Distributed Architecture for Resource Management in Large Scale Grids

HAL Id: inria-00001066

https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00001066

Submitted on 30 Jan 2006

HAL

is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- entific research documents, whether they are pub- lished or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers.

L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire

HAL, est

destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

Distributed Architecture for Resource Management in Large Scale Grids

Emmanuel Jeanvoine, Louis Rilling, Christine Morin, Daniel Leprince

To cite this version:

Emmanuel Jeanvoine, Louis Rilling, Christine Morin, Daniel Leprince. Distributed Architecture for

Resource Management in Large Scale Grids. [Research Report] PI 1775, 2006, pp.13. �inria-00001066�

I ^R

I ^S

A

I^N STIT^U

T ^D E R

E^C HERC^H

E EN IN^F OR^M

AT^IQ UEE^T

SY^ST ÈME^S

ALÉA^TO^IRES

P U B L I C A T I O N I N T E R N E

N

^o

I R I S A

CAMPUS UNIVERSITAIRE DE BEAULIEU - 35042 RENNES CEDEX - FRANCE

ISSN 1166-8687

1775

DISTRIBUTED ARCHITECTURE FOR RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IN LARGE SCALE GRIDS

EMMANUEL JEANVOINE AND LOUIS RILLING AND

CHRISTINE MORIN AND DANIEL LEPRINCE

INSTITUT DERECHERCHE EN INFORMATIQUE ETSYSTÈMESALÉATOIRES

Campus de Beaulieu – 35042 Rennes Cedex – France Tél. : (33) 02 99 84 71 00 – Fax : (33) 02 99 84 71 71 http://www.irisa.fr

!#"$% &('*),+),-,/.0+12+

34)!-$657&)$8:9

;!<=<=>@?BA CED/F@CG>@?H@IKJL? C4MN>@? OQP/I@A JLRSJLDTDLJL?UVMKMN>@? OXWZY [\JTR^]\JL? C`_QI@[\JL?aMKM@MN>@?O

b>@? JTCcD/PCcd [^JL? eEC MKMKMKM

fGgihkjml^nZo\hqpGrsnutwvyx{zcrso\h

| vy}~€owj |‚ vmxƒh

|

r…„s†‡xƒˆ



jmx{}‰px{pEjyowvypsoŠpB‹ŒEŒŽ!‘



pG’cx{owv/“‰”‰”‰•,–‹^—Z˜

‰™

o\h

š%›œ^wž Ÿs ‰‰¡Q¢

vyxƒ£¤ˆ}‰nu˜srsjmx{p

™

˜svy} ’Gx{£io\howp…}‰r

™E¥…¦

ˆw}‰nu˜srij



jmx{}‰p˜@} §&o^vjm}˜@owvm¨©}‰vynpcr…nZo^vmxƒˆ



†hmx«ª

n1rs†



jmx{}‰p¬hq„srij/x‡j/x{hˆw}‰nu˜s†{o­jy}Zr¬hkoE®s¯°x

™

psoŠxƒh



hkgihkjmo^n±j

¥… j/o



hko²j

¥

o!r¬hkoŠ}¨

 † v ™ o³hyˆ



†‡o

™

vmxģ

ˆw}‰nu˜@}Ehmo^£Š§x‡j

¥$¥

ojmo^vm}

™

o^psow}Er…h



p¬£!rspsvyow†{x



„s†{ovyo^hm}‰rsvˆo\hw®´µp,j

¥

xƒh˜



˜@owv\¶w§·o&£io\hmˆwvmx{„@o¸j

¥ o ™ o^psowv

 †



vyˆ

¥

x«jyo^ˆjyrsvyo°}¨¯°x

™

pso



p…£%§&o³˜svyo^hmowpcj&nu}Evmo²˜



vmjmxƒˆrs†



vy†{g1j

¥ o 

˜s˜…†‡xƒˆ



jmx{}‰pn

 p

™

o^nuowpcj·hmowvy’Gx{ˆwo

 p…£j¥ o,vmo\hk}Ersvˆo  †{†{}Gˆ  jyx‡}Ephmowvy’Gx{ˆwo‰®s¹ºo$˜…vmo\hko^pEj/vyo^hmrs†‡jyh^¶…}E„ij  x‡pso\£§x«j ¥` §·}‰vy»cx{p ™ ˜svy}jy}j€gG˜@o

}‰¨@¯²x™ pso£irsvyx‡p ™ o­i˜¬o^vmx{nuowpcj  jmx{}‰p…hvyo  †‡x{¼wo\£$}Ep1j¥ o ¢ vyx{£½¾Ž”E”‰”°jmo\h€jy„¬o\£¶ j ¥¬ jh ¥ } §Vj ¥ oo¿ˆx{owp¬ˆg

}‰¨j ¥ o!vmo\hk}Ersvˆo  †{†‡}iˆ  jmx{}‰phko^vm’Gxƒˆo‰®

À¤ÁcÂKÃyÄ$Å ž Ɯ‰¡Ç¢

vmxƒ£ˆ}EnZ˜…rijmx{p

™

¶@£ixƒh€jyvmx{„srijyo^£hkgihkjmo^n¶¬˜¬o^owvmªTjy}ªÈ˜¬o^owv} ’Eowvy†



gupsowj€§&}Evm»ih^¶ivmo\hk}Ersvyˆwo



†‡†{}iˆ



jmx{}‰pB¶ihmow†‡¨Éª

¥ o 

†{x‡p

™

ʃËBÌkÍÈÎ\Ï·ÌЅÑ{ÍÈÒLÓÔ

Õ Ö…××/ØÙ^ڍۀ܃ÝÞÛkØÙwßàá¾Ù\Ûyâá¾ãäá¾åÈØ\Ýæ‡ã

ÕµÕç àÚ\á¾åmÝèBá¾Ü¾Ü¾á¾Ùéwâá¾ãTá¾åLØ\Ýæ{ã

յյՂêKëãäá¾åTìTá¾ÙÛÝíŠàãTá¾Ù âá¾ãTá¾åLØ\Ýæ{ã

ÕµÕµÕµÕ¸î ØÙ\á¾Ûk܃Ýç Ûkï\ãTá¾Ùð€Ûmâۀñ\æ‡éñ\æTÝæ‡ã

Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Institut National de Recherche en Informatique (UMR6074) Université de Rennes 1 – Insa de Rennes et en Automatique – unité de recherche de Rennes

),+29 88 9 ),+ 88

œ ¡ o^h ™ vmx{†{†‡o\h7£io¤ˆ  †ƒˆr…†/˜¬o^vmnuowjkjmo^pcj%£io¨©}‰rsvypsx{v7† ˜sr…x{hyh  p…ˆo¤£io ˆ  †ƒˆrs†°pst^ˆwo^hyh  x‡vyo

 ri­ hkx{n$rs† jyx‡}Ep…hpGrsnut^vmxƒzcrso^h%n  x{h£iownuo^rsvmo^pcjˆ}Enu˜s†‡ow­io^hVrijmx{†‡xƒhmowv\®&¯²x™ pso o^hkjr…p hkgihkjml^nZo

zcrsx ˜@owvynuoj,£io7hkx{nu˜s†{x…o^vŠ†T½rijmx{†{x{h  jyx‡}Epº£½rspso ™ vyx{†‡†{oZ£so ™ v  p…£io1t^ˆ ¥ o^†‡†{oZˆw}‰nu˜@}Ehmtwou£io1vyo^hyhm}‰rsvˆo\h

