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Fractures et instabilités de fluides viscoélastiques en cellule de Hele-Shaw

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Submitted on 7 Jul 2014

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Fractures et instabilités de fluides viscoélastiques en

cellule de Hele-Shaw

Guillaume Foyart

To cite this version:

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❚❍➮❙❊

♣!"#❡♥&"❡ '

❧✬❯♥✐✈❡,-✐./ ▼♦♥.♣❡❧❧✐❡, ■■ -❝✐❡♥❝❡- ❡. .❡❝❤♥✐6✉❡- ❞✉

▲❛♥❣✉❡❞♦❝

➱❝♦❧❡ ❞♦❝&♦!❛❧❡

■♥❢♦,♠❛.✐♦♥ ❙.,✉❝.✉,❡-

❙②-.?♠❡-♣❛!

●✉✐❧❧❛✉♠❡ ❋♦②❛,.

♣♦✉! ♦❜&❡♥✐! ❧❡ ❣!❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❞♦❝&❡✉!

❙♣/❝✐❛❧✐./ ✿ C❤②-✐6✉❡

❋!❛❝$✉!❡' ❡$ ✐♥'$❛❜✐❧✐$,' ❞❡ ❢❧✉✐❞❡'

✈✐'❝♦,❧❛'$✐1✉❡' ❡♥ ❝❡❧❧✉❧❡ ❞❡

❍❡❧❡✲❙❤❛✇✳

❙♦✉#❡♥✉❡ ❧❡ ✷✶ ♥♦✈❡♠❜,❡ ✷✵✶✸ ▼❡♠❜$❡% ❞✉ ❥✉$② ✿

▼! ❈❤!✐%&✐❛♥ ▲■●❖❯❘❊ ❉✐!❡❝&❡✉! ❞❡ &❤5%❡

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10 ms 0 ms

66 ms 67 ms

Gr(t)

G0

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P

0.8

N1

N1

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♥✉❝❧$❛&✐♦♥ ❞✬✉♥ ❞$❢❛✉& ❞❛♥, ❧❡ ✜❧❛♠❡♥& 0✉✐ ✈❛ ,❡ ♣3♦♣❛❣❡3 &35, 3❛♣✐❞❡♠❡♥& ❞❛♥, ❧❡ ✜❧❛♠❡♥& ♣3♦✈♦✲ 0✉❛♥& ❧❛ 3✉♣&✉3❡ ❞❡ ❝❡❧✉✐✲❝✐✳ ❯♥ ❡①❡♠♣❧❡ ❞❡ ❝❡ ♣❤$♥♦♠5♥❡ ❡,& ♠♦♥&3$ ; ❧❛ ✜❣✉3❡ ✶✳✾✳ ❖♥ 3❡♠❛30✉❡ ,✉3 ❝❡, ✐♠❛❣❡, 0✉✬❛✉❝✉♥ ❛♠✐♥❝✐,,❡♠❡♥& ♥✬❡,& ♦❜,❡3✈$ ❛✈❛♥& ❧❛ ❢3❛❝&✉3❡ ,✐❣♥✐✜❛♥& 0✉❡ ❧❡ ♣❤$♥♦♠5♥❡ ❡,& ❞✬♦3✐❣✐♥❡ $❧❛,&✐0✉❡ ✭❧✬❛♠✐♥❝✐,,❡♠❡♥& $&❛♥& ❧✐$ ; ❞❡ ❧✬$❝♦✉❧❡♠❡♥& ❞❛♥, ❧❡ ✜❧❛♠❡♥&✮✳ ❈❡ ♠♦❞❡ ❞❡ ❢3❛❝&✉3❛&✐♦♥ ❛ $❣❛❧❡♠❡♥& $&$ ♦❜,❡3✈$ ♣♦✉3 ❞✬❛✉&3❡, &②♣❡, ❞❡ ❣❡❧,✱ ❞❡, ❢♦♥❞✉, ❞❡ ♣♦❧②♠53❡, ❬✸✶❪✱ ❡& ❞❡, ,♦❧✉&✐♦♥, ❞❡ ♠✐❝❡❧❧❡, ❡♥❝❤❡✈H&3$❡, ❬✸✷❪ ❬✸✸❪✳

❉❛♥, ❧❡ ❝❛, ❝♦♥&3❛✐3❡✱ ,✐ ❧❛ ❝♦♥❝❡♥&3❛&✐♦♥ ❡♥ ♣♦❧②♠53❡ ❡,& ♣❧✉, $❧❡✈$❡ ❡& 0✉❡ ❧❡ &❛✉① ❞✬$❧♦♥❣❛&✐♦♥ ❡& ❧❡ ♥♦♠❜3❡ ❞❡ ❉$❜♦3❛❤ ,♦♥& ,✉✣,❛♠♠❡♥& ❢❛✐❜❧❡,✱ ❧❡ ✜❧❛♠❡♥& 3♦♠♣& ♣❛3 ✉♥ ♣3♦❝❡,,✉, ❞✬❛♠✐♥❝✐,,❡♠❡♥& ,✉✐✈✐ ❞✬✉♥❡ ✐♥,&❛❜✐❧✐&$ ✈✐,❝♦❝❛♣✐❧❧❛✐3❡ ♣3♦✈♦0✉❛♥& ✉♥ ✧♣✐♥❝❡♠❡♥&✧ ❞✉ ✜❧❛♠❡♥& 0✉✐ ♣3♦✈♦0✉❡ ❧❛ 3✉♣&✉3❡ &❡3♠✐♥❛❧❡ ❞✉ ✜❧❛♠❡♥&✳ ❯♥ ❡①❡♠♣❧❡ ❞✬❛♠✐♥❝✐,,❡♠❡♥& ❞❡ ✜❧❛♠❡♥& ❡,& ♠♦♥&3$ ; ❧✬✐♠❛❣❡ ✶✳✶✵✳

❈❡, ❞❡✉① ♠♦❞❡, ❞✐,&✐♥❝&, ❞❡ 3✉♣&✉3❡ ✿ 3✉♣&✉3❡ $❧❛,&✐0✉❡ ❡& ❛♠✐♥❝✐,,❡♠❡♥& ,✉✐✈✐ ❞✬✉♥ ♣✐♥❝❡♠❡♥&✱ ♦❜✲ ,❡3✈$, ❞❛♥, ❧❡, 3$,❡❛✉① &3❛♥,✐&♦✐3❡, ❡& ♣❧✉, ❣$♥$3❛❧❡♠❡♥& ❞❛♥, ❧❡, ,♦❧✉&✐♦♥, ❞❡ ♣♦❧②♠53❡, 3❛♣♣❡❧❧❡♥& ❧❛ ❞✐✛$3❡♥❝❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣♦3&❡♠❡♥& ❡♥&3❡ ✉♥❡ ❢3❛❝&✉3❡ ❢3❛❣✐❧❡ ❡& ✉♥❡ ❢3❛❝&✉3❡ ❞✉❝&✐❧❡ 0✉❡ ❧✬♦♥ ❛ ❞✐,❝✉&❡3 ❛✉ ❞$❜✉& ❞❡ ❝❡ ❝❤❛♣✐&3❡ ✭,❡❝&✐♦♥ ✶✳✶✮ ❡& 0✉❡ ♥♦✉, ❞$✈❡❧♦♣♣❡3♦♥, ❞❛♥, ❧❛ ,❡❝&✐♦♥ ✶✳✹✳

❋✐❣✉$❡ ✶✳✶✵ ✕ ❆♠✐♥❝✐,,❡♠❡♥& ❞❛♥, ✉♥❡ ,♦❧✉&✐♦♥ ❞❡ ♣♦❧②♠53❡ ❛,,♦❝✐❛&✐❢ ♣♦✉3 ✉♥ &❛✉① ❞✬$❧♦♥❣❛&✐♦♥

˙ε = 3 s−1✳ ❊♥ ❝♦♠♣❛3❛✐,♦♥ ❞❡ ❧❛ ✜❣✉3❡ ✶✳✾✱ ❧❛ ❝♦♥❝❡♥&3❛&✐♦♥ ❡♥ ♣♦❧②♠53❡ ❡,& ❞❡✉① ❢♦✐, ♣❧✉, ❣3❛♥❞❡

❞❛♥, ❧❡ ❝❛, ❞❡ ❝❡&&❡ ,♦❧✉&✐♦♥✳ ❉✬❛♣35, ❬✸✵❪

❉❡, ❡①♣❧✐❝❛&✐♦♥, ❛❧&❡3♥❛&✐✈❡, ❞❡ &②♣❡ ♣✉3❡♠❡♥& 3❤$♦❧♦❣✐0✉❡, ✭✐♥,&❛❜✐❧✐&$, ❞❛♥, ❧❡, ❧♦✐, ❞❡ ❝♦♠✲ ♣♦3&❡♠❡♥& ❞❡ ❝❡, ✢✉✐❞❡,✮ ♦♥& $&$ ♣3♦♣♦,$, ♣♦✉3 ✐♥&❡3♣3$&❡3 ❝❡ ♣❤$♥♦♠5♥❡ ❞❡ ♥❡❝❦✐♥❣ ♣❛3 ❛♥❛❧♦❣✐❡ ❛✈❡❝ ❧❡ ❝3✐&53❡ ❞❡ ❈♦♥,✐❞53❡ ❬✸✹❪ ♣♦✉3 ❧❡, ,♦❧✐❞❡,✳ ❚♦✉&❡❢♦✐,✱ ❝❡&&❡ ❛♣♣3♦❝❤❡ 3❡,&❡ ,✉❥❡&&❡ ; ❝❛✉&✐♦♥ ❬✸✺❪✳ ✶✳✷✳✷✳✷ ❋$❛❝'✉$❡ ❞❡ ❣♦✉''❡-

♣❡♥❞❛♥'❡-❚❛❜✉&❡❛✉ ❡& ❛❧✳ ❬✶✹❪ ♦♥& $&✉❞✐$ ❧❛ ♥✉❝❧$❛&✐♦♥ ❡& ❧❛ ♣3♦♣❛❣❛&✐♦♥ ❞❡ ❢3❛❝&✉3❡ ❞❛♥, ❞❡, ❣❡❧, ✧❢3❛❣✐❧❡,✧ ✭✐❧, ♦♥& ✉&✐❧✐,$ ❞❡, ♠✐❝3♦$♠✉❧,✐♦♥, ❞✬❤✉✐❧❡ ❞❛♥, ❧✬❡❛✉ ❝♦♥♥❡❝&$❡, ♣❛3 ❞❡, ♣♦❧②♠53❡, &$❧$❝❤$❧✐0✉❡, ♣3$✲ ,❡♥&$, ❞❡ ❢❛Y♦♥ ❞$&❛✐❧❧$❡ ❛✉ ❝❤❛♣✐&3❡ ✷✮ ❡♥ ✉&✐❧✐,❛♥& ✉♥ ❞✐,♣♦,✐&✐❢ ❞❡ ❣♦✉&&❡, ♣❡♥❞❛♥&❡,✳ ▲✬❡①♣$3✐❡♥❝❡ ❝♦♥,✐,&❡ ; ❢♦3♠❡3 ✉♥❡ ❣♦✉&&❡ 0✉✐ ✈❛ ❝❤✉&❡3 ,♦✉, ❧✬❛❝&✐♦♥ ❞❡ ,♦♥ ♣♦✐❞, ❢♦3♠❛♥& ✉♥ ✜❧❛♠❡♥& 0✉✐ ♣♦✉33❛ $✈❡♥&✉❡❧❧❡♠❡♥& ,❡ ❢3❛❝&✉3❡3✳

