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HAL Id: jpa-00223261

https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/jpa-00223261

Submitted on 1 Jan 1983

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OF OPTOGALVANIC EFFECTS IN NEON DISCHARGES

J. Lawler, D. Doughty

To cite this version:

J. Lawler, D. Doughty. EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICAL STUDIES OF OPTOGALVANIC EFFECTS IN NEON DISCHARGES. Journal de Physique Colloques, 1983, 44 (C7), pp.C7-45-C7-54.

�10.1051/jphyscol:1983704�. �jpa-00223261�

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JOURNAL DE PHYSIQUE

Colloque C7, suppl6ment au n o l l , Tome 4 4 , novernbre 1983 page C7-45

EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICAL STUDIES OF OPTOGALVANIC EFFECTS I N NEON D 1 SCHARGES

J . E . Lawler and D.K. Doughty

Department of Physics, U n i v e r s i t y of Wisconsin, Madison,

WI

53706, U.S.A.

RQsum6 - L ' Q t u d e e x p s r i m e n t a l e e t t h 6 o r i q u e d e l ' e f f e t o p t o g a l v a n i q u e B 594,5 nm d a n s une c o l o n n e p o s i t i v e d e nQon e s t d e s c r i t e . L ' e f f e t r Q s u l t e de l a d i m i n u t i o n d e l a c o n d u c t i v i t 6 de l a d 6 c h a r g e dQe a u d6peuplement d e s n i v e a u x m Q t a s t a b l e s i n d u i t p a r l e l a s e r . Les mesures a b s o l u e s de l ' e f - f e t p a r u n i t 6 d e p u i s s a n c e a b s o r b 6 e du l a s e r s o n t donn6es p o u r un g r a n d domaine d e c o n d i t i o n s d e l a d 6 c h a r g e . Des c o l o n n e s p o s i t i v e s c a r a c t Q r i s 6 e s p a r d e s p r o d u i t s r a y o n - p r e s s i o n d e 0 , l cm-Torr h 1,O cm-Torr e t d e s cou- r a n t s d i r e c t s de I B 16 mA s o n t Q t u d i 6 e s . Le modble a d o p t Q p o u r d g c r i r e l ' e f f e t d a n s c e rQgime c o n s i s t e B a p p l i q u e r l a t h 6 o r i e d e s p e r t u r b a t i o n s a u x p r i n c i p a l e s 6 q u a t i o n s d e t a u x q u i d s c r i v e n t l a d Q c h a r g e . Les p r Q d i c - t i o n s du modSle s o n t e n a c c o r d a v e c l e s mesures e x p g r i m e n t a l e s . Les den- s i t 6 e s a b s o l u e s d e s atomes e x c i t 6 s s u r l e s n i v e a u x Zp53s s o n t a u s s i r a p p o r t g e s . Le rQgime Q t u d i 6 c o u v r e l e p a s s a g e d ' u n e d Q c h a r g e s o u t e n u e p r i n c i p a l e m e n t p a r i o n i s a t i o n d ' i m p a c t Q l e c t r o n i q u e B un Q t a g e 2 c e l l e d ' u n e d 6 c h a r g e s o u t e n u e p a r i o n i s a t i o n B deux S t a g e s v i a l e s n i v e a u x m@tas- t a b l e s 2 ~ 5 3 s . Pour t o u t e s l e s p r e s s i o n s e t pour t o u s l e s c o u r a n t Q t u d i Q s , l e b i l a n g l o b a l d e l a p u i s s a n c e d e l a d 6 c h a r g e e s t doming p a r l e s p e r t e s s u r l e s p a r o i s d e s atomes e x c i t Q s s u r l e s n i v e a u x 2p53s.

A b s t r a c t - An e x p e r i m e n t a l and t h e o r e t i c a l i n v e s t i g a t i o n o f t h e 594.5 nm o p t o g a l v a n i c e f f e c t i n t h e Ne p o s i t i v e column i s d e s c r i b e d . The e f f e c t i s a d e c r e a s e i n d i s c h a r g e c o n d u c t a n c e due t o a l a s e r induced d e p l e t i o n o f m e t a s t a b l e atoms. A b s o l u t e measurements o f t h e e f f e c t p e r u n i t o f a b s o r b e d l a s e r power a r e r e p o r t e d f o r a wide r a n g e of d i s c h a r g e c o n d i t i o n s . P o s i t i v e column d i s c h a r g e s w i t h r a d i u s - p r e s s u r e p r o d u c t s o f 0 . 1 cm-Torr t o 1.0 cm-Torr and w i t h s u s t a i n i n g d i r e c t c u r r e n t s o f 1 t o 16 mA a r e s t u d i e d . The e f f e c t i s modeled i n t h i s regime by a p p l y i n g p e r t u r b a t i o n t h e o r y t o key r a t e e q u a t i o n s t h a t d e s c r i b e t h e d i s c h a r g e . The model p r e d i c t i o n s a r e i n

agreement w i t h t h e x p e r i m e n t a l measurements. A b s o l u t e d e n s i t i e s o f atoms e x c i t e d t o t h e 2p 3 s l e v e l s a r e a l s o r e p o r t e d .

f

The s t u d i e d regime c o v e r s t h e t r a n s i t i o n from a d i s c h a r g e s u s t a i n e d p r i m a r i l y by s i n g l e - s t e p e l e c t r o n impact i o n ' z a t i o n t o a d i s c h a r g e s u s t a i n e d p r i m a r i l y by two-step i o n i z a t i o n v i a t h e 2p 3 s m e t a s t a b l e l e v e l s .

$

The g l o b a l power b a l n c e o f t h e d i s c h a r g e

e

i s dominated by w a l l l o s s e s o f atoms e x c i t e d t o t h e 2p 3 s l e v e l s a t a l l p r e s s u r e s and c u r r e n t s s t u d i e d .

