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HAL Id: jpa-00220746

https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/jpa-00220746

Submitted on 1 Jan 1981

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RECOMBINATION PROCESSES AND GAP STATES IN HYDROGENATED AMORPHOUS SILICON AS

ELUCIDATED BY TIME-RESOLVED LUMINESCENCE MEASUREMENTS

I. Hirabayashi, K. Morigaki, S. Nitta

To cite this version:

I. Hirabayashi, K. Morigaki, S. Nitta. RECOMBINATION PROCESSES AND GAP STATES IN HYDROGENATED AMORPHOUS SILICON AS ELUCIDATED BY TIME-RESOLVED LUMI- NESCENCE MEASUREMENTS. Journal de Physique Colloques, 1981, 42 (C4), pp.C4-587-C4-590.

�10.1051/jphyscol:19814128�. �jpa-00220746�

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RECOMBINATION PROCESSES AND GAP STATES IN HYDROGENATED AMORPHOUS SILICON AS ELUCIDATED BY TIME-RESOLVED LUMINESCENCE MEASUREMENTS

I. Hirabayashi, K . Morigaki and S. ~ i t t a *

I n s t i t u t e f o r SoZid S t a t e P h y s i c s , U n i v e r s i t y o f Tokyo, Boppongi, Tokyo

106,

Japan

+ ~ a c u Z t ~ o f Engineering, G i f u U n i v e r s i t y , Kakamihara, G i f u 504, Japan

A b s t r a c t . - T i m e - r e s o l v e d l u m i n e s c e n c e e x p e r i m e n t s h a v e b e e n c a r r i e d o u t i n a - S i : H . The r e s u l t s a r e i n t e r p r e t e d o n t h e b a s i s o f a m o d e l c a l c u l a t i o n i n w h i c h r a d i a t i v e r e c o m b i n a t i o n o f t r a p p e d e l e c t r o n - h o l e p a i r s i s t a k e n i n t o a c c o u n t a s w e l l a s n o n r a d i a t i v e r e c o m b i n a t i o n a t d a n g l i n g b o n d c e n t r e s .

T i m e - r e s o l v e d l u m i n e s c e n c e m e a s u r e m e n t s h a v e b e e n e x t e n s i v e l y c a r r i e d o u t i n h y d r o g e n a t e d a m o r p h o u s s i l i c o n ( a - S i : H ) ( 1 ) . H o w e v e r , we h a v e n o t f u l l y u n d e r s t o o d t h e r e c o m b i n a t i o n m e c h a n i s m a n d t h e n a t u r e o f t h e r e c o m b i n a t i o n c e n t r e s i n v o l v e d i n t h e l u m i n e s c e n c e o f t h i s m a t e r i a l . From t h i s p o i n t o f v i e w , we h a v e c a r r i e d o u t t h i s t y p e o f e x p e r i m e n t s , u s i n g a p u l s e d d y e l a s e r w i t h a p u l s e w i d t h o f 1 0 n s a n d v a r i o u s e x c i t a t i o n p h o t o n e n e r g i e s . S a m p l e s w e r e p r e p a r e d a t t h e d e p o s i t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e o f 30O0C b y a n i n d u c t i v e l y c o u p l e d r f g l o w

d i s c h a r g e s y s t e m w i t h s i l a n e d i l u t e d t o 1 0 % i n a r g o n .

F i g . 1 : T i m e - r e s o l v e d l u m i - n e s c e n c e s p e c t r a o b t a i n e d a t 1 . 8 K f o r v a r i o u s d e l a y t i m e The a r r o w s i n d i c a t e t h e p e a k e n e r g y .