▲❛ ✜❣✉3❡ ✶✳✶✶ ♠♦♥&3❡ ❧❛ ♣3♦♣❛❣❛&✐♦♥ ❞✬✉♥❡ ❢3❛❝&✉3❡ ❞❛♥, ✉♥ ✜❧❛♠❡♥&✳ ❊♥ ♠❡,✉3❛♥& ❧✬$✈♦❧✉&✐♦♥ &❡♠♣♦3❡❧❧❡ ❞✉ 3❛②♦♥ ♠✐♥✐♠❛❧ ❞✉ ✜❧❛♠❡♥& ❡& ❧❛ ♠❛,,❡ m ❞❡ ❣❡❧ ,❡ ❞$&❛❝❤❛♥& ❞✉ ✜❧❛♠❡♥& ❧♦3, ❞❡ ❧❛ 3✉♣&✉3❡✱ ✐❧, ♦♥& ♣✉ ❞$&❡3♠✐♥❡3 ❧❛ ❝♦♥&3❛✐♥&❡ ; ❧❛ 3✉♣&✉3❡ σf✳ ❊♥ ♠❡,✉3❛♥& ❝❡&&❡ ❝♦♥&3❛✐♥&❡ ♣♦✉3 ❞✐❢✲

❢$3❡♥&, ❣❡❧, ❞❡ ♠♦❞✉❧❡, ❞❡ ❝✐,❛✐❧❧❡♠❡♥& ✐❞❡♥&✐0✉❡, ♠❛✐, ❞❡ &❡♠♣, ❞❡ 3❡❧❛①❛&✐♦♥ ❞✐✛$3❡♥&,✱ ❧❡, ❛✉&❡✉3, ♦♥& ♣✉ ♠♦♥&3❡3 0✉❡ ❝❡&&❡ ❝♦♥&3❛✐♥&❡ ; ❧❛ 3✉♣&✉3❡ ♥❡ ❞$♣❡♥❞ 0✉❡ ❞✉ ♠♦❞✉❧❡ ❞✬❨♦✉♥❣ ❞✉ ❣❡❧✳

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✶✳✸✳✶ ❉❡%❝'✐♣*✐♦♥ ❞❡ ❧✬0❝♦✉❧❡♠❡♥* ❡♥ ❜❛♥❞❡% ❞❡ ❝✐%❛✐❧❧❡♠❡♥*

◗✉❛♥❞ ❞❡& &♦❧✉)✐♦♥& ❞❡ ♠✐❝❡❧❧❡& ❣.❛♥)❡& ❡♥❝❤❡✈1)2.❡& &♦♥) &♦✉♠✐&❡& 3 ✉♥ ❝✐&❛✐❧❧❡♠❡♥)✱ &✐ ❝❡❧✉✐✲❝✐ ❡&) &✉✣&❛♠♠❡♥) ❢♦2)✱ ❡❧❧❡& ✈♦♥) ❡①❤✐❜❡2 ✉♥ ❝♦♠♣♦2)❡♠❡♥) ♥♦♥ ❧✐♥.❛✐2❡ ♣❛2)✐❝✉❧✐❡2 ;✉✐ &❡ ❝❛2❛❝).2✐&❡ ♣❛2 ❧✬❛♣♣❛2✐)✐♦♥ ❞✬✉♥ ♣❧❛)❡❛✉ ❞❡ ❝♦♥)2❛✐♥)❡ ❞❛♥& ❧❛ ❝♦✉2❜❡ ❞✬.❝♦✉❧❡♠❡♥)✳ ❈❡))❡ ✐♥&)❛❜✐❧✐). ❛ .). ♠✐&❡ ❡♥ .✈✐❞❡♥❝❡ ♣♦✉2 ❧❛ ♣2❡♠✐?2❡ ❢♦✐& ♣❛2 ❘❡❤❛❣❡ ❡) ❛❧✳ ❬✹✷❪ ♣♦✉2 ❞❡& &♦❧✉)✐♦♥& ❞❡ ♠✐❝❡❧❧❡& ❣.❛♥)❡& ❡♥❝❤❡✲ ✈1)2.❡& ❡) ❛ .). ♦❜&❡2✈.❡ ❡①♣.2✐♠❡♥)❛❧❡♠❡♥) ♣♦✉2 ❞❡ ♥♦♠❜2❡✉① &②&)?♠❡& ✿ ♣❤❛&❡& ❧❛♠❡❧❧❛✐2❡& ❬✹✸❪ ❬✹✹❪ ❬✹✺❪ ✱ &♦❧✉)✐♦♥& ❞❡ ❝♦♣♦❧②♠?2❡ )2✐❜❧♦❝ ❬✽❪ ❬✹✻❪✱ &✉&♣❡♥&✐♦♥& ✈✐2❛❧❡& ❬✹✼❪✱ ❝2✐&)❛✉① ❧✐;✉✐❞❡& ❬✹✽❪✱ ♠♦✉&&❡& ❬✹✾❪ ❬✺✵❪ ❬✺✶❪✱ ♠❛).2✐❛✉① ❣2❛♥✉❧❛✐2❡& ❡) ✈✐)2❡✉① ❬✺✷❪ ❬✺✸❪ ❬✺✹❪✱✳✳✳

❈❛)❡& ❡) ❛❧✳ ❬✺✺❪ ♦♥) ♣2.❞✐) ✉♥ &❝.♥❛2✐♦ ♣♦✉✈❛♥) ❡①♣❧✐;✉❡2 ❝❡ ♣❧❛)❡❛✉ ❞❛♥& ❧❡ ❝❛& ❞❡ &♦❧✉)✐♦♥& ❞❡ ♠✐❝❡❧❧❡& ❡♥❝❤❡✈1)2.❡&✳ ❆✈❛♥) ❧✬❛♣♣❛2✐)✐♦♥ ❞❡ ❧✬✐♥&)❛❜✐❧✐).✱ ❧❡& ♠✐❝❡❧❧❡& &♦♥) ❞.&♦2❞♦♥♥.❡& ❡) ❧❛ ✈✐&❝♦&✐). ❞❡ ❧❛ &♦❧✉)✐♦♥ ❡&) ✐♠♣♦2)❛♥)❡✳ ❙♦✉& .❝♦✉❧❡♠❡♥)✱ ❧❡& ♠✐❝❡❧❧❡& ♣❡✉✈❡♥) &✬♦2✐❡♥)❡2 ❞❛♥& ❧❛ ❞✐2❡❝)✐♦♥ ❞❡ ❧✬.❝♦✉❧❡♠❡♥)✳ ❆ )2?& ❤❛✉) )❛✉① ❞❡ ❝✐&❛✐❧❧❡♠❡♥)✱ ❧❡& ♠✐❝❡❧❧❡& &♦♥) ❛❧✐❣♥.❡& ❞❛♥& ❧❛ ❞✐2❡❝)✐♦♥ ❞❡ ❧✬.❝♦✉✲ ❧❡♠❡♥)✳ ▲✬✐♥&)❛❜✐❧✐). ✈❛ &❡ ♣2♦❞✉✐2❡ ♣♦✉2 ❞❡& )❛✉① ❞❡ ❝✐&❛✐❧❧❡♠❡♥) ✐♥)❡2♠.❞✐❛✐2❡&✳ ▲✬♦2✐❣✐♥❡ ❞❡ ❝❡))❡ ✐♥&)❛❜✐❧✐). ❡&) ✉♥ ❝♦✉♣❧❛❣❡ ❡♥)2❡ ❧❛ &)2✉❝)✉2❡ ♠✐❝2♦&❝♦♣✐;✉❡ ❞✉ ❣❡❧ ❡) ❧✬.❝♦✉❧❡♠❡♥)✳ ▲❡ ❝❤❛♥❣❡♠❡♥) ❞❡ &)2✉❝)✉2❡ ❞✉ ❣❡❧ &♦✉& .❝♦✉❧❡♠❡♥) ✈❛ ♣2♦✈♦;✉❡2 ✉♥❡ ❧♦❝❛❧✐&❛)✐♦♥ ❞✉ ❝✐&❛✐❧❧❡♠❡♥) ❡) ✈❛ ♣2♦❞✉✐2❡ ❧❛ &.♣❛2❛)✐♦♥ ❞✉ ❣❡❧ ❡♥ ❞❡✉① ❝♦✉❝❤❡& ♠❛❝2♦&❝♦♣✐;✉❡& ❞❡ &)2✉❝)✉2❡& ❞✐✛.2❡♥)❡&✳ ❖♥ ♦❜&❡2✈❛ ❛✐♥&✐ ✉♥ .❝♦✉❧❡♠❡♥) ❤.).2♦❣?♥❡ ❛&&♦❝✐. 3 ❧❛ ❝♦❡①✐&)❡♥❝❡ ❡♥)2❡ ✉♥❡ ♣❤❛&❡ ❞❡ ❣❡❧ ❞.&♦2❞♦♥♥.❡ ✭❞❡ ✈✐&❝♦&✐). .❧❡✈.❡✮ ❡) ✉♥❡ ♣❤❛&❡ ❞❡ ❣❡❧ ❛❧✐❣♥. ❞❛♥& ❧❛ ❞✐2❡❝)✐♦♥ ❞❡ ❧✬.❝♦✉❧❡♠❡♥) ✭❞❡ ✈✐&❝♦&✐). ❢❛✐❜❧❡✮ ❝♦♠♠❡ ❧❡ ♠♦♥)2❡ ❧❛ ✜❣✉2❡ ✶✳✶✻✳

❋✐❣✉$❡ ✶✳✶✻ ✕ ❘❡♣2.&❡♥)❛)✐♦♥ &❝❤.♠❛)✐;✉❡ ❞✬✉♥ .❝♦✉❧❡♠❡♥) ❡♥ ❜❛♥❞❡& ❞❡ ❝✐&❛✐❧❧❡♠❡♥) ❞❛♥& ❧✬❡♥)2❡❢❡2 ❞✬✉♥ 2❤.♦♠?)2❡✳ ❉✬❛♣2?& ❬✷❪

