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Combining Data Structures with Nonstably Infinite Theories using Many-Sorted Logic

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Combining Data Structures with Nonstably Infinite Theories using Many-Sorted Logic

Silvio Ranise, Christophe Ringeissen, Calogero Zarba

To cite this version:

Silvio Ranise, Christophe Ringeissen, Calogero Zarba. Combining Data Structures with Non- stably Infinite Theories using Many-Sorted Logic. [Research Report] RR-5678, INRIA. 2005, pp.39. <inria-00070335>

HAL Id: inria-00070335

https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00070335

Submitted on 19 May 2006

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L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destin´ ee au d´ epˆ ot et ` a la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publi´ es ou non,

´ emanant des ´ etablissements d’enseignement et de

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ISRN INRIA/RR--5678--FR+ENG

a p p o r t

d e r e c h e r c h e

Thème SYM

INSTITUT NATIONAL DE RECHERCHE EN INFORMATIQUE ET EN AUTOMATIQUE

Combining Data Structures with Nonstably Infinite Theories using Many-Sorted Logic

Silvio Ranise — Christophe Ringeissen — Calogero Zarba

N° 5678

Septembre 2005

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Unité de recherche INRIA Lorraine

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ϕ

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Σ

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lpry-ml–¤0|X*²qvcRm

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T

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ϕ

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o3c|dl-stŽ†|Xm-w8yc†¤qvcRm

S = {σ 1 , . . . , σ n } ⊆ Σ S

oc

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T

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T

svl ! ::3 © stm-_£ycnl~3cn€Rmmp

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ϕ

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κ 1 , . . . , κ n

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κ i ≥ |A σ i |

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B

l|Xm-svl$Ÿ§j0st8Ž

ϕ

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|B σ i | = κ i ,

٤pry

i = 1, . . . , n .

(11)

‰

Finite model property Polite

Smooth

Stably infinite Finite witnessable

2ž• Å š }cRq®|Xm-svpr*l-_8st~*lo3cRm

©

cncR›€Rq®|rllcnlpXŸ“m-_*cnpry-svcnlº¥

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witness

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٤ycnc

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ψ = witness (ϕ)

l-w*€_Fm-_|Xm.K

s

ϕ

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(∃¯ v)ψ

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v = vars (ψ) \ vars(ϕ)

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T

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¤ © c © stqtq8cK³**c£m-_*c

(12)



Ÿ§w8*€Rm-svpr

witness T

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m-_|Xm

vars σ (Γ) 6= ∅

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σ ∈ S

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σ ∈ S \ {τ } .

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T

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v ¯ = vars (ψ) \ vars (Γ)

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witness

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¢

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l-w*€_Ím-_|Xm

vars σ (Γ) 6= ∅

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c–|r€_

σ ∈ S

qvcRm

witness (ϕ) = w(Γ 1 ) ∨ · · · ∨ w(Γ n )

¥

(13)

B–‹

2 %(“ ` ' “%9:

cRm

T i

oc¨|

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¢¹m-_*cnpry-jˆ¤*Ÿ§pry

i = 1, 2

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S = Σ S 1 ∩ Σ S 2

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T i

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i = 1, 2

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S

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T 1

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T 1 ⊕ T 2

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i = 1, 2

o

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Γ

svl

(T 1 ⊕ T 2 )

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Γ 1 ∪ Γ 2

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ψ 2 = witness T 2 (Γ 2 )

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Γ 1 ∪ {ψ 2 }

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vars (ψ 2 ) \ vars (Γ)

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i

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read (a, i) 6≈ read (b, i)

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a 6≈ array b

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(14)

BB

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E = {E σ ⊆ V σ × V σ | σ ∈ S}

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elem

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a

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Φ 1 = {(∀ elem x)(x ≈ a ∨ x ≈ b)} .