F i r s t , we p r e s e n t t h e m a i n r e s u l t s o f o u r e x p e r i m e n t s a n d t h e n we show a m o d e l c a l c u l a t i o n o f t h e t i m e - r e s o l v e d l u m i n e s c e n c e s p e c t r a , t h e d e c a y c u r v e a n d t h e p e a k p o s i t i o n v s . d e l a y t i m e , t d , c u r v e t o i n t e r p r e t t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l r e s u l t s . T h i s c a l c u l a t i o n i s d o n e t a k i n g i n t o a c c o u n t r a d i a t i v e r e c o m b i n a t i o n o f t r a p p e d e l e c t r o n s i n t a i l a n d g a p s t a t e s w i t h t r a p p e d h o l e s a s w e l l a s n o n r a d i a t i v e r e c o m b i n a t i o n a t d a n g l i n g b o n d c e n t r e s . F i g u r e 1 s h o w s t i m e - r e s o l v e d l u m i n e s c e n c e s p e c t r a o b s e r v e d a t 1 . 8 K w i t h v a r i o u s d e l a y t i m e f o r d e t e c t i o n u n d e r a p u l s e d l a s e r l i g h t o f 2 . 5 3 eV. The p e a k p o s i t i o n s h i f t s t o w a r d s l o w e r e n e r g y w i t h i n c r e a s i n g t h e d e l a y t i m e , a s shown i n F i g . 2. The l u m i n e s c e n c e d e c a y c u r v e a t 1 . 4 eV i s shown i n F i g . 3 . Two s t a g e d e c a y c h a r a c t e r i s t i c i s c l e a r l y s e e n i n t h i s f i g u r e , w h i c h i s r e l a t e d t o a n a p p e a r a n c e o f a p l a t e a u r e g i o n a t t d = 5 p s

-

1 0 0

u s

i n t h e p e a k p o s i t i o n v s . t d c u r v e ( F i g . 2)

.

N e x t , we c a l c u l a t e t h e t i m e - r e s o l v e d l u m i n e s c e n c e s p e c t r a i n t h e f o l l o w i n g way. E l e c t r o n s a n d h o l e s

Article published online by EDP Sciences and available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jphyscol:19814128

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JOURNAL DE PHYSIQUE

F i g . 2 : O b s e r v e d a n d c a l c u l a - t e d p e a k p o s i t i o n a s a f u n c t i o n of d e l a y t i m e . S o l i d c i r c l e s a n d s o l i d c u r v e i n d i c a t e t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l p o i n t s m e a s u r e d a t 1 . 8 K a n d t h e c a l c u l a t e d c u r v e , r e s p e c t i v e l y .

(CV I

15

g

g 1 . 4 :

3

1.3

0.1 1 10 100 1000 OELAY TIME (PS)

\

I I I I I I

F i g . 3 : O b s e r v e d a n d c a l c u l a t e d l u m i n e s c e n c e d e c a y a s a f u n c t i o n o f d e l a y t i m e . S o l i d c i r c l e s a n d s o l i d c u r v e i n d i c a t e t h e ' e x p e r i - m e n t a l p o i n t s m e a s u r e d a t 1 . 8 K a n d 1 . 4 0 eV, a n d t h e c a l c u l a t e d c u r v e , r e s p e c t i v e l y .

ao " o.m 0.1 1.0 to id I$ lob

W A Y nM (pS1

c r e a t e d b y b a n d t o b a n d e x c i t a t i o n a r e t h e r m a l i z e d i n t o t h e t a i l a n d g a p s t a t e s f o r a s h o r t t i m e l e s s t h a n 1 0 n s ( t h e r e s o l u t i o n t i m e o f o u r m e a s u r e m e n t s ) a f t e r a p u l s e d e x c i t a t i o n . T h e n , t r a p p e d e l e c t r o n s r e c o m b i n e w i t h h o l e s e i t h e r r a d i a t i v e l y o r n o n r a d i a t i v e l y ( t h r o u g h d a n g l i n g bond c e n t r e s ) . We n e g l e c t c o u l o m b i n t e r a c t i o n b e t w e e n a n e l e c t r o n a n d a h o l e a n d a l s o e l e c t r o n - p h o n o n i n t e r a c t i o n f o r r a d i a t i v e r e c o m b i n a t i o n , b u t we t a k e i n t o a c c o u n t e l e c t r o n - p h o n o n i n t e r a c t i o n f o r n o n r a d i a t i v e r e c o m b i n a t i o n . Thus t h e l u m i n e s c e n c e i n t e n s i t y i s p r o p o r t i o n a l t o a p r o d u c t o f t h e .number o f p a i r s o f t r a p p e d e l e c t r o n s a n d h o l e s w i t h t h e i r r a d i a t i v e r e c o m b i n a t i o n p r o b a b i l i t y a t e a c h t i m e . We a s s u m e t h a t t r a p p e d h o l e s l i e i n w e l l - d e f i n e d h o l e s t a t e s whose wave f u n c t i o n ' s r a d i u s i s s m a l l e r t h a n t h a t o f t r a p p e d e l e c t r o n s , R e , a t r a d i a t i v e c e n t r e s ( 2 ) a n d t h a t t h e r a d i a t i v e r e c o m b i n a t i o n p r o b a b i - l i t y , P R , i s g i v e n by

