f , 1 i s e n t e r e d on h o l e 7 8 ,

If d e a t h was due t o a c l o t h l n g f i r e , t h e i n t e r e s t l i e s i n t h e p r o p e r t i e s of t h e garment involved, how S t became i g n i t e d , and t h e measures t a k e n by t h o s e p s e s e n t . F i e l d Topic C l a s s i f i c a t i o n

79

-

81 S t y l e of garment f f s s t i g r i i t e d S h l ?t T r o u s e ~ 6 J a c k e t or s w e a t e r O v e r a l l s Ey jamas Dressing gown O t b e s Code Motes Blouse S k i r t J a c k e t or s w e a t e r Dreaa9 apron, smock pyjamas, nightgown

Dressing gown Other

F i e l d Topic C1,assff bcat ion 8 2

-

89 Vacant h o l e s 90

-

9 1 F a b r i c : predomtnant c o n s t i t u e n t Cotton Other n a t u r a l f i b r e s S y n t h e t i c f i b r e s 92

-

93

Were t h e r e o t h e r s p r e s e n t , i , e , w i t h i n s i g h t o~aE?!eaxal,,ng?- -- No Yes Code

-

Notes

94

-

97 Reaction of v i c t i m T r i e d t o beat o r smother f i r e 1 T r i e d t o use water o r o t h e r e x t i n g u i s h a n t 2 T r i e d t o remove c l o t h i n g

3

Unable t o t a k e e f f e c t i v e a c t i o n because i n f a n t , s e n i l e o r i n v a l i d 4 No e f f e c t i v e a c t i o n ( i n f l u e n c e of l i q u o r OF d r u g s ) No e f f e c t i v e a c t i o n ( p a n i c ) 6

5

No need t o a c t : o t h e r s t o o k a c t i o n immediately

7

Other r e a c t i o n s

8

IV,

BUILDING-FIRE

DEATHS: S p e c i a l Coding Use t h i s s e c t i o n i f , and only i f , 0 i s e n t e r e d on h o l e 78, If d e a t h was

aaetc

caused by a c l o t h i n g f i r e , t h e p r o p e r t i e s of

t h e b u i l d i n g i n which i t occurred a r e t h e t o p i c s of major i n t e r e s t . F i e l d Topf c C l a s s i f % c a t i o n

-

Code Notes

79

- 81

A ~ e a t o which f i r e was confined

Contents only, room of o r i g i n 1

Room of o r i g i n 2

S t o r e y of o r i g i n 3

Bullding of o r i g i n ( i n c l u d i n g 1-room

d w e l l i n g ) 4

F i e l d Topic C1.assif i c a t i o n Code Notes 85

-

89 Reason f o r f a t a l i n j u r

( n o t t o be confused wiTh "cause of f i r e " )

Asleep in burning b u i l d i n g and d i d not wake i n time t o attempt escape ( i ~ c l u d i n g _- corns ir.dueed by drugs, l i q u o s

,

e t c , ) 1 Trapped by f i r e owing t o : f i r e i n any one of t h e a v a f l a b l e e x i t s 2 f a i l u r e t o f i n d e x i t i n d a r k n e s s p smoke, e t c , 3 i n a b f i l t y t o open e x i t door 4

attempt t o warn o r save o t h e r ( s )

5

attempt t o save m a t e r i a l o b j e c t s 6 l o s s of Judgmept due t o f i r e ( e ,g,, p a n i c )

7'

l o s s of judgment due t o o t h e r c l r c m - a t a n c e s ( e , g , , I f q u o r , d r u g s )

8

being overtaken by r a p i d l y s p r e a d i n g f i r e , o r fumes from t h e f i r e

9

f ope s t / g r a s s f i r e 10 o t h e r known r e a s o n s 11 s e a s o n s Linknown 12 e x p l o s i o n 13 l g S 1 7 i n j u r e d a s

a

r e s u l t of being engaged I n f i r e -f i g h t i n g o r salvage o p e r a t i o n s during f i r e