¥ tjmt^vm} ™ l^pso^h&oj/ps}Ep  „s†{o^h^®  p…hˆowj  vkjyx{ˆw†‡oE¶Gps}‰r…h£st^ˆvyx{’‰}‰p¬h&†L½ vˆ ¥ x«jyo^ˆjmrsvyo ™ twpst^v  †‡oŠ£ioŠ¯°x™ pso

owj·p…}‰r…h&˜svyt^hmowpcjm}Ep…h¸˜s†{r…h·˜  vkjyx{ˆwrs†‡x{lwvyownuo^pEj&†‡o\h·hmowvy’Gx{ˆwo^h&£io ™ o^hkjmx{}‰p%£½ ˜…˜s†‡xƒˆ  jmx{}‰powjq£B½ †‡†{}iˆ  jyx‡}Ep

£so&vyo^hyhk}Ersvˆo^h^®°}‰r…h˜svyt^hmowpcjy}‰p…h£io^hvyt^hmrs†‡j  jhw¶\}‰„sjmowpGr…h  ’Eo^ˆ¸r…p$˜svy}jy}j€gG˜¬o&¨©}‰p¬ˆjmx{}‰p…psow†i£io·¯°x™ pso

†{}‰vhŠ£½o­i˜¬t^vmx{nuowpcj  jmx{}‰p…hŠvyt  †‡xƒhmtwo^hŠhmrsv!† ˜…† jmoªL¨©}‰vynuo ¢ vyxƒ£½Ž‰”‰”E”s¶zcrsx¸nu}‰pcjmvyowpcjŠ†T½o¿ˆ  ˆx‡jmt£sr

hmowvy’Gx{ˆwo³£B½ †‡†{}iˆ  jyx‡}Ep£so³vyo^hyhm}‰rsvˆo\hw®

Å \œZ  œ¡=¢ vyx‡†{†‡o!£io,ˆ  †ƒˆrs†L¶shmgGhkjml^nuoŠ£sx{hkjmvyx‡„…rst‰¶svyt^hmo  ri­†{} ™ xƒzcrso^h·˜  x‡vmª ªÈ˜  x{v^¶  †{†{}Gˆ  jyx‡}Ep£io

vyo^hyhm}‰rsvˆo\hw¶  rijy}ªÈvmt^˜  v  jyx‡}Ep

+1 7,+

 hmx‡n1rs† jmx{}‰p pGrsnut^vmxƒzcrso$}iˆwˆwrs˜@o$rspso1˜s† ˆo1˜svytw˜@}‰p…£it^v  pcjmo$£  p…h³£io$ps}En$„svyowrs­¤£s}‰n  x{pso^h

hyˆx{owpcjyx¬zcrso\h%} †L½ow­i˜¬t^vmx{nuowpcj  jmx{}‰p vytwo^†‡†{o`o\h€j¤ˆ}ijmo^r…hmo‰¶q’‰}Ex‡vyo`x{nu˜¬}chmhmx‡„…†‡oE® | }‰r…vvyt  †‡xƒhmowvˆwo^h

hmx{n$rs† jyx‡}Ep…hw¶B£B½x{nu˜¬}Evkj  pcjyhŠnu} g‰o^p…hŠ£ioˆ  †{ˆwrs†¸£i}Ex‡’Eowpcjjmvyo7ownu˜s†{} g‰t\hw®! …p £io7vmt^˜¬}Ep…£ivyo ˆwo^h

„@o^hm}‰x{p…h^¶s†{o^h/o^pcjmvyow˜svyx{hmo^hqowj²x{p…hkjmx‡jmrijyx‡}Ep…h°hmoŠjm}Ersvmp…owpcj°’‰o^vyh/†‡o,vyo ™ vm}Ers˜@ownuowpcj/£io,†{owrsvhnu} g‰o^p…h/£io

ˆ  †ƒˆrs†˜@}‰r…vq¨©}‰vynZo^v/£io^h ™ vmx{†{†‡o\h£io!ˆ  †ƒˆr…†T®

" pso ™ vyx‡†{†{ou£souˆ  †ƒˆrs†˜¬o^rij$ˆ}EpEjyowpsx{v!rspºps}‰n1„svyoZx{nu˜¬}Evkj pcj,£io7vyo^hyhk}Ersvyˆwo^h^¶ ™ v  ˜s˜@o^hŠ£ioˆ  †«ª

ˆwrs† jmo^rsvh$}Er h€j  jyx‡}Ep…h1£so%jyv  ’  x{†L¶zcrsxhm}‰pcj ¥ twjmt^vm} ™ lwp…o^h^¶£ixƒhk˜@owvhmtwo^h ™ t^} ™ v  ˜ ¥ xƒzEr…ownuowpcj$owjZpso

˜@}‰r…’  pcjZ£i}Epspsowv  r¬ˆrspso ™E v  pcjmx{o£io  „sx{†‡x‡jmtE®$#&o^hZˆ}‰pcjyv  x‡pcjmo\h,x{nu˜s†‡xƒzcrsowpcjzcrB½rspso ™ vmx{†{†‡o£ioª

nuo^rsvmo!ˆw}‰nu˜s†{o­io 1rsjmx{†‡xƒhko^v^¶sj



pcj˜



v†‡o\h



£inux{psx{hkjmv



jyowrsvhqzcrso!˜



v†{o^hqrsjmx{†‡xƒh



jmo^rsvyh^®

 p…hˆoj



vmjmxƒˆ†{o‰¶ ps}Er…h‚˜svyt^hmowpcjm}Ep…h †L½



vyˆ

¥

x‡jmo\ˆjyrsvmo£io¯²x

™

pso‰¶‰rsphkgihkjml^nZo/£B½ow­G˜…†‡}Ex«j



jmx{}‰pZ˜@}‰rsv

™

vmx{†{†‡o°zcrsxhmx‡nu˜s†{x…o°†L½rsjmx{†‡xƒh



jmx{}‰p£io^h&vmo\hmhm}‰r…vyˆwo^h¸£½rspso

™

vyx‡†{†{o‰® /}jyvmo²˜svyx‡p…ˆwx‡˜



†@}‰„i~€o\ˆjmx‡¨Bo^hkjq†T½rijmx{†{x«ª

h  jyx‡}Epjyv



p…hk˜



vyowpcjmo³£io!†T½owp¬hko^n$„s†{o!£io^h·vyo^hyhk}Ersvyˆwo^h·£ioŠ†

Z™

vmx{†‡†{oŠh



p…hzcrsoŠ†‡o\hqrijmx{†‡xƒh



jmo^rsvh&p½



x‡o^pEj

uhmo!hk}Er…ˆx{owv/£ioŠ†



†‡}iˆ



†‡xƒh



jmx{}‰p¶s£ioŠ†



£ixƒhm˜¬}Epsx‡„…x‡†{x«jyt!}‰r£io^h£st¨



x{†{†



p…ˆo\h£io^hvyo^hyhm}‰rsvˆo\hw®

 p…hur…p ˜svyownux{owvZjmo^nZ˜¬hw¶‚ps}Er…h1˜svmt\hko^pcjm}‰p¬h$¯²x™ pso‰¶‚ps}‰jmvyohmgih€jylwnuo£½ow­i˜s†‡}Ex«j jyx‡}EpV˜¬}Ersvu†