{¶qvc–|Xy-qtjˆ¤ŸÃprydcR ˆcRy-j

T 1

¢¹stgmcRy-~8ycRm|Xm-svpr

A

¤ © c£_|n ˆc

|A elem | ≤ 2

¥«^`_*cRycKŸÃpryc†¤

T 1

svl*prm

lm|Xo8qtj‘stT³*8stmc

©

stm-_¾ycnl-~3cn€Rmmp

{elem}

¥

¯cK·Tm–¤´€npr*l-sv8cRy9m-_*c

Σ set

¢¹m-_*cnpry-j

T set

pXŸ`lcRml9pXŸµcRqvcRbdcRkml–¥^`_*cœl-stŽ†|Xm-w8yc

Σ set

€nprT¢

m|Xst*lº¤|Xbdpr8Ž£prm-_*cRy9lcRm$¢¹m-_*cnprycRm-sv€–|Xq¡l-j0bVoprqvl–¤´|‘lpry-m

elem

Ÿ§pry¸cRqvcRbdcRgml–¤ž|X*[|²lpry-m

set

ŸÃprylcRmlpXŸcRqvcRbdcRgmlº¥^`_*c¨m-_*cnpry-j

T set

© stqtqžo3c8cK³**cn¾bdprycVŸ§pry-bU|Xqtqtj£st¬ekw8o*lcn€Rm-svpr­T¥

¼pry)m-_8svl)cK·*|Xbœ~8qvc†¤8stml-w5GU€ncnlmpDk*p

©

m-_|Xm

T set

svl~prqtstmc

©

stm-_Fycnl-~cn€Rm)mp

{elem}

¥

¯cK·Tm–¤8€npr*l-sv8cRy)m-_*c¸ŸÃprqtqvp

©

st8Ž‘€nprrz±w8*€Rm-svpr

Γ

pXŸ

1 ∪ Σ set )

¢¹qtstmcRy|Xqvl K

Γ =

 

 

a ≈ b , x 6≈ ∅ , y 6≈ ∅ , x ∩ y ≈ ∅

 

 

,

(15)

B–Š

©

_*cRyc

x

|X*

y

|Xyc

set

¢¹ †|Xy-s®|Xo8qvcnl–¥

¯prmcm-_|Xm

Γ

svl

(T 1 ⊕ T set )

¢¹w8*l|Xm-svl$³|Xo8qvc†¥^NpVlcncm-_8svl–¤k|rll-w8bdcogjœ€nprkm-y|rTsv€Rm-svpr²m-_|Xm

A

svl¨|

(T 1 ⊕ T set )

¢¹stkmcRy-~8ycRm|Xm-svpr«l-w*€_Ím-_|Xm

Γ

svl6m-y-w*cst

A

¥ µj¾m-_*c³*yl-m¸qtstmcRy|Xq!st

Γ

¤

©

c¨_|– ˆc

|A elem | = 1

¥ :p © cR ˆcRy–¤ogj£m-_*c9m-_8ycncVq®|rl-mqtstmcRy|Xqvlst

Γ

¤ © cV_|n ˆc

|A elem | ≥ 2

¤|

€nprkm-y|rTsv€Rm-svpr¥

I­c

©

|Xkm)mpŸÃpry-bU|Xqtqtj=8cRmcn€Rmm-_|Xm

Γ

svl

(T 1 ⊕ T set )

¢¹w8*l|Xm-svl$³|Xo8qvcVogj=w*l-st8Ždprw8y€nprb¢

o8st|Xm-svpr¾bdcRm-_*pk´¥

ekst*€nc|XqtqqtstmcRy|Xqvlst

Γ

|XyccRstm-_*cRy

Σ 1

¢¹qtstmcRy|Xqvl¶pry

Σ set

¢¹qtstmcRy|Xqvlº¤ˆstdm-_*c †|Xy-s®|Xo8qvc|Xo*lm-y|r€K¢

m-svprU~8_|rlc

©

c8p9*prm¡*cncnUmp9stgm-yp0Tw*€ncŸAycnl-_U r|Xy-s®|Xo8qvcnl–¤0|X*

©

cl-stbœ~8qtjycRm-w8y-Um-_*c)m

© p

€nprrz$w8*€Rm-svpr*l.K

Γ 1 =

a ≈ b , Γ set =

x 6≈ ∅ , y 6≈ ∅ , x ∩ y ≈ ∅

 .