14

i? i n J u s e d because of panic of o t h e r s p r e a - e n t 15 i n J u r e d by f a l l s , f a l l i n g o b j e c t s , e t c , while e s c a p i n g from f i r e 16 Snfant: no o t h e r reason i s a p p l i c a b l e t h a n t h a t g i v e n i n f i e l d

43

-

46

1 7 15

(va

zant )

18

o t h e r known causes

19

90

-

93 Surface m a t e r i a l forming i n t e r i o r f i n i s h of

w a l l s and p a r t i t i o n s of the room i n which m i r e s t a r t e d

( E n t e r two digits as shown; punch t h e f i r s t an h o l e

Flald Topic Cla~sjfication

Lath and plaster 0

11

Plasterboard 072

Ceramic tile

Other incombust f bles or mixture there~f

015

016

Combust i ble

L u b e s or w ~ o d panelling Plywood

Soft fibreboard, insulation board9 etc, Pressed paperboard

Hardboard

Othes eombustibles or mixture thereof

Mfxed combustible and incombustible 047

94

-

97

Surface material forming interior finish of ceilings of the room ~JI which the fire started

Enter according to the same acheme as used in the previsua field.

BIBLIOGRA

PHY

S h o r t e r , G,W, and 6 , W l l l i m s - L e a k , F i r e d e a t h s

In

t h e

Province of Ontario, 1954, Nat t o n a l Research C o m c % l ,

D i v i s i o n of Bullding Research Report 72, O t l t a w ~ , 22 p ,

WfllLarns-Leir, G o F i r e d e a t h s i n t h e P r o v i n c e of O n t a ~ i ~ ,

19550

Nat.ional Research Council, D f v i s i o n of B ~ d l d l n q Research Report 8 6 , Ottawa,

Manual of t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l s t a t i s t k c a l e l a s s f f i c a t i o n OF

d l a e a s e s , i n j u r i e s and causes of death. World Health O ~ g a n i z a t i o n , Vob. 1, p. 263; 305-307;

311.

Geneva,

1948,

1955 Mm%cipal Dl.aaecto&qy, Department of M w i c i p a l A f f a i r s , Tsront o ,

Mim~.c%pal F i r e Departments i n Ontario,

1955.

O n t a r i o F i r e M a r s h a l R s O f f i c e , T ~ r o n t o .

Casey, ROSS and J . W , Perry. Punched c a r d s , R e i n h ~ l d

1.951,

506

Po

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Many i d e a s i n c o r p o r a t e d I n this manual were suggested by

Mr.

R.A. S t e ~ n e i n the e a r l y stages of i t s p s e p a r a t i o n ,

1.

-

Appendix 1

Coding systems f o s use w i t h marginally-punched

-

c a ~ d s ,

1, D i r e c t Coding

One c l a s s i f i c a t i o n f o r each h o l e , Punching t h e hole i n d i c a t e s t h e c l a s s i f i c d t i o n a p p l i e s ; l e a v i n g I t unpuwched

indicates t h e c o n t r a r y ,

Any number of c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s can be i n d i c a t e d on each c a r d ,

2 . Seauence Codfna

One c l a s s i f i c a t i o n f o r each combination of a l l t h e h o l e s i n t h e f i e l d , Only one of t h e c l a s s i F l c a t i o n s can be

i n d i c a t e d on each c a r d , 2 a .

7 4

2 1 system f o r numerals, . o w 0 4 2 1 i n d i c a t e s

"459"

hundreds t e n s u n i t s

Each d i g i t i s r e p r e s e n t e d by one o r two notches only, except t h a t when

7

has t o be punched and only

3

h o l e s a r e provided, t h e y m a y a l l be punched, 2b. 0 I E C

B

system f o r l e t t e r s i n d i c a t e s "BE" A = no punch J = IB R = QCB B - B C = C D = CB E = E

F

-

EB

G

-

EC H = ECB I = I L =: ICB Mac= IE M = I E B

N

= IEC S = OE T = OEB

u

= 01 V = OIB

W

--

OIC X = OICB Y

-

OIE Z = O B B

F i n e - s o r t i n g i n sequence-coded f i e l d s

31

-

To put t h e c a r d s i n nwner1,cal o r a l p h a b e t i c a l o r d e r , n e e d l e each h o l e i n t h e f i e l d i n t u r n , s t a r t i n g from t h e r i g h t ,

P r e s e r v e t h e o r d e r of t h e c a r d s t h a t drop and put themat t h e back of t h e deck b e f o r e n e e d l i n g t h e n e x t h o l e .

