Description et indexation automatiques des documents multimédias : du fantasme à la réalité

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Submitted on 1 Jul 2011

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Description et indexation automatiques des documents multimédias : du fantasme à la réalité

Patrick Gros

To cite this version:

Patrick Gros. Description et indexation automatiques des documents multimédias : du fantasme à la réalité. Documentaliste - Sciences de l’Information, ADBS, 2005, 42 (6), pp.383-391. �inria-00605314�

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ŠwVŒ7x5rh}x~tbŠs‚‚7x~y…„Ÿ‡1t1‚5‚wVps‚5wVpupsy{xwVx7ozy{ptbx€;}st¢x~y{}ux~t!Œ~t1„‘stbŒ~„~‘stœy{}pw

oqž\wVx7ozy{p

wV}ux7Œ~tR€\}st$„‘uŒ~y{psy{†zy{ž*oz€\}st^pen—t1‚7x¢Šw{‚¢Šy*‚~‚7oqu†zt$y{}±Œ~t1‚~x~tšx7Œ~¡1‚!Š‡bpuoqu†zt*˜

šwVps‚Û†ztruy{wVoqpstŠuŒ~yV¯t1‚~‚~ozy{pupstb†l´†zt1‚wVžŸtbps„1t1‚rutŠu‘sy{x~y*‚y{p;x‡bx~‡5†zt1‚ÛŠuŒ~tboz¡bŒ~t1‚

„1y{p;xw{„bx~‡1t1‚–…uoztbpE€\}en—tb†q†zt1‚5pst‚y{oztbp\x6Šw{‚†zt1‚6‚~tb}u†zt1‚6µRžŸ‡bŒ~tbŒrutž*ŒwVpsrut1‚¢€\}wVp;x7oqx~‡1‚

rnoqwVžŸt1‚´˜umOn™wVx7x~tbp\x7ozy{pŽw‡bx~‡¯°y{Œ7x~tbtbp\x6¯°y;„–wV†qoz‚~‡1tš‚7}uŒ†ztœx7Œw

wVoq†erut1‚¢ruy;„b}utbp;xwT“

†qoz‚~x~t1‚€\}uoužŸ¡bŒ~tbp;xO†zt1‚Šu‘sy{x~y*‚OtbxŒ~‡bŠy{psrutbp\x5wV}hv'Œ~t1€\}sÌbx~t1‚rut1‚„b†qoztbp\x~‚–˜ŸÕ•†ut1‚7xx~y{}ux~t=“

¯°y{oz‚x7Œ~¡1‚

oqx~tšwVŠuŠwVŒ7}E€\}st†zt1‚Œ~t1€\}sÌbx~t1‚¢‡bxwVoztbp;x!rutx7Œ~¡1‚‘wV}ux6puo

t–wV}E‚~‡bwVp\x7oz€;}st

tbx€\}stR†zt1‚ruy…„b}utbp\xwV†qoz‚7x~t1‚œŠy{}

wVoztbp;x‚–n™wVŠuŠu}u¨ŸtbŒš‚7}uŒ!}upstR+y{pupst­„1y{pupwVoz‚‚wVps„1t

rut1‚'t1‚~y{oqps‚rh}’„b†qoztbp\x–y{}‹‚~}uŒ}upst›„1y{ŠuŒ~‡b‘stbps‚7ozy{pÄrut‚ZwŽrutbwVpsrutE€;}uo6pen—t1‚7x

Šw{‚5¯°y{Œ7tb†q†zt*htbx6‚~}uŒ5†ztb}uŒ6‡by{oqŒ~t$rh}›„1y{p\x~tbp\}Žrut†ˆw„1y{†q†zt1„bx7ozy{p±€;}en—tb†q†zt1‚5žŸ¡bŒ~tbp;x–˜

y{}ux~t1‚›„~‘sy*‚~t1‚›€;}en}upMy{Œ~rhoqpwVx~tb}uŒ±w‰rh}MwV†$µ‰žŸ‡bŒ~tbŒ–˜ƒwVoz‚ªoq†št=v…oz‚7x~tŽrn™wV}ux7Œ~t1‚

x{„‘st1‚$y Ž†ln—y{Œ~rhoqpwVx~tb}uŒ$Štb}ux­w

y{oqŒš}up‰wVŠuŠ+y{Œ7xœoqp\x~‡bŒ~t1‚‚wVp\x–˜y{}ux­rn™wV+y{Œ~rƒrswVps‚

†ln™wVozrutªµ›†ln™wVpupsy{xwVx7ozy{perswVps‚­}up©¯y{ps„bx7ozy{pupstbtbp;x‚tbo”“•wV}ux~y{wVx7oz€\}st*Ûy ‰†ln—y{Œ~rho”“