▲❡ &❝❤.♠❛ ♣2♦♣♦&. ♣❛2 ❈❛)❡& ❡) ❛❧✳ ❛ .). ✈.2✐✜. ✈✐❛ ❞❡ ♥♦♠❜2❡✉&❡& )❡❝❤♥✐;✉❡& ❡①♣.2✐♠❡♥)❛❧❡& ❝❡♥)2.❡& ❛✉)♦✉2 ❞❡ ❧❛ ✈.❧♦❝✐♠❡)2✐❡ ✭♣❛2 ❘▼◆✱ [■❱✱ ❉▲❙✱✳✳✳✮ ♦✉ ❞✉ ❝♦♠♣♦2)❡♠❡♥) 2❤.♦✲♦♣)✐;✉❡ ✭❇✐✲ 2.❢2✐♥❣❡♥❝❡ &♦✉& .❝♦✉❧❡♠❡♥)✱ ❙❆❳❙✱ ❙❆◆❙ ✱✳✳✳✮✳ ◆♦✉& 2❡♥✈♦②♦♥& ✈❡2& ❧✬❛2)✐❝❧❡ ❞❡ 2❡✈✉❡ ❬✷❪ ♣♦✉2 ♣❧✉& ❞❡ ❞.)❛✐❧& ❝♦♥❝❡2♥❛♥) ❧❡& ❞✐✛.2❡♥)❡& ♠.)❤♦❞❡& ❡①♣.2✐♠❡♥)❛❧❡& ✉)✐❧✐&.❡&✳

▲❛ ✜❣✉2❡ ✶✳✶✼ ♣2.&❡♥)❡ ❧✬.✈♦❧✉)✐♦♥ ❞❡ ❝❡))❡ ✐♥&)❛❜✐❧✐). ❛✉ ❢✉2 ❡) 3 ♠❡&✉2❡ ;✉❡ ❧✬♦♥ ❛✉❣♠❡♥)❡ ❧❡ )❛✉① ❞❡ ❝✐&❛✐❧❧❡♠❡♥)✳ ❖♥ ♦❜&❡2✈❡ ❧✬❛♣♣❛2✐)✐♦♥ ❞✬✉♥❡ ❜❛♥❞❡ ❧✉♠✐♥❡✉&❡ ✭❝♦22❡&♣♦♥❞❛♥) 3 ❧❛ ❜❛♥❞❡ ♦✉ ❧❡& ♠✐❝❡❧❧❡& &♦♥) ❛❧✐❣♥.❡&✮ ❡) ❞✬✉♥❡ ❜❛♥❞❡ &♦♠❜2❡ ✭;✉✐ ❝♦22❡&♣♦♥❞ 3 ❧❛ ❜❛♥❞❡ ♦` ❧❡& ♠✐❝❡❧❧❡& &♦♥) ❞.&♦2❞♦♥♥.❡&✮ ;✉✐ ✈❛ ❝2♦✐)2❡ ❛✈❡❝ ❧❡ )❛✉① ❞❡ ❝✐&❛✐❧❧❡♠❡♥) ♣♦✉2 ✜♥❛❧❡♠❡♥) ❡♥✈❛❤✐2 )♦✉) ❧✬❡♥)2❡❢❡2 ❞✉ 2❤.♦♠?)2❡ ;✉❛♥❞ ♦♥ &✐)✉❡ ❛✉✲❞❡❧3 ❞❡ ❧❛ ❣❛♠♠❡ ❞❡ )❛✉① ❞❡ ❝✐&❛✐❧❧❡♠❡♥) ♣♦✉2 ❧❡&;✉❡❧& ❧❡ ♣❧❛)❡❛✉ ❡&) ♦❜&❡2✈.✳

(25)
(26)
(27)

C = (Imax− Imin)/(Imax+ Imin) C

(28)

C ≈ 1 ˙γthin

C C

˙γcrack

Rsurf Rsurf = 0.3 Rsurf = 0.35

˙γthin≈ ˙γcrack

∆ = ( ˙γcrack− ˙γthin)/ ˙γthin

(29)

∆ Rsurf/Rsurf∗ Rsurf∗

(30)
(31)
(32)

Qv = 1 mL/min Qv =

1 mL/min Qv = 5 mL/min Qv = 20 mL/min

R

1.70 1

= (τ Qv)/(e2Lcell) τ

(33)
(34)

❋✐❣✉$❡ ✶✳✷✽ ✕ ❱✐'❡))❡ ❞❡ ♣♦✐♥'❡ ❞✉ ♠♦'✐❢ ❡♥ ❢♦♥❝'✐♦♥ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣♦)✐'✐♦♥ ❞✉ ♠♦'✐❢ ❞✉4❛♥' ❧❛ ❝4♦✐))❛♥❝❡ ❞✉ ❞♦✐❣'✳ ❆ ❣❛✉❝❤❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❝♦✉4❜❡✱ ❧❛ ✈✐'❡))❡ ✢✉❝'✉❡ ❛✉'♦✉4 ❞✬✉♥❡ ✈❛❧❡✉4 ♠♦②❡♥♥❡✳ ❖♥ ♥♦'❡ ❧❡ )❛✉' ❛❜4✉♣' ❞❡ ✈✐'❡))❡ ♣♦✉4 x ≈ 4 cm ❝♦44❡)♣♦♥❞❛♥' ? ❧✬❛♣♣❛4✐'✐♦♥ ❞✬✉♥❡ ❢4❛❝'✉4❡ ? ❧❛ ♣♦✐♥'❡ ❞✉ ❞♦✐❣'✳ ❉✬❛♣4A) ❬✼✽❪✳

❋✐❣✉$❡ ✶✳✷✾ ✕ ❚4❛♥)✐'✐♦♥ ❞♦✐❣'✴❢4❛❝'✉4❡ ❞❛♥) ✉♥❡ )♦❧✉'✐♦♥ ❞❡ ♣♦❧②♠A4❡ ❛))♦❝✐❛'✐❢ ❞❡ ❤❛✉'❡ ♠❛))❡ ♠♦❧❛✐4❡✳ ▲✬✐♠❛❣❡ ❞✉ ❤❛✉' 4❡♣4I)❡♥'❡ ❧❡ ❞♦✐❣' ❛✈❛♥' ❧✬✐♥)'❛❜✐❧✐'I✳ ▲✬✐♠❛❣❡ ❝❡♥'4❛❧❡ 4❡♣4I)❡♥'❡ ❧❡ ♠♦'✐❢ ♠I❛♥❞4❛♥' )❡ ❞I✈❡❧♦♣♣❛♥' ? ♣❛4'✐4 ❞✉ ❞♦✐❣'✳ ❉❛♥) ❧❡) ❞❡4♥✐A4❡) ♣❤❛)❡) ❞❡ ❧✬✐♥)'❛❜✐❧✐'I✱ ❧❛ ✈✐'❡))❡ ❞❡ ❝❡ ♠♦'✐❢ )❡ ♠❡' ? ❛✉❣♠❡♥'❡4 ❞❡ ♠❛♥✐A4❡ ✐♠♣♦4'❛♥'❡✳ ❉✬❛♣4A) ❬✼✽❪✳

(35)

❈❤❛♣✐%&❡ ✷

❙②"#$♠❡" ❡# ♠'#❤♦❞❡"

✷✳✶ ❙②%&'♠❡% ❡①♣,-✐♠❡♥&❛✉①

❉❛♥# ❝❡&&❡ ♣❛(&✐❡✱ ♥♦✉# ❛❧❧♦♥# ♣(.#❡♥&❡( ❧❡# ❞✐✛.(❡♥&# &②♣❡# ❞❡ (.#❡❛✉① &(❛♥#✐&♦✐(❡# 3✉✐ ♦♥& .&. ✉&✐❧✐#.# ❛✉ ❝♦✉(# ❞❡ ❝❡ &(❛✈❛✐❧✳ ◆♦✉# ❝♦♠♠❡♥❝❡(♦♥# ♣❛( ♣(.#❡♥&❡( ❧❡# ♠✐❝(♦.♠✉❧#✐♦♥# ❝♦♥♥❡❝&.❡# ❡& ❧❡# #♦❧✉&✐♦♥# ❞❡ ♠✐❝❡❧❧❡# ❣.❛♥&❡# ❡♥❝❤❡✈:&(.❡# 3✉✐✱ ❝♦♠♠❡ ♠❡♥&✐♦♥♥. ❛✉ ❝❤❛♣✐&(❡ ✶✱ (❡♣(.#❡♥&❡♥& ❞❡✉① ♣❛(❛❞✐❣♠❡# ❡①♣.(✐♠❡♥&❛✉① ❞❡ (.#❡❛✉① &(❛♥#✐&♦✐(❡#✳ ◆♦✉# ❞.❝(✐(♦♥# ❡♥#✉✐&❡ ✉♥ #②#&<♠❡ ❤②❜(✐❞❡ ❡♥&(❡ ♠✐❝(♦.♠✉❧#✐♦♥# ❝♦♥♥❡❝&.❡# ❡& #♦❧✉&✐♦♥# ❞❡ ♠✐❝❡❧❧❡# ❣.❛♥&❡# ❡♥❝❤❡✈:&(.❡# ✿ ❧❡# ♠✐❝❡❧❧❡# ❣.❛♥&❡# ♣♦♥&.❡# ♣❛( ❞❡# ♣♦❧②♠<(❡# &.❧.❝❤.❧✐3✉❡#✳ ▲❡ &❛❜❧❡❛✉ ✷✳✶ ❞.❝(✐& ❧❡# ❞✐✛.(❡♥&# ❝♦♥#&✐&✉❛♥&# ❞❡ ❝❡# ❞✐✛.(❡♥&# #②#&<♠❡#✳ ❈♦♠♣♦#. ❢♦(♠✉❧❡ ♠❛##❡ ♠♦❧❛✐(❡ #❡♠✐✲❞.✈❡❧♦♣♣.❡ g/mol ❉.❝❛♥❡ H3C − (CH2)8− CH3 ✶✹✷ ❖❝&❛♥♦❧ H3C − (CH2)7− OH ✶✸✵ ❈♣❈❧ H3C − (CH2)15− C5H5N+Cl− ✸✸✾✳✺ ❙❛❧✐❝②❧❛&❡ ❞❡ #♦❞✐✉♠ HO − C6H4− COO−, Na+ ✶✻✵✳✶✶ L❖❊✲✷✲❈✶✽ CH3−(CH2)17−NH−CO−(O−CH2−CH2)227 O − CO − NH − (CH2)17− CH3 ✶✵ ✹✵✵ L❖❊✲✷✲❈✷✸ CH3−(CH2)22−NH−CO−(O−CH2−CH2)227 O − CO − NH − (CH2)22− CH3 ✶✵ ✺✹✵ ❚❛❜❧❡ ✷✳✶ ✕ ❋♦(♠✉❧❡ #❡♠✐✲❞.✈❡❧♦♣♣.❡ ❡& ♠❛##❡ ♠♦❧❛✐(❡ ❞❡# ❝♦♠♣♦#.# ✉&✐❧✐#.# ♣♦✉( ♣(.♣❛(❡( ❧❡# ❞✐✛.(❡♥&# #②#&<♠❡#✳ ✷✳✶✳✶ ▲❡% ♠✐❝)♦+♠✉❧%✐♦♥% ❝♦♥♥❡❝/+❡%