9Á m-_*c

©

stm-*cnll£stkm-ypkTw*€Rm-svpr ~8_|rlc

©

ć*cncn mp½€nprbœ~8w8mc

witness set (Γ set )

¥ ^`_*c

stkm-w8stm-svpr¾ocR_8st*£m-_*c9€nprbœ~8w8m|Xm-svprÍpXŸ

witness setset )

svl|rl`٤prqtqvp

©

l–¥

^`_*c`qtstmcRy|Xq

x 6≈ ∅

stbœ~8qtsvcnl!m-_*ccK·Tsvl-mcR*€ncpXŸ|XdcRqvcRbdcRkm

w x

st

x

¥ sCDˆc © svlc†¤ˆm-_*c`qtstmcRy|Xq

y 6≈ ∅

stbœ~8qtsvcnlm-_*cVcK·Tsvl-mcR*€ncVpXŸ|X›cRqvcRbdcRkm

w y

st

y

¥`^`_*cVprw8m-~8w8m¸pXŸ

witness set (Γ set )

svl

|€nprrz$w8*€Rm-svpr

set

m-_|XmbU|FDˆcnlcK·T~8qtsv€Rstmm-_*c¸cK·0svl-mcR*€nc¸pXŸ“m-_*c6cRqvcRbdcRkml

w x

|X*

w y

¥JI­c

€–|X›8pm-_8svlogj=qvcRm-m-st8Ž

set =

w x ∈ x , w y ∈ y , x ∩ y ≈ ∅

 .

¯6prmc¸m-_|Xm

Γ set

|X*

(∃ elem w x )(∃ elem w y )∆ set

|Xyc

T set

¢Ácnukw8st r|XqvcRkm–¥

9Á›m-_*c8cn€nprbœ~p†l-stm-svpr[~8_|rlc

©

cV*cncn›mpdŽ†w*cnll6|XÍcnugw8st †|XqvcR*€ncycRq®|Xm-svpr

E elem

pº ˆcRy

m-_*c †|Xy-s®|Xo8qvcnl¸st

vars elem (∆ set )

¥¨ekst*€nc

vars elem (∆ set ) = {w x , w y }

¤m-_*cRyc|Xycm

©

p²~3p†l-¢

lsto8qvc9€_*prsv€ncnl.K¶cRstm-_*cRy

©

c9Ž†w*cnll

(w x , w y ) ∈ E elem

pry

©

c9Ž†w*cnll

(w x , w y ) ∈ / E elem

¥

9¹Ÿ

© c Ž†w*cnll

(w x , w y ) ∈ E elem

m-_*cR © c _|n ˆc m-_|Xm

set ∪ {w x ≈ w y }

svl

T set

¢

w8*lY|Xm-svl$³|Xo8qvc†¤9|X*

© c ©

stqtqVprw8m-~8w8m «st#l-mcR~ Š»pXŸm-_*c­€_*cn€ED ~8_|rlc†¥ 9ÁŸst*lmc–|r

©

cŽ†w*cnll

(w x , w y ) ∈ / E elem

m-_*cR

©

c_|– ˆcm-_|Xm

Γ 1 ∪ {w x 6≈ w y }

svl

T 1

¢¹w8*lY|Xm-svl$³|Xo8qvc†¤8|X*

© c ©

stqtqNprw8m-~8w8m stFl-mcR~ B9pXŸ\m-_*c¨€_*cn€ D=~8_|rlc†¥

ekst*€nc!m-_*c¡€_*cn€ED¸~8_|rlc¡prw8m-~8w8ml µŸÃpryN|Xgj¸cnugw8st †|XqvcR*€nc¡ycRq®|Xm-svpr

E elem

pXŸ

vars elem (∆ set )

¤

prw8y)€nprbo8st|Xm-svpr›bdcRm-_*p0F€npry-ycn€Rm-qtj£€npr*€Rqtw*8cnlm-_|Xm

Γ

svl

(T 1 ⊕ T set )

¢¹w8*l|Xm-svl-³|Xo8qvc†¥

ö %¦ÕYÖ*)ÚÜgá˜àXäXÑÞÛ¹ÑØÕKä6Õ%8Ú %¦ßXä˜õ±Û¹ÑØÕKä

witness set

õ-ÚYäâ†à %ÕKßXäXáÑØä9æ–ßXâ˜ÒÃà$õ±Û¹ÑØÕKäñºÿçXÕÖ´Û¹ÐXÑØÒ´à)(˜Ú*٘ÜØàKðnÔà ֹ٘à)%à±ÖÛ¹Õ`Ò§Û¹ÑØõË×Û¹Õ`ÑØänÛ¹ßXÑÞÛ¹Ñ#Rà!ÚÖ¹ãKß*à±ä–Û¹Ò$ÿ

(16)

B–Œ

(#)9( #+ + " ) %#,'

^`_*c€npry-ycn€Rm-*cnll9pXŸµprw8y¸€nprbo8st|Xm-svpr­bdcRm-_*p0›svl¸o|rlcn›prÍm-_*cŸ§prqtqvp

