THE INTERNAL FRICTION SPECTRUM OF PREMARTENSITIC TRANSFORMATIONS

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THE INTERNAL FRICTION SPECTRUM OF

PREMARTENSITIC TRANSFORMATIONS

O. Mercier, B. Tirbonod, E. Török

To cite this version:

JOURNAL DE PHYSIQUE

CoZZoque C5, suppZ6ment au nO1O, Tome 42, octobre 2982 page C5- 1037

THE INTERNAL FRICTION SPECTRUM O F PREMARTENSITIC TRANSFORMATIONS

*

*

0 . Mercier, B. ~irbonod*and E. T6r6k

Brown Boveri Research Centre, 5400 Baden, SwPtzerZand

*fluclear Engineering Laboratory, Swiss Federal I n s t i t u t e of Technology,

1007 Lausanne, Switzerland

*

*

_{I n s t i t u t Strawnann, 4437 WaMenburg, Switzerland}

A b s t r a c t .

-

I n equiatomic N i T i , two i n t e r n a l f r i c t i o n peaks can appear d u r i n g t h e t r a n s f o r m a t i o n t o t h e m a r t e n s i t i c phase. One o f t h e two peaks, which i s associated w i t h a sharp minimum o f t h e Youngs's modulus, i s e x p l a i n e d as r e s u l t i n g from a p r e m a r t e n s i t i c phase t r a n s i t i o n , which occurs i n two stages: a second order phase t r a n s i t i o n , associated w i t h a softening o f t h e (110) transverse phonon node, f o l l o w e d by t h e " l o c k i n " o f t h i s incommensurate phase. The o t h e r peak i s associated w i t h t h e m a r t e n s i t i c transformation i t s e l f . Experiments have been done f o r several N i T i base a l l o y s and have shown t h a t t h e second o r d e r phase t r a n s i t i o n occurs i n a l l a l l o y s , i n which N i i s s u b t i t u - t e d by Cu o r Fe, whereas t h e " l o c k i n " phase t r a n s i t i o n i s o n l y observed f o r a l l o y s having a d d i t i o n s o f Fe. I t i s a l s o shown t h a t t h e CuZnAl and t h e CuAlNi a l l o y s do n o t show a s i m i l a r behaviour.

1. I n t r o d u c t i o n .

-

The near equiatomic N i T i a l l o y ( a l l o y 1 o f t a b l e I ) undergoes a m a r t e n s i t i c t r a n s f o r m a t i o n around o0C. I n a d d i t i o n , above t h e temperature o f t h e m a r t e n s i t e t r a n s f o r m a t i o n [Is, anomalies have been observed i n X-rays and e l e c t r o n d i f f r a c t i o n

[I)

.

r e s i s t i v i t y measurements (2)

,

i n t e r n a l f r i c t i o n measurements (3)

,

e l a s t i c constants measurements (4) and i n e l a s t i c neutron s c a t t e r i n g (5). These e f f e c t s

-

s o - c a l l e d p r e m a r t e n s i t i c e f f e c t s

-

a r e now t e n t a t i v e l y explained i n t h e f o l l o w i n g way (5) :

-

Above R ( p a r t I o f Fig. I ) , a second o r d e r phase t r a n s i t i o n occurs by the F .

s o f t e n i n g o f t h e t r a n s v e r s e a c o u s t i c a l (TA) phonon branch along (110) ,, t r a n s f o r m i n g t h e h i g h temperature CsCl phase i n t o a s t i l l unknown s t r u c t u r e , c a l l e d R-phase. This new phase appears p r o g r e s s i v e l y w i t h decreasing temperature from Rs (about 100°C above RF) and i s associated w i t h a r e s i s t i v i t y p l a t e a u and a decrease o f t h e Young's modulus.

-

Between RF and :$Is ( p a r t I 1 o f F i g . 1 ) . another phase t r a n s i t i o n occurs, which i s associated w i t h an increase o f r e s i s t i v i t y and a peak o f i n t e r n a l f r i c t i o n . Salanon e t a1 (6) suggested t h a t a s i m i l a r e f f e c t observed on an a l l o y comparable t o t h e a l l o y 2 was due t o a " l o c k i n " t r a n s i t i o n , f o l l o w i n g t h e incommensurate phase t r a n s i t i o n o f p a r t I.

-

Between MS and :IF. t h e m a r t e n s i t i c t r a n s f o r m a t i o n occurs, associated w i t h a decrease o f r e s i s t i v i t y and another i n t e r n a l f r i c t i o n pebk ( p a r t 111).

JOURNAL DE PHYSIQUE

-

Below LIF, t h e a l l o y i s f u l l y m a r t e n s i t i c ( p a r t I V ) .