Work always from p a r t i c u l a r t o g e n e r a l ; e . g . t o p u t c a r d s i n o r d e r by d a t e , n e e d l e f i r s t t h e day-of-month f i e l d , n e x t t h e month-of-year f i e l d .

4,

Breakdown s o r t i n g

I f t h e s e a r e t o o many c a r d s t o f i n e - s o r t comfortably ( i , e , over

l o o ) ,

break them down i n t o two s t a c k s by n e e d l i n g on t h e l e f t hand h o l e of t h e f i e l d . If e i t h e r s t a c k i s s t i l l t o o E e , break down a g a i n on t h e n e x t h o l e , and s o on. When

a l l t h e s t a c k s a r e of convenient s i z e , f i n e - s o r t them one by one and reassemble t h e s t a c k i n t h e c o r r e c t o r d e r .

-

iii

Appendix 2

D e f i n i t i o n s : c l a s s e s of f i r e d e a t h

The q u e s t i o n s a r e d i v i d e d i n t o f o u r g r o u p s , The f i r s t

,

General, a p p l i e s t o e v e r y c a s e , The second, I n f a n t s , a p p l i e s when, and o n l y when, t h e v i c t i m i s a c h i l d u n d e r eeven, Qf

t h e o t h e r two groups, one o r t h e o t h e r always a p p l i e s , but

n e v e r b:>th, The r u l e f o r d e c i d i n g which a p p l i e s i s as f o l l o w s ,

1, C l o t h i n g f i r e d e a t h s

When any one of t h e f o l l o w i n g c o n d i t i o n s is s a t i s f i e d t h e d e a t h i s a c l o t h i n g f i r e d e a t h , u n l e s s t h e e x c e p t i o n s a p p l y , Conditions

( a > The c l o t h i n g worn by t h e v i c t i m i g n i t e d , and was t h e f i r s t or*only m a t t e r n o t

i n t e n d e d f o r burning t h a t d i d burn

04

The c l o t h i n g worn by t h e v i c t i m was

i g n i t e d , from b u r n i n m a t t e r n o t

₆

intended f o r burning

,

and s o f a r a s can

be ,+judged he Would h a v e ' x r v i v e d i f h i s

c l o t h i n g had n o t been i g n i t e d :

( 4

Some p a r t of t h e v i c t i m ' s body o r of t h e c l o t h i n g he was wearing was covered w i t h flammable l i q u i d a l r e a d y h r n i n g o r

l a t e r i g n i t e d , E x c e p t i o n s

( a > Deaths due t o smoking i n bed,

&

b

1

Deaths due t o f o r e s t o r g r a s s f i r e s , e t c ,

2 , B u i l d i n g f l ~ e d e a t h s

Any d e a t h due t o " a c c i d e n t caused by f i r e and e x p l o s i o n o f combustible m a t e ~ i a l " (I n t e r n a t i o n a l S t a t i s t i c a l

C l a s s i f ' l c a t i o n E 916) which i s n o t a c l o t h i n g f i r e d e a t h i s t r e a t e d f o r t h e p r e s e n t purpose as a b u i l d i n g f i r e d e a t h , ( ~ o t e t h a t t h i s c l a s s i n c l u d e s some o t h e r c a s e s b e s i d e s

t h o s e t o which i t o b v i o u s l y a p p l i e s ) ,

*

_{The p h r a s e "not i n t e n d e d f o r b u r n i n g " i s used f o r t h e sake}

of b r e v i t y , but should be understood t o i n c l u d e : "intended f o r burning, but n o t t h e r e , o r n o t t h e n " , as w e l l as "not