©

st8Ž›{µprbVo8st|Xm-svpr

^`_*cnprycRbF¤

©

_8sv€_£svl)|~|Xy-m-sv€Rw8q®|Xy)€–|rlc¸pXŸ\|€nprbVo8st|Xm-svpr›ycnl-w8qtm`_*prqvTst8ŽŸ§prypry8cRy$¢Álpry-mcn

qvprŽ†sv€=CBB?Á¥

ÅkÉ • Å VÉ › —T”É" )(

Σ 1

'

Σ 2

E !"C' "! !5$ $

Σ F 1 ∩ Σ F 2 = ∅

Σ P 1 ∩ Σ P 2 = ∅

* )! )C

Φ i

E3!.L

Σ i

" )H(

'

i = 1, 2

* 24$5

Φ 1 ∪ Φ 2

! ! !- ()

' ' 0)*

$5 '!! ' 01 7'

A

!! *F

Φ 1

'

01

7'

B

!! *F

Φ 2

!5$ $5

|A σ | = |B σ |

'> F*

σ ∈ Σ S 1 ∩ Σ S 2

x A = y A

' ' )+*

x B = y B

> F*

x, y ∈ vars (Φ 1 ) ∩ vars(Φ 2 )

*

% • É ¡É ’C”É & )(

T i

Σ i

$56'* !"$ $

Σ F 1 ∩ Σ F 2 = ∅

'

Σ P 1 ∩ Σ P 2 = ∅

'

i = 1, 2

* !E!>$

T 2

! ')+1#$ "! 6L

S = Σ S 1 ∩ Σ S 2

* )! /)C

Γ 1 ∪ Γ 2

E " 7'

)+1 ')! !.

'61

' '

)C

ψ 2 = witness T 2 (Γ 2 )

* '))*

)

V σ = vars σ (ψ 2 )

'6($

σ ∈ S

L )

V = S

σ∈S V σ

*

24$5 $5

'))H'# '6

@') 0

*

Γ 1 ∪ Γ 2

!

(T 1 ⊕ T 2 )

!!- ()

*

24$5 '!!>

' )*

E

@') " )H ' !

E = {E σ ⊆ V σ × V σ | σ ∈ S} ,

!"$3$

Γ 1 ∪ arr (V, E)

!

T 1

!!- () '

{ψ 2 } ∪ arr(V, E)

!

T 2

!!- () *

5::

1 ⇒ 2

K¥Î6ll-w8bdcm-_|Xm

Γ 1 ∪ Γ 2

svl

(T 1 ⊕ T 2 )

¢Ál|Xm-svl$³|Xo8qvc†¥ cRm

¯

v = vars(ψ 2 ) \ vars (Γ 2 )

¥Fekst*€nc

Γ 2

|X*

(∃¯ v)ψ 2

|Xyc

T 2

¢Ácnugw8st †|XqvcRgm–¤\stmVŸ§prqtqvp

©

lVm-_|Xm

Γ 1 ∪ {ψ 2 }

svl|Xqvlp

(T 1 ⊕T 2 )

¢Ál|Xm-svl$³|Xo8qvc†¥“^`_gw*lº¤

©

c¡€–|X¨³8·V|

(T 1 ⊕T 2 )

¢¹stkmcRy-~8ycRm|Xm-svpr

A

l|Xm-svl$Ÿ§j0st8Ž

Γ 1 ∪{ψ 2 }

¥

¯6cK·Tm–¤TqvcRm

E = {E σ | σ ∈ S}

© _*cRyc

E σ = {(x, y) | x, y ∈ V σ

|X*

x A = y A } ,

ŸÃpry

σ ∈ S .

¶j¨€npr*lm-y-w*€Rm-svpr¤

©

c¶_|n ˆcµm-_|Xm

Γ 1 ∪arr(V, E)

svl

T 1

¢ÁlY|Xm-svl$³|Xo8qvcµ|X*

{ψ 2 }∪arr(V, E)

svl

T 2

¢Ál|Xm-svl$³|Xo8qvc†¥

2 ⇒ 1

cRm

A

ocF|

T 1

¢¹stgmcRy-~8ycRm|Xm-svpr l|Xm-svl$Ÿ§jkst8Ž

Γ 1 ∪ arr (V, E)

