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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF AMORPHOUS CVD SILICON

M. Hirose

To cite this version:

M. Hirose. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF AMORPHOUS CVD SILICON. Journal de Physique

Colloques, 1981, 42 (C4), pp.C4-705-C4-714. �10.1051/jphyscol:19814156�. �jpa-00220779�

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JOURNAL DE PHYSIQUE

CoLZoque C4, suppZEment uu nOIO, Tome 42, octobre 1981 page C4-705

P H Y S I C A L PROPERTIES OF AMORPHOUS CVD S I L I C O N

Department c f L'LectricaZ Engineering, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 7 3 0 , JaPm

A b s t r a c t . - Amorphous s i l i c o n p r o d u c e d from t h e c h e m i c a l v a p o r d e c o m p o s i t i o n

- - -

o f s i l a n e a t 2 6 0 0 "C o f f e r s a p u r e s i l i c o n n e t w o r k c o n t a i n i n g no bonded-hydro- g e n and i n v o l v i n g n a t i v e d e f e c t s o f t h e o r d e r o f 1 x 1 0 ' ~ Doped phos- p h o r u s o r b o r o n a t o m s i n t h e CVD a - S i i n t e r a c t w i t h t h e d e f e c t s t o r e d u c e t h e g a p s t a t e s and t h e s p i n d e n s i t y a s w e l l . The mechanism o f t h e d e f e c t compen- s a t i o n h a s b e e n i n t e r p r e t e d i n terms o f c o m p l e x - d e f e c t f o r m a t i o n t h r o u g h t h e r e a c t i o n b e t w e e n t h r e e - f o l d d o p a n t a t o m a n d d i v a c a n c i c s . Very low c o n c e n t r a - t i o n o f h y d r o g e n a t o m s l e s s t h a n 0 . 5 a t . % d i f f u s e d i n t o CVD a - S i e l i m i n a t e s t h e s p i n a n d d r a m a t i c a l l y i m p r o v e s t h e d o p i n g e f f i c i e n c y . P h o t o v o l t a i c c e l l s u t i l i z i n g t h e w e a k l y h y d r o g e n a t e d CVD a - S i h a v e r e a l i z e d a c o n v e r s i o n e f f i - c i e n c y o f 2.7 % w i t h o u t a n a n t i r e f l e c t i o n c o a t i n g .

I n t r o d u c t i o n . - P h y s i c a l p r o p e r t i e s o f amorphous s i l i c o n p r o d u c e d f r o m t h e t h e r m a l d e c o m p o s i t i o n o f s i l a n e h a v e f i r s t b e e n r e p o r t e d i n 1 9 7 7 [ I ] , a n d t h e s u b s t i t u t i o n a l d o p i n g f o r t h e CVD a - S i h a s b e e n a c h i e v e d i n 1 9 7 8 [ 2 ] . CVD a - S i composed o f p u r e s i l i c o n a t o m s would o f f e r a n e a r l y i d e a l n e t w o r k n o t o n l y f o r s t u d y i n g t h e i n t e r - a c t i o n s b e t w e e n t h e n a t i v e d e f e c t s and doped i m p u r i t i e s [ 3 ] , b u t a l s o f o r c l a r i f y - i n g t h e e l e m e n t a r y p r o c e s s o f h y d r o g e n a t i o n by a d d i n g a c o n t r o l l e d amount o f hydro- g e n i n t o t h e m a t r i x [ 4 , 51. R e c e n t l y , i t i s f o u n d t h a t e l e c t r o n i c p r o p e r t i e s o f CVD a - S i a r e d r a m a t i c a l l y i m p r o v e d t h r o u g h h y d r o g e n d i f f u s i o n i n t h e p l a s m a [ 5 1 , a n d t h i s t e c h n i q u e h a s b e e n a p p l i e d t o p r o d u c e p h o t o v o l t a i c c e l l s [ 6 1 . A l s o , t h e h i g h - t e m p e r a t u r e p h o t o t h e r m a l c o n v e r t e r s [ 7 ] a n d a n o p t i c a l d e t e c t o r o p e r a t i n g i n t h e p i c o s e c o n d r a n g e [ 8 ] h a v e b e e n d e v e l o p e d u t i l i z i n g n o n h y d r o g e n a t e d CVD a - S i . New a t t e m p t s t o p r e p a r e h y d r o g e n a t e d CVD a - S i a r e a l s o s u c c e s s f u l u s i n g low tempera- t u r e CVD o f h i g h e r s i l a n e [ 9 ] and homogeneous CVD t e c h n i q u e [ l o ] . T h e s e new pro- g r e s s e s i n t h e f i e l d o f c h e m i c a l l y - d e p o s i t e d a - S i w i l l p r o v i d e i n f o r m a t i o n o n t h e g r o w t h mechanism o f amorphous h y d r o g e n a t e d s i l i c o n , t h e minimum c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f h y d r o g e n n e c e s s a r y t o e l i m i n a t e t h e s p i n , a n d m i c r o s c o p i c s t r u c t u r e o f t h e n a t i v e d e f e c t s i n amorphous s i l i c o n .

Growth P r o c e s s . - Amorphous CVD s i l i c o n was p r e p a r e d by t h e t h e r m a l d e c o m p o s i t i o n o f s i l a n e a t a t e m p e r a t u r e b e t w e e n 5 0 0 a n d 650 "C. S i l a n e g a s d i l u t e d w i t h 9 9 % HP o r Ar was a d m i t t e d t o a q u a r t z r e a c t o r a t a f l o w r a t e o f 1 Q./min t o g e t h e r w i t h n i t r o g e n c a r r i e r g a s ( 1 L/min) i n t h e c a s e o f a t m o s p h e r i c - p r e s s u r e CVD. The g r o w t h r a t e o f undoped a - S i i s a c t i v a t e d w i t h 1 . 5 eV ( 3 4 . 6 k c a l / m o l ) ( F i g . I ) , w h i c h i s s i g n i f i c a n t l y i n c r e a s e d w i t h p h o s p h o r u s d o p i n g and d r a m a t i c a l l y r e d u c e d by b o r o n d o p i n g , p o s s i b l y b e c a u s e t h e g r o w t h k i n e t i c s i s i n f l u e n c e d by t h e d o p a n t a t o m s [ l l , 1 2 1 . The r e a c t i o n s t e p s i n t h e g a s p h a s e and o n t h e s u b s t r a t e s u r f a c e a r e i n f e r r e d a s f o l l o w s :

S i H 2 (g)

+

S i ( s ) + 2Si-H ( a ) , (2)

2Si-H ( a ) + 2 S i ( s )

+

H 2 ( g ) . ( 3 )

Article published online by EDP Sciences and available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jphyscol:19814156

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C4-706 JOURNAL DE PHYSIQUE

F i g . 1 : Growth r a t e o f CVD a - S i a s a f u n c t i o n o f d e p o s i t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e .