Appendix

3

E x t r a c t from I n t e r n a t i o n a l S t a t i s t i c a l Class- i f i c a t i o n of Diseases, I n j u r i e s and Causes of

Death. 1948. Vol. 1 A . EXTERNAL CAUSE OF I N J U R Y ( p .263)

-

E . g l 6

-

Accident caused by f i r e and explosion of combustibles

E.917

-

Heat from e l e c t r i c h e a t i n g appliance

-

.O Resident l a 1

.1 Farm (excluding farm d w e l l i n g s ) .2 Mine/quarry . 3 I n d u s t r y .4 S p o r t s , r e s o r t s , e t c . .5 Street/highway .6 Public b u i l d i n g .7 I n s t i t u t i o n .8 Miscellaneous .g Not s p e c i f i e d B. NATURE OF I N J U R Y (p.305)

-

Burn confined t o : Face, head, neck Trunk

Upper limbs Wrists, hands

Lower limbs

Face, head, neck, limbs Trunk, limbs

Face, head, neck, t r u n k , limbs Unspecified

Poisoning (p.311)

N 968 Carbon monoxide

N 969 Other gases and vapours:

poisoning s u f f ocat i o n

by i n h a l i n g fumes, g a s , smoke, e t c .

except carbon monoxide.

Appendix

Lb

Code Numbers f o r Counties and D i s t r i c t s

TPe f i;t!3= d i g i t ~f each number i s an i n d i c a t i o n of

geogsap~alcab l o c a t i o n ; e , g o , a l l . c o u n t i e s whose f i r s t d l g i t i s

3

ape a d j a c e n t t o one a n o t h e r , Glengarry . O O o O o o . o 59 Grenville . . , , o . o . a 54 Grey c . ~ , u , a , , . e , o o 22 Hald-nd

...

03 MalBb~rton . . o o , o o o 42

...

Malton

31

Hastings Q O O O O 0 0 43 Huron D oO oO Y OO O. . OO 23

...

Kenora [I)

72

Kenora p a t p i c i a )

.

73

Kent

...

04

...

Lambton 24 Lanark . . , , o . o o o o . . 52 Leeds

...

53 ~ennox/Addington

.

, 44 Lincoln , o , , , o , . , o . 32 N i p i s s i n g

...

64

...

Norfolk 05 No~thumberland , , , 45 Ontario O O O O O . . O O o o D

33

...

Oxford 1 4

...

~ a r ~ y sound 65 Peel O O O O O O O O O O O . O O e

34

...

P e r t h 15 P e t e ~ b o r o u g h o . . , . . Q 47 P r e s c o t t o u o g . o o o o o o 55 Prince Edward

...

48 Rainy River , , . , o

.,..

74

...

R e n f ~ e w 49

...

R u s s e l l

56

Thunder Bay . . o . , o O o 75

. . .

Timfakamfng 76

...

V i c t o r f a 35 -. . , Waterloo

...

16

Welland

...

06

. . .

Wellington 17

...

Wentworth 36 Y Q F ~ : ~ e t r o P o ~ % Y f f ~ o 37 ~ o r k : r e s t of county

38

...

Manitoulln 62 Middleaex O O o O o O O U 1 3 ~ u s k o k a . O O O , . ~ , , , ,

63.