pwVx~tb}uŒŠtb}ux5‚~y{oqx5ŠuŒ~y{Š+y*‚~tbŒrut1‚wVpupsy{xwVx7ozy{ps‚¢µ­}upªruy…„b}utbp\xwV†qoz‚7x~tš€;}uos†zt1‚

wV†qozrut

tbx!„1y{Šu†z¡bx~t*‚~y{oqxwVpupsy{x~tbŒwV}ux~y{wVx7oz€;}stbtbp\xœ}upstšŠwVŒ7x7ozt$rut­„1y{†q†zt1„bx7ozy{pŽµŠwVŒ7x7oqŒ

rut1‚šwVpupsy{xwVx7ozy{ps‚š¯lwVoqx~t1‚wVp;}stb†q†ztbtbp\xR‚~}uŒ}upstwV}ux7Œ~tRŠwVŒ7x7ozt*˜e¹t^x¸¨…Š+t^rut­¯°y{ps„=“

x7ozy{pupstbtbp;x­Štb}uxš„1y{p

tbpuoqŒ­Šy{}uŒšrut1‚šŠy*‚~‚~t1‚‚~tb}uŒ~‚rn™wVŒ~„‘uo

t1‚R€;}uopen—y{p\x$Šw{‚š†zt1‚

y´¨Ÿtbps‚^rn™wVpupsy{x~tbŒ^wVp\}stb†q†ztbtbp;x^†ln—tbps‚~tb^u†ztªrut'†ztb}uŒ„1y{†q†zt1„bx7ozy{peeŠwVŒRt=vutbŠu†zt

†zt1‚ª€\}sy{x7ozrhoztbps‚ªŒ~‡bž*ozy{pwV}hvĀ;}uo!Œ~‡1„b}uŠ¡bŒ~tbp\xErutEž*ŒwVpsrut1‚€\}wVp;x7oqx~‡1‚rnoqwVžŸt1‚rut

†ztb}uŒ~‚„1y{Œ7Œ~t1‚7Šy{psrswVp\x~‚'†zy…„–wV}hv˜*$wVps‚^„1truy{wVoqpst*†zt„1y{}uŠu†ˆwVžŸttbp\x7Œ~tEwVŠuŠwVŒ~tboq†z‚

Šu‘sy{x~y*‚¢tbx¢‚7¨h‚7x~¡bt1‚6rutœŠ+y*‚~oqx7ozy{pupstbtbp\x!ŠwVŒ¢‚wVx~tb†q†qoqx~t1‚­Ôšy{}$wV†qoq†zt1y\Ö6wVŠuŠy{Œ§“

x~tbŒw}upst­wVozrutRwVŠuŠuŒ~‡1„boˆwVu†zt*˜

mwŒ~t1„‘stbŒ~„~‘strut1‚„1y{Šuozt1‚œoq†q†z‡bž\wV†zt1‚œrut

oztbp;xoqps„1y{p;x~y{}uŒ7pwVu†ztru¡1‚€;}en}up Šy*‚§“

‚t1‚~‚~tb}uŒ6rnoqwVžŸt1‚

tb}ux5}ux7oq†qoz‚~tbŒ6oqp;x~tbŒ7pstbx¢Š+y{}uŒ5¯°wVoqŒ~tš„1y{pupwzx7Œ~tš‚~y{p¯°y{psr\†ztœ‚~y{}s„bo

rh}ƒŠuoqŒwVxwVžŸtrut

oztbp\xšwT¶§tb}uŒ–˜²wVoz‚œ†ln™wVŠu†ztb}uŒšrut†ˆwx{„~‘stt1‚7xœoqtbps‚~t„1y{'“

tbp;x„1y{ph¯Œ~y{p\x~tbŒx~y{}ux~t1‚†zt1‚'oqwVžŸt1‚€\}st›†ln—y{p’Štb}ux'x7Œ~y{}

tbŒ‚7}uŒ'oqp\x~tbŒ7pstbxªw

t1„

„1tb†q†zt1‚5rn{}upst!„1y{†q†zt1„bx7ozy{pªrut!Šu†q}s‚7oztb}uŒ~‚Ooq†q†qozy{ps‚5rnoqwVžŸt1‚*·š¹5†ˆwVoqŒ~tbtbp;x–\oq†spst6Štb}ux