L 5 I I

---c grown a t 650 "C r W

a

z

CO-

-

Y -

C V

$ 3 5 -

(L W a

-

a n n e a l e d a t 1 0 5 0 "C

F i g . 3 : O p t i c a l a b s o r p t i o n s p e c t r a f o r CVD a - S i a n d d i s c h a r g e - p r o d u c e d a-Si:H.

t

I I I I

0 as 10 15 20 25

I

PHOTON ENERGY (ev)

F i g . 2 : S p e c t r a l d e p e n d e n c e o f r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x f o r amorphous CVD s i l i c o n a n d f o r p o l y c r y s t a l l i n e s i l i c o n .

PHOTON ENERGY (eV)

Here g , s , a n d a d e n o t e t h e g a s , s o l i d , a n d a d s o r b e d m o l e c u l e s , r e s p e c t i v e l y . Eq.(2) is assumed t o b e a r a t e - l i m i t i n g p r o c e s s o f t h e d e p o s i t i o n and t h e r e f o r e t h e g r o w t h r a t e i s p r o p o r t i o n a l t o t h e s q u a r e r o o t o f [ P ( S i H + )

1

/ [ P ( H ~ )

1,

where P(SiH4) a n d P(H2) r e f e r t o t h e p a r t i a l p r e s s u r e o f SiHu a n d H2, r e s p e c t i v e l y [ 1 3 ] . An a c t i v a - t i o n e n e r g y o f 34.6 k c a l / m o l f o r undoped f i l m s i s i n good a g r e e m e n t w i t h a v a l u e r e p o r t e d by B r y a n t [ 1 4 ] , who a l s o p o i n t e d o u t t h a t t h e r a t e c o n t r o l was p r o v i d e d by t h e s u r f a c e c h e m i c a l r e a c t i o n .

S t r u c t u r a l a n d O p t i c a l P r o p e r t i e s . - The i d e a l n e t w o r k o f amorphous s i l i c o n i s con- s i d e r e d t o p o s s e s s t h e r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x a n d d e n s i t y c l o s e t o t h e c r y s t a l l i n e v a l u e s . The i n f r a r e d r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x o f CVD a - S i i s o n l y 3 % g r e a t e r t h a n t h a t o f t h e

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p o l y c r y s t a l l i n e s i l i c o n , a s shown i n F i g . 2, a n d t h e f i l m d e n s i t y i s o b t a i n e d t o b e 9 7 % o f t h e c r y s t a l l i n e v a l u e 0 . A l s o , t h e d e n s i t y o f 0.990 i s e v a l u a t e d from a s p i n d e n s i t y o f 1 . 5 x 10" [ I ] . No i n f r a r e d a b s o r p t i o n d u e t o bonded-hydrogen i s o b s e r v e d i n CVD a - S i , and t h e h y d r o g e n c o n t e n t m i g h t b e f a r b e l o w 0 . 5 a t . % a s e s t i m a t e d by a d e t e c t i o n limit o f t h e I K s p c c t r o m a t o r . Note t h a t t h e d a n g l i n g bond d e n s i t y m e a s u r e d by ESK t e n d s t o d e c r e a s e from 1 x 1 0 1 9 t o 2.5 x 10" w i t h l o w e r i n g t h e d e p o s i t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e from 650 t o 5 0 0 OC, p o s s i b l y d u e t o a m i n u t e i n c o r p o r a t i o n o f h y d r o g e n i n t o t h e n e t w o r k d u r i n g a - S i g r o w t h . C r y s t a l l i z a t i o n o f CVL) a - S i o c c u r s a t a b o u t 680 "C a s c o n f i r m e d by X-ray d i f f r a c t i o n and by a n a d r u p t c h a n g e i n t h e r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x from 3.46 t o 3.36 a s w e l l [ l , 1 5 1 . From t h e a b o v e , i t i s l i k e l y t h a t CVD a - S i i s composed o f n e a r l y i d e a l s i l i c o n n e t w o r k w i t h o u t hy- d r o g e n i n c o r p o r a t i o n and d e n s i t y d e f i c i t . F i g u r e 3 r e p r e s e n t s t h e o p t i c a l a b s o r p - t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t a m e a s u r e d a s a f u c t i o n o f p h o t o n e n e r g y f o r CVD a - S i . The o p t i - c a l band g a p d e t e r m i n e d by a

ah^)'?^

v s hv p l o t i s 1 . 4 5 eV, w h i c h i s i n a g r e e m e n t w i t h a v a l u e o b t a i n e d by e x t r a p o r a t i n g t h e h y d r o g e n c o n c e n t r a t i o n d e p e n d e n c e o f t h e o p t i c a l g a p f o r d i s c h a r g e - p r o d u c e d a-Si:H t o z e r o c o n c e n t r a t i o n [ 1 6 ] .

S u b s t i t u t i o n a l Doping a n d ESR_.- The c o n d u c t i v i t y f o r CVD a - S i a r e c o n t r o l l e d i n a w i d e r a n g e by p h o s p h o r u s o r b o r o n d o p i n g a s shown i n F i g . 4. The f i g u r e a l s o shows

t h e d o p i n g d e p e n d e n c e o f t h e s p i n d e n s i t y . The g - v a l u e o f 2.0054 and t h e l i n e w i d t h o f 5.6 % 6 . 7 G a r e a l m o s t i n d e p e n d e n t o f d o p a n t a n d i t s c o n c e n t r a t i o n . One o r d e r o f m a g n i t u d e d e c r e a s e i n n - t y p e c o n d u c t i v i t y w i t h p h o s p h o r u s d o p i n g a t r a t i o s b e l o w 4 x i s a t t r i b u t a b l e t o a r e d u c t i o n o f g a p s t a t e s b e c a u s e room tempera- t u r e c o n d u c t i v i t y i s d o m i n a t e d by t h e h o p p i n g c o n d u c t i o n t h r o u g h s t a t e s n e a r t h e F e r m i l e v e l [ 2 ] . I n d e e d measured g a p s t a t e d e n s i t y n e a r t h e Fermi l e v e l i n a - S i i s r e d u c e d by o n e o r d e r o f m a g n i t u d e w i t h a p h o s p h o r u s d o p i n g o f 4 x l o - ' a s con- [ i r m e d i n F i g . 5 . The e l e c t r o n i c d e n s i t y of s t a t e d i s t r i b u t i o n s w e r e o b t g i n e d by t h e f i e l d - e r g e c t m e a s u r e m e n t s p e r f o r m e d u s i n g a s t r u c t u r e o f a - S i (%I000 A t h i c k ) / S i 0 2 ( % t o 0 0 A t h i c k ) / nf c - S i ( 1 1 1 ) (p < 3 . 0 x Rcm). Above a d o p i n g r a t i o o f 4 x 10-