▲❡# ♠✐❝(♦.♠✉❧#✐♦♥# ❝♦♥♥❡❝&.❡# #♦♥& ❝♦♥#&✐&✉.❡# ❞❡ ♠✐❝❡❧❧❡# ❞❡ &❡♥#✐♦❛❝&✐❢# ❡♥ #♦❧✉&✐♦♥ ❞❛♥# ❧✬❡❛✉✱ ❣♦♥✢.❡# ♣❛( ❞❡ ❧✬❤✉✐❧❡ ❡& ♣♦♥&.❡# ♣❛( ❞❡# ♣♦❧②♠<(❡# &.❧.❝❤.❧✐3✉❡# ❬✶✺❪✳ ❊❧❧❡# ❢♦(♠❡♥&✱ ❛✉✲❞❡❧U ❞✬✉♥ #❡✉✐❧ ❞❡ ♣❡(❝♦❧❛&✐♦♥✱ ✉♥ (.#❡❛✉ &(❛♥#✐&♦✐(❡✳ ◆♦✉# ❛✈♦♥# ✉&✐❧✐#. ❧❡ ❝❤❧♦(✉(❡ ❞❡ ❝❡&②❧♣②(✐❞✐♥✐✉♠ ✭❈♣❈❧✮ ❝♦♠♠❡ &❡♥#✐♦❛❝&✐❢ ❡& ❧✬♦❝&❛♥♦❧ ❡♥ ❣✉✐#❡ ❞❡ ❝♦&❡♥#✐♦❛❝&✐❢✳ ▲❡# ♠✐❝❡❧❧❡# #♦♥& ❣♦♥✢.❡# ♣❛( ❞✉ ❞.❝❛♥❡ ❡& ❞✐#♣❡(#.❡# ❞❛♥# ✉♥❡ ❡❛✉ #❛❧.❡ U ✵✳✷ ▼ ❞❡ ❝❤❧♦(✉(❡ ❞❡ #♦❞✐✉♠ ♣♦✉( .❝(❛♥&❡( ❧❡# ✐♥&❡(❛❝&✐♦♥# .❧❡❝&(♦✲ #&❛&✐3✉❡# ❞✉❡# ❛✉ ❝❛(❛❝&<(❡ ✐♦♥✐3✉❡ ❞✉ ❈♣❈❧✳ ◗✉❡❧3✉❡# ❝❛(❛❝&.(✐#&✐3✉❡# ❞❡ ❝❡# ❝♦♠♣♦#.# #❡ &(♦✉✈❡♥& ❞❛♥# ❧❡ &❛❜❧❡❛✉ ✷✳✶✳ ▲❛ ❢♦(♠❡ ❡& ❧❛ &❛✐❧❧❡ ❞❡# ❣♦✉&&❡❧❡&&❡# #♦♥& ❝♦♥&(Z❧.❡# ♣❛( ❞❡✉① ♣❛(❛♠<&(❡# ♣❤②✲ #✐❝♦❝❤✐♠✐3✉❡# 3✉❡ ♥♦✉# ❛✈♦♥# ✜①.# ✿

✕ ▲❡ (❛♣♣♦(& ♠❛##✐3✉❡ ❝♦&❡♥#✐♦❛❝&✐❢ #✉( &❡♥#✐♦❛❝&✐❢ Ω = 0.25

✕ ▲❡ (❛♣♣♦(& ♠❛##✐3✉❡ ❡♥&(❡ ❧✬❤✉✐❧❡ ❡& ❧❡ ♠.❧❛♥❣❡ &❡♥#✐♦❛❝&✐❢✰❝♦&❡♥#✐♦❛❝&✐❢ Γs= 0.56

(36)

Rgouttes= 62 Φ Φ = mht+ mhuile mtotale mht mhuile mtotale Φ g/mol Rg = 37 Ns Ns= 2 × Nombre de polymeres

N ombre de gouttelettes de micromulsion

(37)
(38)
(39)
(40)

σ ✷ η ◦

˙γ ϕ = 9% Rsurf = 0.5

1/τ

β = mpol

(41)
(42)

η0 = G0· τ Rsurf ϕ = 9% ϕ = 9% β = 55% Rsurf ϕ = 9% β = 55% Rsurf < 0.19 Rsurf > 0.19 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 1E-3 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 G' G'' G ', G '' (P a ) w (rad/s) 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 s N1 s , N1 (P a ) shear rate (1/s) ϕ = 9% β = 55% Rsurf = 0.1 Rsurf > 0.19

(43)
(44)

♦✉# ❞❡& ✈❛❧❡✉#& Rsurf > 0.19✱ ❧❡ ❝♦♠♣♦#.❡♠❡♥. ❡&. .#0& ❞✐✛3#❡♥.✳ ◆♦✉& ♥✬♦❜&❡#✈♦♥& ♣❧✉& ❞✬❡✛♦♥✲

❞#❡♠❡♥. ❞❡ N1✳ ❆♣#0& ❧❡ #❡❣✐♠❡ ♦; ❧❛ ❝♦♥.#❛✐♥.❡ ❞❡ ❝✐&❛✐❧❧❡♠❡♥. σ ✈❛#✐❡ ❧✐♥3❛✐#❡♠❡♥. ❛✈❡❝ ˙γ✱ ♥♦✉&

♦❜&❡#✈♦♥& ❧✬❛♣♣❛#✐.✐♦♥ ❞✬✉♥ ♣❧❛.❡❛✉ ❞❡ ❝♦♥.#❛✐♥.❡✳ ◆♦✉& ♦❜&❡#✈♦♥& 3❣❛❧❡♠❡♥. ❧✬❛♣♣❛#✐.✐♦♥ ❞✬✉♥ ❝♦✉#.

♣❧❛.❡❛✉ &✉✐✈✐ ❞✬✉♥❡ ❢♦#.❡ ❛✉❣♠❡♥.❛.✐♦♥ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣#❡♠✐0#❡ ❞✐✛3#❡♥❝❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥.#❛✐♥.❡& ♥♦#♠❛❧❡& N1✳

✷✳✷ ▼♦♥%❛❣❡ ❡①♣+,✐♠❡♥%❛❧

❉❛♥& ❝❡..❡ ♣❛#.✐❡ ♥♦✉& ❛❧❧♦♥& ♣#3&❡♥.❡# ❧❡ ❞✐&♣♦&✐.✐❢ ❡①♣3#✐♠❡♥.❛❧ ✉.✐❧✐&3 ♣♦✉# ♦❜&❡#✈❡# ❧❛ ❞✐❣✐.❛.✐♦♥ ✈✐&?✉❡✉&❡ ❡. ❧❛ ❢#❛❝.✉#❡✳ ◆♦✉& ♣#3&❡♥.❡#♦♥& ❧❡ ♣#♦.♦❝♦❧❡ ?✉✐ ♥♦✉& ❛ ♣❡#♠✐& ❞✬♦❜.❡♥✐# ❞❡& ♠❡&✉#❡& #❡♣#♦❞✉❝.✐❜❧❡&✳ ◆♦✉& ♥♦✉& ❛..❛#❞❡#♦♥& &✉# ?✉❡❧?✉❡& ❞✐✣❝✉❧.3& ?✉✐ &♦♥. ❛♣♣❛#✉❡& ❛✉ ❝♦✉#& ❞❡ ❧✬3.✉❞❡✳ ♦✉# ✜♥✐#✱ ♥♦✉& ♣#3&❡♥.❡#♦♥& ❧❡& .❡❝❤♥✐?✉❡& ❞3✈❡❧♦♣♣3❡& ❛✜♥ ❞✬❡①.#❛✐#❡ ❞❡& ✐♥❢♦#♠❛.✐♦♥& ?✉❛♥.✐.❛.✐✈❡& C ♣❛#.✐# ❞❡& ❞♦♥♥3❡& ❡①♣3#✐♠❡♥.❛❧❡&✳

✷✳✷✳✶ ❉❡%❝'✐♣*✐♦♥ ❞✉ ♠♦♥*❛❣❡

❆✉ &❡✐♥ ❞✉ ❣#♦✉♣❡✱ ❞❛♥& ❧❡& 3.✉❞❡& ♣#3❝3❞❛♥. ❝❡..❡ .❤0&❡✱ ❧❛ ❣3♦♠3.#✐❡ ❞❡ ❣♦✉..❡& ♣❡♥❞❛♥.❡& ❛ 3.3 ✉.✐❧✐&3❡ ❛✜♥ ❞❡ ❝❛#❛❝.3#✐&❡# ❧❛ ♥✉❝❧3❛.✐♦♥ ❡. ❧❛ ♣#♦♣❛❣❛.✐♦♥ ❞❡ ❢#❛❝.✉#❡& ❞❛♥& ❞❡& #3&❡❛✉① .#❛♥&✐.♦✐#❡& ❬✶✹❪✳ ❙✐ ❝❡..❡ ❣3♦♠3.#✐❡ ❡&. ❜✐❡♥ ❛❞❛♣.3❡ ♣♦✉# ♦❜&❡#✈❡# ❧❛ ♥✉❝❧3❛.✐♦♥ ❞✬✉♥❡ ❢#❛❝.✉#❡✱ ❡❧❧❡ ♥❡ ♣❡#♠❡. ♣❛& ❧✬3.✉❞❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣#♦♣❛❣❛.✐♦♥ ❞❡ ✜&&✉#❡ ❞✬✉♥❡ ❢❛I♦♥ ♦♣.✐♠❛❧❡ ✭❧❛ ♣#♦♣❛❣❛.✐♦♥ 3.❛♥. ❧✐♠✐.3❡ ♣❛# ❧❛ .❛✐❧❧❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❣♦✉..❡✮✳

♦✉# 3.✉❞✐❡# ❧❛ ♣#♦♣❛❣❛.✐♦♥✱ ♣❧✉&✐❡✉#& ❣#♦✉♣❡& ♦♥. ✉.✐❧✐&3 ❞❡& ❝❡❧❧✉❧❡& ❞❡ ❍❡❧❡✲❙❤❛✇ ❬✼✻❪ ❬✽✵❪ ❬✼✽❪ ❬✼✼❪✳ ❈❡ .②♣❡ ❞❡ ❣3♦♠3.#✐❡ ♣#3&❡♥.❡ ♣❧✉&✐❡✉#& ❛✈❛♥.❛❣❡& ✿