I

-

INTRODUCTION

O p t o g a l v a n i c e f f e c t s a r e used a s a d t e c t i o n method i n many t y p e s 3 f s p e c t r o s c o p y , i n c l u d i n g Dop l e r - f r e e s p e c t r o s c o p y

.'

l e v e l - c r o s s i n g s p e c t r o s c o p y . double-resonance s p e c t r o s c o p y , ' and o t h e r n o v e l t y p e s of s p e c t r o s c o p y r e p o r t e d a t t h i s c o n f e r e n c e . O p t o g a l v a n i c e f f e c t s a l s o h a v e g r e a t p o t e n t i a l a s a d i s c h a r g e d i a g n o s t i c . T h i s p o t e n t i a l h a s n o t been f u l l y e x p l o i t e d b e c a u s e o u r u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f t h e s e e f f e c t s i s a t an e a r l y s t a g e o f development. The r e l a t i v e o r a b s o l u t e magnitude o f o p t o g a l v a n i c e f f e c t s , t h e t e m p o r a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t r a n s i e n t e f f e c t s , and t h e dependence o f v a r i o u s p r o p e r t i e s o f t h e e f f e c t s on d i s c h a r g e p a r a m e t e r s c o n t a i n a w e a l t h o f

Article published online by EDP Sciences and available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jphyscol:1983704

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i n f o r m a t i o n on a d i s c h a r g e . The i n f o r m a t i o n i s a v a i l a b l e i f one c a n i n t e r p r e t t h e o p t o g a l v a n i c e f f e c t s . We a r e s t u d y i n g c e r t a i n c a r e f u l l y chosen o p t o g a l v a n i c e f f e c t s i n o r d e r t o d e v e l o p a d e t a i l e d q u a n t i t a t i v e u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f t h e s e e f f e c t s a t t h e r a t e e q u a t i o n l e v e l . The s t u d y d e s c r i b e d h e r e i n i s on t h e 594.5 nm e f f e c t i n t h e Ne p o s i t i v e column. T h i s e f f e c t i s a d e c r e a s e i n d i s c h a r g e c o n d u c t a n c e d u e t o a l a s e r induced d e p l e t i o n o f m e t a s t a b l e atoms. We hope t o d e v e l o p i n s i g h t and t h e o r e t i c a l a p p r o a c h e s by s t u d y i n g r e l a t i v e l y s i m p l e e f f e c t s i n m o d e r a t e l y w e l l u n d e r s t o o d d i s c h a r g e s , t h a t w i l l e n a b l e u s t o more f u l l y e x p l o i t t h e o p t o g a l v a n i c e f f e c t a s a d i s c h a r g e d i a g n o s t i c . We a l s o have a g o a l o f a p p l y i n g o p t o g a l v a n i c e f f e c t s i n a l a s e r c o n t r o l l e d pulsed-power s w i t c h . The o b s e r v a t i o n t h a t

o p t o g a l v a n i c e f f e c t s c a n b e o f e i t h e r s i g n i s v e r y i m p o r t a n t . It i n d i c a t e s t h a t i t may b e p o s s i b l e t o b u i l d an o p e n i n g s w i t c h i n which a l a s e r e x t i n g u i s h e s a g a s d i s c h a r g e . A r e p e t i t i v e o p e n i n g s w i t c h would b e enormously u s e f u l i n pulsed-power t e c h n o l o g y , b e c a u s e it would make p o s s i b l e t h e u s e o f i n d u c t i v e e n e r g y s t o r a g e i n many pulsed-power s y s t e m s .

I1

-

THEORY

A u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f t h e a b s o l u t e magnitude o f a n o p t o g a l v a n i c e f f e c t i s p o s s i b l e o n l y i f o n e h a s a r e a s o n a b l y c o m p l e t e model o f t h e d i s c h a r g e . One c a n n o t

r e a l i s t i c a l l y hope t o i n c l u d e i n a model e v e r y mechanism o f a d i s c h a r g e . Although v e r y p o w e r f u l c o m p u t e r s a r e c a p a b l e o f i t e r a t i v e l y s o l v i n g t h e Boltzmann e q u a t i o n and a s e t o f c o u p l e d r a t e e q u a t i o n s , o n e r a r e l y f i n d s t h a t a s u f f i c i e n t number o f c r o s s s e c t i o n s a r e known t o j u s t i f y t h e most f u n d a m e n t a l a p p r o a c h . We model t h e Ne p o s i t i v e column w i t h c o u p l e d r a t e e q u a t i o n s , and model a n o p t o g a l v a n i c e f f e c t by a p p l y i n g p e r t u r b a t i o n t h e o r y t o t h e c o u p l e d

equation^.^

A key a s s u m p t i o n i n o u r a p p r o a c h i s t h a t t h e e l e c t r o n e n e r g y d i s t r i b u t i o n f u n c t i o n i s d e t e r m i n e d by E/N ( t h e a x i a l e l e c t r i c f i e l d d i v i d e d by t h e ground s t a t e atom d e n s i t y ) . We n e g l e c t t h e e f f e c t o f s u p e r e l a s t i c e l e c t r o n c o l l i s i o n s i n v o l v i n g e x c i t e d atoms on t h e e l e c t r o n d i s t r i b u t i o n f u n c t i o n . T h i s a s s u m p t i o n s h o u l d b e u s e f u l i n d i f f u s e d i s c h a r g e s f a r from l o c a l thermodynamic e q u i l i b r i u m . E l e c t r o n i m p a c t e x c i t a t i o n and i o n i z a t i o n r a t e s a r e d e s c r i b e d a s f u n c t i o n s o f E/N. The l a s e r i n d u c e d c h a n g e s i n t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n f u n c t i o n , and i n e x c i t a t i o n and i o n i z a t i o n r a t e s a r e d e s c r i b e d i n t e r m s o f a change i n E/N. The s t r o n g e s t j u s t i f i c a t i o n f o r t h i s a p p r o x i m a t i o n i s t h a t i t i s s u c c e s s f u l n o t o n l y i n t h e model o f t h e o p t o g a l v a n i c e f f e c t . b u t a l s o i n d e s c r i b i n g t h e i o n i z a t i o n b a l a n c e and e n e r g y b a l a n c e o f t h e d i s c h a r g e . I n t h e f o l l o w i n g p a r a g r a p h s we f i r s t d e s c r i b e t h e dominant p r o c e s s e s i n t h e Ne p o s i t i v e column, t h e n f o r m u l a t e t h e b a l a n c e e q u a t i o n s t h a t d e s c r i b e d t h e d i s c h a r g e , and f i n a l l y a p p l y p e r t u r b a t i o n t h e o r y t o d e s c r i b e t h e o p t o g a l v a n i c e f f e c t .