,

t h e s p i n d e n s i t y i s e l i m i n a t e d and c o n d u c t i v i t y i n c r e a s e s a s a r e s u l t o f movement o f t h e Fermi l e v e l , whose p o s i t i o n was d e t e r m i n e d by t h e c o n d u c t i v i t y a c t i v a t i o n e n e r g y a t h i g h t e m p e r a t u r e s a n d t e m p e r a t u r e c o e f f i c i e n t o f t h e m o b i l i t y g a p . I t s h o u l d b e n o t e d t h a t t h e s p i n d e n s i t y s t a r t s t o d e c r e a s e a t a r a t i o o f

I

I

lot7 1 0 id9 20 lon

GAP STATE DENSITY (crn3cV-')

F i g . 4 : Room t e m p e r a t u r e c o n d u c t i v i t y F i g . 5 : Gap s t a t e d e n s i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n s

O R T , p o s i t i o n o f t h e F e r m i l e v e l d e t e r - f o r doped CVD a - S i . mined from c o n d u c t i v i t y a c t i v a t i o n

e n e r g y , a n d s p i n d e n s i t y p l o t t e d a s a f u n c t i o n o f d o p i n g r a t i o .

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C4-708 JOURNAL D E PHYSIQUE

4 x l o - ' , above which d e n s i t y o f phosphorus atoms e x c e e d s a s p i n d e n s i t y o f 1.5 x 10" f o r an undoped f i l m . A smooth movement o f t h e Fermi l e v e l a t

doping r a t i o s above 4 x

lo-'

i n d i c a t e s t h a t a s i g n i f i c a n t part o f i n c o r p o r a t e d phosphorus atoms a c t s a s d o n o r s . However t h e o t h e r part o f dopant atoms might g i v e r i s e t o e l i m i n a t e t h e ESR c e n t e r by forming an i m p u r i t y - d e f e c t complex.

I n t h e case o f boron d o p i n g , a g a i n t h e c o n d u c t i v i t y d e c r e a s e s w i t h doping up t o a r a t i o o f 3 x lo-' mainly because t h e Fermi l e v e l s h i f t s towards t h e v a l e n c e band and p-type c o n d u c t i v i t y appears a t doping r a t i o s above 1 x and t h e hopping c o n d u c t i o n component, which dominates room t e m p e r a t u r e c o n d u c t i v i t y , i s l e s s i n f l u e n c e d w i t h boron doping below 3 x lo-'. Note t h a t t h e s p i n d e n s i t y remains unchanged by doping up t o 1 x i n c o n t r a s t w i t h t h e c a s e o f phosphorus d o p i n g . The d e n s i t y o f s p i n b e g i n s t o d e c r e a s e when t h e Fermi l e v e l r e a c h e s Ev

+

0.37 eV

and i s reduced by one o r d e r o f magnitude a t a boron doping o f 5 x where E F = Ev

+

0.30 eV. I f t h e E S R c e n t e r s a r e assumed t o be l o c a t e d i n t h e narrow energy range AE around Ev

+

0.37 'L Ev

+

0.30 eV and boron a c c e p t o r l e v e l s a r e deeper t h a n t h i s e n e r g y range, t h e Fermi l e v e l movement a c r o s s t h e energy range AE r e s u l t s i n t h e t r a n s f e r o f unpaired e l e c t r o n s t o boron a c c e p t o r s a s s c h e m a t i c a l l y shown i n Fig.

6 . A v a l u e o f AE i s e s t i m a t e d t o b e about 0.1 eV u s i n g t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p N(ET)-AE

'

N s , where N(ET) i s t h e measured gap s t a t e d e n s i t y a t t h e energy ET and N s i s t h e measured s p i n d e n s i t y . An e s t i m a t e d v a l u e o f AE compares w e l l w i t h t h e measured gap s t a t e d i s t r i b u t i o n f o r a specimen doped w i t h 3.7 x i n Fig. 5 .

D e f e c t Compensation by Dopant Atoms.- Spear [ 1 8 ] pointed o u t t h a t t h e most l i k e l y d e f e c t s i n a-Si:H should be m u l t i p l e - v a c a n c y complex, whose b a s i c f e a t u r e f o r t h e e l e c t r o n i c s t a t e s could b e d e s c r i b e d by a divacancy model. I n t h e c a s e o f CVD a - S i , t h e g-value and l i n e w i d t h i n t h e ESR s i g n a l from d e f e c t s a r e r e s p e c t i v e l y 2.0054 and 5.6 'L 6.7 G which a r e changed t o 2.0050 and 7.0 G a f t e r c r y s t a l l i z a t i o n . T h i s small change i n t h e E S R s i g n a l a f t e r c r y s t a l l i z a t i o n would permit u s t o assume t h e presence o f point d e f e c t s i n CVD a - S i s i m i l a r t o t h e s t r u c t u r a l d e f e c t s i n t h e g r a i n boundaries o f p o l y c r y s t a l l i n e s i l i c o n . I t should b e noted t h a t dopant atoms i n p o l y c r y s t a l l i n e s i l i c o n i n t e r a c t w i t h t h e d e f e c t s i n t h e g r a i n boundaries [ 1 9 , 201. From t h e common f e a t u r e s o f d e f e c t - d o p a n t i n t e r a c t i o n s i n b o t h a-Si and poly- c r y s t a l l i n e S i , i t would b e r e a s o n a b l e t o p o s t u l a t e m u l t i p l e - v a c a n c y complexes which c o n t a i n weakly i n t e r a c t i n g u n s a t u r a t e d bonds. T h e r e f o r e , we could d e a l w i t h t h e divacancy a s a t e n t a t i v e d e f e c t model. We assume t h r e e charged s t a t e s o f d i - v a c a n c y , t h a t i s ,

v:, v:,

and V;. N e u t r a l s t a t e V : corresponds t o t h e bonding s t a t e o f t h e extended m o l e c u l e r o r b i t a l produced by t h e two u n s a t u r a t e d bonds ( s e e F i g . 7 ) and i t s energy l e v e l should e x i s t below midgap. Energy s t a t e o f

v:,

which

has a n unpaired e l e c t r o n , i s deeper than t h a t o f

v:.