PR = PO e x p (-2R/Re)

,

(1)

w h e r e PO i s a p r e e x p o n e n t i a l f a c t o r , a n d R d e s i g n a t e s t h e d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n a t r a p p e d e l e c t r o n a n d a t r a p p e d h o l e . N o n r a d i a t i v e r e c o m b i n a - t i o n o c c u r s a t d a n g l i n g bond c e n t r e s whose wave f u n c t i o n ' s r a d i u s i s a l s o a s s u m e d t o b e s m a l l e r t h a n R e . U s i n g t h e E n g l e m a n - J o r t n e r f o r m u l a

( 3 1 , t h e n o n r a d i a t i v e r e c o m b i n a t i o n p r o b a b i l i t y , P N R , i s g i v e n by P N R - - WO ( ( l u / k ~ * ) l l 2 e x p p(-2R1/Re) e x p (-EA/kT*)

,

( 2 )

(4)

b o n d c e n t r e when a d a n g l i n g b o n d c e n t r e l i e s i n s i d e a s p h e r e w i t h r a d i u s , R C , w h i c h i s d e f i n e d a s

f o r e a c h e l e c t r o n - h o l e p a i r w i t h s e p a r a t i o n o f R ( 4 ) . We t a k e i n t o a c c o u n t e n e r g y d e p e n d e n c e s o f R e a n d EA s u c h a s ( 5 )

0 . 6 R ~ ( E ) = R ~ / ( E ~

-

E )

,

and

1 . 8 E ( E ) = E A 0 ( E C

-

E ) t

A

w h e r e Ec i s t h e e n e r g y o f t h e c o n d u c t i o n b a n d e d g e , a n d a l s o d i s t r i b u - t i o n f o r R a n d R ' a s s u m i n g a p p r o p r i a t e v a l u e s o f t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f n o n r a d i a t i v e c e n t r e s ( d a n g l i n g b o n d c e n t r e s ) , N d , a n d o f t h e e l e c t r o n - h o l e p a i r s , N e . F i n a l l y , t h e l u m i n e s c e n c e s p e c t r u m , I ( E , t )

,

a t d e l a y t i m e , t , i s c a l c u l a t e d b y

w h e r e I. i s a c o n s t a n t w i t h i n s t r u m e n t a l o r i g i n s , f ( E ) i s a d i s t r i b u - t i o n f u n c t i o n o f t r a p p e d e l e c t r o n s j u s t a f t e r t h e r m a l i z a t i o n a n d g ( R ) i s a s p a t i a l d i s t r i b u t i o n f u n c t i o n o f t r a p p e d e l e c t r o n - h o l e p a i r s w i t h s e p a r a t i o n o f R . A f t e r some a t t e m p t s t o f i t t h e o b s e r v e d t i m e - r e s o l v e d l u m i n e s c e n c e s p e c t r a w i t h t h e c a l c u l a t e d o n e s , i t i s f o u n d t h a t a n y e x p o n e n t i a l o r G a u s s i a n f u n c t i o n s f o r f ( E ) c a n n o t r e p r o d u c e t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e t i m e - r e s o l v e d l u m i n e s c e n c e s p e c t r a . T h u s we t a k e i n t o a c c o u n t a g a p s t a t e w h i c h i s a r a d i a t i v e c e n t r e a n d h a s a d i s t r i b u t i o n f u n c t i o n p e a k e d a t E = E, - 1.7Eo w i t h