We s t u d y a Ne p o s i t i v e column d i s c h a r g e w i t h a r a d i u s of 0.1 cm, p r e s s u r e s o f 1 t o 10 T o r r , and s u s t a i n i n g d i r e c t c u r r e n t s o f 1 t o 16 mA. I o n - e l e c t r o n p a i r s i n t h i s d i s c h a r g e a r e l o s t p r i m a r i l y by d i f f u s i o n t o t h e w a l l ; r e c o m b i n a t i o n i n t h e b u l k o f t h e d i s c h a r g e i s n e g l e c t e d . I o n - e l e c t r o n p a i r s a r e produced by s i n g l e - s t e p and m u l t i s t e p p r o c e s s e s . b o t h o f which a r e i n c l u d e d i n t h e model. The most i m p o r t a n t m u l t i s t e p p r o c e s s e s i n v o l v e t h e l o n g l i v e d , low l y i n g m e t a s t a b l e l e v e l s o f Ne. The d e n s i t y o f t h e s e 2p53s m e t a s t a b l e atoms i s measured t o b e a s much a s a f a c t o r o f 100 l a r g e r t h a n t h e e l e c t r o n d e n s i t y . The model o f t h e d i s c h a r g e c o n s i s t s o f a b a l a n c e e q u a t i o n f o r m e t a s t a b l e atoms, a b a l a n c e e q u a t i o n f o r e l e c t r o n s , and a d i r e c t c u r r e n t e q u a t i o n .

The l o w e s t e x c i t e d l e v e l s i n Ne a r e t h e l s 5 3~

.

1 s 3 ~ 1 , I s 3 3 ~ o , and I s P 1

l e v e l s o f t h e 2p53s c o n f i g u r a t i o n . The l s 5 an$ ' l e v e l s a r e t r u e m e t a s f a b l e l e v e l s , w h e r e a s t h e Is,, i s n o t a p u r e m e t s s t a b l e l g ? l l e v e l due t o a s l i g h t t r i p l e t - s i n g l e t m i x i n g . R a d i a t i o n from t h e I s 4 and I s l e v e l s i s s t r o n g l y t r a p p e d i n t h e d i s c h a r g e . For p u r p o s e s o f t h e model t h e I s ?sq. and I s l e v e l s a r e

5 '

lumped t o g e t h e r a s a s i n g l e m e t a s t a b l e l e v e l a s indicated i n ~ i g . ~ l . We u s e t h i s s i m p l i f i c a t i o n b e c a u s e : ( 1 ) t h e d e c a y r a t e s o f t h e I s 5 and I s 3 l e v e l s d u e t o d i f f u s i o n t o t h e w a l l and t h e I s 4 l e v e l d u e t o e s c a p e o f t r a p p e d r a d i a t i o n a r e s u b s t a n t i a l l y s m a l l e r t h a n t h e d e c a y r a t e o f t h e I s l e v e l d e t o e s c a p e o f t r a p p e d r a d i a t i o n ; ( I ) t h e I s 5 . I s q and I s l e v e l a r e a l l p a i m a r i l y 'P i n c h a r a c t e r and l i k e l y t o b e s t r o n g l y c o u p l e d by e ? e c t r o n c o l l i s i o n s . We assume t h a t t h e e s c a p e of

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Pressure (Torr)

F i g . 1 - L e v e l diagram f o r Ne. The Is3, F i g . 2 - Decay r a t e s f o r w a l l p r o c e s s e s l s 4 , and l s g l e v e l s a r e lumped t o g e t h e r of t h e f o u r l e v e l s i n t h e 2p53s con- a s a s i n g l e m e t a s t a b l e ~ s ( ~ P ) l e v e l . The f i g u r a t i o n a s a f u n c t i o n of p r e s s u r e . i l l u s t r a t e d p r o c e s s e s a r e d i s c u s s e d i n t h e The decay r a t e s of t h e I s 2 and l s 4

t e x t . l e v e l s a r e determined u s i n g r a d i a t i o n

t r a p p i n g c a l c u l a t i o n s . The decay r a t e of t h e ls5 and Is3 l e v e l s i s d e t e r m i n e d w i t h a measured d i f f u s i o n c o e f f i c i e n t . W i s t h e a v e r a g e decay r a t e of t h e ls5, l s q , and Is3 l e v e l s weighted a c c o r d i n g t o t h e s t a t i s t i c a l w e i g h t s of t h e l e v e l s .

T a b l e 1

Values f o r t h e m e t a s t a b l e - m e t a s t a b l e r a t e c o e f f i c i e n t T, t h e e l e c t r o n impact i o n i z a t i o n r a t e c o e f f i c i e n t S , t h e e l e c t r o n impact e x c i t a t i o n r a t e co- e f f i c i e n t S ' , and t h e ambipolar d i f f u s i o n l o s s r a t e D , ( 2 . 4 / ~ ) ~ .

T kTe S S' ~ ~ ( 2 . 4 1 ~ ) '

p r e s s u r e

( t o r r ) ( 1 0 - ~ cm / s e c ) ( e v ) 3 (IO-' cm3/sec) ( 1 0 - ~ cm3/sec) (1o6 sec-')

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t r a p p e d r a d i a t i o n i s t h e dominant d e c a y p r o c e s s f o r t h e 1 s 'p l e v e l which i m p l i e s

2 1

t h e l e v e l d o e s n o t p l a y an i m p o r t a n t r o l e i n m u l t i s t e p i o n l z a t l o n . C o n s e q u e n t l y , we d o n o t i n t r o d u c e a s e p a r a t e b a l a n c e e q u a t i o n f o r t h i s l e v e l .

dM

.

The r a t e of change o f t h e m e t a s t a b l e d e n s i t y ,

-,

1s t h e p r o d u c t i o n r a t e p e r u n i i M volume minus t h e d e s t r u c t i o n r a t e p e r u n i t voldlke. We r e p r e s e n t t h e d e r i v a t i v e

-

w i t h H , which i s a f u n c t i o n o f t h e s p a t i a l l y a v e r a g e d e l e c t r o n d e n s i t y n , t h e d t s p a t i a l l y averaged m e t a s t a b l e d e n s i t y M , and t h e a x i a l e l e c t r i c f i e l d i n t h e column E. P r o d u c t i o n i s b a l a n c e d by l o s s i n s t e a d y s t a t e , h e n c e

dM 2

- = H(n,M,E) = PnN

-

WM

-

TM

-

SnM

-

S1nM/4 = 0.

d t ( 1 )

The p r o d u c t i o n r a t e c o n s t a n t P r e p r e s e n t s b o t h d i r e c t e l e c t r o n i m p a c t e x c i t a t i o n o f m e t a s t a b l e s and i n d i r e c t p r o c e s s e s i n v o l v i n g e l e c t r o n i m p a c t e x c i t a t i o n o f h i g h e r l e v e l s f o l l o w e d by r a d i a t i v e d e c a y t o t h e m e t a s t a b l e l e v e l . The r a t e c o n s t a n t P i s a s t r o n g f u n c t i o n o f E/N. A t low c u r r e n t s w a l l l o s s e s o f t h e m e t a s t a b l e s a t a r a t e W a r e dominant. The r a t e W i s a weighted a v e r a g e o f t h e l o s s r a t e o f 1 s and 1 s m e t a s t a b l e s due t o d i f f u s i o n , and o f t h e l o s s r a t e o f 1 s m met as table^^^ h e t o 3 e s c a p e o f t r a p p e d r a d i a t i o n . F i g u r e 2 i n c l u d e s a p l o t