V; r e f e r s t o t h e a n t i b o n d i n g

WEAKLY INTERACTING MOLECULAR BOND

Fig. 6 : Schematic diagram o f energy Fig. 7 : D e f e c t model f o r CVD a - S i . l e v e l s p r o v i d i n g ESR c e n t e r s i n CVD

a - S i .

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s t a t e o f t h e m o l e c u l a r o r b i t a l a n d s h o u l d h a v e a l e v e l a b o v e midgap f o r a p o s i t i v e e l e c t r o n - c o r r e l a t i o n e n e r g y .

As s t a t e d i n t h e e a r l i e r s e c t i o n , t h e ESR c e n t e r V: i s l o c a t e d i n t h e e n e r g y r a n g e Ev

+

0 . 3 0 '1. 0 . 3 7 eV. T h i s c e n t e r w i l l become d i a m a g n e t i c e i t h e r by c a p t u r - i n g a d o n o r e l e c t r o n o r b y f o r m i n g a t h r e e - f o l d p h o s p h o r u s a t o m

-

:V c o m p l e x . I t i s l i k e l y t h a t t h e t o t a l e n e r g y o f t h e d e f e c t s y s t e m i s l o w e r e d b y t h e f o r m a t i o n o f t h e c o m p l e x d e f e c t s r a t h e r t h a n by t h e c a p t u r e o f d o n o r e l e c t r o n s . I f s o , t h e f o l l o w i n g r e a c t i o n m i g h t b e e x p e c t e d :

H e r e , [ s I ~ P ~ ~

1

means t h a t a t h r e e - f o l d p h o s p h o r u s a t o m P~~ o c c u p i e s t h e s i t e A a n d t h e n bond w i t h S 1 , S2, a n d S 3 ( F i g . 7 ) . S i n c e t h e bond a n g l e o f p3' i s s m a l l e r t h a n t h a t o f t h e t e t r a h e d r a l b o n d s , t h e r e s u l t a n t bond a n g l e f o r s ~ - P ~ ~ s h o u l d b e d i s t o r t e d . E n e r g y i n c r e a s e d u e t o t h e bond d i s t o r t i o n m i g h t b e s m a l l b e c a u s e t h e S i - S i bond a n g l e i n a - S i n e t w o r k i s s i g n i f i c a n t l y f l u c t u a t e d . [ ~ i ~ ~ + l d e n o t e s a s i l i c o n a t o m a t t h e s i t e St, w i t h t h r e e b o n d i n g e l e c t r o n s i n t h e f o u r h y b r i d i z e d o r b i t a l . R e d u c t i o n o f g a p s t a t e s a b o v e midgap by p h o s p h o r u s d o p i n g c o u l d b e ex- p l a i n e d b y t h e f o l l o w i n g r e a c t i o n f o r V; :

w h e r e V; i s p r o d u c e d by s u p p l y i n g a d o n o r e l e c t r o n t o V: c e n t e r , a n d t h e n

V;

c a p t u r e s P~~ a t t h e s i t e A. The s i l i c o n a t o m a t t h e s i t e SI, w i t h f i v e e l e c t r o n s b e h a v e s a s a t h r e e - f o l d s i l i c o n w h i c h c o n t a i n s two s - e l e c t r o n s a n d t h r e e p - e l e c t r o n s b o n d i n g w i t h S S , S G , a n d S 7 . We w o u l d i n t e r p r e t t h e e f f e c t o f p h o s p h o r u s d o p i n g o n ESR a n d g a p s t a t e s by t h e u s e o f e q s . ( 4 ) a n d ( 5 ) . A t a d o p i n g r a t i o o f 4 x

lo-'

w h e r e number o f doped p h o s p h o r u s a t o m s i s a p p r o x i m a t e l y e q u a l t o a s p i n d e n s i t y f o r a n undoped s p e c i m e n , t h e d e n s i t y o f s p i n is r e d u c e d by a b o u t 30 %. T h i s i m p l i e s t h a t P~~ a t o m s n e c e s s a r y f o r t h e r e a c t i o n o f e q . ( 4 ) s h o u l d b e a b o u t 30 % o f d o p a n t a t o m s . T h e r e s u l t i n g 70 % i s u s e d f o r t h e r e a c t i o n o f e q . ( 5 ) , t h a t i s , 35,% f o r P~~ a s e s t i m a t e d by t h e amount o f gap s t a t e s removed by a d o p i n g o f 4 x 10- ( F i g . 5 ) a n d t h e n t h e o t h e r 35 % f o r p k f ( d o n o r ) t o p r o d u c e

v;.

A t a d o p i n g r a t i o o f 1 x i t o c c u r s t h a t ( a ) t h e ESR c e n t e r s a l m o s t e l i m i n a t e d , ( b ) t h e F e r m i l e v e l s h i f t i s 0 . 2 1 eV and ( c ) t h e d e n s i t y o f t h e g a p s t a t e s r e d u c e d by d o p i n g i s a p p r o x - i m a t e l y 1 . 5 x 10" T h e r e f o r e , 30 '1. 35 % o f doped p h o s p h o r u s a t o m s s h o u l d b e s u b s t i t u t i o n a l l y i n c o r p o r a t e d i n a - S i m a t r i x .

As f o r b o r o n d o p i n g , we a g a i n a s s u m e t h a t b o r o n a t o m s m i g h t b e i n c o r p o r a t e d a s t h r e e - o r f o u r - f o l d c o o r d i n a t i o n s . A t h r e e - f o l d b o r o n a t o m B3' w i l l r e a c t w i t h a d i v a c a n c y a s f o l l o w s :

Here, [ ~ i d e n o t e s a t h r e e - f o l d b o r o n a t o m b o n d i n g w i t h S 1 , S z , and S3 a t t h e 3 ~ ~ ~ s i t e A. [ S i 4 ' ] i s a s i l l c o n atom w i t h a n u n p a i r e d e l e c t r o n a t t h e s i t e S,. Equa- t i o n s ( 6 ) a n d ( 7 ) a r e c o m p e t i t i v e p r o c e s s e s f o r a n n i h i l a t i n g a n d c r e a t i n g a n un- p a i r e d s p i n , r e s p e c t i v e l y . The s p i n d e n s i t y w i l l r e m a i n u n c h a n g e d i f t h e r e a c t i o n a c c o r d i n g t o e q s . ( 6 ) and ( 7 ) t a k e p l a c e s i m u l t a n e o u s l y , a n d t h e r e a c t i o n s w i l l con- t i n u e u n t i l t h e d e f e c t s a r c s a t u r a t e d w i t h B ~ ~The d e c r e a s e i n t h e g a p s t a t e s by . b o r o n d o p i n g i n t h e e n e r g y r a n g e b e t w e e n midgap a n d ET

'

Ev

+

0 . 3 3 eV c a n b e a t - t r i b u t e d t o t h e r e m o v a l o f t h e V; l e v e l t h r o u g h t h e r e a c t i o n o f e q . ( 7 ) . T h u s , t h e number o f d e f e c t s removed by B~~ a t o m s i s e s t i m a t e d f r o m t h e m e a s u r e d g a p s t a t e s

( F i g . 5) t o b e X 1 x

lo'?, s

1 x 1 0 1 9 , a n d 4 x 10" f o r s a m p l e s w i t h d o p i n g r a t i o s o f 1 x 1 x a n d 3 . 7 X r e s p e c t i v e l y . S i m i l a r a m o u n t s o f B~~

a r e n e c e s s a r y f o r t h e r e a c t i o n o f e q . ( 6 ) .