¨ƒw

y{oqŒ­rut'‚~y{†q}ux7ozy{p‰€;}en™wV}ux~y{wVx7oz‚~‡1t*ewV}²y{oqps‚$Š+y{}uŒœ}up©ŠuŒ~tboztbŒ$x7Œ7ol˜Õ¸†Û¨ƒw†ˆµ

}upŠuŒ~y{u†z¡btoqp;x~‡bŒ~t1‚~‚wVp;x–Û€;}uo5„1y{Œ7Œ~t1‚~Š+y{psrCµE}up

ŒwVot1‚~y{oqpCtbxRŠy{}uŒR†zt1€;}stb†oq†

pen¨EwŠw{‚rut$‚y{†q}ux7ozy{p±wVp\}stb†q†ztRŠ+y*‚~‚~oqu†zt*˜

œtªpsy{RuŒ~tb}s‚t1‚wV}ux7Œ~t1‚wVŠuŠu†qoz„–wVx7ozy{ps‚‚~y{p\x'Šy*‚~‚7oqu†zt1‚–Û„1y{Œ7Œ~t1‚7Šy{psrswVp\xµƒrut1‚

„1y{†q†zt1„bx7ozy{ps‚ªŠwVŒ7x7oz„b}u†qoz¡bŒ~t1‚rnoqwVžŸt1‚–˜Õ•†!¨’whx~y{}uxªrn™wVy{Œ~rx~y{}ux~t1‚ª†zt1‚wVŠuŠu†qoz„–wT“

x7ozy{ps‚uozy{‡bx7Œ7oz€\}st1‚–˜oqps‚7o¢†ztE‚~¨…‚7x~¡btErut

ozru‡1y©‚7}uŒ

tboq†q†ˆwVps„1t †zy{psruy{puoztbp t1‚7x§“loq†

„1y{}uŠu†z‡^µ}up±‚7¨…‚~x~¡bt$rutšŒ~t1„1y{pupwVoz‚~‚wVps„1t­rut

oz‚wVžŸt1‚!€;}uowŠ+tbŒ7oz‚!Šu†q}s‚7oztb}uŒ~‚wVŒ§“

Œ~t1‚~xwVx7ozy{ps‚–˜*$wVps‚†ztruy{wVoqpstªŠy{†qoz„boztbŒx~y{}{¶§y{}uŒ~‚–†ˆw Š+y{†qoz„1tR¶ }srhoz„boˆwVoqŒ~tª¯ŒwVp–wVoz‚~t

}ux7oq†qoz‚t›}up«‚~¨…‚7x~¡bt›rutŒ~t1„1y{pupwVoz‚~‚wVps„1t±Š+y{}uŒ„1y{ŠwVŒ~tbŒrut1‚'oqwVžŸt1‚Š‡1ruy{Šu‘uoq†zt

wT®sprutŒ~tbx7Œ~y{}

tbŒ^„1tb†q†ztª€\}uo5‚~tbŒwVoztbp\x^ŠuŒ7oz‚~t1‚RrswVps‚R}upstÌbtŠuoz¡1„1t*y{}‰Œ~tbx7Œ~y{}h“

¯°y{Œ7x~tbtbp\xªrutbwVpsrutb}uŒxwVp\xŠ+y{}uŒ†ˆwŽ¯°y{Œ7wVx7ozy{p‹rut1‚‡1rut1„boqps‚€;}stŠ+y{}uŒ†ln—t=v…“

Šu†zy{oqxwVx7ozy{p›rut1‚Ox7Œ~¡1‚psy{RuŒ~tb}s‚~t1‚oqwVžŸt1‚5ŠuŒ~y;rh}uoqx~t1‚œÔcŠ+y{}uŒ„1y{ŠwVŒ~tbŒrut1‚5y{Œ7ž\wVpst1‚

ŠwVx7‘sy{†zy{ž*oz€;}st1‚–ŒwVŠuŠuŒ~y;„‘stbŒrut1‚!„–w{‚wVx•¨;Šuoz€;}st1‚!ŠwVŒ!t=vutbŠu†zt´Ö=˜mw‡bx~‡1y{Œ~y{†zy{ž*ozt*