w h e r e we a s s u m e o g = 0.5Eo. We a l s o a s s u m e t h a t t h e s e r a d i a t i v e s t a t e s h a v e t h e i r r a d i a t l v e t u n n e l l i n g f r e q u e n c y , P o g , o f 2 X 1 0 s e c - l , w h i c h i s a b o u t f o u r o r d e r s o f m a g n i t u d e s m a l l e r t h a n t h a t f o r t a i l s t a t e s ( P o = 1 0 8 s e c - 1 ) a n d t h a t t h e number o f t r a p p e d e l e c t r o n s a t g a p s t a t e s i s t h e same a s t h e t o t a l number o f e l e c t r o n s t r a p p e d i n t h e t a i l s t a t e s w i t h f ( E ) ,

t a k e R e ( E ) = 2 3 [ E 0 / ( E c - E) I o a 6 i ( R e = 1 0

i

a t E

-

E, = - 4 E 0 ) , ( E ) = O . O l [ ( E c

-

E ) / E o l l * i e V , a n d a l s o N 8 X 1 0 1 6 cm-3, Ne = 1 . 0 1 0 1 8 cm-3, WO = 1 0 1 3 s e c -

,

PO = 1 0 8 s e c - f , = a n d

nw

= 300 c m - l . U s i n g t h e s e v a l u e s o f t h e p a r a m e t e r s , we c a l c u l a t e t h e t i m e - r e s o l v e d l u m i n e - s c e n c e s p e c t r a w h i c h a r e shown i n F i g . 4 . C a l c u l a t e d p e a k p o s i t i o n v s . d e l a y t i m e c u r v e a n d d e c a y c u r v e a r e shown i n F i g s . 2 a n d 3 a s w e l l a s

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JOURNAL DE PHYSIQUE

F i g . 4 : C a l c u l a t e d t i m e - r e s o l v e d l u m i n e s c e n c e s p e c t r a ( s e e t h e t e x t ) .

t h e o b s e r v e d o n e s . The v a l u e o f E, i s t a k e n a s 0 . 0 9 7 eV t o f i t t h e c a l c u l a t e d p e a k p o s i t i o n s a t t d = 1 0 n s a n d 1 0 ms t o t h e r e s p e c t i v e o b s e r v e d o n e s , a s shown i n F i g . 2 . T h e s e c a l c u l a t e d r e s u l t s e x p l a i n a l l a s p e c t s o f t i m e - r e s o l v e d l u m i n e s c e n c e , p a r t i c u l a r l y t h e o b s e r v a - t i o n s o f two s t a g e d e c a y o f l u m i n e s c e n c e i n t e n s i t y a n d a p l a t e a u o f t h e p e a k p o s i t i o n v s . d e l a y t i m e c u r v e a t 1 . 8 K .

From t h e p r e s e n t i n v e s t i g a t i o n , we c a n c o n c l u d e t h a t t h e g a p s t a t e s a c t i n g a s r a d i a t i v e e l e c t r o n c e n t r e s a s w e l l a s t h e t a i l s t a t e s a r e r e s p o n s i b l e f o r r a d i a t i v e r e c o m b i n a t i o n w i t h t r a p p e d h o l e s a n d t h a t n o n r a d i a t i v e r e c o m b i n a t i o n o c c u r s a t d a n g l i n g bond c e n t r e s .

T h i s work was s u p p o r t e d i n p a r t by t h e G r a n t - i n - A i d f r o m t h e M i n i s t r y o f I n t e r n a t i o n a l T r a d e a n d I n d u s t r y a n d a l s o f r o m t h e M i n i s - t r y o f E d u c a t i o n .

R e f e r e n c e s

(1) TSANG C . a n d STREET R . A . , P h y s . Rev. B

19

( 1 9 7 9 ) 3 0 2 7 .

( 2 ) M O R I G A K I K . , SAN0 Y . a n d HIRABAYASHI I . , S o l i d S t a t e Commun., t o b e p u b l i s h e d ; T e c h . Rep. I S S P , S e r . A , No. 1 1 3 5 ( 1 9 8 1 ) .

( 3 ) ENGLMAN R . a n d JORTNER J . , Mol. P h y s .

18

( 1 9 7 0 ) 1 4 5 . ( 4 ) TSANG C . a n d STREET R . A . , P h i l . Mag. B

2

( 1 9 7 8 ) 6 0 1 . ( 5 ) ANDERSON P . W . , N a t u r e ( P h y s . S c i . )

235

( 1 9 7 2 ) 1 6 3 .

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