The above succession o f phase t r a n s f o r m a t i o n s i s n o t always observed, f o r instance d u r i n g t h e h e a t i n g o f N i T i o r i f t h e l4iTi a l l o y i s m o d i f i e d i n s u b s t i t u i n g Ni by Cu. The r e s u l t s of f u r t h e r i n v e s t i g a t i o n s on t h i s s u b j e c t , done mainly by a n e l a s t i c measurements, a r e presented i n t h i s paper.

2. Experimental.

-

The N i T i base a l l o y s were prepared u s i n g standard technique (7).

The composition and t h e t r a n s f o r m a t i o n temperature Hs o f t h e d i f f e r e n t a l l o y s are given i n Table 1. The t r a n s f o r m a t i o n temperatures were determined by an AC e l e c t r i - c a l r e s i s t i v i t y technique (Fig. 2). The a n e l a s t i c measurements were done d u r i n g thermal c y c l i n g between 100 K and 400 K on p l a t e of 50 mm x 5 mm x 1 mm i n dimen- sions i n u s i n g a resonant b a r apparatus

f 8 ) ,

working i n t h e ItHz range.

3. Results and discussion.- NiTiFe a l l o y s . R e s i s t i v i t y ( F i g . 2) and i n t e r n a l f r i c t i o n ( F i g . 3 and 4) measurements were made on two a l l o y s o f s l i g h t l y d i f f e r e n t nominal compositions ( w i t h r e s p e c t i v e l y 1.5 wt.% and 3.4 wt.% Fe). The r e a l com- p o s i t i o n o f these a l l o y s was n o t v e r i f i e d . One observes a decrease i n E f o r the 2 a l l o y s , t o g e t h e r w i t h an increase i n Q-l, a p l a t e a u and a s l i g h t increase i n R. f o l l o w e d a t lower temperatures by an I.F. peak, l o c a t e d a t 225 K f o r t h e a l l o y 2 and a t 100 K f o r t h e a l l o y 3. For b o t h a l l o y s rls i s lower than 100 K. By comparison w i t h t h e curves, measured on N i T i , i t i s assumed c h a t RF i s a t t h e minimum o f E

and t h a t t h e a n e l a s t i c peak i s due t o t h e same phase t r a n s f o r m a t i o n t h a t t h e one defined i n p a r t I 1 of F i g . 1. T h i s phase t r a n s f o r m a t i o n i s f i n i s h e d a t a tempera- t u r e , c a l l e d here R;, l o c a t e d w e l l above Ms f o r a l l o y 2. This above assumption i s t h e most l o g i c a l one, though o n l y X-rays measurements o r neutron measurements c o u l d proof i t . Our a n e l a s t i c measurements show c l e a r l y t h a t t h e minimum o f E i s a t h i g h e r temperature than t h e I.F. peak and t h a t t h e I.F. increases a l r e a d y more than 150°C b e f o r e t h e peak ( F i s . 4 ) . They show a l s o t h a t a h i g h damping e x i s t s between R i and l f S (Fig. 3 ) . i . e . above t h e m a r t e n s i t i c transformation.

NiTiCu a l l o y s . I n s u b s t i t u i n g Ni by Cu, t h e peak associated w i t h t h e phase t r a n s i t i o n o f p a r t I 1 disappears, as was r e p o r t e d i n (9) f o r a l l o y s having up t o 20 wt.% Cu and how i t i s shown here i n Fig. 5 f o r t h e a l l o y 4, which has 26 wt.% Cu. The m a r t e n s i t i c t r a n s f o r m a t i o n ( i l s ) begins d i r e c t l y a f t e r t h e minimum o f E,

100 80 100

3

80 60 100 200 300 400 TEMPERATURE ( K ) TEMPERATURE ( K )

:

Schematic representation

:

Electrical resistance

behaviour of the resistance

in arbitrary units) of alloys

R (in arbitrary units), of the

2

-

5

of Table I as a function

Young's modulus E

and

of the inter- of temperature.

nal friction Q-I for the alloy

1

of

Table I as a function of tempera-

ture. Parts I to IV are explained

in text.

TEMPERATURE ( K 1 TEMPERATURE ( K )

Fig.

;

:

Young's mpdulus

6

and in-

:

Young's mpdulus E and in-

terns

friction Q- measured dur-

=

friction Q- measured on

ing cooling on alloy

2

of Table I

alloy

3

of Table I during a heat-

(measurement frequency: 1.46

KHz).

ing, followed by cooling (measure-

JOURNAL DE PHYSIQUE

what proves t h e absence o f t h e

l o c k i n g

o f t:he R-phase f o r t h i s a l l o y 4.