†zt1‚6‚wVx~tb†q†qoqx~t1‚¢‚y{p\x¢rutœx7Œ~¡1‚5ž*Œ~y*‚6Šy{}uŒ

y–¨Ÿtb}uŒ!rutšruy{pups‡1t1‚¢€;}uo4pstš‚~y{p;x6Šw{‚t=vhŠu†zy{o”“

x~‡1t1‚wV}uxwVp\x€;}en—tb†q†zt1‚¢Šy{}uŒ7ŒwVoztbp\x–˜

"!#%$'&()* ,+.-

/w{„1tƒµ¬„1t1‚t1‚~y{oqps‚–5rut €;}stb†z‚y{}ux7oq†z‚rhoz‚7Š+y*‚tbp\x†zt1‚„~‘stbŒ~„‘stb}uŒ~‚s·¬Úp Štb}ux

rhoz‚~x7oqpuž*}stbŒ^rutb}hv¬wVŠuŠuŒ~y;„‘st1‚–Û‚7}uo

wVp;x^€;}st†ln—y{p¬„‘stbŒ~„~‘stEµEru‡1„bŒ7oqŒ~t†lnoqwVžŸtªrswVps‚

‚Zwx~y{xwV†qoqx~‡­y{} ‚~tb}u†ztbtbp;xrut1‚¢ŠwVŒ7x7ozt1‚rut$„1tb†q†zt=“¸„bol˜

0

),/21*),/50 3=.:45) '3 /54 +.2 6!8 '6A

$wVps‚†ˆwœŠuŒ~tboz¡bŒ~twVŠuŠuŒ~y…„~‘st*\y{p„~‘stbŒ~„‘stµš„–wV†”“

„b}u†ztbŒ¢rut1‚¢rut1‚~„bŒ7oqŠux~tb}uŒ~‚!ž*†zy{wV}hv˜hÎp›†ln™wVs‚~tbps„1t$rutœx~y{}ux~tœoqpsrhoz„–wVx7ozy{p ‚7}uŒ†lnoqwVžŸt*

y{pŽtbp t1‚7x!Œ~‡1rh}uoqxšµy{s‚~tbŒ

tbŒ†ztR‚7oqž*pwV†uozrhoqtbps‚7ozy{pupstb†„1y{ps‚7x7oqx7}wVp;x†lnoqwVžŸt*˜+Õ¸ph“

¯°y{Œ7wVx7oz€;}stbtbp\x–¢}upstƒoqwVžŸt²‚~tƒŠuŒ~‡1‚~tbp\x~t©„1y{tƒ}up xwVu†zt²Œ~t1„bxwVpuž*}u†ˆwVoqŒ~t©rut

rn—‡b†z‡btbp;x~‚!‡b†z‡btbp\xwVoqŒ~t1‚œwVŠuŠ+tb†z‡1‚6Šuo”vutb†z‚–h„~‘w{€;}stšŠuo”vutb†„1y…rswVp\x!‚y{}s‚¯y{Œ7tšrn}up

y{}MŠu†q}s‚7oztb}uŒ~‚psy{RuŒ~t1‚ÔcžŸ‡bps‡bŒwV†ztbtbp\xEx7Œ~y{oz‚ZÖ=†lnoqph¯°y{Œ7wVx7ozy{p rnoqp;x~tbps‚7oqx~‡²†q}uo”“

pstb}s‚ty{}ªrut„1y{}u†ztb}uŒ5ŠuŒ~‡1‚~tbp;x~ttbpª}upŠy{oqp\x–˜h¹t‚~y{p;x5ruy{ps„„1t1‚5psy{RuŒ~t1‚6€;}st¢†ln—y{p

w}ux7oq†qoz‚~tbŒ!Šy{}uŒ!ru‡1„bŒ7oqŒ~t­†zt1‚!oqwVžŸt1‚–˜

mOnoqph¯ y{Œ7wVx7ozy{p†ˆw$Šu†q}s‚w{„1„1t1‚~‚7oqu†ztt1‚7xOuoztbp‚87uŒ†ˆw­„1y{}u†ztb}uŒ–ŸŠu}uoz‚€\}en—tb†q†ztt1‚7xrho”“

Œ~t1„bx~tbtbp;x!„1y;ru‡1tšwV}puo

t–wV}›rutœ„~‘w{€;}stŠuo”vhtb†l˜…Îx6†ztŠu†q}s‚‚7oqŠu†ztš€;}st!†ln—y{p›Šu}uoz‚~‚~t

¯lwVoqŒ~tƒt1‚7xrutƒru‡bx~tbŒ7oqpstbŒ±€;}stb†q†ztŽ„1y{}u†ztb}uŒEt1‚7xŠuŒ~‡1‚~tbp\x~t²rswVps‚†lnoqwVžŸt²tbx€;}stb†q†zt