;T-e

_-

Appendix

5

4 x e n casds or Municipality cards

C e r t a i n s t a t l s t % c a l e n q u i s i e s demand that f i r e d e a t h s be

r e l a t e d t o ~ h a s a e t e r i s t i c a of t h e m u n f c f p a l i t i e s in which t h e y

o c c u r , For example, see Repopt 86: " F i r e Beatha i n Qntas3.0~ 1955"9 t a b l e s 1,

3

and 4 , To make t h e s e e n q u l ~ i e s p o s s i b l e , a f i l e of Cope-Chat c a r d s bas been p r e p a r e d , one f o r each

m ? ~ . n f c i p a l i t y . 5 i n c h by

8

i n c h keen c a s d s were used, There ape c e r t a i n e x t r a c a r d s

-

aee r o o

h

no

e

1 9 ,

Qn t h e f a c e of each c a r d spaces are provided f o r r e c o r d i n g t h e name and the

a m a

F n a c r e s of a m u n i c i p a l i t y o and f o r t h e

c o m t y o r d i a t . ~ i c t name and t h e coded a r e a . Columns a s ? pso- vided f o r k e c o ~ d i n g y e a r by year (until 1966, .if n e c e s s a r y ) t h e

number of f i ~ e d e a t h s i n each y e a r , t h e p ~ p u l a t i o n and t h e coded p o p u l a t i o n , The s p a c e s a r e l o c a t e d by a ~ t e n e i . 1 , remade each y e a s ,

The scheme of' coding for t h e green c a r d s 3.8 a s follows:

F i e l d Topic C l a s s i f i c a t i o n

-

Code Notes

1

-

16 M u n i c i p a l i t y name

The f i r s t two l e t t e r s a r e coded on h o l e s

1

-

10 i n a t s i c t accordance w i t h t h e QPECB system ( s e e Appendix

1 1 ,

Thus, t o f i n d one p l a c e name when the f i l e i s not a l p h a b e t i c a l l y a s ~ a n ~ g e d , h o l e s 1

-

10 shoul-e needled F f ~ s t ,

The remaining h o l e s , 11

-

16, a r e p u n ~ h e d i n

such a manner t h a t t h e whole f i l e c a c be put i n exact a l p h a b e t i c a l o r d e r by f ine-worteng t h e whole f i e l d . Note the fsadexiwg r u l e s ( f o o t n o t e

201 '

The R a m b e ~ s are a s s i g n e d a c c o r d i n g t o t h e 118t.

given i n Appendix

4,

Xnbt9ally9 t h e numbers were t h o s e g i v e n in the

left-tsand margin of the _{c o u n t y pages in +.he}

₁₉₅₅

e d P ' f ; d , ~ a ~ of "Munlcfpal, Bbkeotory" , N e w l y f orrned rnwi..3lr.ipslitles, o~ changes, S~m t h e stratus of

ex-

Fstjng ones, @.an and skoukd be taken c a r e of each :Tear (when t h e D i r e c t o r y comes out! by

F i e l d Topic Claasl.ffcation Class of M u r i c i ~ a l i t ~ City Separated town Town V i l l a g e Improvement d i s t r i c t Township

Unincorporated, LaadIan

Reserve9

or Comiaerlon

What f i r e p r o t e c t i o n has t h i s m u n i c l p a l i t ~ ? m o l e 33

-

2 ;

34

= 1; hole

35

S

Code M ~ t a s

-

FLD.

with 100 o r more f u l l - t i m e men

None

03

1

F , D . w i t h

51

-

100 f u l l - t i m e men

Volunteer P.D. 2

13

Municipality owns equipment but staff'

9s f u r n i s h e d by a n o t h e r m u n i c i p a l i t y ₂₄

P O D ,

with

7

-

50 f u l l - t i m e men

3

F%re

p r o t e c t i o n f u r n i s h e d by a n o t h e r

m u n i c i p a l i t y

33

Population d e n s i t y

E n t e r t e n times t h e logarithm t o base t e n of the number of people p e r 1000 a c r e s .

N O R ,

An

easy way of computing t h i s

approximately i s i n d i c a t e d i n f o o t n o t e 2 2 . S t e n c i l Punching t h i s hole i n d i c a t e s t h e c a r d i s a s t e n c i l , not a m u n i c i p a l i t y c a r d . Vacant hnch3,n.g 54 l a d i c a t e s t h i s m u n i c i p a l i t y

had owe oFxnore f i r e deatha in 1954;

-

~ i m d l a ~ l y 55 and s o on.