On t h e o t h e r h a n d , f o u r - f o l d b o r o n a t o m s B~~ c a u s e a s h i f t o f t h e F e r m i l e v e l :

(7)

JOURNAL DE PHYSIQUE

w h e r e N ( B ~ ~ ) , E F o , a n d AEF a r e t h e d e n s i t y o f f o u r - f o l d b o r o n a t o m s , t h e F e r m i l e v e l f o r a n undo e d f i l m , a n d t h e amount o f F e r m i - l e v e l movement, r e s p e c t i v e l y . From e q . ( 8 ) , N(Btf) i s e s t i m a t e d t o h e 1 X

l o L 7 ,

2.7 x 1 0 1 7 , and 2 . 8 x

l o L 8

~ m - ~ f o r s p e c i m e n s doped w i t h 1 x 1 x

lo-",

a n d 3 . 7 x r e s p e c t i v e l y . S i n c e t h e d e n s i t y o f i n c o r p o r a t e d b o r o n a t o m s d e d u c e d from t h e d o p i n g r a t i o i s 1 x

l o L 8 ,

1 x 1 0 1 9 , a n d 3 . 7 x

l o 2 '

f o r t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g s p e c i m e n s , t h e d o p i n g e f f i c i e n - c i e s a r e , r e s p e c t i v e l y , 1 0 , 2 . 7 , a n d 0.8 %. F o r s a m p l e s w i t h d o p i n g r a t i o s o f 1 x

lo-'

a n d 1 x

lo-',

t h e sum o f t h e d e n s i t i e s o f t h r e e - a n d f o u r - f o l d a t o m s e s t i - m a t e d a b o v e i s c o m p a t i b l e w i t h t h e b o r o n d e n s i t y c a l c u l a t e d f r o m t h e d o p i n g r a t i o . However, t h e t o t a l amount o f b o r o n a t o m s o b t a i n e d f o r t h e s a m p l e doped w i t h 3 . 7 x

is o n e o r d e r o f m a g n i t u d e l e s s t h a n t h e d e n s i t y o b t a i n e d from t h e d o p i n g r a t i o . T h i s d i s c r e p a n c y i m p l i e s t h a t t h e number o f B~~ i s u n d e r e s t i m a t e d b e c a u s e t h e gap s t a t e d e n s i t y a b o v e 2 x 1 0 ' ~ ~ m - ~ e v - ' i n F i g . 5 i s u n m e a s u r a b l e . S o , b o r o n a t o m s a p p e a r t o b e i n c o r p o r a t e d i n a d i f f e r e n t way f r o m t h e p r o c e s s e s as e q s . ( 5 ) and ( 6 ) .

E f f e c t o f H y d r o g e n a t i o n . - D i s c h a r g e - p r o d u c e d a-Si:H m o s t l y c o n t a i n s bonded-

h y d r o g e n o f 5-10 a t . % a n d t e n d s t o b e d e t e r i o r a t e d by s t r o n g l i g h t i l l u m i n a t i o n [ 2 1 ] . I t i s l i k e l y t h a t w i d e v a r i e t i e s o f h y d r o g e n b o n d i n g i n a-Si:H n e t w o r k c o u l d b e a s s o c i a t e d w i t h e l e c t r o n i c a n d / o r s t r u c t u r a l i n s t a b i l i t i e s u n d e r s t r o n g i l l u m i n a - t i o n . From t h e v i e w p o i n t o f d e f e c t p a s s i v a t i o n a n d bond r e l a x a t i o n i n a-Si:H m a t r i x , h y d r o g e n i n c o r p o r a t i o n o f 5 a t . % a p p e a r s t o b e s t i l l t o o h i g h . On t h e o t h e r h a n d , c h e m i c a l l y v a p o r - d e p o s i t e d a - S i c o n t a i n s n o d e t e c t a b l e bonded-hydrogen.

N e v e r t h e l e s s , s u b s t i t u t i o n a l d o p i n g o f t h i s m a t e r i a l h a s b e e n a c h i e v e d . A s m a l l amount o f h y d r o g e n c o u l d b e i n t r o d u c e d i n t o t h e f i l m e i t h e r by h y d r o g e n - p l a s m a a n n e a l i n g [ 4 ] o r b y H+ i o n i m p l a n t a t i o n [ 5 ] . The w h o l e s p i n s i n a - S i c o u l d , i n p r i n - c i p l e , b e s a t u r a t e d b y h y d r o g e n a m o u n t i n g t o % 0 . 1 a t . % b e i n g f a r b e l o w t h e d e t e c - t i o n l i m i t o f t h e IR m e a s u r e m e n t , i f t h e d i v a c a n c y t y p e d e f e c t i s a s s u m e d . I n d e e d , S o l e t a 1 . [ 4 ] d e m o n s t r a t e d t h a t t h e ESR s i g n a l i s e l i m i n a t e d a t h y d r o g e n c o n c e n t r a - t i o n l e v e l s o f t h e o r d e r o f d a n g l i n g bond d e n s i t y , i f CVD a - S i i s a n n e a l e d i n t h e DC glow d i s c h a r g e o f h y d r o g e n a t 400°C. They a l s o showed t h a t t h e i n - d e p t h p r o f i l e o f h y d r o g e n is a p p r o x i m a t e d by a c o m p l i m e n t a r y e r r o r f u n c t i o n w i t h a d i f f u s i o n c o e f f i c i e n t o f 6 x 1 0 - l 4 ~ m ' s e c - ~ .

W e h a v e a t t e m p t e d t o h y d r o g e n a t e CVD a - S i i n t h e RF h y d r o g e n p l a s m a a t a tem- p e r a t u r e o f 350°C f o r 1 h , a n d f o u n d d r a m a t i c d e c r e a s e i n t h e s p i n d e n s i t y b y a v e r y low amount o f d i f f u s e d h y d r o g e n (< 0.5 a t . % ) as shown i n F i g . 8.