ŠuŒ~y{Šy{Œ7x7ozy{p«rut†ˆw±‚~}uŒ§¯°w{„1tªrut†lnoqwVžŸttb†q†ztŒ~tbŠu†qoqx–˜¹œn—t1‚7x^„1tª€\}en—y{p’wVŠuŠtb†q†zt}up

‘uoz‚~x~y{ž*ŒwVtŽrut±„1y{}u†ztb}uŒ–˜ oztbp ‡  

ozrutbtbp\x–}up‹x~tb†ŠuŒ~y…„1‡1ru‡ rut rut1‚~„bŒ7oqŠux7ozy{p

Œ~t1‚~x~t‚7oqŠu†qoz‚7x~t*˜ ²wVoz‚$oq†‚~} x­Š+y{}uŒRŒ~t1„~‘stbŒ~„~‘stbŒ'rut1‚$oqwVžŸt1‚rut„1y{}s„~‘stbŒrut‚~yV“

†ztboq†6rswVps‚'}upst„1y{†q†zt1„bx7ozy{p‹rnoqwVžŸt1‚rut¯°y{Œ~Ìbx^x7Œ~y{Šuoz„–wV†zt*˜q˜q˜mtªŠuŒ~y…„1‡1ru‡Š+tb}ux'Ìbx7Œ~t

wV‡b†qozy{Œ~‡ªrutrutb}hv©wVpuoz¡bŒ~t1‚x~y{}ux^rn™wVy{Œ~r‰tbp¬}ux7oq†qoz‚wVp;xRŠu†q}s‚­®spstbtbp\x†ˆw±rhoz‚§“

x7Œ7oqu}ux7ozy{p±rut1‚¢„1y{}u†ztb}uŒ~‚h}upŠuo”vutb†…¶7wV}upstštbp;x~y{}uŒ~‡­rutœu†ztb}pstšruy{pupstšŠw{‚¢rh}›x~y{}ux

†ztÌbt›t=Ütbx€\}en}upCŠuo”vhtb†¶~wV}upsttbp\x~y{}uŒ~‡›rutR¶7wV}upst*˜ÚpCŠ+tb}ux'wVoqps‚7o5Šy{psru‡bŒ~tbŒ

†lnoqŠy{Œ7xwVps„1trut„~‘w{€;}st¢Šuo”vhtb†4rswVps‚†ln‘uoz‚7x~y{ž*ŒwVttbp¯y{ps„bx7ozy{prut‚~y{ptbp

oqŒ~y{ph“

pstbtbp;xªoq‡1rhoˆwVx–˜6¹tb†ˆw¬wV}už*tbp;x~t ž*ŒwVpsrutbtbp;x†ˆw©Šu}uoz‚~‚wVps„1t rut1‚„bŒ7oqŠux7o

  t rut

†ln‘uoz‚~x~y{ž*ŒwVt*˜wVŒ^wVoq†q†ztb}uŒ~‚–erut'psy{^uŒ~tb}s‚~t1‚^rhoz‚~xwVps„1t1‚­t=v…oz‚~x~tbp\x­Šy{}uŒ­„1y{ŠwT“

Œ~tbŒšrut1‚œ‘uoz‚7x~y{ž*ŒwVt1‚$tbx¶ }užŸtbŒ$wVoqps‚7orutR†ˆwªŒ~t1‚~‚tbRu†ˆwVps„1t'tbp\x7Œ~t'†zt1‚oqwVžŸt1‚–˜met

„‘sy{o”vrut!„1tbx7x~trhoz‚~xwVps„1t!oqp9s}st!uoztbptbp\x~tbpsrh}›‚7}uŒO†zt1‚Œ~‡1‚7}u†qxwVx~‚–\tbx5t1‚7xO}up¯lw{„bx~tb}uŒ

ru‡bx~tbŒ7oqpwVp;xrut†ˆw›ŒwVŠuozrhoqx~‡rh}¬‚~¨…‚7x~¡bt*˜met1‚­rhoz‚7xwVps„1t1‚^†zt1‚$Šu†q}s‚­oqp;x~‡bŒ~t1‚~‚wVp;x~t1‚