¤`|X*½qvcRm

B

ocF|

T 2

¢¹stgmcRy-~8ycRm|Xm-svpr£l|Xm-svl$Ÿ§j0st8Ž

{ψ 2 } ∪ arr (V, E)

¥¶ekst*€nc

T 2

svl\³*8stmcRqtj

©

stm-*cnll|Xo8qvc†¤

©

c€–|X

|rll-w8bdc

©

stm-_*prw8mqvp†llpXŸ\ŽˆcR*cRy|XqtstmÁj£m-_|Xm

B σ = V σ B

¤TŸÃpry)c–|r€_

σ ∈ S

¥

(17)

B

^`_gw*l–¤TŸÃpry)c–|r€_

σ ∈ S

¤ © c9_|– ˆc

|B σ | = |V σ B |

l-st*€nc

B σ = V σ B

= |V σ A |

l-st*€nc¸o3prm-_

A

|X*

B

l|Xm-svl$٤j

arr (V, E)

≤ |A σ |

l-st*€nc

V σ A ⊆ A σ .

¶w8m6m-_*cR¤3ogjFm-_*cl-bdp0prm-_8*cnll6pXŸ

T 2

¤m-_*cRyccK·Tsvl-ml6|

T 2

¢¹stkmcRy-~8ycRm|Xm-svpr

C

l|Xm-svl$Ÿ§j0st8Ž

{ψ 2 } ∪ arr (V, E)

l-w*€_ m-_|Xm

|C σ | = |A σ |

¤“Ÿ§pryc–|r€_

σ ∈ S

¥ I­c²€–|X«m-_*cRycKŸÃpryc=|X~8~8qtj

^`_*cnprycRb B–ŒÍmp

A

|X*

C

¤µpro8m|Xst8st8Žªm-_*c¾cK·0svl-mcR*€nc¾pXŸ9|

(T 1 ⊕ T 2 )

¢¹stgmcRy-~8ycRm|Xm-svpr

F

lY|Xm-svl$ŸAj0st8Ž

Γ 1 ∪ {ψ 2 } ∪ arr (V, E)

¥dekst*€nc

Γ 2

|X*

(∃¯ v)ψ 2

|Xyc

T 2

¢Ácnugw8st †|XqvcRgm–¤NstmŸÃprqtqvp

© l

m-_|Xm

F

|XqvlpœlY|Xm-svl$³cnl

Γ 1 ∪ Γ 2

¥

;l-st8Ž²x!ypr~p†l-stm-svpr B£|X*Fm-_*c¨ŸÃ|r€Rmm-_|Xmprw8y¸€nprbVo8st|Xm-svprÍbdcRm-_*pk¾svlmcRy-bœst|Xm-st8Ž*¤

©

c¨pro8m|XstFm-_*c¨€npry-ycn€Rm-*cnllpXŸ!prw8y€nprbVo8st|Xm-svpr›bdcRm-_*pk´¥

ÅkÉ • Å 'VÉ •˜• Å ™†” žÅ ’º’d— Ê¿™ É !Å ®” Æ (

T i

E

Σ i

$6'*

i = 1, 2

*

!E!$

$5 ' 0-

6 !!- )+*

)C

T i

! 6 ()

'

i = 1, 2

Σ F 1 ∩ Σ F 2 = ∅

'

Σ P 1 ∩ Σ P 2 = ∅

T 2

! )1#$ 6! 6.

Σ S 1 ∩ Σ S 2

*

24$ $ 5' - ! !- ()* 6() ! () *

' 6 F

$5 ' 0-

&!!- )+*

()C!>

T 1

'

T 2

' &

NP

witness T 2

! ' 5() ')+*' ' 7') 4$ $5 5' - !!- ()+*

()C

T 1 ⊕ T 2

!

NP

' )1 *

5::

{¶qvc–|Xy-qtjˆ¤Xm-_*c¡8cn€Rsv*|Xo8stqtstmËj¨pXŸTm-_*cugw|Xkm-s¦³cRy$¢ÃŸAycnc¶l|Xm-svl$³|Xo8stqtstmÁj9~8ypro8qvcRb pXŸ

T 1 ⊕T 2

ŸÃprqtqvp

©

l)ogj‘x¡ypr~3p†l-stm-svpr BU|X*=m-_*cŸ¹|r€Rmm-_|Xm)prw8y)€nprbVo8st|Xm-svpr›bdcRm-_*pk=svl`mcRy-bœst|Xm-st8Ž*¥