OF

t h e d i f f u s i o n l o s s r a t e o f 1 s and 1 s m e t a s t a b l e s v e r s s p r e s s u r e which i s c a l c u l a t e d u s i n g t h e d i f f u s i o n

5 . 3

c o e f f l c ~ e n t measured by Phelps.' F i g u r e 2 a l s o i n c l u d e s a c a l c u l a t e d l o s s r a t e o f l s 4 l l m e t a s t a b l e s " due t o e s c a p e o f t r a p p e d r a d i a t i o n . To d e t e r m i n e t h i s l o s s r a t e t h e t h e o r y o f H o l s t e i n f o r r a d i a t i o n t r a p p i n g i s u s e d . 6 C a l c u l a t i o n s u s i n g t h i s t h e o r y a r e c o m p l i c a t e d by t h e l i n e s h a p e f o r t h e l s q l e v e l . In t h e r e g i o n o f 1 T o r r t h e l i n e s h a p e i s dominated by Doppler b r o a d e n i n g . However, a t 10 T o r r a p r e s s u r e broadened l i n e s h a p e p r e v a i l s . S i n c e t h e t h e o r y y i e l d s two e x p r e s s i o n s f o r t h e t r a p p e d d e c a y r a t e ( o n e f o r Doppler broadened l i n e s and one f o r p r e s s u r e broadened l i n e s ) i t i s n e c e s s a r y t o e x t r a p o l a t e between t h e s e two r e g i o n s . The d e c a y r a t e f o r t h e l s 4 l e v e l i s d e t e r m i n e d by summing t h e Doppler broadened t r a p p e d d e c a y r a t e and t h e p r e s s u r e broadened t r a p p e d decay r a t e . The c u r v e l a b e l e d W i n F i g . 2 r e p r e s e n t s t h e a v e r a g e w a l l l o s s r a t e o f m e t a s t a b l e s weighted a c c o r d i n g t o t h e d e g e n e r a c y o f t h e l s 5 . 1 s

,

and 1 s l e v e l s . The much l a r g e r d e c a y r a t e o f t h e I s 2 ' p l l e v e l due t o e s c a p e

02

t r a p p e d r a d i a t i o n 3 i s a l s o i n d i c a t e d i n F i g . 2. The l i n e s h a p e f o r t h e 1 s l e v e l i n t h e e n t i r e p r e s s u r e r a n g e i s dominated by p r e s s u r e b r o a d e n i n g , t h u s t h e i e c a y r a t e i s c a l c u l a t e d w i t h o u t c o m p l i c a t i o n s .

The r a t e c o n s t a n t T r e p r e s e n t s c o l l i s i o n s between p a i r s o f m e t a s t a b l e atoms. Such c o l l i s i o n s a r e e x t r e m e l y l i k e l y t o r e s u l t i n i o n i z a t i o n b e c a u s e t h e p a i r o f m e t a s t a b l e s c o n t a i n 32 eV o f e l e c t r o n i c e n e r g y . The c r o s s s e c t i o n f o r

m e t a s t a b l e - m e t a s t a b l e c o l l i s i o n s i n Ne h a s been e s t i m a t e d , i t i s a p p r x i m a t e l y t h e same a s t h e c r o s s s e c t i o n f o r m e t a s t a b l e - m e t a s t a b l e c o l l i s i o n s i n He.' The r a t e c o n s t a n t S ' r e p r e s e n t s e l e c t r o n i m p a c t i o n i z a t i o n o f m e t a s t a b l e atoms. The c o s s s e c t i o n f o r e l e c t r o n impact i o n i z a t i o n o f i s 5 m e t a s t a b l e s h a s been measured.' The r a t e c o n s t a n t S i s computed u s i n g t h e measured c r o s s s e c t i o n and a Maxwellian e l e c t r o n e n e r g y d i s t r i b u t i o n a t an e l e c t r o n t e m p e r a t u r e d e t e r m i n e d by Dote and Ichikawa. We t r u n c a t e t h e i n t e g r a l above 20 eV b e c a u s e t h e Maxwellian d i s t r i b u t i o n o v e r e s t i m a t e s t h e number o f h i g h e n e r g y e l e c t r o n s . The e n e r g y t h r e s h o l d f o r e l e c t r o n i m p a c t i o n i z a t i o n o f m e t a s t a b l e s i s low ("5 e V ) , hence t h e r a t e c o n s t a n t S is n o t v e r y s e n s i t i v e t o t h e assumed e l e c t r o n d i s t r i b u t i o n o r t e m p e r a t u r e .

The r a t e c o n s t a n t S 1 r e p r e s e n t s e l e c t r o n i m p a c t e x c i t a t i o n from t h e m e t a s t a b l e l e v e l t o t h e 2pn l e v e l s o f t h e 2p53p c o n f i g u r a t i o n . The 2pn l e v e l s d e c a by r a d i a t i o n t o t h e I s n l e v e l s ( T " 20 n s e c ) . An atom e x c i t e d t o t h e 2p 3p

5

c o n f i g u r a t i o n h a s a p r o b a b i l i t y o f 3/4 o f r e t u r n i n g t o o u r "lumped" m e t a s t a b l e l e v p l , and a p r o b a b i l i t y o f 1 / 4 of r a d i a t i n g t o t h e I s 2 ' p l l e v e l and h e n c e t o t h e ground s t a t e . The r a t e c o n s t a n t S 1 / 4 r e p r e s e n t e l e c t r o n i m p a c t d e s t r u c t i o n o f m e t a s t a b l e s w i t h no produc on o f i o n s . The r a t e c o n s t a n t S ' i s e s t i m a t e d t o be 10 t i m e s t h e r a t e c o n s t a n t S . I b T h i s e s t i m a e

8 .

i s s u p p o r t e d by t h e w e l l known c r o s s

.

6 s e c t i o n f o r e x y f t a t i o n of Na from t h e 2p 3 s configuration t o t h e 2p 3p

c o n f i g u r a t i o n . T a b l e 1 i n c l u d e s v a l u e s f o r T , S , and S ' f o r e a c h p r e s s u r e . The v a l u e s f o r T, S , and S ' i n T a b l e 1 i n c l u d e an enhancement f a c t o r o f 1.43 t o c o r r e c t f o r t h e s p a t i a l d i s t r i b u t i o n o f e l e c t r o n s and m e t a s t a b l e s . The f a c t o r i s t h e r a t i o

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o f t h e a v e r a g e o f t h e s q u a r e o f t h e l o w e s t d i f f u s i o n mode o v e r t h e s q u a r e o f t h e a v e r a g e . A l l o f t h e p r o c e s s e s i n c l u d e d i n t h e m e t a s t a b l e b a l a n c e e q u a t i o n a r e i n d i c a t e d i n F i g . 1.

dn

.