✕ ✐❧ &✬❛❣✐. ❞✬✉♥❡ ❣3♦♠3.#✐❡ ?✉❛&✐✲❜✐❞✐♠❡♥&✐♦♥♥❡❧❧❡✱

✕ ♦♥ ♣❡✉. ♦❜&❡#✈❡# ❞❡& ❢#❛❝.✉#❡& &✉# ❞❡ ❣#❛♥❞❡& ❞✐&.❛♥❝❡&✱ ❞❡ ❧✬♦#❞#❡ ❞✉ cm✱

✕ ♦♥ ♣❡✉. ❝♦♥.#V❧❡# ✭♣❛# ❧✬✐♠♣♦&✐.✐♦♥ ❞✬✉♥❡ ♣#❡&&✐♦♥ ♦✉ ❞✬✉♥ ❞3❜✐. ❞✬✐♥❥❡❝.✐♦♥✮ ❧✬❛♣♣❛#✐.✐♦♥ ❞✬✉♥❡ ❢#❛❝.✉#❡✱

✕ ❜✐❡♥ ?✉❡ ❧✬♦♥ ♥❡ ❝♦♥.#V❧❡ ♣❛& ❞✐#❡❝.❡♠❡♥. ❧❛ ✈✐.❡&&❡✱ ♦♥ ♣❡✉. ❡①♣❧♦#❡# ✉♥❡ ❧❛#❣❡ ❣❛♠♠❡ ❞❡ ✈✐.❡&&❡& ❞❡ ❢#❛❝.✉#❛.✐♦♥✳

◆♦✉& ❛✈♦♥& ❝❤♦✐&✐ ❞❡ .#❛✈❛✐❧❧❡# ❛✈❡❝ ✉♥❡ ❝❡❧❧✉❧❡ ❞❡ ❍❡❧❡✲❙❤❛✇ #❛❞✐❛❧❡✳ ❈❡..❡ ❝❡❧❧✉❧❡ ❡&. ❢♦#♠3❡ ❞❡ ❞❡✉① ♣❧❛?✉❡& ❞❡ ✈❡##❡ &3♣❛#3❡& ♣❛# ❞❡& ❡&♣❛❝❡✉#&✳ ▲❛ ♣❧❛?✉❡ &✉♣3#✐❡✉#❡ ❡&. ♣❡#❝3❡ ❞✬✉♥ .#♦✉ ❞❡

6mm ❞❡ ❞✐❛♠0.#❡ ♣♦✉# ✜①❡# ❧❡ ❞✐&♣♦&✐.✐❢ ❞✬✐♥❥❡❝.✐♦♥✳ ◆♦✉& ❛✈♦♥& ✉.✐❧✐&3 ❞❡✉① .②♣❡& ❞❡ ♣❧❛?✉❡& ❞❡

✈❡##❡✳ ❯♥❡ ♣#❡♠✐0#❡ &3#✐❡ ❞❡ ❝❡❧❧✉❧❡& ❛ 3.3 #3❛❧✐&3❡ ❛✈❡❝ ❞❡& ♣❧❛?✉❡& ❞❡ ❞✐♠❡♥&✐♦♥& 30cm × 30cm ❡. ❞✬3♣❛✐&&❡✉# 0.5cm ❀ ❧❛ &❡❝♦♥❞❡ &3#✐❡ ❛ 3.3 #3❛❧✐&3❡ ❛✈❡❝ ❞❡& ♣❧❛?✉❡& ❞❡ ❞✐♠❡♥&✐♦♥& 15cm × 15cm ❡. ❞✬3♣❛✐&&❡✉# 1cm✳ ◆♦✉& ❛✈♦♥& ✉.✐❧✐&3 ❞❡& ❡&♣❛❝❡✉#& ❡♥ ▼②❧❛# ❞❡ 500µm ❡♥.#❡ ❧❡& ♣❧❛?✉❡&✳ ▲❡& ♣❧❛?✉❡& &♦♥. ✜①3❡& ❡♥&❡♠❜❧❡ ♣❛# ❞❡& &❡##❡✲❥♦✐♥.& ✭✜❣✉#❡ ✷✳✶✶✭❛✮✮✳

▲❡ ❞✐&♣♦&✐.✐❢ ❞✬✐♥❥❡❝.✐♦♥ ❡&. ❝♦♠♣♦&3 ❞❡ .✉②❛✉① ❡♥ ❱❈ &♦✉♣❧❡& ❡. ❞✬✉♥❡ ✈❛❧✈❡ C ❞❡✉① ❡♥.#3❡&✳ ❉❡& ❡♠❜♦✉.& &.❛♥❞❛#❞& ♣❡#♠❡..❡♥. ❧❛ ❝♦♥♥❡①✐♦♥ ❞❡& .✉②❛✉① &✉# ❧❡& &❡#✐♥❣✉❡& ❡. ❧❛ ✈❛❧✈❡✳ ▲❡& &❡#✐♥❣✉❡& ❝♦♥.❡♥❛♥. ❧✬❤✉✐❧❡ ❡. ❧✬3❝❤❛♥.✐❧❧♦♥ &♦♥. ❝❤❛❝✉♥❡& ❝♦♥♥❡❝.3❡& C ✉♥❡ ❞❡& ❡♥.#3❡&✳ ▲❛ &♦#.✐❡ ❡&. ❝♦♥♥❡❝.3❡ C ❧❛ ❝❡❧❧✉❧❡ ✈✐❛ ✉♥ .✉②❛✉ ❡♥ ♣❧❛&.✐?✉❡ &♦✉♣❧❡ ✜①3 ❛✉ .#♦✉ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣❧❛?✉❡ &✉♣3#✐❡✉#❡ ♣✉✐& ❝♦❧❧3❡ ❛✈❡❝ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❝♦❧❧❡ ♦♣.✐?✉❡ ✭◆❖❆ ✻✶✮✳ ❊♥ ❝♦♥❞✐.✐♦♥& ❞❡ #❡♠♣❧✐&&❛❣❡ ❞❡ ❝❡❧❧✉❧❡✱ ❧❛ &❡#✐♥❣✉❡ ❝♦♥.❡♥❛♥. ❧✬3❝❤❛♥.✐❧❧♦♥ ❡&. ✜①3❡ &✉# ✉♥ ♣♦✉&&❡ &❡#✐♥❣✉❡✳ ❊♥ ❝♦♥❞✐.✐♦♥ ❞❡ .#❛✈❛✐❧✱ ❝❡ &❡#❛ ❝❡❧❧❡ ❝♦♥.❡♥❛♥. ❧✬❤✉✐❧❡✳ ▲❛ ❝❡❧❧✉❧❡ ❡&. ♣❧❛❝3❡ &✉# ✉♥ ❝❤`&&✐& &✉# ❧❡?✉❡❧ ♥♦✉& ❛✈♦♥& ✜①3 ✉♥ ♣❛♥♥❡❛✉ ❧✉♠✐♥❡✉① ♣♦✉# 3❝❧❛✐#❡# ❧❛ ❝❡❧❧✉❧❡✱ ❡. ✉♥❡ ❝❛♠3#❛ #❛♣✐❞❡ 3?✉✐♣3❡ ❞✬✉♥ ♦❜❥❡❝.✐❢ ♠❛❝#♦ ✭✜❣✉#❡ ✷✳✶✶✭❜✮✮✳ ◆♦& ❡①♣3#✐❡♥❝❡& ❝♦♥&✐&.❡♥. ❡♥ ❧✬✐♥❥❡❝.✐♦♥ ❞✬✉♥❡ ❤✉✐❧❡ ❞❡ ❝♦❧③❛ ❝♦♠♠❡#❝✐❛❧❡✱ ❢❛✐❜❧❡♠❡♥. ✈✐&?✉❡✉&❡✱ ❞❛♥& ✉♥ ❣❡❧ .#❛♥&.♦✐#❡✳ ▲✬❤✉✐❧❡ &❡#❛ 3✈❡♥.✉❡❧❧❡♠❡♥. ❝♦❧♦#3❡ ✭ ❛# ❞✉ ❝♦❧♦#❛♥. ✧#♦✉❣❡ &♦✉❞❛♥ ■❱✧✮ ♣♦✉# ❛♠3❧✐♦#❡# ❧❡ ❝♦♥.#❛&.❡✳ ▲❡&

❡①♣3#✐❡♥❝❡& &♦♥. #3❛❧✐&3❡& C ❧❛ .❡♠♣3#❛.✉#❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ &❛❧❧❡✱ ❝♦♥.#V❧3❡ ♣❛# ✉♥ ❝❧✐♠❛.✐&❡✉#✱ ❛✉.♦✉# ❞❡ 25◦C

❉❛♥& ❝❡& ❝♦♥❞✐.✐♦♥&✱ ❧✬❤✉✐❧❡ ❞❡ ❝♦❧③❛ ♣#3&❡♥.❡ ✉♥❡ ✈✐&❝♦&✐.3 ❞❡ ηhuile = 60 mPa · s ?✉❡ ♥♦✉& ❛✈♦♥&

❞3.❡#♠✐♥3❡ ♣❛# ♠❡&✉#❡& #❤3♦❧♦❣✐?✉❡&✳

♦✉# ❧❡& ❡①♣3#✐❡♥❝❡& ❞❡& ❝❤❛♣✐.#❡& ✸ ❡. ✺✱ ♥♦✉& ❛✈♦♥& ✉.✐❧✐&3 ✉♥❡ ❝❛♠3#❛ #❛♣✐❞❡ ♣❤❛♥.♦♠ ❱✼✱ ♣♦✉# ❝❡❧❧❡& ❞❡& ❝❤❛♣✐.#❡& ✹ ❡. ✺✱ ✉♥❡ ❝❛♠3#❛ ♣❤♦.#♦♥ ❢❛&.❝❛♠✳ ❈❡& ❝❛♠3#❛& ♣❡✉✈❡♥. ❛❝?✉❡#✐# ❞❡&

(45)
(46)
(47)
(48)
(49)
(50)
(51)

❋✐❣✉$❡ ✷✳✶✽ ✕ ❋&❛❝)✉&❡ ❞❛♥. ✉♥❡ .♦❧✉)✐♦♥ ❞❡ ♠✐❝❡❧❧❡. ♣♦♥)4❡. ❞❡ ♣❛&❛♠5)&❡. ϕ = 9%✱ β = 55%✱ ❡)

Rsurf = 0✳ ❇❛&&❡ 6 mm

✭❛✮ ✭❜✮

❋✐❣✉$❡ ✷✳✶✾ ✕ ▼♦)✐❢. ❞❡ ❢&❛❝)✉&❡ ❞✬✉♥❡ .♦❧✉)✐♦♥ ❞❡ ♠✐❝❡❧❧❡. ♣♦♥)4❡. ❞❡ ♣❛&❛♠5)&❡. ϕ = 9%✱ β = 55%✱

❡) Rsurf = 0.4✳ <❧❛=✉❡. ♥❡))♦②4❡. ✭❛✮ .❛♥. ❛❝✐❞❡ .✉❧❢♦❝❤&♦♠✐=✉❡ ✭❜✮ ❛✈❡❝ ❛❝✐❞❡ .✉❧❢♦❝❤&♦♠✐=✉❡✳ ❇❛&&❡.

6 mm

◆4❛♥♠♦✐♥.✱ ♣♦✉& Rsurf < 0.2✱ ❧❡ ♣&♦❜❧5♠❡ &❡.)❡ ❡♥)✐❡&✳ ■❧ ❢❛✉❞&❛✐) ❞♦♥❝ )&♦✉✈❡& ❞✬❛✉)&❡. ✈♦✐❡.

♣♦✉& ❛♠4❧✐♦&❡& ❧✬❛❞❤4&❡♥❝❡ ❞✉ ❣❡❧ .✉& ❧❡. ♣❧❛=✉❡.✳ ❈❡ ♣&♦❜❧5♠❡ ♥✬❡.) ♣❛. &4.♦❧✉✳

✷✳✸ ❚❡❝❤♥✐)✉❡+ ❞✬❛♥❛❧②+❡+

▲❡. ♦❜.❡&✈❛)✐♦♥. &❡♣♦.❛♥) .✉& ❞❡. ❛❝=✉✐.✐)✐♦♥. ✈✐❞4♦ I ❤❛✉)❡ ❝❛❞❡♥❝❡✱ ♥♦✉. ❛✈♦♥. ♠✐. ❛✉ ♣♦✐♥) ❞❡. )❡❝❤♥✐=✉❡. ♣♦✉& ❡①)&❛✐&❡ ❞❡. ❞♦♥♥4❡. I ♣❛&)✐& ❞✬✐♠❛❣❡.✳ ❏❡ ♣&4.❡♥)❡&❛✐ ❞❛♥. ✉♥ ♣&❡♠✐❡& )❡♠♣. ❧❛ ♠4)❤♦❞❡ ✉)✐❧✐.4❡ ♣♦✉& ♣♦✉✈♦✐& ❡①)&❛✐&❡ ❧❛ ❢♦&♠❡ ❞❡. ❞♦✐❣).✴❢&❛❝)✉&❡. ❡) ❛✐♥.✐ ♣♦✉✈♦✐& ♠❡.✉&❡& ❧❡✉&. &❛②♦♥. ❞❡ ❝♦✉&❜✉&❡✳ ❏❡ ♣&4.❡♥)❡&❛✐ ❡♥.✉✐)❡ ❧❛ ♠4)❤♦❞❡ ✉)✐❧✐.4❡ ♣♦✉& ❡①)&❛✐&❡ ❧❡. ❝❤❛♠♣. ❞❡. ❞4♣❧❛❝❡✲ ♠❡♥). I ♣❛&)✐& ❞❡ ❧❛ ♠❡.✉&❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❢♦♥❝)✐♦♥ ❞❡ ❝♦&&4❧❛)✐♦♥ ❡♥)&❡ ❞❡✉① ✐♠❛❣❡.✳

(52)

Vtip

W

∆I

Igel− 1/10∆I Igel

(53)
(54)
(55)
(56)
(57)
(58)

Qv = 0.01 mL/min

Qv = 2 mL/min

Qv = 10 mL/min

Qv = 40 mL/min

(59)
(60)
(61)
(62)
(63)

dq d⊥ dq i diq d i ⊥ r θ dq r r dq = A · (r + B)−C r → 0 Vgel0 Vgel0 Vtip V0 gel Vtip Vtip Vtip 6 VtipC Vgel0 Vtip 0.98 ± 0.09 Vgel0 ≈ Vtip Vtip>VtipC Vgel0 Vtip

Vtip∼ VtipC Vtip >VtipC

Vgel0

(64)

dq δt 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 0.1 1 Q=1 mL/min Q=2 mL/min Q=5 mL/min Q=10 mL/min Fingers Cracks Vgel0 Vtip

Vgel0 ≈ Vtip VtipC Vgel0 > Vtip

Vgel0 Vtip VtipC

[VC

tip, VtipCC]

(65)
(66)
(67)
(68)
(69)
(70)
(71)
(72)
(73)
(74)
(75)
(76)
(77)
(78)
(79)
(80)

❧❛ ♣♦✐♥&❡ ❞❡ ❢*❛❝&✉*❡✳ ▲❛ ❢*❛❝&✉*❡ ❛✈❛♥❝❡ ❡♥ ❛**❛❝❤❛♥& ❞❡1 ♣♦❧②♠4*❡1 ❞❡1 ♣♦✐♥&1 ❞❡ *5&✐❝✉❧❛&✐♦♥✱ ✐❧ ❡♥

*❡1✉❧&❡ ✉♥❡ ❝♦♥&*❛✐♥&❡ ✈✐17✉❡✉1❡ σv ❞✉❡ ❛✉① ❢*♦&&❡♠❡♥&1 ❞❡1 ❝❤❛9♥❡1 ❡①&*❛✐&❡1 ❞❛♥1 ❧❡ 1♦❧✈❛♥&✳ ❖♥ ✈❛

❝♦♥1✐❞5*❡* ❝❡1 ❝❤❛✐♥❡1 ❝♦♠♠❡ ❞❡1 ❝②❧✐♥❞*❡1 ❞❡ ❧♦♥❣✉❡✉* lc ✭7✉✐ ❝♦**❡1♣♦♥❞ = ❧❛ ❧♦♥❣✉❡✉* ❞❡1 &*✐♣❧❡

❤5❧✐❝❡1✱ ✜❣✉*❡ ✸✳✸✵✮ ❡& ❞❡ ❞✐❛♠4&*❡ ξel✳ ▲❛ ❝♦♥&*❛✐♥&❡ ✈✐17✉❡✉1❡ ♣❡✉& 1✬5❝*✐*❡ 1♦✉1 ❧❛ ❢♦*♠❡ ✿

σv ≈ fv

ξ2 el

✭✸✳✼✮

▲❡ &❡*♠❡ fv❞❡ ❧✬57✉❛&✐♦♥ ✸✳✼ ❝♦**❡1♣♦♥❞ = ❧❛ ❢♦*❝❡ ❞❡ ❢*♦&&❡♠❡♥& ✈✐17✉❡✉1❡ *❡11❡♥&✐❡ ♣❛* ❧❡1 ❝❤❛9♥❡1

7✉✐ ♣❡✉& 1✬❡①♣*✐♠❡* 1♦✉1 ❧❛ ❢♦*♠❡ fv ≈ αgηslcVtip✳ αgV ❡1& ❞5✜♥✐& ❝♦♠♠❡ ❧❛ ✈✐&❡11❡ ❞✬❡①&*❛❝&✐♦♥ ❞❡1

❝❤❛✐♥❡1 ❞❡ ♣♦❧②♠4*❡1 ❞❡1 ♣♦✐♥&1 ❞❡ *5&✐❝✉❧❛&✐♦♥✳ αg ❡1& ✉♥ ♣❛*❛♠4&*❡ ❣5♦♠5&*✐7✉❡ ❧✐5 = ❧❛ ❢♦*♠❡ ❞❡ ❧❛

♣♦✐♥&❡ ❞❡ ❢*❛❝&✉*❡ 7✉❡ ❧✬♦♥ ♣♦1❡*❛ 5❣❛❧ = ✿ αg ≈ lLc ♦E L ❡1& ❧❛ &❛✐❧❧❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ ③♦♥❡ ❞❡ ❝♦❤51✐♦♥ ❡♥ ❛♠♦♥&

❞❡ ❧❛ ❢*❛❝&✉*❡✳ ▲❛ ③♦♥❡ ❞❡ ❝♦❤51✐♦♥ ❡1& ❞5✜♥✐❡ ❝♦♠♠❡ ❧❛ ③♦♥❡ ❛✉&♦✉* ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣♦✐♥&❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❢*❛❝&✉*❡ ❞❛♥1 ❧❛7✉❡❧❧❡ ✈❛ 1❡ ♣*♦❞✉✐*❡ ❧✬❡11❡♥&✐❡❧ ❞❡1 ♣❤5♥♦♠4♥❡1 ❞❡ ❞✐11✐♣❛&✐♦♥✱ ❞❛♥1 ❧❡ 1❝❤❡♠❛ ✸✳✸✶ ❡❧❧❡ ❝♦**❡1♣♦♥❞ = ❧❛ ③♦♥❡ ♦E ❧❡1 ❝❤❛9♥❡1 1♦♥& 5&✐*5❡1✳ ▲✬57✉❛&✐♦♥ ✸✳✼ 1❡ *55❝*✐& ❛❧♦*1 ✿

σv ≈ αg

lc

ξ2elηsVtip ✭✸✳✽✮

❈❡ 7✉✐ ♥♦✉1 ♣❡*♠❡& ❞✬❡1&✐♠❡* ❧✬5♥❡*❣✐❡ ❞✐11✐♣5❡ ❧♦*1 ❞❡ ❧✬❡①&*✉1✐♦♥ ❞✬✉♥❡ ❝❤❛9♥❡ ✿

Gv ≈ σvlc≈ αg( lc

ξel

)2ηsVtip ✭✸✳✾✮

❉❛♥1 ❧❡ ❝❛1 ❞✬✉♥ ❣❡❧ ❞❡ ❣5❧❛&✐♥❡ ❧❛ ❧♦♥❣✉❡✉* l ❡1& ❞❡ ❧✬♦*❞*❡ ❞✉ ♠✐❝*♦♥✳ ▲❡ ♣❛*❛♠4&*❡ ξel ♣❡✉& L&*❡

❝❛❧❝✉❧5 = ♣❛*&✐* ❞✉ ♠♦❞✉❧❡ 5❧❛1&✐7✉❡ ❞✉ ❣❡❧ ✿ G0 ≈ kξb3T el✳ ❖♥ ❡♥ ❞5❞✉✐& 7✉❡ ξel ≈ 10 nm✳ ❆ ♣❛*&✐* ❞❡ ❝❡1 ♣❛*❛♠4&*❡1✱ ♦♥ ♣❡✉& ❝❛❧❝✉❧❡* ❧❛ ✈❛❧❡✉* ❞❡ Γ Γ ≈ αg( lc ξel )2 ≈ 104αg ✭✸✳✶✵✮

❊①♣5*✐♠❡♥&❛❧❡♠❡♥& ❇❛✉♠❜❡*❣❡* ❡& ❛❧✳ ❬✾✶❪ ♦♥& ♠❡1✉*5 Γ = 106✳ ❈❡❧❛ ✐♠♣❧✐7✉❡ 7✉❡ ❧❡ ♣❛*❛♠4&*❡

αg = 102✱ ❝❡ 7✉✐ ❞♦♥♥❡ ✉♥❡ ③♦♥❡ ❞❡ ❝♦❤51✐♦♥ ❞❡ &❛✐❧❧❡ L = 10 nm 1♦✐& L ≈ ξel✳

❆♣♣❧✐❝❛&✐♦♥ ❞✉ ♠♦❞,❧❡ ❞❛♥. ❧❡ ❝❛. ❞❡ ♠✐❝/♦0♠✉❧.✐♦♥. ❝♦♥♥❡❝&0❡

◆♦✉1 ❛❧❧♦♥1 &❡♥&❡* ❞✬✉&✐❧✐1❡* ❝❡ ♠L♠❡ ♠♦❞4❧❡ ♣♦✉* ❞5❝*✐*❡ ♥♦1 ❞♦♥♥5❡1✳ ❖♥ ❛ ♠❡1✉*5 ✉♥ &❡*♠❡

❞❡ ❞✐11✐♣❛&✐♦♥ ✈✐17✉❡✉1❡ ✿ Gv = aVtip = ΓηsVtip✳ ❉♦♥❝ ❧❛ ✈❛❧❡✉* ❞❡ Γ ❡①♣5*✐♠❡♥&❛❧❡ ❡1& ✿Γ = ηas =

7350 ± 191✳ ❖♥ ✈❛ ❡1&✐♠❡* ❧❡1 ❞✐✛5*❡♥&1 &❡*♠❡1 ❞❡ ❧✬57✉❛&✐♦♥ ✸✳✾✳ ❊1&✐♠❛&✐♦♥ ❞❡ αg✳

▲❡ ♠♦❞4❧❡ ❞❡ ❉✉❣❞❛❧❡ ♣❡*♠❡& ❞❡ *❡❧✐❡* ❧❡ ♣❛*❛♠4&*❡ ❣5♦♠5&*✐7✉❡ ❞✬♦✉✈❡*&✉*❡ ❛✈❡❝ ❧❛ ❝♦♥&*❛✐♥&❡ ♥5❝❡11❛✐*❡ ♣♦✉* ♦✉✈*✐* ❧❛ ❢*❛❝&✉*❡ ✿ αg∼ lc L ∼ σ∗ E ✭✸✳✶✶✮

❖E l ❡1& ❧❛ ❧♦♥❣✉❡✉* ❞✬✉♥ ♣♦❧②♠4*❡ &5❧5❝❤5❧✐7✉❡ ❝♦♠♣❧4&❡♠❡♥& 5&✐*5❡✳ ❊✱ ❧❡ ♠♦❞✉❧❡ ❞✬❨♦✉♥❣✱

❡1& *❡❧✐5 ❛✉ ♠♦❞✉❧❡ 5❧❛1&✐7✉❡ ♣❛* ❧❛ *❡❧❛&✐♦♥ G0 = E3✳ L ❡1& ❧❛ &❛✐❧❧❡ ❞✬✉♥❡ ③♦♥❡ ❞❡ ❝♦❤51✐♦♥ 7✉❡

❧✬♦♥ ✈❛ &❡♥&❡* ❞✬❡1&✐♠❡*✳ ▲❛ ❝♦♥&*❛✐♥&❡ σ∗ ❡1& ❧❛ ❝♦♥&*❛✐♥&❡ 7✉✬✐❧ ❢❛✉& ❛♣♣❧✐7✉❡* 1✉* ❧❛ ♠✐❝*♦5♠✉❧1✐♦♥

❝♦♥♥❡❝&5❡ ♣♦✉* ♣♦✉✈♦✐* ❛**❛❝❤❡* ✉♥ 1&✐❝❦❡* ❞✬✉♥❡ ❣♦✉&&❡❧❡&&❡✳ ▲✬5♥❡*❣✐❡ ♥5❝❡11❛✐*❡ ♣♦✉* ❛**❛❝❤❡*

✉♥ 1&✐❝❦❡* ❞✬✉♥❡ ❣♦✉&&❡❧❡&&❡✱ ♣❛* ✉♥✐&5 ❞❡ 1✉*❢❛❝❡✱ ❡1& ❡1&✐♠5❡ = γpol = 10 µN/m ❬✶✹❪✳ ❖♥ ♣❡✉& ❛❧♦*1

❞5✜♥✐* ❧❛ ❢♦*❝❡ ♥5❝❡11❛✐*❡ ♣♦✉* ❛**❛❝❤❡* ✉♥ 1&✐❝❦❡* ❝♦♠♠❡ ✿ f∗ = γ

pollsticker✱ ♦E lsticker❡1& ❧❛ ❧♦♥❣✉❡✉*

❞✬✉♥ 1&✐❝❦❡*✳ ❖♥ &*❛✈❛✐❧❧❡ ❛✈❡❝ ❞❡1 1&✐❝❦❡*1 = ✶✽ ❝❛*❜♦♥❡1✱ ❧❛ ❞✐1&❛♥❝❡ ♠♦②❡♥♥❡ ❞✬✉♥❡ ❧✐❛✐1♦♥ ❈✲❈ 5&❛♥&

lC−C = 0.154 nm ❬✾✹❪✱ ♦♥ ♣❡✉& ❡1&✐♠❡* ✿ lsticker ∼ 18lC−C ∼ 2.772 nm✳ ❆✐♥1✐ ♦♥ ♣❡✉& ❞5&❡*♠✐♥❡* ❧❛

❝♦♥&*❛✐♥&❡ ✿

(81)
(82)
(83)
(84)

dEXPq (r, θ) ≈ 1 √ rcos(κθ) ✭✸✳✷✵✮ dEXP (r, θ) ≈ √1 r sin(κθ) ✭✸✳✷✶✮ ▲❡ ❣❡❧ +,❛♥, ✐♥❝♦♠♣4❡55✐❜❧❡✱ ❧❡ ❝❤❛♠♣ ❞❡ ❞+♣❧❛❝❡♠❡♥, ❞✉ ❣❡❧ ❞♦✐, ✈+4✐✜❡4 ❧✬❤②♣♦,❤?5❡ ❞✬✐♥❝♦♠✲ ♣4❡55✐❜✐❧✐,+ ∇ ·−→❱ = ∇ ·−−→∆❉ δt = 0 ♦! −

❱ "❡♣"%&❡♥(❡ ❧❡ ❝❤❛♠♣ ❞❡ ✈✐(❡&&❡ ❞✉ ❣❡❧ ❡( −−→❉ ❧❡ ❝❤❛♠♣ ❞❡& ❞%♣❧❛❝❡♠❡♥(& ❞✉ ❣❡❧✳ ❖♥ ✈❛ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❡" ♣♦✉" 5✉❡❧❧❡ ✈❛❧❡✉" ❞❡ κ ❝❡((❡ ❤②♣♦(❤7&❡ ❡&( ✈%"✐✜%❡✳ ▲❡& ❝♦♠♣♦✲ &❛♥(❡& dEXP

q ❡( d EXP

⊥ %(❛♥( ❞❡& ❢♦♥❝(✐♦♥& ❞❡ " ❡( ❞❡ θ✱ ♦♥ ✈❛ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❡" ❧❛ ❞✐✈❡"❣❡♥❝❡ ❡♥ ❝♦♦"❞♦♥♥%❡&

❝②❧✐♥❞"✐5✉❡&✳ ❖♥ ♣♦&❡ ❞♦♥❝ ✿

dr= dEXPq cos θ + d

EXP

⊥ sin θ ✭✸✳✷✷✮

dθ = dEXP⊥ cos θ − dEXPq sin θ ✭✸✳✷✸✮

❊♥ ✐♥❥❡❝(❛♥( ❧❡& "❡❧❛(✐♦♥& ✸✳✷✷ ❡( ✸✳✷✸ ❞❛♥& ❧✬❡①♣"❡&&✐♦♥ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❞✐✈❡"❣❡♥❝❡ ✿ ∇ ·−→❞ = 1r∂r∂(rdr) +1

r ∂

∂θ(dθ) ✭✸✳✷✹✮

❖! −→❞ ❡&( ❧❡ ❝❤❛♠♣ ❞❡ ❞%♣❧❛❝❡♠❡♥( ❡♥ ❝♦♦"❞♦♥♥%❡& ♣♦❧❛✐"❡&✱ ♦♥ ("♦✉✈❡ ✜♥❛❧❡♠❡♥( ✿

κ = 1/2. ✭✸✳✷✺✮

❖♥ ♣❡✉( ❞♦♥❝ ❞%(❡"♠✐♥❡" ✉♥ ❝❤❛♠♣ 5✉✐ "❡&♣❡❝(❡ H ❧❛ ❢♦✐& ❧❛ &②♠%("✐❡ ❞❡ ♥♦& ❞♦♥♥%❡&✱ ❡( ❧✬✐♥❝♦♠✲ ♣"❡&&✐❜✐❧✐(% ❞✉ ❣❡❧✱ H ✉♥ ♣"%❢❛❝(❡✉" ♣"7& ✿ dq≈ 1 √r cos(θ 2) ✭✸✳✷✻✮ d⊥ ≈ 1 √ r sin( θ 2) ✭✸✳✷✼✮

▲❡& ✜❣✉"❡& ✸✳✸✹✭❛✮ H ✭❞✮ ♥♦✉& ♠♦♥("❡♥( ❧❡ "%&✉❧(❛( ❞✬✉♥ ❛❥✉&(❡♠❡♥( ❞✉ ♣"%❢❛❝(❡✉" ❝♦♠♠✉♥ ❞❡& %5✉❛(✐♦♥& ✸✳✷✻ ❡( ✸✳✷✼✱ 5✉✐ ❡&( ❧✬✉♥✐5✉❡ ♣❛"❛♠7("❡ ❛❥✉&(❛❜❧❡ ❞✉ ♠♦❞7❧❡✱ ❞❡& ❞♦♥♥%❡& ♣❛" ❝❡ ❝❤❛♠♣ ♣♦✉" ❞✐✛%"❡♥(❡& ❞✐&(❛♥❝❡& H ❧❛ ♣♦✐♥(❡ ❞❡ ❢"❛❝(✉"❡✱ "❡&♣❡❝(✐✈❡♠❡♥( ❞❡ 1.8 mm ✭✜❣✉"❡& ✸✳✸✹✭❛✮ ❡( ✭❝✮✮ ❡( 4.5 mm✭✜❣✉"❡& ✸✳✸✹✭❜✮ ❡( ✭❞✮✮✱ ❡( H ❞✐✛%"❡♥(❡& ✈✐(❡&&❡&✱ "❡&♣❡❝(✐✈❡♠❡♥( ❞❡ 6.38 mm/s ✭✜❣✉"❡& ✸✳✸✹✭❛✮ ❡( ✭❜✮✮ ❡( 34.76 mm/s ✭✜❣✉"❡& ✸✳✸✹✭❝✮ ❡( ✭❞✮✮✳ ❖♥ ♣❡✉( "❡♠❛"5✉❡" 5✉❡ ❧✬❛❥✉&(❡♠❡♥( ❞❡& ❝♦✉"❜❡& ♣❛" ❧❡& %5✉❛(✐♦♥& ✸✳✷✻ ❡( ✸✳✷✼ ❡&( ("7& ❜♦♥✳ ❖♥ ✈❛ ♠❛✐♥(❡♥❛♥( ❝♦♠♣❛"❡" ❝❡ ❝❤❛♠♣ H ❝❡❧✉✐ ❛((❡♥❞✉ ❞❛♥& ❧❡ ❝❛& ❞✬✉♥ ♠❛(%"✐❛✉ ♣✉"❡♠❡♥( %❧❛&(✐5✉❡✳

(85)
(86)
(87)
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(90)

Rsurf

φ = 9% Rsurf = 0.4 Qv = 0.3 mL/min

Φ = 10% Ns = 10 Qv = 2 mL/min

(91)
(92)
(93)
(94)
(95)