Vacant

Must remain vacant t o permit s e p a r a t i o n from white fire d e a t h cards f o r 1955

78

-

97

Vacant and a v a i l a b l e

98

-

102 Must rematn vacant t o permit s e p a r a t i o n from white fire death c a r d s f o r years o t h e r t h a n 1955.

Appendix 6 F o o t n o t e s

I , Code z e r o ( n o h o l e s punched) f o r "unhown"

,

"no inkormat i o n " , "not a p p l i c a b l e " o r " i n f o r m a t i o n a p p e a r s u n r e l i a b l e

"

, Thf P

i s t o be underst.ood f o r every f iel.d, w i t h o u t r e p e t i t i o n ,

thlao~zghout t h i s Manual,

2, If EDT i s g i v e n , convert t o EST. Take n e a r e s t h o u r ,

If t h e t h e 3.8 an e x a c t h a l f - h o u r , t a k e n e a r e s t even h o u r ,

I f t h e time i s n e a r midnight, f o l l o w t h e p r a c t i c e i l l u s t r a t e d : - Late evening: 10s30 pm = Code 22

1 0 ~ 3 1 " 2 3 1 1 ~ 2 9 l r 2 3 1 1 ~ 3 0 2 4 12: 00 midnight 24 E a r l y morning 12:01 am = 30 n e x t day 12:30 I t 30 1 2 . 3 1 I' 0 1

3,, Location of f i r e i s r e q u i r e d ; t h i s may or may n o t be t h e same a s t h e m e of r e s i d e n c e o r t h e p l a c e of d e a t h .

4,

A l i s t of county numbers i s given i n Appendix

4,

5 , The V i t a l Statistics r e p o r t i s u s u a l l y t h e b e s t guide t o t h e c o r r e c t m ~ m i c i p a l i t y . If a n a d d s e s s i s g i v e n as a s u m 1 koute number based on a p a r t i c u l a r town, e t c ,

,

t h e c o r r e c t a d d r e s s i s probably t h e a d j a c e n t townshi ; s l m - i l a r l y , if "one ( o r more) m i l e s from

. .

.

( a towny" i s

g i v e n , t h e a d d ~ e s s i s probably o u t s i d e t h e town l i m i t s , If t h e p l a c e name i s n o t found i n t h e g r e e n c a r d s , look f i r s t i n t h e ifidex i n t h e f r o n t of t h e Municipal D i r e c t o r y , where it may be found a s a "See" sntxay, e , g , Aberdeen ( s e e MaL?Donald) ., IS t h i s f a i l s , t r y t h e index t o P o l i c e

V i l l a g e s a t t h e back of t h e D i r e c t o r y , Large s c a l e maps a r e a v a i l a b l e and may be used f o r checking; s o may t h e

Vktal S t a t t s t i c s n ~ m b e r s ,

If t h e a d d r e s s given i s i n a county, n o t a d i s t r i c t , but c a n ~ s t be a s a i g n e d t o one of t h e titles, s e p a r a t e d towns, towns o r v i l l a g e s , t h e n i t i s i n a township ( o r an I n d i a n ~ e s e r v e ) ,

If t h e a d d r e s s 1 s i n a d i s t r i c t t h i s does n o t f o l l o w , If

i t i s n o t i n a c i t y , town, v i l l a g e o r improvement d i s t r i c t S t

may be i n a township, o r a n I n d i a n Resesve, but a h l g h pro- postlor, of t h e a r e a of districts 1s " u n i n c o r p o r a t e d " and should

be s o e n t e r e d ,

If t h e a d d s e s s i s i n a d i s t r i c t and i n c l u d e s t h e word

" t ~ w n a h f p " , beware. If t h e township name i s n o t l i s t e d i n t h e green s a ~ d s o r t h e Municipal D i r e c t o r y I t i s s t i l l