The r a t e o f change o f t h e e l e c t r o n d e n s i t y ,

-

i s r e p r e s e n t e d w i t h G , which i s a l s o a f u n c t i o n o f N , M , and E/N. P r o d u c t i o n o f Q t e c t r o n s i s balanced by d i f f u s i o n t o t h e w a l l i n s t e a d y s t a t e , h e n c e

dn 2 2

-

= G(n,M,E) = a v d n

+

SnM

+

TM / 2

-

Da(2.4/R) n = 0.

d t ( 2 )

S i n g l e - s t e p i o n i z a t i o n i s r e p r e s e n t e d by t h e p r o d u c t o f t h e f i r s t Townsend c o e f f i c i e n t a and t h e e l e c t r o n d r i f t v e l o c i t y v d , which a r e s t r o f u n c t i o n s o f E/N. Both a and vd a r e w e l l known from d r i f t t u b e measurements." The two-step i o n i z a t i o n p r o c e s s e s I n v o l v i n g m e t a s t a b l e s have a l r e a d y been i n t r o d u c e d a s a l o s s mechanism f o r m e t a s t a b l e s . The a m b i p o l a r d i f f u s i o n l o s s r a t e f o r e l e c t r o n s g i v e n by ~ , ( 2 . 4 / ~ ) ~ , where D i s t h e ambipo a r d i f f u s i o n c o e f f i c i e n t and R i s t h e column r a d i u s , i s a l s o t q b u l a t e d i n T a b l e 1.

1 3

The t h i r d e q u a t i o n n e c e s s a r y t o model t h e d i s c h a r g e i s t h e d i r e c t c u r r e n t e q u a t i o n

The e l e c t r o n s i n t h e p o s i t i v e column c a r r y most o f t h e a x i a l c u r r e n t b e c a u s e o f t h e i r l a r g e r d r i f t v e l o c i t y . E q u a t i o n s 1 , 2 , and 3 c a n i n p r i n c i p l e d e t e r m i n e u n i q u e v a l u e s o f t h e i n d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e s n , M , and E i f t h e c u r r e n t , i , i s f i x e d by a n e x t e r n a l c i r c u i t .

The 594.5 nm o p t o g a l v a n i c e f f e c t s t u d i e d i n t h i s work c o r r e s p o n d s t o e x c i t a t i o n o f atoms from t h e I s 5 3 ~ 2 l e v e l t o t h e 2p4 l e v e l . A t s i n t h e 2p4 l e v e l r a d i a t e w i t h a 19 n s e c l i f e t i m e t o t h e 1 s

.

I s 4 and I s 2 l e v e l s . " m e b r a n c h i n g r a t i o ,

8 ,

f o r d e c a y t o t h e I s 2 l e v e l i s 0.24: i t r e p r e s e n t s t h e p r o b a b i l i t y o f d e s t r o y i n g a m e t a s t a b l e upon a b s o r p t i o n o f a l a s e r photon. The b r a n c h i n g r a t i o i s s l i g h t l y l e s s a t 10 T o r r

9~

t o t r a n s f e r o f e x c i t a t i o n among 2pn l e v e l s by n e u t r a l atom

c o l l i s i o n s .

The p e r t u r b e d b a l a n c e e q u a t i o n s a r e

and

where Q i s t h e number of photons absorbed p e r u n i t t i m e per u n i t volume. The p e r t u r b e d c u r r e n t e q u a t i o n i s

a

F

a

F

= A n

+

-AE

a

E

=

A i .

The p e r t u r b a t i o n t o t h e c u r r e n t d i and t h e a x i a l e l e c t r i c f i e l d A E a r e r e l a t e d by t h e e q u a t i o n

where R i s t h e l e n g t h o f t h e column and Z i s t h e b a l l a s t r e s i s t o r . E q u a t i o n s ( 4 ) t h r o u g h ( 7 ) c o n s t i t u t e a system o f l i n e a r e q u a t i o n s i n A i , AE, An and AM which a r e s o l v e d t o y i e l d

We have o m i t t e d f o r b r e v i t y a s t e p i n which t h e e m p i r i c a l dynamic r e s i s t a n c e d v / d i i s s u b s t i t u t e d t o e l i m i n a t e t h e p a r t i a l d e r i v a t i v e s o f r a t e e q u a t i o n s w i t h r e s p e c t

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t o E . ~ P a r t i a l d e r i v a t i v e s w i t h r e s p e c t t o * ~ ~ E a r e d i f f i c u l t t o e v a l u a t e u s i n g d a t a from t h e l i t e r a t u r e .

111

-

EXPERIMENT

The e x p e r i m e n t a l c o n f i g u r a t i o n we u s e t o measure o p t o g a l v a n i c e f f e c t s i n t h e Ne p o s i t i v e column i s ~ i n d i c a t e d i n F i g u r e 3. An a c t i v e l y s t a b i l i z e d s i n g l e f r e q u e n c y dye l a s e r , tuned t o t h e 594.5 nm t r a n s i t i o n , i s m e c h a n i c a l l y chopped a t 90 Hz and p a s s e d t h r o u g h t h e d i s c h a r g e t u b e . The r e g i o n o f t h e d i s c h a r g e t u b e which s e r v e s a s a p o s i t i v e column h a s a l e n g t h o f 13.5 cm and a r a d i u s o f 0.1 cm. The d i s c h a r g e t u b e h a s a Ne s i g n c a t h o d e and a Tungsten p i n anode which a r e o f f s e t from t h e column a x i s . The t u b e i s c l e a n e d by an e x t e n d e d bake o u t and by r e p e a t e d l y r u n n i n g a h i g h c u r r e n t Ne d i s c h a r g e f o l l o w e d by e v a c u a t i o n o f t h e t u b e . U l t r a h i g h p u r i t y Ne i s used f o r a l l measurements. The d i s c h a r g e t u b e c u r r e n t i s m o n i t o r e d a c r o s s a p r e c i s i o n 1 0 0 2 r e s i s t o r . The o p t o g a l v a n i c s i g n a l t h a t a p p e a r s a c r o s s t h i s r e s i s t o r is measured u s i n g a PAR 124A l o c k - i n a m p l i f i e r . The b a l l a s t r e s i s t a n c e Z i s f i x e d a t 200KSL The a b s o r b e d l a s e r power (which i s p r o p o r t i o n a l t o Q ) i s measured u s i n g a c a l i b r a t e d t h e r m o p i l e .