Qv = 52 mL/min Rsurf φ = 9 % Rsurf = 0 ρ = 1.2 mm φ = 9 % Rsurf = 0.5 ρ = 2.54 mm 2.4 mm 3.7 mm Rsurf Rsurf ≤ 0.35 Rsurf 1.28 ± 0.34 mm Rsurf > 0.35 < ρ >= 2.85 mm Rsurf = 0.5 < ˙ε >=< V C tip ρ > < ˙ε > Rsurf Rsurf = 0.1 Rsurf > 0.2 Rsurf Rsurf < 0.2

τ Rsurf ≥ 0.2 τslow τf ast

(96)

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0

10

20

30

40

Rsurf Rsurf φ = 9% τf ast τslow Rsurf τf ast < ˙εC > · τf ast < ˙εC > · τf ast∼ 0.746 ± 0.623 < ˙εC >

τslow Rsurf > 0.3 < ˙εC > · τslow

(97)

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 -5 0 5 10 15 20 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0 1 2 3 < ˙εC > Rsurf < ˙εC >

τf ast Rsurf > 0.2 τ Rsurf < 0.2 < ˙εC >

τslow Rsurf > 0.2 τ Rsurf < 0.2

(98)

1/τ Rsurf = 0 Rsurf = 0.1 Rsurf = 0.2

1/τ

Rsurf = 0.1 Rsurf = 0.5

Rsurf = 0.1 Rsurf = 0.5 < ˙ε >≈ 1/τf ast,slow

✷ ◦ ⋄ △ Rsurf ≤ 0.1 < ˙ε >< 1τ Rsurf > 0.3 < ˙ε > 0.1 < Rsurf ≤ 0.3 Rsurf = 0.3 Rsurf = 0.5

τf ast 0.37 s Rsurf = 0.3 4.64 s Rsurf = 0.5 τslow 0.048 s

Rsurf = 0.3 0.74 s Rsurf = 0.5 Rsurf = 0.5

(99)
(100)
(101)
(102)
(103)
(104)

0.3 mL/min ϕ = 9% Rsurf = 0.4

(105)
(106)

Qv ϕ = 9% Rsurf = 0.5

Qv = 1 mL/min Qv = 2 mL/min Qv = 10 mL/min Qv = 20 mL/min 6mm

ϕ = 9% Rsurf = 0.5 QV = 10 mL/min QV = 20 mL/min

(107)
(108)
(109)
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(111)

θ0 ±θ J = I˜0(sin 2[2(θ 0− θ)] − sin2[2(θ0+ θ)]) ˜ I0(sin2[2(θ0− θ)] + sin2[2(θ0+ θ)]) . X = cos(4θ) J X Itip1 Itip2 X Itip1 = I˜0 2[1 − X cos(4θ0) − sin(4θ0) p 1 − X2], Itip2 = I˜0 2[1 − X cos(4θ0) + sin(4θ0) p 1 − X2]. J X J = − sin(4θ0) √ 1 − X2 1 − cos(4θ0)X . J θ

(J2cos2(4θ0) + sin2(4θ0))X2− 2J2cos(4θ0)X + J2− sin2(4θ0) = 0.

(112)
(113)
(114)

φ = 9% Rsurf = 0.5 2 s

(115)

φ = 9 % Rsurf = 0.5

Qv = 40 mL/min

(116)
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(123)

5 mL/min 10 mL/min

< Vtip >= (27 ± 12) mm/s

5 mL/min < Vtip >= (32 ± 14) mm/s 10 mL/min

(124)
(125)
(126)
(127)
(128)

t0 t0+ δt

(129)
(130)
(131)

❋✐❣✉$❡ ✺✳✷✶ ✕ ✭❛✮ ✈✐*✉❛❧✐*❛-✐♦♥ ♣❛1 2■❱ ❞✉ ❝❤❛♠♣ ❞❡* ❞:♣❧❛❝❡♠❡♥-* ❧♦1*;✉❡ ❧✬♦♥ ✐♥❥❡❝-❡ ❧❛ *♦❧✉-✐♦♥ ❞❡ ♠✐❝❡❧❧❡* > ✉♥ ❞:❜✐- ❞❡ Qv = 20 mL/min✳ ▲✬✐♠❛❣❡ ❡*- ♣1✐*❡ ♣❡♥❞❛♥- ❧❛ ♣1♦♣❛❣❛-✐♦♥ ❞❡* ❜1❛♥❝❤❡* ✭t = 900 ms✮✳ ✭❜✮ ❈♦♠♣♦*❛♥-❡ 1❛❞✐❛❧❡ ❞✉ ❝❤❛♠♣ ❞❡ ✈✐-❡**❡ ♠❡*✉1:❡ ❞❛♥* ❧❛ ❞✐1❡❝-✐♦♥ *②♠❜♦❧✐*:❡ ♣❛1 ❧❛ ✢E❝❤❡ 1♦✉❣❡ 1❡♣1:*❡♥-:❡ ❡♥ ✭❛✮✳ ▲❛ ♠❡*✉1❡ ❛ :-: ❡✛❡❝-✉:❡ > -1♦✐* 1❡♣1✐*❡* ✿ ✭△✮❛✈❛♥- ❧✬❛♣♣❛1✐-✐♦♥ ❞❡ ❧✬✐♥*-❛❜✐❧✐-: t = 800 ms✱ ✭◦✮ ❛♣1E* ❧❛ ♣1♦♣❛❣❛-✐♦♥ ❞❡* ❜1❛♥❝❤❡* t = 2000 ms✱ ✭✷✮ ♣❡♥❞❛♥- ;✉❡ ❧❡* ❜1❛♥❝❤❡* *♦♥- ❡♥ -1❛✐♥ ❞❡ *❡ ♣1♦♣❛❣❡1 t = 900 ms✳ ▲❛ ❜1❛♥❝❤❡ ❝♦♥*✐❞:1:❡ ✐❝✐ ❛ ✉♥❡ ❧♦♥❣✉❡✉1 -♦-❛❧❡ lb 1❡♣♦1-:❡ :❣❛❧❡♠❡♥- *✉1 ❧✬✐♠❛❣❡ ✭❛✮✳ ▲❡* ❧✐❣♥❡* 1❡♣1:*❡♥-❡♥- ❧✬❛❥✉*-❡♠❡♥- ❞❡* ❞♦♥♥:❡* ♣❛1 ✉♥❡ ❧♦✐ ❡♥ 1/r✱ ❧❡* ♣♦✐♥-✐❧❧:* 1❡♣1:*❡♥-❡♥- ❧❛ ♠♦②❡♥♥❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ ✈✐-❡**❡ ♠❡*✉1:❡ > ❧✬✐♥-:1✐❡✉1 ❞✬✉♥❡ ❜1❛♥❝❤❡✳ ❇❛11❡ 6 mm✳ ❞♦♥♥:❡*✱ ❧✬✐♥*-❛❜✐❧✐-: ❛♣♣❛1❛J- ❝♦♠♠❡ ✉♥ ♣❤:♥♦♠E♥❡ ♣❡1-✉1❜❛♥- ❧✬:❝♦✉❧❡♠❡♥- ❞❡ ❢❛L♦♥ -1❛♥*✐-♦✐1❡ ♦M✱ ♣❡♥❞❛♥- ✉♥ -❡♠♣* ❝♦✉1-✱ ❧✬:❝♦✉❧❡♠❡♥- ✈❛ ❞❡✈❡♥✐1 ❧♦❝❛❧❡♠❡♥- ✐♥❞:♣❡♥❞❛♥- ❞❡ ❧❛ ❞✐*-❛♥❝❡ ❛✉ ♣♦✐♥-❞✬✐♥❥❡❝-✐♦♥✳ ➱✈♦❧✉%✐♦♥ ❞✉ ❞)❜✐% ❛✉ ❝♦✉-. ❞✉ %❡♠♣.✳ 2♦✉1 ✉♥❡ ❞✐1❡❝-✐♦♥ ❞♦♥♥:❡✱ ♥♦✉* ❛✈♦♥* ♣✉ ❞:-❡1♠✐♥❡1 ;✉❡ ❧✬:✈♦❧✉-✐♦♥ ❞❡ ❧❛ ✈✐-❡**❡ ❡♥ ❢♦♥❝-✐♦♥ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❞✐*-❛♥❝❡ ❛✉ ♣♦✐♥- ❞✬✐♥❥❡❝-✐♦♥ ✈❛1✐❡ *✉✐✈❛♥- ✉♥❡ ❧♦✐ ❡♥ 1/r ❛✈❛♥- ❡- ❛♣1E* ❧✬✐♥*-❛❜✐❧✐-:✳ ◆♦✉* ❛❧❧♦♥* ♠❛✐♥-❡♥❛♥- :-✉❞✐❡1 ❧✬:✈♦❧✉-✐♦♥ ❞✉ ❞:❜✐- ❡♥ ❢♦♥❝-✐♦♥ ❞✉ -❡♠♣*✳ 2♦✉1 ❝❡❧❛ ♥♦✉* ❝❛❧❝✉❧♦♥* ❧❡ ❞:♣❧❛❝❡♠❡♥- ♠♦②❡♥✱ < Vgel >✱ ❞:✜♥✐ ❝♦♠♠❡ ❧❛ ♠♦②❡♥♥❡ ❛♥❣✉❧❛✐1❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❝♦♠♣♦*❛♥-❡ 1❛❞✐❛❧❡ ❞✉ ❝❤❛♠♣ ❞❡ ✈✐-❡**❡ Vr > ✉♥❡ ❞✐*-❛♥❝❡ ❞♦♥♥:❡ ❞✉ -1♦✉ ❞✬✐♥❥❡❝-✐♦♥ ✿ < Vgel> (r) = 1 R2π 0 Vr(r, θ)❞θ✳ ❖♥ ♣❡✉' (❡❧✐❡( ❝❡''❡ ✈✐'❡--❡ ❛✉ ❞/❜✐' ✈✐❛ ❧❛ (❡❧❛'✐♦♥ ✿ Qv =< Vgel> ×(2πre) ✭✺✳✸✮ ♦7 e ❧✬/♣❛✐--❡✉( ❞❡ ❧❛ ❝❡❧❧✉❧❡✳ ❉❛♥- ❧❡ ❝❛- ♦7 ❧✬/❝♦✉❧❡♠❡♥' ❡-' (❛❞✐❛❧✱ ♥♦✉- ♣♦✉✈♦♥- ♠♦❞/❧✐-❡( ❧✬/✈♦❧✉'✐♦♥ ❛✈❡❝ ❧❛ ❞✐-'❛♥❝❡ ❛✉ ♣♦✐♥' ❞✬✐♥❥❡❝'✐♦♥ ♣❛( ❧❛ (❡❧❛'✐♦♥ ✿ < Vgel>= Ar−1 ✭✺✳✹✮ ❖7 A = QV

2πe✳ ▲❛ ✜❣✉(❡ ✺✳✷✷ ♣(/-❡♥'❡ ❧✬/✈♦❧✉'✐♦♥✱ ♣♦✉( ✉♥ ❞/❜✐' ❞❡ 20 mL/min✱ ❞❡ < Vgel > ❡♥

(132)
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