‚y{p\x!wV†q‘stb}uŒ~tb}s‚~tbtbp;xx7Œ~¡1‚y{ps‡bŒ~tb}s‚~t1‚µ'„–wV†z„b}u†ztbŒ–˜

pstrutb}hv…oz¡btšwVŠuŠuŒ~y;„‘stš„1y{ps‚7oz‚7x~tµ$¯°wVoqŒ~tšwVs‚7x7Œw{„bx7ozy{p›rut†ˆwR„1y{}u†ztb}uŒ–\wVoz‚6µ

‚´noqp\x~‡bŒ~t1‚~‚~tbŒR}upuoz€\}stbtbp;xwV}hv©rhoz‚7x7Œ7oqu}ux7ozy{ps‚R†zy…„–wV†zt1‚­rut1‚$oqp;x~tbps‚7oqx~‡1‚^†q}uoqpstb}s‚~t1‚–˜

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wwVoqps‚7oe„‘stbŒ~„~‘stbŒœµ'ru‡bx~tbŒ7oqpstbŒœrswVps‚!€;}stb†q†zt$t1‚7}uŒ~tš}upEŠuo”vutb†„b†ˆwVoqŒ!t1‚7x¢Šu†q}h“

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}upuo”¯°y{Œ7t4·E¹y{tbp;x'w

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wVoztbp;x

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ŠuŒ~‡1‚tbp\x–˜

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rhozt*Vtbxy{p

tb}uxۊ+y{}

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tbp\x±rut

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tbŒ

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tb}uxŒ~t1„1y{pupwzx7Œ~t*4Šu†q}s‚

‡  

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„1t1‚ruy{pups‡1t1‚Ow

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„1tb}hvrut1‚6„1y{p;x7Œ~t=“¸t=vhtbŠu†zt1‚–˜umy{Œ~‚~€\}st†ln—y{pt1‚~xtbpªŠuŒ~‡1‚~tbps„1tšrn}upstpsy{}

tb†q†ztœoqwVžŸt

y{}›rn}upstœpsy{}

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y{pŒ~tbž\wVŒ~rut¢€;}st5€;}stb†…„ {x~‡6rut†ˆw†qoqoqx~t5oq†z‚‚~t5x7Œ~y{}

tbp\x–˜

¥ noq†…t1‚7xOw

t1„5†zt1‚t=vutbŠu†zt1‚–

y{p±ru‡1„b†ˆwVŒ~t­w

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y{oqŒ!Œ7oztbp

Œ~tbx7Œ~y{}

‡*˜

Õ¸†et1‚7x¢‡

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‚~}uŒ7x~y{}uxx7Œ~¡1‚œŒ~tbŠuŒ~‡1‚~tbp;xwVx7o

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tbŒ†zt1‚

oqwVžŸt1‚†zt1‚¢Šu†q}s‚!rho

tbŒ~‚~t1‚´˜

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†ˆw±†qoqoqx~t´Ö=tbx‚w

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t1„rut1‚

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¥

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x~‡bŒ7oz‚~x7oz€\}st1‚­‚~oqž*pwV†Orutw{‚špuo

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tb†q†zt1‚

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oztbp²tbp\x~tbpsrh}e„1tbxš‡bx7oz€\}stbxwVžŸtpst­Štb}ux$w

y{oqŒš†ˆw€;}wV†qoqx~‡'rn}upstwVpupsy{xwVx7ozy{p²wT“

p;}stb†q†zt*˜

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rut1‚„–w{‚¢ŠwVŒ7x7oz„b}u†qoztbŒ~‚–˜

0 ),/ 1 45),0B45),' 3 / /5: ,0 =.8 +=/ /BA Օ†t=vhoz‚7x~trutb}hv‰„–w{‚Rrnoqpsrhoz„1t1‚

oz‚7}stb†z‚RŠuŒ~‡1‚~tbph“

xwVp;x!}upEoqp\x~‡bŒ~Ìbxx~tb†e€\}stšrutšpsy{RuŒ~tb}s‚t1‚‡bx7}srut1‚!y{p;x‡bx~‡štbps‡1t1‚!‚7Š‡1„bo”®€\}stbtbp;x