™ o^hkjmx{}‰p£io^h/vmo\hmhm}‰rsvˆo\hq£½r…pso ™ vyx‡†{†{o‰® °}‰r…hqt^ps}‰p&%w}‰p…hqp…}Eh}E„i~€o^ˆjmx‡¨ähw¶sp…}Eh/ˆ¥ }Ex«­£io,ˆ}Ep…ˆo^˜ijmx{}‰poj

˜…vmt\hko^pEjy}‰p…h&†L½ vyˆ ¥ x‡jmo\ˆjyrsvmoŠ£ioŠ¯°x™ p…o‰® /}Er…hq˜svyt^hmowpcjm}Ep…ho^p…hmrsx«jyoŠowp£itj  x{††‡o\hhko^vm’Gxƒˆo^h·£io ™ o\h€jyx‡}Ep

£B½ ˜s˜s†{x{ˆ  jmx{}‰p¬h$owju£½ †{†{}Gˆ  jyx‡}Ep £iovmo\hmhm}‰rsvˆo\hw®/}Er…hZ˜svmt\hko^pcjm}‰p¬h$†{o^h1vmt\hkr…†«j jyhu£io\h$ow­i˜¬t^vmx{nuowpiª

j  jyx‡}Ep…h!zcrsoups}‰r…h  ’E}‰p…h²vyt  †{xƒhkt^o^h  ’‰o\ˆ$ps}‰jmvyou˜svm}‰jm}‰j€gc˜@oZ¯°x™ psouoj,†™ vyx‡†{†{ou£B½ow­G˜@twvyx{nZo^pcj jyx‡}Ep

¢ vyxƒ£½Ž‰”‰”E”('‡‹*)L®! ’  pcjŠ£iouˆ}Ep…ˆ†{rsvyo‰¶@ps}‰r¬h°˜svyt^hmowpcjy}‰p…h³£io^h²jyv  ’  rs­  ˜s˜  vyowpcjyt^h ¯°x™ p…o1˜@}‰rsvŠˆo

zcrsxBˆw}‰p…ˆwowvypsoŠ†Z™ o^hkjmx{}‰p£io^hqvyo^hyhk}Ersvˆo^h·£½rspso ™ vmx{†‡†{o‰®

+ ,

- +

),8w

,

w-,+

-/.10 2436587:9<;>=@?BA

°}‰r…h³˜svyt^hmowpcjm}Ep…h³£



p…hŠˆwojkjyou˜



vmjmx{o$†{o^h³}‰„s~€o^ˆjyx«¨ähŠzcrsoups}Er…h



’E}‰p…h³hm}‰r

¥… x«jyt



jkjmo^x‡p¬£ivmoZ˜@}‰rsv

†

ˆ}Ep…ˆo^˜ijmx{}‰p£ir¤hkgihkjml^nZoŠ¯²x

™

pso‰®

½}E„i~€o^ˆjmx‡¨q˜…vmx{p…ˆx{˜



†¸o^hkj,†



hmx{nZ˜…†‡xƒˆx‡jmt%£B½rijyx‡†{xƒh



jmx{}‰p £io†

™

vyx‡†{†{oZ˜@}‰r…v,†‡o\h,rijyx‡†{xƒh



jmowr…vyh^®C …p

£B½}iˆwˆwrs†‡jmowvq†



ˆw}‰nu˜s†{o­ix‡jmtŠx‡p¬£irsx‡jmoŠ˜



vq†{o

™ v 

p…£p…}‰n$„…vmo³£ioŠvmo\hmhm}‰rsvˆo\hw¶Eps}‰r¬h·hm}‰r

¥…

x‡jm}Ep…h·}DKvmx{v

†L½rijmx{†‡xƒh



jmo^rsv!rspsou’Gxƒhkx{}‰p4£ioZj€gG˜¬oFEBGHE

IJKMLFJKN8OPRQ*&

®C /x{p…hmxT¶rsp rsjmx{†‡xƒh



jmo^rsv,£i}‰x‡j!˜¬}Ers’‰}Ex‡v

hm}‰r…nZowjkjyvmo rspsoºjSEˆ ¥ o hmrsv†=™ vyx{†‡†{o £io^˜srsxƒhpB½x{nu˜¬}Evkjyo zEr…ow†{†‡oºvmo\hmhm}‰r…vyˆwo‰¶&h p¬hhmoºhm}‰r¬ˆx{owv£io^h

vyo^hyhm}‰rsvˆo\h&zcrsxhmowvy}‰pcjqrijmx{†{x{hmtwo\hq˜¬}Ersv/†L½ow­Gt\ˆrijyx‡}Ep£so,hk}Ep  ˜s˜s†{x{ˆ  jmx{}‰p®

o^hZrijmx{†{x{h  jyowrsvh$vyt  †‡xƒh  pcj1£io\h1hmx‡n1rs† jmx{}‰p¬h$pGrsnutwvyxƒzEr…o^h1tj  pcjuhm}‰rs’Eowpcj ¥… „sx‡jmrst\h `rijmx{†{x{hmowv

£so^h ™ v  ˜…˜¬o\h ™ twvytwo\h²˜  v!rsp ™ o\h€jyx‡}Epsp  x‡vyoZ£so1jyv  ’  ri­¶†‡ounu}i£io£io7hk}Ersnux{hyhmx‡}Epº£io\h³jSEˆ ¥ o^h!£i}Ex«j

hmo!v  ˜s˜svy}iˆ ¥ owv£irnu}i£io,£io$hm}‰r…nZxƒhyhkx{}‰prijmx{†{x{hmt,hkr…v/rsp ™ o\h€jyx‡}Epsp  x{vyoŠ£soŠjmv  ’  ri­®  p…h/ˆwo!nZ}i£io

£souhm}‰r…nZxƒhyhkx{}‰pB¶†L½rijmx{†‡xƒh  jmo^rsvŠ¨©}‰r…vmpsx‡j  r hmgGhkjml^nuoZr…pso7£io^hyˆvyx‡˜sjmx{}‰p4ˆ}‰pcjyowp  pEj,£io\hŠx‡ps¨©}‰vyn  jmx{}‰p…h