Age vnkrom

-

0 with "infant" h o l e (number 5 0 ) a l s o u n p ~ ~ n e h e d ,

Do n o t use c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s u g g e s t e d by newspaper o r o t h e ~ ; r e p o r t s w i t h o u t checking t h a t i t i s covzaect by t h e fall-

owing d e f i n i t i o n s ,

Classkf'$cat$on 1/1 i n c l u d e s t h e y a r d of an i n d u s t r i a l

p l a c t (Thus, a p l a n t y a r d is n o t punched as " o u t d ~ o ~ s " ] ,

_-

A d w e l l i n g u n i t c o n s i s t s of two o r more rooms used by one p e r s o n o r two o r mom peraona k e e p i n g house t o g e t h e r ,

A s a p s s a t e dwelling i s a d w e l l i n g lanit which ha8 a a e p a r a t e fsowt doos,

A n apartment i a a d w e l l i n g u n i t which s h a s e a i t s f r o n t doos with

(an

g o t h e r dwellingQa) ,

A s h a r s d s e p a r a t e d w e l l i n g 1s a d w e l l i n g whose k i t c h e n a n d / o r sanitary f a c i l i t i e s a r e s h a r e d by two s e p a r a t e

housekeeping gkoups, E s t a b l i s h m e n t s l e t t i n g rooms t o Fewer t h a n f o u r people a r e , t o be t r e a t e d as s h a r e d d w e l l i n g s ,

A rooning house i s a n e s t a b l i s h m e n t o t h e r t h a n a h o t e l

whf~~kk l e t s sooms t o f o u r o r more p e o p l e , b u t which does

c o t p r o v i d e m e a l s ,

A b a a s d i n g house i s an establisknanent o t h e s t h a n a h o t e l

w h 9 h l e t s rooms t o f o u r o r more p e ~ p l e and provides m e a l s , Use c l a s a i f i c a t % o n

147

o r

119

f o r c h i c k e n house, o u t d o o r p l a y s t r u c t u r e , e t c ,

When a b u i l d i n g c o n t a i n s a d w e l l i n g and a l s o a n o n - r e s % d e n t i a l occupancy ( e , g o shop k i t h apartment abovd t h e n o n - r e s i d e n t ial area should be l e f t o u t of t h e c a l @ u l a t i o n , The " r e s i d e n t s "

%hoixld be, t a k e n a* i n e l u d i n g " v l , a i t o r a " o n l y if no d a t e seems t o have been s e t for t h e end of t h e v i s i t ,

hao p r o v i a l . ~ ~ i s made f o r e n t e r i n g Vital S t a t i s t i c s S e c t i o n as a sauyce of i n f o r m a t i o n because i t %a u n d e r s t o o d I n e v e r y c a s e ; no i n c i d e n t i s t r e a t e d a a a Sire d e a t h u n l e s s a o

e l s s s i f i e d by t h e V i t a l S t a t i s t i c s S e c t i o n ,

Mo3t e x p l o s i o n s a r e caused by some o t h e r f a i l u r e , Do n o t

?.xe t?93 e l a s s i f i ~ a t l o n lf any other c a n r e a s o n a b l y be a p p l i e d , "Respor.sibie p e r s o n " means t h e p e r s o n who would n o ~ m a l l y be -5garded as m o r a l l y ~ e s p o c s i b l e for t h e c h i l d " welfare

l e g p a r e n t s ) , o r , i b Lhey have made p r o v i a i o n t o have t h e

i n f a n t p s o p e s l y c a ~ e d for i n t h e i r temporary a b s e n c e , t h e " r e s p o n s i b l e persoE1' is t h e p e r s o n l e f t En c h a r g e ,

If

t h e r e s p ~ n s i 5 l e person was anyom o t h e r t h a n t h e c h f l d " p p a ~ e n t s , make s u m t h a t t h e " r e a s o n for f a t a l i n j u r y " t y p e d on t h e