U

W I

o

ul

0 0.5 1.0

FILM THICKNESS(lrrn1 F i g . 8 : S p i n d e n s i t y m e a s u r e d a s a f u n c t i o n o f f i l m t h i c k n e s s f o r CVD a - S i a n n e a l e d i n h y d r o g e n p l a s m a a t 350 "C a n d 40 w a t t s f o r 1 h .

&9

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3

'1.0 ll 1.2 1.3 1 4 15 PHOTON ENERGY (eV)

F i g . 9 : P h o t o l u m i n e s c e n c e s p e c t r a o f a s - d e p o s i t e d a n d h y d r o g e n a t e d CVD a - S i

(8)

Accompanied w i t h s a t u r a t i o n o f d a n g l i n g bonds, t h e k?ll p h o t o c o n d u c t i v i t y e x c e e d s 1 x R-'cm-' and t h e p h o t o l u m i n e s c e n c e i n t e n s i t y o f a niain peak c e n t e r e d a t 1 . 2 3 eV becomes a b o u t f i f t y t i m e s a s l a r g e a s t h a t o f a n a s - d e p o s i t e d s p e c i m e n ( F i g . 9 ) . The p e a k e n e r g y o f t h e PL s p e c t r a i s a p p a r e n t l y low compared t o t h a t o f d i s c h a r g e - p r o d u c e d a-Si:H, b e c a u s e t h e o p t i c a l band g a p o f h y d r o g e n a t e d CVD a - S i is 1 . 5 5 eV which i s by a b o u t 0 . 2 eV s m a l l e r t h a n t h a t o f a-Si:H. I n - d e p t h p r o f i l e o f t h e PL i n t e n s i t y was t a k e n by s t e p - b y - s t e p e t c h i n g o f a s i l i c o n l a y e r , a n d a r a p i d i n t e n s i t y d e c r e a s e o c c u r s d u e t o t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f d i f f u s e d hydrogen i n t h e d i r e c t i o n o f t h i c k n e s s . P o s t - h y d r o g e n a t i o n e f f e c t o n doped CVD a - S i l e a d s t o a d r a m a t i c improvement o f d o p i n g e f f i c i e n c y a s i n d i c a t e d i n F i g . 1 0 . S i n c e t h e d o p a n t c o n c e n t r a t i o n i n CVD a - S i c o i n c i d e s w i t h t h e d o p i n g r a t i o [ Z Z ] a n d s i n c e a p a r t o f d o p a n t a t o m s c o m p e n s a t e s d e f e c t s t a t e s , t h e a c t i v a t i o n p r o c e s s o f p h o s p h o r u s o r b o r o n atoms c o u l d b e i n t e r p r e t e d i n terms o f d a n g l i n g bond s a t u r a - t i o n by d i f f u s e d hydrogen. Most o f t h r e e - f o l d d o p a n t atom-divacancy complexes m i g h t b e e l e c t r i c a l l y a c t i v a t e d t h r o u g h t e r m i n a t i o n o f d a n g l i n g bonds i n complex d e f e c t s . Note t h a t t h e h y d r o g e n i n c o r p o r a t i o n less t h a n 0.5 a t . % r e s u l t s i n v e r y e f f i c i e n t a c t i v a t i o n o f d o p a n t a t o m s . A l s o , b o t h t h e d a r k c o n d u c t i v i t y and photo- c o n d u c t i v i t y f o r w e a k l y h y d r o g e n a t e d CVD a - S i e x h i b i t no d e t e r i o r a t i o n by ~ r + i o n l a s e r i r r a d i a t i o n o f 200 m w / c m 2 f o r 2 h r s , i n d i c a t i n g t h e a b s e n c e o f e l e c t r o n i c a n d / o r s t r u c t u r a l i n s t a b i l i t i e s .

F i g . 1 0 : Room t e m p e r a t u r e con- d u c t i v i t y o f p o s t - h y d r o g e n a t e d CVD a - S i p l o t t e d a g a i n s t d o p i n g r a t i o .

D e v i c e A p p l i c a t i o n s . - Non-hydrogenated C M a-Si i s t e m p e r a t u r e r e s i s t i v e a n d u s e d f o r t h e h i g h - t e m p e r a t u r e p h o t o t h e r m a l c o n v e r t e r s [ 7 ] . A new o p t i c a l d e t e c t o r f o r p i c o s e c o n d p u l s e s h a s b e e n d e v e l o p e d u t i l i z i n g a CVD a - S i t h i n f i l m , b a s e d upon a r a p i d r e l a x a t i o n o f h o t p h o t o e x c i t e d c a r r i e r s [ 8 ] . As f o r h y d r o g e n a t e d CVD a - S i , S c h o t t k y b a r r i e r d i o d e s h a v e b e e n f a b r i c a t e d f o r t h e p u r p o s e o f p ; o t o v o l t a i c a p p l i c a t i o n [ 6 ] . We h a v e p r e p a r e d s o l a r c e l l s w i t h P t o r Pd(% 80 A)/undoped a - S i ( s 3000 i ) / n + a - S i ( % 500 A)/nf c - S i ( l l 1 ) s t r u c t u r e s , i n which t h e undoped l a y e r was a n n e a l e d i n h y d r o g e n plasma f o r 60 min a t a p r e s s u r e o f 0.6 T o r r and a n r f power of 40 w a t t s . The c u r r e n t - v o l t a g e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a r e r e p r e s e n t e d i n Fig. 11 a n d t h e b a r r i e r h e i g h t a t z e r o - t e m p e r a t u r e was o b t a i n e d t o b e 1.11 eV f o r a P t c o n t a c t and 0.96 e V f o r a Pd by a s s u m i n g t h e d i f f u s i o n t h e o r y [ 2 3 ] . The b a r r i e r h e i g h t d i f f e r - e n c e b e t w e e n t h e two d i o d e s i s a t t r i b u t a b l e t o t h e m e t a l w o r k f u n c t i o n d i f f e r e n c e . The s h o r t - c i r c u i t p h o t o c u r r e n t Ip is p r o p o r t i o n a l t o [ h v - a B ( ~ ) I 3 , w h e r e QB(T) d e n o t e s t h e b a r r i e r h e i g h t a t t h e f i n i t e t e m p e r a t u r e T and t h e b a r r i e r h e i g h t s d e t e r m i n e d f r o m I ~v s hv p l o t s f o r P t a n d Pd c o n t a c t s a r e 1 . 0 a n d ~ / ~ 0.84 eV, r e s p e c t i v e l y , b o t h o f which c o i n c i d e w i t h t h e b a r r i e r h e i g h t s c a l c u l a t e d from t h e I-V c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , i f t h e t e m p e r a t u r e c o e f f i c i e n t o f t h e b a r r i e r h e i g h t b e i n g