Ni TiCuFe a l l o y . I n s u b s t i t u i n g N i by b o t h Cu and Fe, i t i s p o s s i b l e t o o b t a i n an a l l o y ( a l l o y 5 ) , which has a l l t r a n s f o r m a t i o n s w e l l separated, b u t s t i l l above 100 K. The succession o f t h e 3 phase t r a n s f o r m a t i o n s (second o r d e r R. l o c k - i n o f R and m a r t e n s i t i c ) can be f o l l o w e d by t h e r e s i s t i v i t y measurement (Fig. 2 ) and on t h e a n e l a s t i c measurements ( F i g . 6) d u r i n g c o o l i n g and heating. These r e s u l t s show, f i r s t l y , t h a t t h e e f f e c t i n s u b s t i t u i n g N i by Cu o r Fe i s a d d i t i v e and, secondly, t h a t i t i s p o s s i b l e t o have the succession o f t h e phases d u r i n g h e a t i n g too. Thus t h e case o f N i T i , which shows t h e l o c k i n o f t h e R phase o n l y d u r i n g c o o l i n g i s j u s t a s p e c i a l one.

CuZnAl and CuAlNi a l l o y s . For comparison purposes, s i m i l a r measurements have been done on m a r t e n s i t i c CuZnAl (71.1 wt.% Cu, 24.2 wt.% Zn and 4.7 wt.% A l ) and CuAlNi (82 wt.% Cu, 1 4 wt.% A1 and 4 wt.% N i ) (Fig. 7 and 8). F o r b o t h a l l o y s , t h e

I.F. peak i s l o c a t e d between t h e s t a r t and t h e f i n i s h of t h e m a r t e n s i t i c phase t r a n s f o r m a t i o n . Before t h e peak, no sharp minimum o f E i s observed; however, f o r CuZnAl, a sharp minimum o f E i s present d u r i n g t h e phase t r a n s f o r m a t i o n and t h e I.F. peak i s much more pronounced than t h e one o f CuAlNi.

Clamping o f p a r t I. On a l l t h e N i T i base a l l o y s , an i n c r e a s e o f damping and a decrease o f t h e Young's modulus a r e observed between RS and RF. I n r e p o r t i n g t h e I.F. on a l o g a r i t h m i c scale, t h i s increase appears much more c l e a r l y and i n a s i m i l a r f a s h i c n f o r a l l t h e a l l o y s ( F i g . 9 ) . A c o n s i s t a n t increase o f a f a c t o r o f 50 was noted f o r b o t h t h e measurement made w i t h t h e pendulum ( a l l o y 1) and f o r t h e o t h e r measurements made i n t h e kHz range ( a l l o y s 3

-

5 ) . For N i T i , t h e second o r d e r phase t r a n s i t i o n R appears d u r i n g t h i s temperature i n t e r v a l . From a n e l a s t i c t h e o r i e s o f second order phase t r a n s i t i o n ( r e l a x a t i o n near a Lambda t r a n s i t i o n (10)

jO.

such a t r a n s i t i o n i s associated w i t h a decrease o f Q-l propor- t i o n a l t o (T-Tc)

,

where T i s t h e c r i t i c a l t r a n s i t i o n temperature and 0 an exponent v a r i i n g from -1 c l k s e Tc t o -2 f u r t h e r away from Tc and w i t h an increase o f t h e compliance ( o r a decrease o f modulus) p r o p o r t i o n a l t o (T

-

Tc). These behaviours a r e observed on a l l a l l o y s and we can then conclude t h a t t h i s R phase t r a n s i t i o n , associated w i t h t h e s o f t e n i n g o f t h e TA (110) phonon branch occurs i n every a l l o y . I t i s s i g n i f i c a n t t h a t t h i s behaviour i s observed f o r measurements done b o t h i n t h e Hz and t h e kHz, because u s u a l l y such e f f e c t s a r e observed i n t h e MHz range. For N i T i , t h e measurements o f Pace and Saunders (11). done i n t h e [1Hz, c o n f i r m o u r r e s u l t s .

For t h e CuZnAl and CuAlNi a l l o y s , n o t h i n g s i m i l a r happens. However, f o r CuZnAl, a minimum o f E i s observed d u r i n g t h e m a r t e n s i t i c transformation, which c o u l d i n d i - c a t e a s o f t e n i n g o f t h e e l a s t i c constants d u r i n g t h i s transformation. C o i n c i d e n t a l - l y o r n o t , CuZnAl has a l s o an anomalie on t h e (110) TA phonon branch (12). whereas CuAlNi does n o t (13) ; however, t h e anomal i e o f CuZnAl does n o t degenerate i n t o a s o f t mode. Our measurements c o u l d e v e n t u a l l y suggest t h a t i n t h e l a t t e r t h e s o f t e n i n g a r r i v e s simultaneously w i t h t h e m a r t e n s i t i c t r a n s f o r m a t i o n . Moreover, t h e r e s u l t s o f CuAlNi i n d i c a t e t h a t t h i s s o f t e n i n g i s n o t always necessary t o t h e m a r t e n s i t i c transformation.