The m e t a s t a b l e d e n s i t y i s measured u s i n g an a b s o r p t i o n t e c h n i q u e . T r a n s i t i o n s from t h e I s n l e v e l s a r e o p t i c a l l y v e r y t h i c k a l o n g t h e a x i s of t h e t u b e , h e n c e we p a s s t h e l a s e r beam a c r o s s t h e d i a m e t e r o f t h e t u b e . The l a s e r power i s r e d u c e d t o t h e pW l e v e l t o p r e v e n t s a t u r a t i o n o f t h e sample and t h e d e t e c t o r . A p h o t o d i o d e d e t e c t s t h e t r a n s m i t t e d beam a s t h e l a s e r i s scanned a c r o s s a 10 GHz f r e q u e n c y r a n g e . Data f o r t h e I s 5 3 ~ 2 , I s 4 3 ~ 1 . and I s 'p 1 a t 2.0 T o r r a r e p l o t t e d

.

F i g u r e s 4 ( a ) . Data f o r o t h e r p r e s s u r e s w i l l $e r e p o r t e d i n a l a t e r p a p e r . l b n I t i s assumed t h a t t h e 1 s 3p d e n s i t y i s 0.2 t i m e s t h e l s 5 d e n s i t y . The s a t u r a t i o n o f t h e I s and I s 4 den2iti:s i s n o t due t o s u p e r e l a s t i c e l e c t r o n c o l l i s i o n s r e t u r n i n g atoms

20

t h e ground s t a t e . b u t r a t h e r t o i o n i z i n g c o l l i s i o n s a s d e s c r i b e d e a r l i e r . S u p e r e l a s t i c e l e c t r o n c o l l i s i o n s a r e u n i m p o r t a n t b e c a u s e M/N, t h e m e t a s t a b l e d e n s i t y d i v i d e d by t h e ground s t a t e d e n s i t y . i s f a r l e s s t h a n t h e Boltzman f a c t o r d e t e r m i n e d from t h e e l e c t r o n t e m p e r a t u r e . The o b s e r v e d d e n s i t i e s o f atoms i n t h e I s and I s 4 l e v e l s s u p p o r t o u r a p p r o x i m a t i o n o f t r e a t i n g t h e s e l e v e l s a s a lumped m e z a s t a b l e l e v e l . The d e n s i t i e s o f atoms i n t h e I s 5 and I s l e v e l s s a t u r a t e i n a s i m i l a r f a s h i o n , and a r e r o u g h l y p r o p o r t i o n a l t o t h e statistical w e i g h t o f t h e 4.

l e v e l . Our d a t a i n d i c a t e s t h a t a t a l l p r e s s u r e s t h e I s 2 d e n s i t y i s s i g n i f i c a n t l y l e s s t h a n t h e sum o f t h e d e n s i t i e s o f t h e I s 5 , l s 4 , and 1 s l e v e l s which c o m p r i s e t h e m e t a s t a b l e l e v e l . F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e r e i s much l e s s e v i a e n c e o f s a t u r a t i o n o f t h e I s d e n s i t y w i t h i n c r e a s i n g c u r r e n t . These o b s e r v a t i o n s s u p p o r t t h e

a p p r o x ~ m a t i o n 2 t h a t atoms i n t h e I s 2 l e v e l d e c a y p r i m a r i l y t h r o u g h t h e e s c a p e o f r e s o n a n t r a d i a t i o n .

The dynamic r e s i s t a n c e i s d e t e r m i n e d by m e a s u r i n g t h e power s u p p l y r i p p l e on t h e t u b e v o l t a g e and c u r r e n t u s i n g t h e l o c k - i n a m p l i f i e r . F i g u r e 4 ( b ) i s a p l o t o f t h e dynamic r e s i s t a n c e v e r s u s c u r r e n t a t 2.0 T o r r . The l a r g e n e g a t i v e dynamic

r e s i s t a n c e is due t o t h e p o s i t i v e column r e g i o n . The v o l t a g e d r o p i n t h e c a t h o d e r e g i o n i s r e l a t i v e l y i n d e p e n d e n t o f c u r r e n t . Plasma p r o b e s a t t h e e n d s o f t h e p o s i t i v e column r e g i o n a r e used t o d e t e r m i n e t h e v o l t a g e a c r o s s t h e column. The v o l t a g e a c r o s s t h e 13.5 cm l o n g column a t 6 mA c u r r e n t i s 350, 345, 325 and 330 v o l t s f o r p r e s s u r e s o f 1.0, 2 . 0 , 5 . 0 , and 10.0 T o r r r e s p e c t i v e l y . The t o t a l v o l t a g e a c r o s s t h e d i s c h a r g e t u b e i s s u b s t a n t i a l l y l a r g e r d u e t o t h e c a t h o d e f a l l . The e l e c t r o n d e n s i t y i s d e t e r m i n e d from t h e measured t u b e c u r r e n t u s i n g a n e l e c t r o n d r i f t v e l o c i t y t a b u l a t e d f o r e a c h v a l u e o f E/N. l 2 The e l e c t r o n d e n s i t y a s a

f u n c t i o n of c u r r e n t i s a l s o p l o t t e d i n F i g u r e 4 ( a ) .

I V

-

COMPARISON EXPERIMENT AND MODEL

We c h a r a c t e r i z e t h e s t r e n g t h o f t h e o p t o g a l v a n i c e f f e c t w i t h a d i m e n s i o n l e s s r a t i o formed by d i v i d i n g t h e change i n power d e l i v e r e d t o t h e b a l l a s t r e s i s t a n c e by t h e a b s o r b e d l a s e r power. I n t e r m s o f t h e model p a r a m e t e r s t h i s r a t i o i s g i v e n by

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THERMOPILE DISCHARGE TUBE I

MICRO- VOLT METER

BALLAST RESISTOR Z.200 k i l

LOCK-IN

AMPLIFIER CHOPPER REFERENCE

F i g . 3

-

E x p e r i m e n t a l c o n f i g u r a t i o n f o r m e a s u r i n g o p t o g a l v a n i c e f f e c t s i n t h e p o s i t i v e column d i s c h a r g e .

Current (mA)

F i g . 5 - The 5 9 4 . 5 nm o p t o g a l v a n i c e f f e c t i n Ne a s a f u n c t i o n of c u r r e n t f o r 1 . 0 , 2.0, 5 . 0 , and 1 0 . 0 T o r r . The opto- g a l v a n i c e f f e c t i s t h e change i n power d e l i v e r e d t o t h e b a l l a s t r e s i s t a n c e d i v i d e d by t h e a b s o r b e d l a s e r power. The s o l i d l i n e r e p r e s e n t s t h e c a l c u l a t e d v a l u e s o f t h e o p t o g a l v a n i c e f f e c t u s i n g t h e model d e s c r i b e d i n t h e t e x t . The c r o s s e s i n d i c a t e t h e measured v a l u e s o f t h e o p t o g a l v a n i c e f f e c t .

p.2.0 Torr

Current (rnA) Current (m A)

F i g . 4 - ( a ) P l o t of s p a t i a l l y a v e r a g e d Ne e x c i t e d atom d e n s i t i e s and t h e s p a t i a l l y a v e r a g e d e l e c t r o n d e n s i t y a s a f u n c t i o n of c u r r e n t a t 2 . 0 T o r r . The c i r c l e s i n - d i c a t e t h e measured e x c i t e d s t a t e d e n s i t i e s f o r t h e l s 5 , l s 4 , and I s 2 l e v e l s . The c r o s s e s r e p r e s e n t t h e e l e c t r o n d e n s i t y . ( b ) The measured dynamic r e s i s t a n c e of t h e Ne d i s c h a r g e a s a f u n c t i o n of c u r r e n t a t 2.0 T o r r .

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w h e r e h v i s t h e e n e r g y o f a n a b s o r b e d p h o t o n . The e x p r e s s i o n i s i n d e p e n d e n t o f Z f o r l a r g e Z, and i s i n d e p e n d e n t o f n o n e s s e n t i a l g e o m e t r i c a l f a c t o r s s u c h a s

L.

T h u s , we c a n compare o p t o g a l v a n i c e f f e c t s i n d i f f e r e n t d i s c h a r g e s .

E x p e r i m e n t a l m e a s u r e m e n t s and model c a l c u l a t i o n s o f t h e o p t o g a l v a n i c e f f e c t a s a f u n c t i o n o f c u r r e n t a r e p r e s e n t e d i n F i g u r e 5 f o r t h e v a r i o u s p r e s s u r e s s t u d i e d . The model c a l c u l a t i o n s w e r e p e r f o r m e d u s i n g t h e d a t a i n T a b l e 1 , t h e computed v a l u e s o f W i n F i g . 2 , and e m p i r i c a l v a l u e s f o r n , M. and d v / d i . The u n c e r t a i n t i e s i n t h e model r e s u l t s a r e b e t w e e n 2 0 % and 24% d u e t o s c a t t e r i n t h e m e a s u r e d

p a r a m e t e r s M and d v / d i . The u n c e r t a i n t i e s i n t h e measured v a l u e s o f t h e o p t o g a l v a n i c e f f e c t a r e b e t w e e n 9% and 15%. F i g u r e 5 i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l l y m e a s u r e d v a l u e s o f t h e o p t o g a l v a n i c e f f e c t g e n e r a l l y a g r e e w i t h t h o s e c a l c u l a t e d u s i n g t h e model. The model b e g i n s t o f a i l a t h i g h c u r r e n t and 10.0 T o r r . Mechanisms, s u c h a s r e c o m b i n a t i o n , which h a v e n o t b e e n i n c o r p o r a t e d i n t h e model a r e p r o b a b l y r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e f a i l u r e o f t h e model a t h i g h c u r r e n t and 10.0 T o r r .

A d d i t i o n a l i n s i g h t o n t h e i m p o r t a n c e o f s i n g l e - s t e p i o n i z a t i o n v e r s u s t w o - s t e p i o n i z a t i o n c a n b e g a i n e d by a $ l o s e e x a m i n a t i o n o f E q . 2 . F i g . 6 c o n s i s t s o f p l o t s o f t h e r a t i o ( a v n)/CDa(2.4/R) n l v e r s u s c u r r e n t and t h e r a t i o (SnM +

T M ~ / ~ ) / c D (2.4/RY2nl v e r s u s c u r r e n t f o r 1 . 0 , 2 . 0 , 5 . 0 , and 1 0 . 0 T o r r . The r a t i o o f s i n g l e - s t 8 p i o n i z a t i o n t o t o t a l e l e c t r o n l o s s i s r e p r e s e n t e d by t h e d o t t e d l i n e .

a S I p = 10.0 Ton --- (d)

Current ( m A )

Current (mA)

F i g . 6

-

The r a t i o o f e l e c t r o n p r o d u c t i o n t o e l e c t r o n l o s s i n t h e Ne d i s c h a r g e a s a f u n c t i o n o f c u r r e n t f o r 1 . 0 , 2 . 0 , 5 . 0 , a n d 1 0 . 0 T o r r . E l e c t r o n l o s s i s c a l c u l a t e d u s i n g a m b i p o l a r d i f f u s i o n .

F i g . 7

-

The r a t i o o f w a l l power o u t p u t b y v a r i o u s mechanisms t o t o t a l e l e c t r i c a l i n - p u t power as a f u n c t i o n of c u r r e n t f o r 1 . 0 , 2 . 0 , 5.0 a n d 1 0 . 0 T o r r . The s p a t i a l l y a v e r a g e Is2 ( I P ) d e n s i t y , r , i s g i v e n i n F i g s . 5 ( a ) t h r o u g h 8 ( a )

.

T h e t r a p p e d d e c a y r a t e AT o f t h e Is2 ('P) l e v e l i s g i v e n i n F i g . 2.

(10)

The r a t i o o f t w o - s t e p i o n i z a t i o n t o t o t a l e l e c t r o n l o s s i s r e p r e s e n t e d by t h e h e i g h t o f t h e c r o s s h a t c h e d r e g i o n . I f we h a v e a c c u r a t e l y d e s c r i b e d t h e d o m i n a n t i o n i z a t i o n p r o c e s s e s and i f e l e c t r o n l o s s i s a c c u r a t e l y d e s c r i b e d by a m b i p o l a r d i f f u s i o n , t h e n t h e sum o f t h e two r a t i o s s h o u l d b e s l i g h t l y l e s s t h a n 1 . 0 . The sum o f t h e r a t i o s s h o u l d b e s l i g h t l y l e s s t h a n 1 . 0 b e c a u s e we h a v e n o t i n c l u d e d m u l t i s t e p i o n i z a t i o n p r o c e s s e s i n v o l v i n g h i g h e r e x c i t e d 1 v e l s . Such p r o c e s s e s c a n b e i m p o r t a n t a t h i g h c u r r e n t d e n s i t i e s and h i g h p r e ~ s u r e . ' ~ A l t h o u g h t h e sum o f t h e r a t i o s i n F i g . 6 i s a l w a y s c l o s e t o 1 . 0 , t h e r e a r e some s c r e p a n c i e s . The s o u r c e s o f t h e d i s c r e p a n c i e s w i l l b e d i s c u s s e d i n a l a t e r p a p e r .

't t,

The e s s e n t i a l p o i n t we w i s h t o make w i t h F i g . 6 c o n c e r n s t h e r e l a t i v e i m p o r t a n c e o f s i n g l e - s t e p v e r s u s t w o - s t e p i o n i z a t i o n . A t 1 . 0 T o r r s i n g l e - s t e p i o n i z a t i o n i s d o m i n a n t , i t i s much more i m p o r t a n t t h a n t w o - s t e p i o n i z a t i o n t h r o u g h t h e m e t a s t a b l e l e v e l . The r e l a t i v e i m p o r t a n c e c h a n g e s a t h i g h e r p r e s s u r e s . Two-step i o n i z a t i o n t h r o u g h t h e m e t a s t a b l e l e v e l i s much more i m p o r t a n t t h a n s i n g l e - s t e p i o n i z a t i o n a t 10.0 T o r r .

F u r t h e r i n s i g h t on t h e i m p o r t a n c e o f t h e I s n l e v e l s i n t h e d i s c h a r g e c a n b e g a i n e d by a n e x a m i n a t i o n o f t h e g l o b a l power b a l a n c e o f t h e d i s c h a r g e . I t i s t r i v i a l t o d e t e r m i n e E i , t h e t o t a l e l e c t r i c a l i n p u t power p e r u n i t l e n g t h . T h i s power i s d e l i v e r e d t o t h e column w a l l by s e v e r a l mechanisms: ( 1 ) a m b i p o l a r d i f f u s i o n o f

i o n - e l e c t r o n p a i r s t o t h e w a l l f o l l o w e d by r e c o m b i n a t i o n a t t h e w a l l , ( 2 ) d i f f u s i o n o f m e t a s t a b l e a t o m s t o t h e w a l l f o l l o w e d by d e - e x c i t a t i o n a t t h e w a l l , ( 3 ) l e a k a g e o f t r a p p e d vuv r e s o n a n c e r a d i a t i o n t o t h e w a l l f o l l o w e d by a b s o r p t i o n o f t h e r a d i a t i o n i n t h e w a l l , ( 4 ) e m i s s i o n o f v i s i b l e r a d i a t i o n f o l l o w e d by t r a n s m i s s i o n t h r o u g h t h e w a l l , ( 5 ) c o n d u c t i o n o f h e a t t o t h e w a l l by g r o u n d s t a t e Ne a t o m s . The f r a c t i o n o f t h e t o t a l i n p u t power d e l i v e r e d t o t h e w a l l by a m b i p o l a r d i f f u s i o n o f i o n - e l e c t r o n p a i r s i s r e p r e s e n t e d by t h e l o w e r d o t t e d l i n e o f F i g . 7 ( a ) t h r o u g h ( d ) . The f r a c t i o n o f t h e t o t a l i n p u t power d e l i v e r e d t o t h e w a l l by " m e t a s t a b l e "

1 s , I S 4 , and I S 3~ a t o m s i s r e p r e s e n t e d by t h e h e i g h t o f t h e c e n t r a l c r o s s h a z c h e d r e g i o n b2tween t h e d o t t e d l i n e s . The f r a c t i o n o f t h e t o t a l i n p u t power d e l i v e r e d t o t h e w a l l a s vuv r a d i a t i o n from t h e r e s o n a n t I s 2 ' P l e v e l i s

r e p r e s e n t e d by t h e h e i g h t o f t h e u p p e r c r o s s h a t c h e d r e g i o n .

12

i s a p p a r e n t from F i g . 7 t h a t mechanisms ( 2 ) and ( 3 ) . i n v o l v i n g t h e I s n l e v e l s , a r e r e s p o n s i b l e f o r m o s t o f t h e power d e l i v e r e d t o t h e w a l l a t a l l p r e s s u r e s and c u r r e n t s s t u d i e d . V

-

CONCLUSION

We p r e s e n t a model o f t h e n e g a t i v e o p t o g a l v a n i c e f f e c t a t 5 9 4 . 5 nm i n t h e Ne p o s i t i v e column. T h i s model i s a n a p p l i c a t i o n o f l i n e a r , s t e a d y - s t a t e p e r t u r b a t i o n t h e o r y t o t h e k e y r a t e e q u a t i o n s w h i c h d e s c r i e t h e d i s c h a r g e . The model e n a b l e s u s t o c o m p u t e , u s i n g i n d e p e n d e n t l y d e t e r m i n e d r a t e c o e f f i c i e n t s , t h e a b s o l u t e

m a g n i t u d e o f t h e o p t o g a l v a n i c e f f e c t i n good a g r e e m e n t w i t h e x p e r i m e n t a l

m e a s u r e m e n t s . The model i s t e s t e d u s i n g a column r a d i u s o f 0.1 cm, p r e s s u r e s o f 1.0 t o 10.0 T o r r , and s u s t a i n i n g d i r e c t c u r r e n t s o f 1 t o 16 mA. The r e g i m e s t u d i e d c o v e r s t h e t r a n s i t i o n from a d i s c h a r g e s u s t a i n e d p r i m a r i l y by s i n g l e - s t e p e l e c t r o n i m p a c t i o n i z a t i o n t o a d i s c h a r g e s u s t a i n e d p r i m a r i l y by t w o - s t e p i o n i z a t i o n p r o c e s s e s i n v o l v i n g m e t a s t a b l e a t o m s . W a l l l o s s e s o f a t o m s e x c i t e d t o t h e 2p 5 3s l e v e l s d o m i n a t e t h e g l o b a l power b a l a n c e o f t h e d i s c h a r g e a t a l l p r e s s u r e s and c u r r e n t s s t u d i e d .

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

T h i s r e s e a r c h i s s u p p o r t e d by t h e A i r F o r c e O f f i c e o f S c i e n t i f i c R e s e a r c h and t h e Army R e s e a r c h O f f i c e u n d e r AFOSR 81-0208. We a c k n o w l e d g e h e l p f u l d i s c u s s i o n s w i t h D r . A. V. P h e l p s .

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A b s t r a c t s o f P a p e r s o f t h e V 1 1 1 ICPEAC, e d . B.C. Cobic and M.V. Kurepa, I n s t i t u t e o f P h y s i c s , Beograd, 1973, Vol.1, p.405.

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