{µpr*€ncRy-8st8Ž

NP

¢¹_|XyT*cnll–¤X*prmc!m-_|XmNs¦Ÿ

©

c¶€–|XVlprqt ˆcm-_*c¡ugw|Xkm-s¦³cRy$¢ÃŸAycncµl|Xm-svl$³|Xo8stqtstmËj

~8ypro8qvcRb pXŸ

T 1 ⊕ T 2

¤Tm-_*cR © c¨€–|X¾|Xqvlpdlprqt ˆc¸~8ypr~p†l-stm-svpr|Xqžl|Xm-svl-³|Xo8stqtstmÁjˆ¥

{µpr*€ncRy-8st8ŽbdcRbo3cRyl-_8st~st

NP

¤X|rllw8bdc!m-_|XmNm-_*c¡ukw|Xgm-s¦³cRy$¢ÃŸ§ycncµl|Xm-svl$³|Xo8stqtstmÁj9~8yproT¢

qvcRbdl“pXŸ

T 1

|X*pXŸ

T 2

|Xycst

NP

¤†|X*m-_|Xm

witness T 2

svlž€nprbœ~8w8m|Xo8qvcµst~3prqtj0*prbœs®|Xq0m-stbdc†¥

I stm-_*prw8m`qvp†ll`pXŸNŽˆcR*cRy|XqtstmÁjˆ¤stm¶svl`cR*prw8Ž†_£mpl-_*p

©

m-_|Xm`st=*pr*8cRmcRy-bœst8svl-m-sv€9~prqtj0*prbœs®|Xq

m-stbdc

©

cd€–|X«€_*cn€ DÍm-_*c

(T 1 ⊕ T 2 )

¢Ál|Xm-svl$³|Xo8stqtstmËj­pXŸ)€nprrz±w8*€Rm-svpr*lpXŸ

1 ∪ Σ 2 )

¢¹qtstmcRy|Xqvl–¥

^žplcnc6m-_8svl–¤0*prmc¸m-_|Xmµm-_*c¸cK·8cn€Rw8m-svprFpXŸ“prw8y€nprbVo8st|Xm-svpr¾bdcRm-_*pk=ycnukw8stycnl`mpŽ†w*cnll|X

|Xy-y|X8ŽˆcRbdcRkm9p– ˆcRy¨|dlcRm6pXŸ¡ r|Xy-s®|Xo8qvcnl

©

_*p†lc€–|XyTst|XqtstmÁj›svl~prqtjk*prbœs®|Xq

©

stm-_›ycnl~3cn€Rm6mp

m-_*cl-stÀ–cpXŸm-_*cVst8~8w8m–¥6^`_8svl6Ž†w*cnll6€–|X›oc8pr*cst[*pr*8cRmcRy-bœst8svl-m-sv€~3prqtj0*prbœs®|Xq“m-stbdc†¥

(18)

B–„

^`_*cnprycRb B–„²€–|X[o3cycR~c–|XmcnTqtj[|X~8~8qtsvcn[mp=€npr*l-sv8cRy¸m-_*cVw88svpr¬pXŸ

n

m-_*cnpry-svcnl

T 1

· · · ⊕ T n

¤ © _*cRyc

T 2 , . . . , T n

|Xycd~prqtstmc

©

stm-_ ycnl-~3cn€RmVmpFm-_*cUlcRmpXŸ)l-_|Xycnªlpry-ml–¥=^`_8svl

qvc–|r8l)mpœm-_*c6Ÿ§prqtqvp

©

st8ŽUŽˆcR*cRy|XqtstÀº|Xm-svprÍpXŸ\^`_*cnprycRb B–„Ÿ§pry

n

m-_*cnpry-svcnl–¥

ÅkÉ

• Å

)(

n ≥ 2

' )

T i

Σ i

$56'*

'

1 ≤ i ≤ n

* )!)

S = S

i6=j (Σ S i ∩ Σ S j )

* !E!>$

$5 ' 0-

6 !!- )+* )C

T i

! 6 () '

1 ≤ i ≤ n

S

i6=j (Σ S i ∩ Σ S j ) = T

i Σ S i

Σ F i ∩ Σ F j = ∅

'

Σ P i ∩ Σ P j = ∅

'

1 ≤ i < j ≤ n

T i

! ')+1>#$3 "! 6

S

'

2 ≤ i ≤ n

*

24$ $ 5' - ! !- ()* 6()

T 1 ⊕ · · · ⊕ T n

! 6 ()C

*

' 6 F 4

$ ' 0-

6E !!- ()+* 6()

T i

!

NP

'

1 ≤ i ≤ n

witness T i

!E' )C ')+*F ' ')J

2 ≤ i ≤ n

$5 $ ' 0-

!!- ()* 6()

T 1 ⊕ · · · ⊕ T n

!

NP

E' )C1 *

5::

I­c=~8yp0€ncncn«ogjªst*Tw*€Rm-svpr¿pr

n

¥ 9ÁŸ

n = 2

© c£€–|X|X~8~8qtj«prw8y€nprbo8st|Xm-svpr

bdcRm-_*p0 mp

T 1

|X*

T 2

¤!|X* m-_*c‘€Rq®|XstbŸ§prqtqvp

©

logjª^`_*cnprycRb B–„T¥ 9ÁŸ)st*l-mc–|r

n > 2

¤\stm

lw5GU€ncnlmpÍ|X~8~8qtjªprw8y€nprbVo8st|Xm-svpr bdcRm-_*p0ª³*yl-mmp

T 1

|X*

T 2

¤¡|X*«l-w8o*lcnukw*cRgm-qtj mp

T 1 ⊕ T 2

¤

T 3

¤´¥n¥n¥n¤

T n

¥

¸% 6,/%!3!

ek_8stkjUm-_*cnpry-svcnl

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cRycstkm-ypkTw*€ncn=okj‘^`st*cRqtqts|X*FÂ|Xy-o| =CB–Š@?st=pry8cRy`mpcK·0mcR*‘m-_*c¸pr*cK¢

lpry-mcnU ˆcRyl-svpr£pXŸNm-_*c¸¯6cRqvlprT¢±°~8~cR²bdcRm-_*p0²mpVm-_*c¸€nprbo8st|Xm-svpr¾pXŸN*pr*l-m|Xo8qtj‘stT³*8stmc

m-_*cnpry-svcnlº¥\ek_8stkj¨m-_*cnpry-svcnl“|XycstgmcRycnl-m-st8Ž¸ocn€–|Xw*lccR ˆcRy-j¨l_8stgj9m-_*cnpry-j

S

€–|Xo3c¶€nprbVo8st*cn

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stm-_[|Xgj=prm-_*cRy)m-_*cnpry-j

T

¤8cR ˆcRFs¦Ÿ“m-_*c¨q®|Xm-mcRy)svl*prml-m|Xo8qtj²stT³*8stmc†¥

^`_*c¸*prm-svprFpXŸžl-_8st8st*cnll

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|rl)pry-stŽ†st|Xqtqtj‘stkm-ypkTw*€ncnFst=pr*cK¢Álpry-mcn£qvprŽ†sv€†¤*|X*²st£m-_8svl

lcn€Rm-svpr

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cŽˆcR*cRy|XqtstÀ–c6stmµmp¨bU|Xgjk¢Álpry-mcn²qvprŽ†sv€†¥I­c6|XqvlpV~8ypº ˆc6m-_|Xm–¤gw8*8cRy`y|Xm-_*cRy

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c–|FD

|rll-w8bœ~8m-svpr*l–¤rl-_8st8st*cnllNsvlžcnukw8st r|XqvcRkmžmp~3prqtstmcR*cnllNstVpr*cK¢Álpry-mcnVqvprŽ†sv€†¥\^`_*ccnukw8st †|XqvcR*€nc

svl)qvcnll€Rqvc–|Xy)stFbU|Xkjg¢Álpry-mcn¾qvprŽ†sv€†¥

-£Å C” É cRm

T

oc­|

Σ

¢¹m-_*cnpry-jˆ¤¸qvcRm

S ⊆ Σ S

¤¸|X* qvcRm

ϕ

oc­|

T

¢Ál|Xm-svl$³|Xo8qvc ukw|Xgm-s¦³cRy$¢ÃŸ§ycnc

Σ

¢ÃŸÃpry-bVw8q®|T¥I­cœ8cR*prmc

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stm-_

mincard T,S (ϕ)

m-_*cœbœst8stbw8bpXŸ`m-_*cŸ§prq¦¢

qvp

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st8Ž‘lcRm)pXŸ!€–|XyTst|Xqkw8bVocRyl.K

max σ∈S |A σ |

| A | = T ϕ

.

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