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C4-712 JOURNAL DE PHYSIQUE

3 . 3 ~ 1 0 - ' eV/K i s t a k e n i n t o a c c o u n t [ 2 3 ] . On t h e c o n t r a r y , t h e t h e r m i o n i c e m i s s i o n t h e o r y l e a d s t o a s m a l l v a l u e of a measured R i c h a r d s o n c o n s t a n t ( 0 . 1 5 A / c ~ ' K ' ) a s compared t o t h e t h e o r e t i c a l v a l u e ( l 2 0 A / C ~ ~ K ' ) . The o p t i c a l e n e r g y g a p , 1 . 5 3 eV, o b t a i n e d from a I

' I 2

v s hv p l o t ( s e e t h e i n s e t o f F i g . 1 2 ) a g r e e s w e l l w i t h t h a t from a

ah^)'/^

vg hv p l o t y i e l d i n g 1.55 eV. The e l e c t r o n m o b i l i t y pn o f weakly h y d r o g e n a t e d CVD a-Si was c a l c u l a t e d t o b e 0.4

-

2 . 3 c m 2 / v . s e c from t h e s a t u r a t i o n c u r r e n t d e n s i t y o f a Scho tky b a r r i e r d i o d e u s i n g t h e c o n d u c t i o n band d e n s i t y o f

5 -

s t a t e s N c =1f$21Tm k ~ / h ~ ) ~ 'and t h e s u r f a c e e l e c t r i c f i e l d o f t h e b a r r i e r Es = (2qNDVD/Es)

,

where m i s t a k e n a s a f r e e e l e c t r o n mass and t h e d i e l e c t r i c cons- t a n t Es a s 1 2 € 0 . The a p p a r e n t i o n i z e d t r a p d e n s i t y ND was e s t i m a t e d t o b e 1 . 5 x 1017 ~ m - ~ f r o m t h e s l o p e o f a

1/c2

v s b i a s p l o t o b t a i n e d a t a measurement f r e q u e n c y o f 1 0 Hz. The d i f f u s i o n p o t e n t i a l VD was e v a l u a t e d from a n o p e n - c i r c u i t photo- v o i t a g e o f 0.57 eV. A p p a r e n t l y h i g h e l e c t r o n m o b i l i t i e s o b t a i n e d h e r e might b e a t t r i b u t e d t o a n a m b i g u i t y o f Es. T h e r e f o r e , i t i s l i k e l y t h a t t h e c u r r e n t t r a n c e - p o r t i n t h e p r e s e n t S c h o t t k y b a r r i e r i s p r i m a r i l y dominated by t h e d i f f u s i o n p r o c e s s .

F i g u r e 1 3 g i v e s t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f a P t (%80

i)

g a t e S c h o t t k y - b a r r i e r c e l l w i t h o u t a n a n t i r e f l e c t i o n c o a t i n g measured a t a d i f f e r e n t l i g h t i n t e n s i t i e s . T r a n c e m i t t a n c e o f t h e P t f i l m was e s t i m a t e d t o b e a b o u t 55 %. The s h o r t - c i r c u i t c u r r e n t Is= i n c r e a s e s l i n e a r l y w i t h l i g h t i n t e n s i t y , and t h e o p e n - c i r c u i t v o l t a g e Voc t e n d s t o s a t u r a t e . The c o n v e r s i o n e f f i c i e n c y q i s d e p e n d n e t on l i g h t i n t e n s i t y , s i n c e t h e f i l l f a c t o r F.F. is changed by t h e i n t e n s i t y o f i r r a d i a t i o n . The v a l u e s o f I,,, Voc, F.F., and r7 a t a n i l l u m i n a t i o n i n t e n s i t y o f 100 mw/cm2 w e r e ,

r e s p e c t i v e l y , 1 0 mi4/cm2, 0 . 5 5 V , 0 . 4 9 , and 2.7 %. The c o n v e r s i o n e f f i c i e n c y o b t a i n e d h e r e c a n b e improved by a n a n t i r e f l e c t i o n c o a t i n g and by o p t i m i z e d d e s i g n o f c e l l s , An a p p r e c i a b l e d e c r e a s e i n F.F. a t h i g h l i g h t i n t e n s i t i e s i s e x p l a i n e d a s a d e c r e a s e i n p a r a l l e l r e s i s t a n c e of t h e c e l l [ 6 ] . I t s h o u l d b e emphasized t h a t t h e c e l l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s r e m a i n s unchanged e v e n a f t e r l i g h t i l l u m i n a t i o n a t 300 m ~ / c r n ~ , i n d i c a t i n g n o e l e c t r o n i c a n d / o r s t r u c t u r a l i n s t a b i l i t i e s i n weakly hydro- g e n a t e d s i l i c o n .

F u t u r e o f CVD a-Si.- For t h e u s e o f low-cost s u b s t r a t e s , t h e d e p o s i t i o n tempera- t u r e o f CVD a-Si h a s t o b e l o w e r e d . D e c r e a s e i n t h e growth t e m p e r a t u r e down t o 450 OC h a s r e c e n t l y b e a c h i e v e d , u t i l i z i n g h i g h e r s i l a n e a s a r e a c t a n t g a s and t h e p h o t o v o l t a i c c e l l w i t h a c o n v e r s i o n e f f i c i e n c y o f 2 . 7 % h a s been r e a l i z e d [ 9 ] . Another a t t r a c t i v e t e c h n i q u e t o r e d u c e t h e growth t e m p e r a t u r e i s t o c o o l t h e sub-

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 a4 0.5

BIAS (V) PHOTON M R G V ( * V )

F i g . 11 : C u r r e n t - v o l t a g e F i g . 1 2 : Cube r o o t o f t h e s h o r t - c i r c u i t c u r r e n t I

P

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s f o r P t and n o r m a l i z e d w i t h i n c i d e n t photon p l o t t e d a s a f u n c t l o n P d l h y d r o g e n a t e d CVD a-Si of p h o t o n e n e r g y f o r P t and Pd g a t e S c h o t t k y b a r r i e r s . S c h o t t k y b a r r i e r s . The i n s e t r e f e r s t o

I ~ ' / '

v s hv p l o t s .