Šy{}uŒ†zt1‚ru‡bx~t1„bx~tbŒtbx†zt1‚Œ~t1„1y{pupwzx7Œ~t*˜;¹t¢‚~y{p;xۆzt1‚

oz‚wVžŸt1‚!Ô y{}Šu†q}s‚žŸ‡bps‡bŒwV†ztbtbp;x

†zt1‚!oqpsrho

ozrh}s‚ZÖ¢tbx¢†zt1‚¢†ztbx7x7Œ~t1‚–˜

ÎpwVx7oz¡bŒ~trut

oz‚wVžŸt1‚–{oq†s¯lwV}uxOuoztbprhoz‚7x7oqpuž*}stbŒ†zt6¯lwVoqxrutru‡bx~t1„bx~tbŒ}up

oz‚wVžŸt

ÔrhoqŒ~tœ‚–noq†+¨w­}up

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oz‚wVžŸt

ÔrhoqŒ~t5y ^oq†…t1‚7xZÖ=´rh}R¯°wVoqxrutŠy{}

y{oqŒŒ~tbx7Œ~y{}

tbŒÛŠu†q}s‚7oztb}uŒ~‚¯ y{oz‚†ztOÌbt

oz‚ZwVžŸtOrswVps‚

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y{oqŒ$Œ~t1„1y{pupwzx7Œ~t}up

oz‚wVžŸt„1y{pup;}e˜

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tbp\xÌbx7Œ~tx7Œ~¡1‚

rho”܇bŒ~tbp\x~t1‚´˜;mw­x~t1„~‘upuoz€;}strutw{‚~t*\„1tb†q†ztœ€;}uosŠ+tbŒ7tbx5†ˆw­ru‡bx~t1„bx7ozy{ppst¢¯°y{ps„bx7ozy{pupst

uoztbp©€;}stŠ+y{}uŒšrut1‚

oz‚ZwVžŸt1‚

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†ˆwŒ~t1„1y{pupwVoz‚‚wVps„1t*soq†¯lwV}ux!€;}stš†lnoqwVžŸt^wVoqx!tbps„1y{Œ~t$}upst$tboq†q†ztb}uŒ~t^€\}wV†qoqx~‡*˜

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wT¶7y{}ux~‡*x~tb†¢„1tb†q}uo!rut1‚‚~y{}s‚§“lx7oqx7Œ~t1‚–rut›„1tb†q}uo!€;}uoŠtb}uxÌbx7Œ~t›oqps„b†q}s‚rswVps‚'†lnoqwVžŸt

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rswVps‚!}up ‚7¨h‚7x~¡bt$rn™wVozrutRµ†ln™wVpupsy{xwVx7ozy{pe˜

ڝpEŠ+y{}uŒ7ŒwVoqx!oqwVž*oqpstbŒœrn™wV}ux7Œ~t1‚rut1‚~„bŒ7oqŠux~tb}uŒ~‚‚7Š‡1„bo”®€\}st1‚–˜umw'ru‡bx~t1„bx7ozy{pŽrut1‚

„1y{Œ7Šs‚‘\}uwVoqps‚6‚~y{p;x5rut¢y{ps‚„–wVpsrhozrswVx~‚–;rn™wV}uxwVp\x6€\}st!†zt1‚5wVŠuŠu†qoz„–wVx7ozy{ps‚6t=v…oz‚~x~tbp\x

ÔcwVoz‚y{ps‚e‡1rhoz„–wV†qoz‚~‡1t1‚Š+y{}uŒeru‡bx~t1„bx~tbŒ†ˆw6„~‘\}ux~t5rut1‚ŠtbŒ~‚~y{pupst1‚*VžŸ‡1t1‚ŠwVŒt=vhtbŠu†zt´Ö=˜

mt1‚!†zy{žŸy*‚œ‚~y{p\xwV}s‚‚7orut1‚„–wVpsrhozrswVx~‚œoqp;x~‡bŒ~t1‚~‚wVp\x~‚Šy{}uŒ†zt­‚7}uo

orut$†lnoqŠw{„bxšrut1‚

wVŒ~€;}st1‚OŠwVŒOt=vutbŠu†zt*˜ Ûy{}uŒ†zt1‚5wV}ux7Œ~t1‚–*oq†upen¨wšŠwVŒtbps„1y{Œ~t!rut¢wVŒ~„‘s‡‚7} ‚ZwVp\x

Šy{}uŒ¢y{x7o

tbŒÔ tbx6®spwVps„1tbŒ kÖ!rut1‚!Œ~t1„‘stbŒ~„~‘st1‚œ‚7Š+‡1„bo”®€;}st1‚–˜

12 6!=3*8 =/>2 3*/ 1!) 1!) /50 3=.:45) '3 /BA met1‚OoqwVžŸt1‚‚~y{p\xŠy{†q¨…‚‡boz€\}st1‚–˜\ڝpŠtb}ux

rutŠu†q}s‚Rtbp

oz‚wVžŸtbŒrho”܇bŒ~tbp;x~‚Rx•¨;Št1‚Rrutªrut1‚~„bŒ7oqŠux7ozy{pe†zt1‚Ry{x~‚R„b†z‡1‚Rtbx„1y{ps„1tbŠux~‚