˜@}‰r…v&zcrso°† jS‰ˆ ¥ o°˜srsxƒhmhmoTwjmvyo/o­it^ˆwrijmt^o‰®>#&o^hx‡pi¨©}Evmn  jmx{}‰p…h˜¬o^rs’‰o^pEjqˆ}Ep…ˆo^vmpso^v¸˜  vo­io^nZ˜…†‡o³£io^h

˜…vmtwªLvyo^zcrsxƒh·n  jmt^vmx{ow†ƒh&jmow†ƒh/zcrB½rspsoŠj  x{†‡†{o!£½o\hk˜  ˆo!£ixƒhyzEr…o!}‰rrspps}‰n1„svmoŠ£io!˜svy}iˆo\hmhmowrsvh^®

 p…h&rspso ™ vyx{†‡†{o/†{o^h&vmo\hmhm}‰rsvˆo\h‚hk}Epcj&o­i˜s†{}‰x‡jmt^o^h&£io²n  psx‡l^vmo\h ¥ twjmt^vm} ™ lwp…o^h^®U¸p%oD@owj^¶Gx{†¬˜@owrijqg

 ’E}‰x{v£io^hvyo^hyhm}‰rsvˆo\h&ow­i˜s†‡}Ex«jytwo\howp¤nu}i£io!x{pEjyowv  ˆjmx‡¨jyow†{†‡o\h°zcrso,£io\h/h€j  jyx‡}Ep…h/£io!jyv  ’  x‡†rijyx‡†{xƒh pEj

VPW Ù8XYBYZ

†L½}‰v£i}‰psp



p…ˆwowrsv x{pGri­}Er¤£io^h

™ v 

˜s˜@o^h&¨©}‰p…ˆjmx{}‰psp



pcj



’‰o\ˆ²r…phmgih€jylwnuo ux{n

‰™

oŠrspsxƒzcrso,ˆ}EnunZo

o^vmvyx

™‰¥

o\£ 'H)˜



v1ow­iownu˜s†{o‰® °o\hZvmo\hmhm}‰rsvˆo\h!˜@owrs’Eowpcj



r…hyhkx jyvmoo­i˜s†{}‰x‡jmtwo\h$o^p nu}i£io%p…}‰p x{piª

jyowv



ˆjmx‡¨·ˆ}EnunZo7£io\h

™ v 

˜s˜@o^h²¨©}Ep…ˆjyx‡}Epsp



pcj



’‰o\ˆ$r…p

™

o^hkjmx{}‰psp



x‡vyou£ioZjmv

 ’  ri­®K¯°x

™

pso7£i}Ex«jjyvmo

ˆ  ˜  „s†{o%£½o­i˜s†{}‰x‡jmowvuˆo\h$£ixDKtwvyowpcj1j€gG˜@o^hZ£io%vyo^hyhm}‰rsvˆo\h!˜¬}ErsvZowpVv  jyx‡}Ep  †{x{hmowv$†T½ ˆ^ˆl^h^® ²o˜s†‡r¬hw¶

p…}‰r…h!hm}‰r ¥¬ x‡jm}‰p¬h!ˆ}‰p¬hko^vm’EowvŠ†‡o\h,hmgGhkjml^nuo^hŠo­ixƒh€j  pcjyh!hmrsv,†{o^h ™ v  ˜s˜@o^hŠ}‰r4†{o^h,hkj jmx{}‰p…h!£soujmv  ’  x‡†

 …pzEr…o!†‡o^rsvo­i˜s†{}‰x‡j  jmx{}‰ph  p…h·rijmx{†‡xƒhmowv/¯²x™ psoŠvmo\h€jyo³˜@}Ehyhmx‡„s†{o‰®

U¸pVjmowvynuo%£½t^ˆ ¥ o^†‡†{o‰¶¯°x™ pso%£s}‰x‡j$˜¬}Ers’‰}Ex‡vwjmvyorijyx‡†{x{hmt  ’Eo^ˆZrspso ™ vyx‡†{†‡o£so ™ v  p…£so1j  x{†‡†{o%zcrsx

ˆw}‰nu˜@}‰vmjmo˜s†‡r¬hkx{owrsvhZnux‡†{†‡x{owvh7£iovyo^hyhk}Ersvyˆwo^hZ£ixƒhk˜@owvhkt^o^huhmrsvu˜s†‡r¬hkx{owrsvhuhkx‡jmo\h ™ t^} ™ v  ˜ ¥ x{zcrso^nuowpcj

t^†‡}Ex™ pst^h^® ²o°˜s†{r…h^¶Ep…}‰r…hpso²hm}‰r ¥¬ x‡jm}‰p¬h¸˜  hˆ}Ep…hmx{£it^vmo^v¸†{o^h¸vyo^hyhm}‰rsvˆo\h‚rijmx{†{x{hmtwo\hˆ}EnunZo  „…†‡o\h¸oj

jy}‰r ~€}Ersvh&˜…vmt\hko^pEjyo^h·£  p¬h&†Z™ vyx‡†{†{o‰® | }Ersv£io^hqv  xƒhm}‰p…h·£½ £inux{psx{hkjmv  jyx‡}EpB¶Grspso³vmo\hmhm}‰r…vyˆwo°˜@owrij/jyvmo

vyojyx‡vytwou£iou†™ vmx{†{†‡oE®  p…h!ˆo7ˆ  hŠ†‡o7£it^˜  vmj!˜¬o^rij jyvmo  pEjyx{ˆwx‡˜@t‰®  p¬hŠ†‡o7ˆ  hŠ} ºrspsouvyo^hyhk}Ersvyˆwo

o\h€j&’cxƒˆjyx‡nuo³£½r…pso²£itw¨ x{†‡† p¬ˆo‰¶E†‡o²£itw˜  vkj&pso°˜@owrij·˜  h$jyvmo  pcjmxƒˆx{˜¬tE®‰´µ†¬¨  rij  x{p…hkx@zcrso/†{o°hkgihkjml^nZo

˜@}‰r…v ™ vyx{†‡†{o`ˆ}Epcjmx{pcr…o 4¨©}‰p¬ˆjmx{}‰p…psowvn  †™ vyt¤† £sx{hm˜  vyx‡jmx{}‰p £io † vyo^hyhm}‰rsvˆoE® | }‰rsvnZx{psx{nux{hmowv

†{o^hˆw}‰p…hmt^zcrso^p…ˆo\h£io4ˆo\h£it¨



x‡†{†



p…ˆo\hw¶qps}‰jmvyoºhmgih€jylwnuo4£i}‰x‡j˜@}Ehyhmt^£io^v£io\h˜svy}‰˜svyx‡twjmt\h£½



rsjm}ª

vytw˜

 v 

jmx{}‰p® °}‰r…hqjyv



x«jy}‰p…hq£io\h˜svy}‰˜svyx{tjmt\hq£½



rijm}‰ªLvytw˜

 v 

jmx{}‰p£io!¯°x

™

pso!£



p…h '• )È®

²r%˜@}‰x{pcjq£io²’Grso³£so°†L½



£inux‡psxƒhkjmv



jmo^rsv\¶Eps}Er…h·hk}Er

¥…

x‡jm}Ep…hzcrB½rspso²vmo\hmhm}‰r…vyˆwo/˜srsxƒhmhmoTwjmvyo¸~€}Ex‡pcjmo

}Er%vyojyx‡vytwoŠ£ioŠ†1™ vyx{†‡†{o°jyvml\hhkx{nu˜s†{ownuowpcj^¶szcrso³†{oŠhmgih€jylwnuoŠ˜¬}Ersv ™ vyx‡†{†{o²pso!hm}‰x‡j·˜  h·jmvy}‰˜x‡pcjyvmr…hmx‡¨oj

zcrB½x{†BpsoŠvmo\zcrsx‡o^vkj˜  hqrspso!x{p…hkj  †{† jmx{}‰pˆ}Enu˜s†‡xƒzcrstwoE®

-/.- $= 7 9! 97#" ;>=$

…p$£io‚jyv  x«jyowvB† ˜svy}‰„…†‡t^n  jmxƒzcrso¸£io¸†™ v  p¬£io‚t^ˆ ¥ o^†‡†{o‰¶^ps}‰r¬h  ’‰}Ep…h}‰˜sjmt¸˜@}‰rsvrspso&ˆw}‰p…ˆwow˜ijyx‡}Ep

ˆw}‰nu˜s†{ljyownuowpcj²£ixƒhkjmvyx‡„sr…two‰®< /x{p…hmxT¶@†



£st¨



x{†{†



p…ˆo$£B½rsp…o$vyo^hyhk}Ersvyˆwo!zEr…ow†ƒˆ}‰p¬zEr…o!pB½o^pcjmv

&%

pso,˜



h†



£st¨



x{†{†



p…ˆo!ˆ}Enu˜s†‡lwjmo!£ir¤hmgGhkjml^nuo‰®

°}‰r…h7£itwj



x‡†{†‡}Ep…hZ£



p…hF'•H)/†L½rsjmx{†‡xƒh



jmx{}‰p £iovmt\hko



ri­ †{}

™

xƒzcrso^h1˜



x‡vmªªL˜



x{v1ˆ}EnunZo¨©}‰p¬£



jyx‡}Ep

˜@}‰r…v²†{o^hŠhmowvy’cxƒˆo\h°£io

¥… rij³p…x‡’Eo

 r £  p…h²¯°x

™

p…o‰® 

˜svmx{p…ˆwx‡˜



†‡o1v



x{hm}‰p £B½rijyx‡†{xƒh



jmx{}‰p £so^h²vmt\hko



ri­

†{}

™

x{zcrso\hqvmt\hkxƒ£io,£



p…h/†{owr…vyh˜…vm}E˜svmx{tjyt^h£½



rsjm}ªÈ}‰v

™E

psxƒh



jmx{}‰pB¶i£½



rijy}ªÈvmt^˜

 v 

jyx‡}Ep%owj²£io,˜



hmh

™

o

†L½t^ˆ¥ o^†‡†{o‰®

ˆjmrso^†‡†{ownuowpcj\¶…ps}Er…hqpso!˜svy}‰˜@}Ehm}‰p…h·˜  h£io,hm}‰†{rijmx{}‰po¿ˆ  ˆo!˜@}‰rsv†{o^h/˜svm}E„s†{lwnuo^h£io!hmt^ˆwrsvmx‡jmt

owj·˜@}‰r…v&†{o^h·ˆ}EnZn1rspsxƒˆ  jmx{}‰p…h·£iow’  pEjqhw½tj  „s†{x{v ,jmv  ’‰owvh¸£io\hqhko^vm’Eowrsvh‚n  p…£  j  x‡vyo^h}‰r£io^h&˜  vyoª

¨©o^ri­®

-/.(' )+*P9T=@;7:9<;-,*>7.T70/ =1! T7

 ™ rsvyoŠ‹/hmˆ

¥

twn



jyx{hmoq†T½owp…hmown1„s†{o/£io^h‚hmowvy’Gx{ˆwo^h‚£ir7hmgGhkjml^nuo¯°x

™

pso/£ixƒhyˆrijyt^h¸£



p…h‚ˆowj



vmjmxƒˆ†{o‰®

1½



rijyvmo\hhko^vm’Gxƒˆo^hhm}‰pcj/˜svyt^hmowpcjyt^h£



p…h'2H)L®#&o^h/hmowvy’Gx{ˆwo^hq˜@owrs’Eowpcj°hko,ˆw†



hmhmowvo^pjmvy}‰xƒhˆ



jyt

™

}‰vyx‡o\h

zcrsx‚hm}‰pcjŠ†‡o\h³hmowvy’Gx{ˆwo^h³£iou„



h³psx{’‰o



rB¶K†{o^hŠhmowvy’cxƒˆo\h²£so

¥… rij!psx{’‰o



r`owj³†{o^hŠhmowvy’cxƒˆo\h²£B½x{pcjmowvm¨



ˆwo

†L½rijmx{†‡xƒh



jmo^rsv\®

3#4657498 : Á ž&;#<ä  Á œ7Æ Á › Ÿsœ>=?<@; Á Ÿ

 p…h&¯°x™ p…o‰¶cps}‰r…h  ’‰}Ep…h¸ˆw}‰p&%wrrspo^p…hko^n$„s†{o²£so²hmowvy’cxƒˆo\hw¶c£ix‡jyh·£io²„  h¸p…x‡’Eo  r®#&}EnZnuo°£  p…h

r…p$hkgihkjml^nZo·£½o­i˜s†{}‰x‡j



jyx‡}Ep,ˆ†



hyhkxƒzcrso‰¶^†T½x{pEjytwvj £io&ˆwo^hhko^vm’Gxƒˆo^h£io„



hp…x‡’Eo



r!p½o\h€j˜



h£io¸¨©}Ersvypsx‡v

W

ãäá¾åÈØ

Interface de soumission des tâches

Informations d’exécution

Équilibrage de charge

Transfert de fichiers

Gestionnaire d’applications

Allocation de ressources

Réservation de ressources

Réseau P2P structuré

Réseau P2P non structuré Interface

avec le gestionnaire

local

‹M /vˆ ¥ x‡jmo^ˆjmrsvyo!£ir¤hkgihkjml^nZoŠ¯²x™ pso

£sx‡vyo^ˆjmownuo^pEjZ£io^h,hmowvy’Gx{ˆwo^h †L½rijmx{†‡xƒh jmo^rsv$n  x{h$˜s†‡rsj jZ£io7¨©}‰r…vmpsx{v$£io\h!¨©}Ep…ˆjyx‡}Epsp  †{x‡jmt^h$˜¬}Ersv,†{o^h

hmowvy’Gx{ˆwo^hq£io ¥… rijpsx{’‰o  rB®

…p`£½ hyhkr…vmo^v†‡o\h/ˆ}EnZn1rspsxƒˆ  jmx{}‰p…ho^pcjmvyo!†‡o\h°£ixD@t^vmo^pcjyhp!r¬£sh°£io$†u™ vmx{†‡†{o!oj²owp £it^˜sx«j³£io^h

£st¨ x{†{† p…ˆo\h²˜@}‰r…’  pcjŠx{pcjmo^vm’Eowpsx{v^¶@ps}Er…h  ’‰}Ep…h²ˆw}‰p&%wr £io^ri­ hmowvy’Gx{ˆwo^hŠzcrsx‚}DKvmo^pcjŠ£io\h!ˆ}Er…ˆ ¥ o^hŠ£io

ˆw}‰nun$r…psx{ˆ  jyx‡}EpZjmv  ’‰o^vyh·£io\hqvmt\hko  ri­†{} ™ x{zcrso\hq˜  x{vkª ªÈ˜  x‡v\®

" p ˜svyownux‡o^v%hmowvy’cxƒˆo¤˜@owvynuoj£B½twj  „…†‡x{v£io\h%ˆw}‰nun$rsp…x{ˆ  jmx{}‰p¬hºjmv  ’‰o^vyhursp vyt^hmo  rdž‡} ™ xƒzEr…o

hkjmvyr…ˆjmrsvyt‰®

o\hvyt^hmo



ri­ †‡}

™

xƒzcrso^hh€jyvmr¬ˆjmr…vmt\h%} D@vyowpcj¤£io^h¨©}‰p¬ˆjmx{}‰p…p



†{x«jyt^h£ioºps}‰nun

™

o`oj £io

†{}iˆ



†‡xƒh



jmx{}‰p o¿ˆ



ˆo\hw®  p¬h7¯°x

™

psoE¶ps}Er…h



’E}‰p…hunuxƒhowp!r…’cvyorsp vyt^hmo



rdž{}

™

x{zcrso hkjmvyr…ˆjyrsvyt

¨©}Ep…£ituhkr…v |‚ h€jyvmg '{‹^”H)È®! /x{p…hkxL¶x{†o\h€j ™E v  pcjmxzcrsouˆ ¥… zEr…o1p!r¬£`£ioZ†™ vyx{†‡†{o$˜@owrijwjmvyo1xƒ£iowpcjyx…t

£so²n  p…x‡l^vmo²rspsxƒzEr…o²owj·pB½x{nZ˜@}‰vmjmoŠzcrsow†Kp!r¬£˜@owrij/ˆ}Epcj  ˆjmo^v˜  v&vy}‰rij ™ o°pB½x‡nu˜@}‰vmjmoŠzcrsow†  rsjmvyo

p!r…£,o^p$rsp1ps}‰n1„svmo&†‡x{nux«jyt·£so·h  rijhw®H ’‰o^ˆ |‚ hkjmvyg‰¶ ˆo&ps}‰n1„svmo·£ioqh  rijyho^hkjo^p$nu} g‰o^pspso

log16(n)

}

no^hkj†‡o!p…}‰n$„…vmoŠ£io!p!r…£…h£  p…hq†{o!vyt^hmo  r®

" phmo^ˆw}‰p…£hmowvy’cxƒˆoŠ˜@owvynuoj°£½tj  „s†{x‡v/£so^h/ˆw}‰nun$rsp…x{ˆ  jmx{}‰p¬h Zjyv  ’Eowvhr…pvyt^hmo  r%†{} ™ x{zcrsoŠps}Ep

hkjmvyr…ˆjmrsvyt‰® #&ohko^vm’Gxƒˆo¸˜@owvynuoj £io†{}iˆ  †{xƒhko^v£io^hp!r…£sh£  p…hB†{ohmgGhkjml^nuo ˜  vkjyx‡v£½rspso&£so^hyˆvyx‡˜ijyx‡}Ep

¨©}Ep…£it^o²hmrsvrsp%owp…hmown1„s†‡o³£½ jkjyvmx{„srijhw®>#&}‰pcjyv  x‡vyownuowpcj  r%hko^vm’Gxƒˆo/£io²vmt\hko  rhkjmvyr…ˆjyrsvyt‰¶Eˆwo²hmowvy’Gx{ˆwo

p½} D@vyou˜  hŠ†™E v  pcjyx‡ou£ioujmvy}‰r…’‰owvŠrsp4p!r¬£ ˆw}‰vyvmo\hk˜@}‰p…£  pcj rsp…o£io^hyˆvyx‡˜sjmx{}‰pB®  vyo^ˆ ¥ owvˆ ¥ o

£  p…h$rspVvyt^hmo  r p…}‰pVhkjmvyr…ˆjyrsvmthw½o*DKo^ˆjmrso˜  v1x‡p…}‰p…£  jmx{}‰p }Er ˜  vZ£io^h1’  vyx pEjyo^h,£B½x{ps}‰p¬£  jyx‡}Ep

£B½rsp…o!vmo\zEr&jmo!£  p…hq†{o!vmt\hko  rB®  p…hq¯²x™ pso‰¶…ˆwo!hko^vm’GxƒˆoŠo^hkjq¨©}‰p…£it,hmrsv†{o!˜svy}jm}iˆw}‰†{oŠfiˆ  nu˜ 'Ž )L®

" p jyvm}Ex{hmx{lwnuo7hko^vm’GxƒˆoZo^hkj!ˆ ¥¬ v ™ tu£ioZ¨ x{vmou†L½x{pcjmowvm¨ ˆwo  ’‰o^ˆ1†{o ™ o^hkjmx{}‰psp  x{vmoZ†‡}iˆ  †‚£ioˆ ¥… zEr…o

vyo^hyhm}‰rsvˆoE®/}Er…h



’‰}Ep…h¸t^’‰}izcrstŠ£



p…h·†

 ˜ 

vmjmx{oŠ“s®‡‹Šzcrso³†‡o\hqvmo\hmhm}‰rsvˆo\h¸˜@}‰rs’



x‡o^pEj6jyvmoŠow­G˜…†‡}Ex«jytwo^h



’Eo^ˆ!£ixDKtwvyowpcj

™

o\h€jyx‡}Epsp



x‡vyo^h/£so,vmo\hmhm}‰r…vyˆwo^hq†{}Gˆ



ri­®

o$hmowvy’Gx{ˆwo,£½x{pcjmo^vk¨



ˆo



’Eo^ˆŠ†{o

™

o\h€jyx‡}Epsp



x‡vyo

†{}iˆ



†¬¨©}Ersvypsx«jqrspsoŠx{pcjmowvm¨



ˆwo

™

twpst^vmxƒzcrso²zcrsxo\h€jhm˜¬t\ˆx



†{x{hmtwo³˜¬}Ersvˆ

¥…

zcrso²j€gG˜¬oŠ£io

™

o\h€jyx‡}Epsp



x‡vyo²£io

vyo^hyhm}‰rsvˆo\hw®

U¸p…pB¶ps}Er…h  ’‰}‰p¬h°ˆ}Ep&%r`rspºhmowvy’Gx{ˆwo1£ioZvyt^hmowvy’  jmx{}‰p £ioZvyo^hyhk}Ersvyˆwo^h^®<#&ouhko^vm’Gxƒˆo  ˜@}‰rsv³„srij