(10)

F i g . 1 3 : The c o n v e r s i o n e f f i c i e n c y 0 , f i l l f a c t o r , s h o r t - c i r c u i t c u r r e n t Is,, a n d o p e n - c i r c u i t v o l t a g e Voc as a f u n c - t i o n o f i n c i d e n t l i g h t i n t e n s i t y f o r a P t (1.80 A) g a t e S c h o t t k y - b a r r i e r c e l l .

INTENSITY ( m ~ lun2)

s t r a t e h o l d e r i n t h e c o n v e n t i o n a l CVD r e a c t o r [ l o ] . I n t h i s c a s e (HOMO CVD), t h e homogeneaus d e c o m p o s i t i o n o f SiHh p r o d u c e s t h e f i l m p r e c u r s o r , SiH2, a s i n t h e c a s e o f e q . ( 1 ) a n d t h e e m i s s i o n r a t e o f h y d r o g e n f r o m t h e s u b s t r a t e s u r f a c e ap- p e a r s t o b e r e m a r k a b l y s u p p r e s s e d . Thus p r e p a r e d amorphous s i l i c o n c o n t a i n s bonded-hydrogen o f w h i c h amount i s i n c r e a s e d w i t h l o w e r i n g

.

t h e s u b s t r a t e tem- pera;:ure. T h i s k i n d o f a p p r o a c h w i l l p r o v i d e new a n d i m p o r t a n t knowledge o n t h e s u r f a c e r e a c t i o n o f c h e m i c a l s p e c i e s a n d o n t h e g r o w t h mechanism o f amorphous h y d r o g e n a t e d s i l i c o n .

Ackowledgements. The a u t h o r would b e g r e a t f u l t o T. N a k a s h i t a , Y. O s a k a , T. S u z u k i , S. Hasegawa, a n d T . S h i m i z u f o r s t i m u l a t i n g d i s c u s s i o n s . P a r t o f t h i s work was s u p p o r t e d by t h e Grant-in-Aid f o r R e s e a r c h Program " S u n s h i n e P r o j e c t " g i v e n by t h e M i n i s t y o f I n t e r n a t i o n a l T r a d e and I n d u s t r y , t h e J a p a n e s Government a n d by t h e Grant-in-Aid from t h e M i n i s t y o f E d u c a t i o n , S c i e n c e a n d C u l t u r e , t h e J a p a n e s e Government.

R e f e r e n c e s

1. HIROSE M . , TANIGUCHI M., a n d OSAKA Y . , Amorphous a n d L i q u i d S e m i c o n d u c t o r s , e d . SPEAR W. E. (CICL, U n i v e r s i t y o f E d i n b u r g h , 1 9 7 7 ) p.352.

2. TANIGUCHI M., HIROSE M., a n d OSAKA Y . , J . C r y s t . Growth

45

(1978) 1 2 6 . 3. HIROSE M., TANIGUCHI M . , NAKASHITA T., OSAKA Y . , SUZUKI T . , HASEGAWA S., a n d

SHIMIZU T., J . Non-Cryst. S o l i d s

35-36

(1980) 297.

4. SOL N . , KAPLAN D., DIEUMEGARD D . , a n d DUBREUIL D., J. Non-Cryst. S o l i d s

35-36

(1980) 291.

5. SUZUKI T., HIROSE M., a n d OSAKA Y . , Jpn. J . Appl. P h y s .

19

(1980) S u p p 1 . 2 - 2 , 9 L 6 . NAKASHITA T., HIROSE M., a n d OSAKA Y., J p n . J. Appl. P h y s .

20

(1981) S u p p l .

3-

2 , t o b e p u b l i s h e d .

7.

SERAPHIN

B . O., T h i n S o l i d F i l m s

2

(1976) 8 7 .

8 . AUSTON D. H., LAVALLARD P., SOL N . , a n d KAPLAN D., Appl. P h y s . L e t t .

36

(1980) 66.

(11)

C4-Z 14 JOURNAL DE PHYSIQUE

9. WEINBERGER B. R., AKHTAR M., GAU S. C., a n d KISS Z . , P r o c . o f T o p i c a l C o n f e r - e n c e o n T e t r a h e d r a l l y Bonded Amorphous S e m i c o n d u c t o r s , C a r e f r e e , 1981, t o b e p u b l i s h e d .

1 0 . SCOTT B. A., PLECENIK R. M., a n d SIMONY1 E. E., A p p l . P h y s . L e t t . , t o b e p u b l i s h e d .

11. YASUDA Y . , HIRABAYASHI K., a n d MORIYA T . , J . o f t h e J a p a n S o c . o f A p p l . P h y s . 4 3 (1974) 400.

1 2 .

FARROW

R. F. C. a n d FILBY J . D . , J. E l e c t r o c h e m . S o c .

118

(1971) 1 4 9 . 1 3 . BAN Y . , TSUCHIKAWA H., a n d MAEDA K., S e m i c o n d u c t o r S i l i c o n ( E l e c t r o c h e m i c a l

S o c . , P r i n c e t o n , 1 9 7 3 ) p.292.

1 4 . BRYANT W. A . , T h i n S o l i d F i l m s

60

(1979) 1 9 .

1 5 . HIROSE M., TANIGUCHI M . , a n d OSAKA Y . , J . Appl. P h y s .

50

(1979) 377.

1 6 . MATSUDA A., MATSUMLJRA M . , YAMASAKI S., YAMAMOTO H., IMURA T., OKUSHI H., IIZIMA S . , a n d TANAKA K., J p n . J . A p p l . P h y s .

3

(1981) L183.

1 7 . NAKASHITA T., HIROSE M., a n d OSAKA Y . , J p n . 3. A p p l . P h y s .

2

(1981) 471.

1 8 . SPEAR W. E., Amorphous and L i q u i d S e m i c o n d u c t o r s , e d s . STUKE J. a n d BRENIG W.

( T a y l a r a n d F r a c i s , London, 1 9 7 4 ) p.1.

1 9 . TANIGUCHI M., HIROSE M., OSAKA Y . , HASEGAWA S . , a n d SHIMIZU T., J p n . J . A p p l . P h y s . 1 9 (1980) 665.

20. HIRAE

ST,

HIROSE M., a n d OSAKA Y . , J . A p p l . P h y s .

51

(1980) 1 0 4 3 . 21. STAEBLER D. L . a n d WRONSKI C . R., A p p l . P h y s . L e t t .

2

(1977) 292.

22. MlSHIMA Y., HIROSE M., a n d OSAKA Y., J . A p p l . Phys.

2

(1980) 1 1 5 7 . 23. MISHIMA Y . , HIROSE M . , and OSAKA Y . , J p n . 3. A p p l . P h y s .

20

(1981) 5 9 3 .

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