ŠtbŒ7tbx7x~tbp\x­rn™w

y{oqŒRw{„1„1¡1‚$µ}upst^ŠwVŒ7x7ozt'rut†ztb}uŒœoqph¯°y{Œ7wVx7ozy{pe+}up²‘uoz‚7x~y{ž*ŒwVt

rut^„1y{}u†ztb}uŒ$ruy{pupstR}up©wV}ux7Œ~tRx•¨;ŠtRrnoqph¯°y{Œ7wVx7ozy{pe„1y{Šu†z‡btbp\xwVoqŒ~trh}ŽŠuŒ~tboztbŒ–˜

pstrho „b}u†qx~‡ªt1‚7x­rut'¯lwVoqŒ~t„1y{‘wVuoqx~tbŒwV}¬‚tboqp¬rn}up¬Ìbt‚~¨…‚7x~¡btx~y{}ux~t1‚R„1t1‚

rut1‚„bŒ7oqŠux7ozy{ps‚–€;}uoe‚~y{p\xrut$x¸¨…Š+t­x7Œ~¡1‚!rho”܇bŒ~tbp;xrn}upŽŠ+y{oqp;xrut

}stšoqph¯y{Œ7wVx7oz€;}st*

Šu}uoz‚ÛrutOŠy{}

y{oqŒÛ†zt1‚¯lwVoqŒ~t„1y{†q†ˆwVy{Œ~tbŒ–˜TՕ†Ÿ¯lwV}uxŠy{}uŒ„1tb†ˆw!}upR¯°y{Œ7wV†qoz‚7t„–wVŠwVu†ztrut

„1y{^uoqpstbŒ^†zt1‚rho”܇bŒ~tbp\x~t1‚^¯°w{„1tbx7x~t1‚rut†ˆw±rut1‚~„bŒ7oqŠux7ozy{pCrn}upstªoqwVžŸt*e}up†ˆwVpuž\wVžŸt

rut Œ~t1€\}sÌbx~t Šu†q}s‚Œ7oz„‘st*Šu}uoz‚ª}up ‡1„–wVpuoz‚~tŽrut oz‚~t±tbpĄ1y{Œ7Œ~t1‚~Š+y{psrswVps„1t²rut1‚

Œ~t1€;}sÌbx~t1‚w

t1„›†zt1‚rut1‚~„bŒ7oqŠux7ozy{pe˜met1‚ž*ŒwVŠu‘st1‚„1y{ps„1tbŠux7}stb†z‚'¯°y{}uŒ7puoz‚~‚~tbp;x^}up’y{}ux7oq†

oqp;x~‡bŒ~t1‚~‚wVp;xŠ+y{}uŒ„1y{^uoqpstbŒ†zt1‚rut1‚„bŒ7oqŠux~tb}uŒ~‚–˜ Ûy{}uŒ†zt1‚Œ~t1€;}sÌbx~t1‚–†zt›ŠuŒ~y{u†z¡bt

t1‚~xrut$x7Œ~y{}

tbŒ}up †ˆwVpuž\wVžŸtR€;}uoepst­‚~y{oqx!Šw{‚!x7Œ~y{ŠƒwVs‚~„1y{ps‚–y{}±}upst$oqp\x~tbŒ§¯lw{„1t€\}uo

ŠtbŒ7tbx7x~t›}upst›x7Œw{rh}s„bx7ozy{p t „–w{„1t±tbp;x7Œ~tE†zt†ˆwVpuž\wVžŸtEpwVx7}uŒ~tb†!tbx†zt›†ˆwVpuž\wVžŸtErut

Œ~t1€;}sÌbx~t$oqp;x~tbŒ7pst^wV}±‚7¨h‚7x~¡bt*˜¹œn—t1‚7x!†ˆµ}upŽ‚7}{¶§tbx!rutšŒ~t1„‘stbŒ~„~‘st'w{„bx7o”¯§˜

t1„±rut±x~tb†q†zt1‚‡bx7‘sy;rut1‚´y{p ‚~t›ŒwVŠuŠuŒ~y…„~‘stŽrn}upstEwVpuoqŠu}u†ˆwVx7ozy{pMŠu†q}s‚‚~‡=“

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