1-5,

When t h e v i c t i m . % a m d e s age 7, t h e syetem provides f o r

t a b u l a t eng t w ~ d i f f e r e n t a s p e c t s of t h e peason f o r f a t a l

i n j u - y , Both of t h e s e should be s e c s ~ d e d whenever t h e n e c e s s a r y Snf?ormati~n can be o b t a i n e d , F o r example, t h e r e a s o n s "Responsible person away for 5 minutes o r o v e ~ " and "Trapped because unable t o f i n d e x i t i n smoke" m y

both a p p l y , C l a s s i f i c a t i o n 1 7 i n f i e l d 85

-

89 shouLd

be used only when information i s lacking,

1 6 , Use if' a v e s s e l cont,aining propane, buzane o r o t h e r compressed gases b u r s t and t h e b l a s t ( n o t t h e r e s u l t a n t f i r e ) f a t a l l y in,:ursd t h e v i c t i m ,

l i ,

Do not use if explosion caused a f i ~ e which in t u ~ n caused

death, Use only i f f a t a l i n j u r i e s were caused d i r e c t l y

by expLosion b l a s t ,

2 8 . _{F 1 . ~ 9 - f $ g n t i n g does c o t i n c l u d e a t t e m p t s} t o put out burnxng c l o t h e s being worn by some person,

1 9 , E x t r a casds

A l l t y p e s of m u n i c i p a l i t y i n O n t a r i o a r e c l a s s i f d a b l e under codes 1

-

6 of f i e l d 30

-

3 2 , Code 7 is used t o w v e ? 3 miscellany:

U n i n ~ ? o s p o ~ a t e d a r e a s ( t h e s e a r e a l l in t h e d 2 ~ t s B c t a ~ none i n t h e c ~ u n t i e s )

I n d i a n Reserves (may be anywhere)

Gomiasion (one only e x i s t s

-

Burlington ~ e a c h ) Green c a ~ d a s t i l l need t o be made f o r Indian Reserves in 2 e s t a i n @ o m t i e s o They a l r e a d y e x i s t f o r t h e o t h e r t w o ~ a t e g a r i e a ,

20, Indexing R ~ 1 1 8 ~

a , Punch S t , as Sal.nt and MI, Mc, Mac a l l aa Mac,

_-

b, Put N o ~ t h Mosk w ~ d e s

-

York but North Bay under Nost,h, and so on,

2 , Uwfn-~~pcasated or Indian Reserve; pwmh accogading

t o county OF d i S t r i c t , name, e , g , Algoma,

21, The system of' c l a a a i f ' i c a t i o n s has grown up i n t h i s r a t h e r

urat,2dy r n r r r , 3 _a f-esh s t a x t weke made t h e f o l l o w i n g

What f i r e g r a t e s t i o n has t h i s m u n i c i p a l i t y ?

None 1

F i r e p r o t e c t i o n f u r n i s h e d by a n c t h e r

munip i p a l f t y 2

MunEc i p a l i t y has equipment but a n o t h e r

m ~ n . S c i p s l i t y f u r n i s h e s ~ t a f f

3

V o l u n t e e r fire department

4

F , 3 , with 7-50 f u l l - t i m e men ( i n c l u d i n g f i r e c h i e f )

5

F , D , with 51-100 f u l l - t i m e men (including

f i r e c h i e f ) 6 F.D, with o v e r 100 f u l l - t i m e men ( i n e -

l u d l n g f i r e c h i e f ) 7

22 Code t h e a r e s and t h e p o p u l a t i o n ow eack c a r d a n d e n t e r each 2ode En t h e space p r o v i d e d , Add 30 t o "c,oded area" and subtract "coded p o p u l a t i o n " , W r i t e t h e r e s u l t In t h e maygin by h o l e s

38

and 3 9 ,

L o g a r i t hmlc Code

1-1 t, i a l Number of d i g i t s ; - .---- In2.t la1

d l g i t s One Two Three Four F i v e SEX d i g i t s

CODE :

-

.. 0 10 2 0 30 40

50

112 11.2 1 11. 21

31

41 5 1 1 4 1 1 4 1 2 12 22 32 42

52

178 178