£so ™ twvyowv† ˆw}‰p…ˆwrsvyvmo^p…ˆo³£½ ˆwˆwl^h ,rspso³vyo^hyhk}Ersvyˆwo°zcrsxhko^v  x«j·v  vmoE®°}‰r…h·pB½ ’‰}Ep…h¸˜  ho^p…ˆ}Evmo²nux{h

o^p!r…’cvyo!ˆo!hmowvy’cxƒˆo!£  p…hq¯°x™ p…o‰®

3#465743 : Á ž&;#<ä  Á œ7Æ Á Ÿ =?<@; Á Ÿ

°}‰r…h



’‰}Ep…h/ˆw}‰p&%wr`zcr



jyvmoZhko^vm’Gxƒˆo^h²£io

¥… rij³psx{’‰o



rB¶¬¨©}‰p…£it\h³owp ˜ 

vkjyx‡oZhkr…v²†{o^hŠhmowvy’cxƒˆo\h/˜svytª

hmowpcjyt^h£



p…hq†

 ˜ 

vkjyx‡o,“s®—…®‡‹E®

VPW Ù8XYBYZ

"

p˜…vmo^nZx{owv/hmowvy’Gx{ˆwo



˜s˜@ow†{t

™

o^hkjmx{}‰psp



x{vmoŠ£½



˜s˜s†{xƒˆ



jyx‡}Ep…h·o^hkj°ˆ

¥… v ™

t³£ioŠ¨©}‰r…vmpsx{v



ri­



˜s˜s†{xƒˆ

 ª

jyx‡}Ep…hq†{o³nu} gEowp£soŠh^½o­it^ˆwrijmo^v 

„s†{ownuo^pEj\®/}Er…hqvmo^’‰o^ps}‰p…h&˜s†{r…hqowp¤£itwj



x‡†Bhmrsvˆo,hmowvy’Gx{ˆwo³£



p…h·†



˜  vmjmx{oŠ—…®

" p hmo^ˆ}Ep…£`hmowvy’Gx{ˆwo‰¶  ˜s˜@ow†{t  †‡†{}iˆ  jmowr…v²£ioZvmo\hmhm}‰r…vyˆwo^h^¶so^hkjŠˆ ¥¬ v ™ t$£iou£it\ˆ}‰r…’cvyx{v°oj!£½ †{†‡}Ersowv

£so^hqvyo^hyhk}Ersvyˆwo^h&†‡x{„svyo^h£io!†Z™ vyx‡†{†{o  ri­  ˜s˜s†{x{ˆ  jmx{}‰p¬hw®P#&o!hmowvy’cxƒˆoŠo\h€j/£itwj  x{†{†‡t,£  p…hq† ˜  vmjmx{o

¯²x™ psoq˜¬}chmhml^£io  r…hmhmxGrsp7hko^vm’Gxƒˆoq£io·jmv  p…hk¨©owvmj‚£io ¬ˆ¥ x{owvh owpcjmvyo&p!r…£sh‚zcrsxi˜@owvynZowj£io·jmv  p…hk¨©tª

vyowv&jm}Er…hq†{o^h·tw†{twnuowpcjhqpst^ˆwo^hyh  x‡vyo^h 1†L½o­it^ˆwrijmx{}‰p£ix{hkj pcjmo!£½rspso  ˜s˜…†‡xƒˆ  jmx{}‰pB®&#&oŠhko^vm’Gxƒˆo³˜¬o^vmnuoj

$†T½rijyx‡†{x{h jyowrsvq£io³pso°˜  h·hkoŠhk}Er…ˆx{owv·£ir£stw˜s†{}‰x{ownuowpcjq£io @ˆ ¥ x‡o^vyh„sx{p  x{vmo\h&£so°†L½ ˜s˜s†{x{ˆ  jmx{}‰p%oj£io^h

@ˆ ¥ x‡o^vyhq£½owpcjyvmt^o!}‰r£io!hk}Evkjyx‡oE®

°}‰r…h  ’E}‰p…h  r…hyhmxqˆw}‰p&%wr=r…p hmowvy’Gx{ˆwo£½t^zcrsx{†{x‡„sv ™ o£io¤ˆ ¥… v ™ o‰® #&o¤hko^vm’Gxƒˆoo^hkju†{o˜¬o^p…£  pEj

£sgcp  nux{zcrso4£ioº†T½ †{†{}Gˆ  jyowrsv£ioºvmo\hmhm}‰rsvˆo\hw® U¸pXo*DKoj^¶q†{oºjmownu˜…h£½o­it\ˆrijyx‡}EpQ£½rspso jSEˆ ¥ o o\h€j

hm}‰r…’‰owpcjx{nZ˜…vmt^’cxƒhmx‡„s†{o‰® /x{p…hmx‰rspsovmo\hmhm}‰rsvˆops}Ep,ˆ ¥ }‰xƒhkx{o ˜  v†T½ †{†‡}iˆ  jmo^rsv£iovmo\hmhm}‰rsvˆo\h@˜srsxƒhmzcrB½ow†{†‡o

twj  x«j$}iˆ^ˆrs˜@two˜@owrsjZhmovmowjmvy}‰rs’Eowv!†{x‡„…vmo  ˜svyl^h!rspVˆw}‰rsvmj$x{p…hkj  pcj\® ½}‰„s~€o^ˆjyx«¨o\h€j1£soˆ}Evmvyx™ owvŠ†{o^h

£st^hmt^zcrsx{†‡x{„svyo^h£ioˆ

¥… v ™

o·zEr…xc˜@owr…’‰owpcj¸hmo&˜svy}i£irsx{vmoq£



p…h ˆo^h ˆ



hkªL†s® /}‰jmvyo



˜s˜svy}Gˆ

¥

o&£½t^zcrsx{†‡x{„sv

™

o

£so1ˆ

¥… v ™

o,o^hkj°¨©}Ep…£itwoZhkr…v²†



nux

™ v 

jmx{}‰p £so$˜@}‰x{pEjh²£so1vyow˜svyxƒhko$£B½



˜s˜s†{x{ˆ



jmx{}‰p¬hw®‚j



pEj!£i}Epspst1zcrso

p…}‰r…h‚p…o²hm}‰r

¥… x«jy}‰p…h ˜



h¸nu}i£ix…owv&†‡o\h



˜…˜s†‡xƒˆ



jmx{}‰p…h£io^hrijmx{†‡xƒh



jmo^rsvhw¶cˆojmjmo¨©}Ep…ˆjyx‡}Epsp



†‡x‡jmt/x{nu˜¬}chko

†{ohmrs˜s˜@}‰vmj£ir$hmgih€jylwnuohm}‰r…hkª{~  ˆo^pcjˆ}‰nunuo o^vmvyx™E¥ o^£ ' )E˜  vow­iownu˜s†{o‰®°}‰r…hpB½ ’‰}‰p¬hK˜  howp…ˆw}‰vyo

nuxƒhqowp !rs’GvyoŠˆwojmjmoŠ¨©}‰p¬ˆjmx{}‰p…p  †{x«jyt!£  p…hq¯²x™ pso‰®

3#4657465 : Á ž&;#<ä  Á œ Å ž <(<äœ\Ÿi Á ž

°}‰r…h˜svyt^hmowpcjm}Ep…hn  x‡pcjmo^p  pcj¤£iowrs­ hko^vm’Gxƒˆo^hzcrsx!hk}EpEjˆ ¥… v ™ t\h%£io ¨ x{vyo`†L½x{pcjmowvm¨  ˆwo`o^pEjyvmo

†L½rijmx{†‡xƒh jmo^rsvoj/†{o,hmgGhkjml^nuo‰®

o/hko^vm’Gxƒˆoq£io/hk}Ersnux{hyhmx‡}EpZ£io·jS‰ˆ

¥

o\h ˜¬o^vmnuoj Š†L½rijmx{†‡xƒh



jmo^rsv¸£io/hm}‰rsnuowjkjmvyohko\h



˜s˜…†‡xƒˆ



jmx{}‰p…h o^p

¨©}Ersvypsx{hyh



pcj°rspsou£io\hmˆwvmx{˜ijmx{}‰p ˆ}‰nu˜@}‰vmj



pEj°jmvy}‰xƒh°˜



vkjyx‡o\hw®



˜svmo^nux‡l^vmo1˜



vmjmx{o1ˆw}‰nu˜¬}Evkjyo,†{o^hŠˆ

¥

oª

nux{p…h&’‰owvh‚†{o^h„sx‡p



x{vmo\h¸oj·†‡o\h @ˆ

¥

x‡o^vyh£½o^pcjmvytwohk}Evkjyx‡o/£so°†L½



˜s˜s†{x{ˆ



jmx{}‰p® 

hko\ˆ}‰p¬£io/˜



vkjyx‡o°£s}‰pspso

r…psoZ£so^hyˆvyx‡˜ijyx‡}Ep £io\hŠtw†{twnuowpcjh²n



jmtwvyx{ow†ƒh²owj³†{}

™

x{ˆwx‡o^†{h³vyo^zcrsxƒh³˜¬}ErsvŠ†T½o­it^ˆwrijmx{}‰pº£iou†T½



˜…˜s†‡xƒˆ



jmx{}‰pB®



jyvm}Ex{hmx‡l^nuo1˜



vkjyx‡oZˆ}EnZ˜@}‰vmjmoZ£io^h³t^†‡t^nZo^pcjyh³}‰˜ijyx‡}Epspso^†{hŠzcrsx



nutw†{x{}‰vyowpcj²†{o$¨©}Ep…ˆjyx‡}Epspso^nZo^pcjŠ£io

†L½ ˜s˜s†{xƒˆ  jyx‡}Epn  x{h²zcrsxpsoZhk}Epcj/˜  h²ˆvyx«jyx{zcrso\hw® }‰vh£½rspsoZhk}Ersnux{hyhkx{}‰p¶sx‡†¨ rij²¨©}‰rsvypsx{v/†{o ¬ˆ ¥ x{owv

£so²£io\hmˆwvmx{˜ijmx{}‰p£io°† jS‰ˆ ¥ o²ojq†T½ £ivyo^hyhmo°£½rspso°n  ˆ ¥ x‡p…o äzcrso^†{ˆw}‰p…zcrso¸£io³†,™ vyx{†‡†{o°zcrsxKo­it^ˆwrijmo²†‡o

hmgih€jylwnuoŠ¯°x™ psoE®

ohmowvy’cxƒˆo£½x{pi¨©}Evmn  jyx‡}EpV£½o­it^ˆwrijmx{}‰p ˜@owrijuvyowp…hmowx™ pso^v,†L½rijyx‡†{xƒh  jmowr…v1hmrsv1†L½tj  jZ£iohk}Ep  ˜iª

˜…†‡xƒˆ  jmx{}‰pB®B´µ†&pB½o^hkj$˜  h,˜¬}chmhmx‡„…†‡o%£soˆ}‰p…p &%jmvyo7†T½tj  j1£B½ ’  p¬ˆownuo^pEj$£B½rsp…o  ˜s˜…†‡xƒˆ  jmx{}‰p h  p…h!o^p

 ’E}‰x{vx‡p¬h€jyvmrsnuo^pEjyt$†{o1ˆw}G£so‰®#&o^˜¬o^p…£  pEj³†‡oZhko^vm’Gxƒˆo,o\h€j³ˆ  ˜  „s†{o$£½x‡p¬£ix{zcrso^v³hmxr…pso  ˜s˜s†{x{ˆ  jmx{}‰p 

twjmt7ow­Gt\ˆrijytwo7hmrsv,rspso7vyo^hyhm}‰rsvˆoE¶Khmx¸rsp…o  ˜s˜s†{xƒˆ  jyx‡}Ep  jyowvynZx{psthm}‰p4o­it\ˆrijyx‡}Ep }Erºo^p…ˆ}Evmo7hmx‚†

vyo^hyhm}‰rsvˆo ¥ tw„@owv™ o  pcj†T½ ˜s˜…†‡xƒˆ  jmx{}‰p  hmrs„sxr…pso,£it¨ x‡†{† p…ˆwo‰®

9 B,++), k) 8·)Šw,+

oZhmowvy’Gx{ˆwo$£io ™ o^hkjmx{}‰p`£B½ ˜s˜s†{x{ˆ  jmx{}‰p  rsp v ‰†{o$˜…vmx{nu}‰v£ix †£  p…h²¯°x™ psoE®!#&oZhko^vm’Gxƒˆo$o\h€j³vmo\h€ª

˜@}‰p¬h  „s†‡o£ir7ˆwgGˆw†‡o£io’Gx{o/ˆ}EnZ˜…†‡owj‚£B½rsp…o  ˜s˜s†{xƒˆ  jyx‡}EpB® }EvyhyzcrB½rspso  ˜s˜…†‡xƒˆ  jmx{}‰pZo^hkj‚hm}‰r…nZxƒhmoq£  p…h

¯²x™ pso‰¶Krsp ™ o\h€jyx‡}Epsp  x{vyo$£½ ˜s˜s†{xƒˆ  jyx‡}Ep`˜@}Ehyhkt\£  pcj³rsp`xƒ£iowpcjyx  pcj³rsp…x{zcrsoZo^hkj  rijy}‰n  jyx{zcrso^nZo^pcj

W

ãäá¾åÈØ