TEMPERATURE ( K ) TEMPERATURE ( K

Fig. 5

:

Young's mpdulus E and in-

Fig.

6

:

Young's

mndulus

E

and in-

ternal friction Q- measured on al- ternal friction Q

measured on

loy

4

of Table I during a heating,

alloy

5

of Table I during a heat-

followed by a cooling (measurement ing, followed by a cooling (mea-

frequency:

1.06

KHz).

surement frequency: 1.44

KHz).

TEMPERATURE ( K )

TEMPERATURE ( K )

:

Young's

mndulus

E and in-

-

:

Young's mpdulus E and in-

%!&

friction

*

measured on a

terne friction Q

measured on a

CuZnAl alloy, during a thermal cy-

CuAlNi alloy during a thermal cy-

cle (measurement frequency:

cle (measurement frequency:

C5- 1042 JOURNAL DE PHYSIQUE

t h a t such domains belong t o t h e R phase. However, b e f o r e knowing more about t h i s phase and about t h e s t r u c t u r e o f t h e domains and domain boundaries, i t i s d i f f i - c u l t t o make a model; however, we t h i n k t h a t i t w i l l be s i m i l a r t o those

d e s c r i b i n g t h e h i g h damping i n Cu;.in a l l o y s (14), where magnetic domain motion causes t h e h i g h damping. I t should a l s o be noted t h a t t h e N i T i base a l l o y s between Rk and Ms simultaneously demonstrate h i g h damping, l i k e i n t h e m a r t e n s i t i c c o n d i t i o n and h i g h s t r e n g t h l i k e i n t h e @ - s t r u c t u r e .

References

1 D.P. Dautovich and G.R. Purdy, Can. met. Quat. 2, 129 (1965).

2 G.D. Sandrock, A.J. Perkins and R.F. Hehemann, ? l e t a l l . Trans.

2,

2769 (1971) 3 0. Mercier, K.N. Llelton and Y. De P r e v i l l e , Acta Met.

27,

1467-(1979)

4 0. blercier, K.N. Melton, G. Gremaud and J. HXgi, J. o f Appl. Phys.

51,

1833

( 1980)

5 0. Mercier, P. BrEesch and W. BGhrer, Helv. Acta Phys.

53,

243 (1980) 6 N.B. Salamon, t.2. Meichle, C.11. Wayman and C.M. Hwang, unpublished research,

U n i v e r s i t y o f I 1 1 in o i s , Urbana and Brookhaven N a t i o n a l Laboratory, Upton, N.Y. (1979)

7

C.M.

Jackson, 5.3. Waqner and R.J. Wasilewski, NASA r e p o r t , NASA SP5110 (1972) 8 G. Hausch and E. TorBk, Phys. S t a t . Sol. (a)

40,

55 (1977).

9 0. Plercier, E. Torok, B. Tirbonod, i n "Proceedings o f t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l Conference on t l a r t e n s i t i c Transformations", Cambridge, Ha., U.S.A.,702

(1979)

10 A.S. Nowick and B.S. Berry, i n " A n e l a s t i c R e l a x a t i o n i n C r y s t a l l i n e S o l i d s " , Academic Press, New York and London (1972), 464-482

11 N.G. Pace and G.A. Saunders, P h i l . Hag.

22,

73 (1970)

12 G. Guenin, S. Hautecler, R. Pynn, P.F. Gobin, S c r i p t a [ l e t .

13,

492 (1979) 13 S. Hoshino, G. Shirane, 11. Suezawa, T. K a j i l a n i , Jap. J. Appl. Phys.

14,

1223 (1975)

14 K. Sugimoto, T. I l o r i , S. Shiode, Met. Sc. J.

L,

103 (1973)

Nominal composition (wt.%)

2

51.7

44.9

3.4

<

100

K

3

53.5

1.5

( 1 0 0 K

4

29.3

44.7

350

5

49

150

TABLE

I :

Composition and Ms temperature

Fig.

9

:

Internal friction Q

-

'

measured during cooling on al-

loy

1

(measurment frequency:

i 0-

100 200 300 400 4

1

HZ)

and on alloys

3

-

5

TEMPERATURE ( K )

(measureirient frequency: