Copulas in Kambaata

HAL Id: hal-00719411

https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00719411

Submitted on 19 Jul 2012

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Yvonne Treis

To cite this version:

Yvonne Treis. Copulas in Kambaata. Joachim Crass & Ronny Meyer. Deictics, Copula, and Focus in the Ethiopian Convergence Area, Rüdiger Köppe, pp.71-97, 2007, Afrikanistische Forschungen.

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Table 1 Case forms of 6IBR (M) ‘coffee’ and :C??WH5 (F) ‘uncultured behavior’ (i)

& '% & , $ !( $ ' ' $

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=B:CFA5H=CB CF H<9 9LDF9GG=CB C: [<5J9 DCGG9GG CKB\ #5A655H5 5DD@=9G 5 8=::9F9BH 7CBGHFI7H=CB K=H< H<9 @C75H=J9 7CDI@5 '( C99 ,<9 BCA=B5H=J9A5F?98 DCGG9GG98 9BH=HM 7CJ9FG H<9 GI6>97H :IB7H=CB K<9F95G H<9 DCGG9GGCF C77IFG =B H<9 85H=J9 =9 :9==/==/.:9==/==9<$C99[DCGG9GGCF<5GDCGG9GG989BH=HM\CF@=H9F5@@M[H<9F9

=G 5 DCGG9GG98 9BH=HM :CF H<9 DCGG9GGCF\ ,<=G DCGG9GG=J9 7CBGHFI7H=CB <5G 5 DF9G9BH5H=J9 :IB7H=CBH<9DCGG9GG989BH=HMF9DF9G9BHGB9K=B:CFA5H=CB

,CDCBMAGC77IFACF9C:H9B=BH<9C6@=EI975G9H<5B=BH<9@C75H=J975G9:CFA

:CFAG ,?8I 5B8 0955N>+ CF HC 69 DF97=G9 H<9 577IG5H=J9 :CFAG A=BIG H<9 G97CB85FM75G9 ;9B89FGI::=L+IDF5G9;A9BH5@@M577IG5H=J95B8DF98=75H9:CFAG8=::9F 7CBG=GH9BH@M OSO+ DF98=75H9 JG OOS :CF [7C::99\ 5B8 OSO>+ DF98=75H9 JG OOS>+ :CF [IB7I@HIF98 69<5J=CF\,<9 BCA=B5@DF98=75H9 =BH<9 5G7F=DH=J9 5B8

=89BH=:M=B;DF98=75H=CB=GBCHCB@MA5F?986M5G9;A9BH5@9@9A9BH 2+>+ 6IH5@GC6M 5GIDF5G9;A9BH5@9@9A9BHB5A9@M5GD97=:=75779BHD5HH9FB,<95779BHD5HH9FB=G5B

=BH9;F5@ D5FH C: H<9 7CDI@5 G :IFH<9F 9@56CF5H98 IDCB 69@CK =H 75B 9J9B 69 5GGIA98HC69H<9DF=A5FMACGH=ADCFH5BH7CADCB9BHC:H<97CDI@5

'B BCA=B5@ DF98=75H9G H<9 5779BH =G @C75H98 CB H<9 G97CB8 HC @5GH ACF5 69:CF9 '( !:H<9GM@@56@9 DF9798=B; '(7CBH5=BG5G<CFHJCK9@H<9 5779BH=G D@5798 CBH<9D9BI@H=A5H9GM@@56@9C:H<9DF98=75H9BCIB7:!:H<9F9=G5@CB;JCK9@

=BH<9GM@@56@9DF9798=B;'(H<9I@H=A5H9GM@@56@9C:H<9DF98=75H9F5H<9FH<5BH<9 D9BI@H=A5H9=G5779BH987:

I7+>+ OSO & >+ [=H=GH<9ACH<9F\

7/=/6K/>+ OOOS && >+ [=H=G5;=F@\

!B H<9 :C@@CK=B; 8=G7IGG=CB H<9 HFIB75H98 577IG5H=J9:CFA K=H< H<9 DF98=75H9 5779BH D5HH9FB K=@@ 69 F9:9FF98 HC 5G ]DF98=75H=J9^ 75G9 :CFA ,56@9 'F DIHH=B; =H 8=::9F9BH@MH<9DF98=75H=J9:CFA=GH<9DF98=75H9BCIB:CFAA=BIGH<97CDI@5

Table 2 Case forms of 6IBR ‘coffee’ and :C??WH5 ‘uncultured behavior’ (ii) -+,!. & '%!&,!. ( *!,!.

% ,?8I ,N8? ,N8+

0955N>+ 0M55?> 0M55?

57< 5HHF=6IH=J9 58>97H=J9 8=GH=B;I=G<9G H<F99 75G9 :CFAG ,F9=G 577IG5H=J9 BCA=B5H=J9 5B8 C6@=EI9 /<9F95G H<9 :=FGH HKC 5F9 9AD@CM98 HC G<CK 5;F99A9BH K=H< 577IG5H=J9 5B8 BCA=B5H=J9 <958 BCIBG H<9 C6@=EI9 =G :CIB8 69:CF9 BCB

577IG5H=J9 BCBBCA=B5H=J9 BCIBG =9 ;9B=H=J9 85H=J9 56@5H=J9

=BGHFIA9BH5@ 7CA=H5H=J9 D9F@5H=J9 5B8 @C75H=J9 G =B H<9 75G9 C: BCIBG H<9 DF98=75H=J9 75G9 :CFA =G G9;A9BH5@@M =89BH=75@ HC H<9 577IG5H=J9 :CFA A=BIG H<9 G97CB85FM 75G9 ;9B89F A5F?9F ,<9 DF98=75H=J9 5779BH D5HH9FB =G 5DD@=98 HC H<=G HFIB75H98577IG5H=J9:CFAHC;9B9F5H9H<9DF98=75H=J975G9:CFAG99,56@9

Table 3 Case forms of the attributive adjectives E5@@WH5 ‘stupid’ and ECCERH5 ‘blind’

-+,!. & '%!&,!. ' $!)- ( *!,!.

% ;+66N ;I66? ;I669 ;I66?

;+66N>+ ;I66?> ;I669 ;I66?

% ;99;I ;M9;? ;M9;+ ;M9;+

;99;I>+ ;M9;+> ;M9;+ ;M9;+

!B#\5699B5DF98=75H95B88=F97HC6>97HBCIBG<5J9H<9G5A95779BHD5HH9FBF5GG

::

(@988/$</3=

,<9 5779BH DCG=H=CB CB DF98=75H=J9 58>97H=J9G 5;5=B 89D9B8G CB H<9 @9B;H< C: H<9 GM@@56@9DF9798=B; 2+>+ 7:

;I66?+ OSO & <5 [=H=GGHID=8%\

2+<M92++ OOS && <5 [=H=GB9K%\

%CFD<CD<CBC@C;=75@ 5B8 D<CBC@C;=75@ DFC79GG9G K=H< '(

'( =G 5GGC7=5H98 K=H< :CIF ACFD<CD<CBC@C;=75@ DFC79GG9G 9G=89G H<9 5@@CACFD<G7CB8=H=CB98 6MH<9;9B89FC:H<9DF98=75H9BCIB 2+ :CFA5G7I@=B95B8

>+ :CF :9A=B=B9 DF98=75H9G 7: H<9F9 5F9 5@GC D<CBC@C;=75@@M 7CB8=H=CB98 5@@CACFD<G,<95@@CACFD<G 2+ 5B8 >+ 57HI5@@MF9DF9G9BHHKC5@@CACFD<;FCIDGO5

<55P 5B8 OH5 H55P 57< ;9B89F 5@@CACFD< 75B 69 F95@=N98 @CB; CF G<CFH :H9F

@CB; JCK9@G H<9 JCK9@ C: H<9 7CDI@5 =G @9B;H<9B98 @9B;H< <5FACBM 5G G<CKB =B @G9K<9F9 @9B;H< <5FACBM =G BCH 5HH9GH98 =9 K9 5F9 895@=B; <9F9 K=H< 5

;F5AA5H=75@@M7CB8=H=CB98D<CBC@C;=75@DFC79GG

5 ? /8./,K/<? L32++

%%&'% 9BG9HA5H%&'% +&%'(

[,<=G9BG9HA5H=GA=B9\

6 +PM9>++

($(*'(

[!H=GIG\

,<9 2 C: H<9 A5G7I@=B9 7CDI@5 =G C6@=;5HCF=@M 8FCDD98 69HK99B G<CFH JCK9@G 7:

6IHF9H5=B98 69HK99B@CB;CB9G7:#5A655H58C9GBCH<5J95;9B9F5@

2 9@=G=CBFI@9=9H<9 2 9@=G=CB=G;F5AA5H=75@@M7CB8=H=CB98

)* #+<I<+ 2/PPI+ +7I553++7I5532+

+5F5F5%'$ @=J9!(.*$ ACH<9F%&+('++%'(

,K/>?

GCB%(*

[34 !5AH<9GCBC:MCIFACH<9F@=J=B;=B+5F5F5\#

:H9FH<99@=G=CBC: 2 H<975G9JCK9@697CA9GGIG79DH=6@9HC5GG=A=@5H=CB!:H<975G9 JCK9@=G<=;< 3 ? =H5GG=A=@5H9G=B<9=;<HHCH<97CDI@5JCK9@ + 5B8HIFBG=BHC / 5B8 9 F9GD97H=J9@M,<9F9GI@HC:H<9DFC79GGAIGH697CBG=89F98D<CB9H=7=B B5HIF9 6975IG9=H=G:I@@MDF98=7H56@9!H=GH<9F9:CF9BCHF9DF9G9BH98CFH<C;F5D<=75@@M

5 ==9PM9> 19,I+88?+ 3C54 ($&'% H5=@CFG%(*%'(

[,<9M5F9H5=@CFG\

6 N?8 7L83+ 3954

!%%&'% <CIG9%(*%'(

[,<=G=G5<CIG9\

-B@=?9=B#\5699B5F5GG :5B8@5565+7<B9=89F@IAH<=GJC@IA9H<9<=;<

75G9JCK9@C:5 #5A655H5:9A=B=B9DF98=75H9BCIB 8C9G BCH5GG=A=@5H9HC H<9 @CKJCK9@

C:H<9:9A=B=B97CDI@55G=B#5A655H51I<3>+[=H=GH<9HFIH<\6IHBCH1I</>+

,<9 :CIFH< DFC79GG=GF9GHF=7H98HC C6@=EI9 DF98=75H9BCIBGK<=7<5@K5MG9B8 =B5B IB5779BH98BCB<=;<JCK9@ / 9 CF + !:5:9A=B=B9'(=G58898H<9A=8JCK9@G / 5B8 9 8=GG=A=@5H9 =B <9=;<H HC H<9 7CDI@5JCK9@ + =9 /3 9? 7: ,<=G DFC79GG =G 9L7@IG=J9@M ;F5AA5H=75@@M 7CB8=H=CB98 5B8 F9GHF=7H98 HC H<9 7CBH9LH O'$

BCIB D@IG '(P @G9K<9F9 A=8JCK9@G 5B8 :9A=B=B9 '( A99H K=H<CIH H<9 B998HC8=GG=A=@5H9G99:CF=BGH5B79H<9;9B=H=J9BCIBD@IG >+ =B

G3 +88L 7L8? ??<I+73>+ ??<I+7/ '$ >+

+& :5H<9F%&<CIG9%&'% IIF55A9'$'(

[%M:5H<9F\G<CIG9=G=BIIF55A9\

$3 7+=2=2I+> 8=2K/,/>+ 8=2//,K & >+

%&'% HMD9C:?B=:9&'%BG<9969&'(

[,<=G 7+=2=2++ ?B=:9=GBG<9969\G\

,<9 75G9 ;9B89FA5F?9F 5B8H<9G9;A9BH5@7CADCB9BH C: '(5F9 CB@M=89BH=75@

5H:=FGH;@5B79 6IH8=::9F7CBG=89F56@MK=H<F9GD97HHCH<9D<CBC@C;=75@5B8ACFD<C D<CBC@C;=75@ DFC79GG9G HC K<=7< H<9M 5F9 9LDCG98 CF K<=7< H<9M HF=;;9F ,<9 75G9 ;9B89F A5F?9F:CF=BGH5B798C9GBCH G<CK @9B;H< <5FACBM K=H<H<9 @5GHJCK9@

C: H<9 65G9 7+--I>)+* [95F\ Z 7+=2=2I+>)+* [HMD9 C: ?B=:9\

IFH<9FACF9 H<9 IB5779BH98 JCK9@ C: '( =G BCH 89JC=798 =B H<9 KCF8:=B5@

DCG=H=CB 7+--I>)+* [95F\Z 7I--+>)+* [=H=G5B95F\

%CFD<9A9 CF89F 5B8 GIDF5G9;A9 BH5@ 9B7C8=B; C: AC8=:=98 DF98=75H9G

,<9 DCG=H=CB C: 2+>+ H<9 G9;A9BH5@ 7CADCB9BH C: '( ;9B9F5@@M 89D9B8G CB K<9H<9F H<9 DF98=75H9 =G AC8=:=98 CF BCH !: H<9 <958 =G BCH AC8=:=98 2+>+ =G :CIB8CBH<9<958G99=;IF95!:=H=GAC8=:=98Z9=H<9F6M5;9B=H=J9BCIB7:

58>97H=J9 7: CF 5 F9@5H=J9 7@5IG9 Z =H =G :CIB8 CB H<9 F=;<HACGH 9B8C:H<=GAC8=:=9FG99=;IF96

Figure 2 Morpheme order in a predicate with COP2

5 ^'(*!, Z 2+>+ Z & ,!'&

) -+,!'&

6

% '!!*

;9B=H=J9BCIB58>97H=J9 F9@5H=J97@5IG9

Z 2+>+

'(*!, Z & ,!'&

) -+,!'&

G= 1+=2=2I+8-2?+

%&'% FI@9F+%(*%'(

[ 9=G5FI@9F\

G= 8L3 ,I+.3+ 1+=2=2I+8-2?

%&'% ($&@5B8%&%'( FI@9F+%(*

[ 9=GH<9FI@9FC:CIF7CIBHFM\

(@988/$</3=

99=N ,+PL=? 5//P77I+=2=2+>+ 2N4

8=G95G9% 9F58=75H9-+%&'% 8=::=7I@H(*'( KCF?(*

[F58=75H=B;H<98=G95G9=G58=::=7I@H>C6\

,<9 DCG=H=CB C: 2+>+ =GCB9 5GD97HH<5HG9HG #5A655H5BCBJ9F65@ G9BH9B79G5D5FH :FCAH<CG9C:#\5699B5K<9F9 H<97CDI@55@K5MGG99AGHC695HH57<98HCH<9<958

F5GG 9L5AD@9G F5GG 9H 5@ 9L5AD@9 ,<9 #5A655H5

ACFD<9A9CF89F=G <CK9J9F5@GC :CIB8=B H<9H<=C+9A=H=7@5B;I5;9G25M%9M9F

+=@H\9 IHH 5B8#=GH5B9C@89B69F; 5G=B8=75H98

=BF5GG9H5@

!H=G=ADCFH5BHHCBCH9H<5HH<9F9ACJ5@C: 2+>+ :FCAH<9DF98=75H9<958G=B 5B88C9GBCH<5J9 5BM 9::97H CB H<9DF98=75H9\G 5779BH D5HH9FB 7CAD5F=GCB C: 5B8 G<CKG H<5H =FF9GD97H=J9 C: H<9 DCG=H=CB C: 2+>+ H<9 D9BI@H=A5H9 ACF5 C: H<9 DF98=75H9 <958 =G 5779BH98 1+=2=2I+8-2? IFH<9FACF9 H<9 ;9B=H=J9 AC8=:=9F =B =G 5779BH98 CB H<9 D9BI@H=A5H9 ACF5 5B8 H<IG 5@GC F9:@97HG H<9 7<5F57H9F=GH=7 DF98=75H=J9 5779BH D5HH9FB ,<9 KCF8:=B5@ 5779BH 7<5F57H9F=N=B; 5@@

;9B=H=J9 AC8=:=9FG 9@G9K<9F9 8L3 ,++.L 1+=2=2++8-2N [CIF 7CIBHFM\G FI@9F\ G<=:HG HC H<9 :FCBH K<9B H<9 <958 BCIB =G DF98=75H98 5B8 K<9B H<9 AC8=:=9F F979=J9G H<9 ACFD<9A9 2+>+ 8L3,I+.3+1+=2=2++8-2N [=H=GCIF7CIBHFM\GFI@9F\,<958>97H=J5@

AC8=:=9F C: H<9 DF98=75H9 =B 5@GC 75FF=9GH<95779BHCB H<9 G97CB8 HCH<9@5GH ACF5 CAD5F9 H<9 577IG5H=J9 :CFA 5//P77++=2=2I>+ 2?4L>+ [8=::=7I@H >C6\ K=H< H<9 DF98=75H=J9:CFA 5//P77I+=2=2+>+2N4 [=H=G58=::=7I@H>C6\

*9@5H=J97@5IG9GAC8=:M=B;5BCBDF98=75H9<958BCIB5F9ACGHC:H9B7<5F57H9F=N98 6M5B5779BHCBH<9J9FM@5GHGM@@56@9 CK9J9F=:H<9=F<958BCIB:IB7H=CBG5G DF98=75H9 H<9M F979=J9 H<9 2+>+ ACFD<9A9 C: '( 5B8 H<9=F 5779BH =G F9HIFB98HCH<9D@579K<9F9=H=G:CIB8CBH<97CFF9GDCB8=B;BCBF9@5H=J9J9F6:CFA

BM90? 2+=3=+89=L 2?4L>+

:=B=G<%&'% 69B979GG5FM%!(.%'"*$ KCF?

[H<9>C6H<5H<9<5GHC:=B=G<\

$L38 BM90? 2+=3=I89=3>+

!%&'% :=B=G<%&'%69B979GG5FM%!(.%'"*$'(

2N4

KCF?(*

[,<=G=GH<9>C6H<5H<9<5GHC:=B=G<\

,<975G9GI::=L3 C: 2N43>+ [=H=G5>C6\ 7CA9GHCH<9 KCF8:=B5@ DCG=H=CB5:H9FH<9 G<=:H C:H<97CDI@5=GH<9B89JC=7985B8H<9F9:CF9BCHKF=HH9B7::CCHBCH9

!B@5565 +7<B9=89F@IAH<=GJC@IA9H<92+>+7CDI@5'(G<=:HGHCH<9AC8=:=9F 5G=B#5A655H5

,<9F9=G5@GC5#5A655H5=BH9FB5@D5F5@@9@(CGG9GG=J9GI::=L9GG<=:HHCH<9@9:H=:H<9=F<CGH

BCIBG5F9AC8=:=98 G999;738L=3[<=G <CIG9\ 6IH<9=2=2+=L738L [<=GG7<CC@\3@=H[<=G

G7<CC@<CIG9\4

?4L>+ BM90? 2+=3=I89=3

KCF? :=B=G<%&'% 69B979GG5FM%!(.%'"

[ 9<5GHC:=B=G<H<9>C6\A5=BJ9F6:CFA

,<9 9L5AD@9G 8=G7IGG98 =B H<9 DF9J=CIG G97H=CBG 7@95F@M G<CK H<5H 5B =ADCFH5BH 7CADCB9BHC:'( =GH<9GIDF5G9;A9BH5@=B:@I9B79CBH<9 DF98=75H9<9585B8 =HG AC8=:=9FG ,<9 GIDF5G9;A9BH5@ =B:@I9B79 =G =B89D9B89BH C: H<9 DCG=H=CB C: H<9 7CDI@5\G G9;A9BH5@ 7CADCB9BH =9 H<9 DCG=H=CB C: 2+>+ /9 <5J9 G99B H<5H DF98=75H9 BCIBG 7: 5B8 58>97H=J9G 7: 5F97CBG=GH9BH@M5779BH98 CB H<9 D9BI@H=A5H9 ACF5 ,<9G5A95779BHD5HH9FB =G:CIB8 CB DF98=75H9AC8=:M=B;;9B=H=J9 DFCBCIBG7:5B858>97H=J9G7:J9B=:H<9<958C:H<9DF98=75H9=G5

;9B=H=J9BCIB=B5DCGG9GG=J97CBGHFI7H=CB7:CF5BC6@=EI9BCIB=B5@C75H=J9 7CBGHFI7H=CB 7: =H =G 7<5F57H9F=N98 6M 5B 5779BH CB H<9 D9BI@H=A5H9 ACF5

*9@5H=J9 7@5IG9G H<5H AC8=:M H<9 DF98=75H9 CF :IB7H=CB H<9AG9@J9G 5G H<9 DF98=75H9 5@GC IB89F;C 5 7<5B;9 =B H<9=F 5779BH D5HH9FB @H<CI;< =H =G BCH DCGG=6@9 HC :CFAI@5H9 5 ;9B9F5@FI@9 H<5H H<9 5779BH 5@K5MG :5@@G CBH<9 D9BI@H=A5H9 GM@@56@9 C:

F9@5H=J9 J9F6G =H 75B 5H @95GH 69 G5=8 H<5H H<9=F :=B5@ 5779BH G<=:HG HC 5 BCB:=B5@

DCG=H=CB CB H<9 D9BI@H=A5H9 CF5 :IFH<9F DF9798=B; GM@@56@9 5G GCCB 5G H<9=F <958 BCIBG 7: CF H<9 F9@5H=J9 7@5IG9G H<9AG9@J9G 697CA9 H<9 DF98=75H9 C: 5 G9BH9B797:

,<9 B9;5H=CB A5F?9F ,+P+ K<=7< 8C9G BCH =B:@I9B79 H<9 5779BH D5HH9FB =G 5@K5MG :CIB8CBH<9<958C:H<9DF98=75H9=FF9GD97H=J9C:H<9DCG=H=CBC: 2+>+ G99=;IF9 5B8HC

N?8 7L83+,+P+

!%%&'% <CIG9%(*%'(&

[,<=G=GBCH5<CIG9\

N?8 L32++ 7L83,+P+

!%%&'% +&%'( <CIG9%(*&

[,<=G=GBCHAM<CIG9\

,<9 DCGG9GGCF C: 5 BCA=B5@ DF98=75H9 =G 9=H<9F 9LDF9GG98 6M 5 AC8=:M=B; ;9B=H=J9 DFCBCIBCF6M5DFCBCA=B5@GI::=L,<9=B89D9B89BHDFCBCIBDF97989GH<9<9585B8 75FF=9G H<9 2+>+ 9@9A9BH 5G 5BM CH<9F AC8=:=9F KCI@8 8C =;IF9 5 ,<9 DCGG9GG=J9 GI::=L <CK9J9F =G 5HH57<98 HC H<9 <958 D@IG 2+>+ =;IF9 6 B C6@=;5HCFM @=B?9F ACFD<9A9 8 =G =BG9FH98 69HK99B 2+>+ 5B8 H<9 DCGG9GG=J9 ,<9 DCGG9GG=J9 GI::=L 8C9G BCH =B:@I9B79 H<9 5779BH D5HH9FB C: H<9 DF98=75H9 BCIB (F98=75H9BCIB 2+>+ 5B8DCGG9GG=J9GI::=L:CFA5G=B;@9D<CBC@C;=75@KCF8

!: H<9 DCGG9GG=J9 GI::=L =G 58898 HC BCBDF98=75H9 BCIBG 75FFM=B; H<9 75G9 ;9B89F A5F?9F 2+>+ H<9 A5F?9F =G C6@=;5HCF=@M 8FCDD98 ,<IG +7I>+ [ACH<9F\ D@IG 5 % DCGG9GG=J9 GI::=L =G F95@=N98 5G +7I= [<=G ACH<9F\ %('++ 6IH BCH 5G +7I>+=

9< +7I>+8=,<=G=G5BCH<9F5F;IA9BH 5;5=BGH@IAD=B;75G9 ;9B89F A5F?9F5B87CDI@5

HC;9H<9F

Figure 3 The possessor in the nominal predication + ^####" ( "## ) $& "%

$&

"% E "$ E $

! %#$

, ^{####" ( "## ) ####& #%( $ "$}

"$ E ^E

_E ^####&

#%( E $

! %#$

$2/ 79<:2/7/ 9<./< 38 31?</ + 3= =?<:<3=381 38=90+< += >2/ :9==/==3@/ 79<:2/7/

3= =?003B/. >9 >2/ :</.3-+>/ :6?= -9:?6+ +6>29?12 3> 2+= =-9:/ 986C 9@/< >2/

:</.3-+>/ 89?8 $2/ -9:?6+ 3= 038+66C 09?8. 38=3./ >2/ :</.3-+>/ 89?8 $23= ?8?=?+6 :9=3>398 +8. >2/ -98=:3-?9?= =230> 90 0<97 >2/ 2/+. >9 >2/ 79.303/< 31?</

-+66 09< +8 /B:6+8+>398 $2/ -9:?6+ :9=3>398 986C =//7= 3.39=C8-<+>3- +> 03<=>

16+8-/ ,?> 3> 3= ,C 89 7/+8= ?879>3@+>/. A2/8 6995381 +> 3> 0<97 + :<+17+>3- :938>

90 @3/A >2/ =/17/8>+6 -97:98/8> 90 3= 09?8. 98 >2/ 79=> =+63/8> -98=>3>?/8>

90 >2/ :</.3-+>/ B+7:6/ .9/= 89> 38>/8. >9 /B:</== >2+> >2/ /<+.3-+>398 90 >2/

.3=/+=/ 3= + 49, ,?> >2+> 3> 3= + .3003-?6> 49, %>>/<+8-/ =></==/= >2+> >2/ =?,4/->

3= 23= .+?12>/< A2/</+= <+>2/< ?8./<638/= >2+> =2/ 3= 23= .+?12>/< >2/ :9==/==9<

3= 589A8 3809<7+>398 $2/</ 3= >2?= +8 +==9-3+>398 ,/>A//8 >2/ =/17/8>+6 -97:98/8> 90 +8. 09-?= 38 +7,++>+ + :2/897/898 >2+> <+== /> +6 +6</+.C ./=-<3,/. 09< @+<39?= >239#/73>3- 6+81?+1/= 90 >2/ ?<+1/ -98>+->

D98/

.+?12>/< "

F#2/ 3= ^# .+?12>/<G

.+?12>/< " ##

F#2/ 3= 23= ^%$" G

#?:<+=/17/8>+6 /8-9.3 81 9 86C

'2/</+= 38 +66 /B+7:6/= .3=-?==/. =9 0+< -98=3=>/. 90 + =/17/8>+6 -97:98/8>

+8. + =:/-303- +--/8> :+>>/<8 38 +=-<3:>3@/ +8. 3./8>303-+>398+6 :</.3-+>398= 38 A23-2 >2/ 89738+6 :</.3-+>/ 3= 79.303/. ,C + -+<.38+6 8?7/<+6 9< + ./798=><+>3@/

>2/ 9--?<</8-/ 90 3= 89> +.73==3,6/ $2/ ;?/=>398 38 -98>+38= + :</.3-+>/

89?8 A23-2 3= 79.303/. ,C + ;?+8>303-+>398+6 +.4/->3@/ = :</.3->/. ,C 31?</

³⁼ +>>+-2/. >9 >2/ 79.303/< 8 >2/ +8=A/< >9 >2/ ;?/=>398 3=

=?<:<3=3816C 8/3>2/< 09?8. 98 >2/ :</.3-+>/ 89?8 89< 98 3>= 79.303/< #?,4/-> +8.

#// /B+7:6/ + 9< + 38 #-28/3./<6?7 >23= @96?7/ += A/66 += /B+7:6/= +8.

+8. 099>89>/ 38 <+== /> +6 $2/ :9==/==9< 38 >2/ 89738+6 :</.3-+>398 90 6++,+ +8. G+,//8+ +8. 90 #36>G/ +8. *+C >239#/73>3- 3= 09?8. 38 >2/ =+7/

:9=3>398 += 38 +7,++>+ 8+7/6C +0>/< >2/ -9:?6+

<.38+6 8?7/<+6= ,/2+@/ 635/ 1/83>3@/ 79.303/<=

DF98=75H95F9>ILH5DCG985B8H<9BIA9F=75@AC8=:=9F=G9B7C898=BH<9C6@=EI975G9 K<=7<=G9@G9K<9F95G=;BC:5;F99A9BHK=H<5BCBBCA=B5H=J9CFBCB577IG5H=J9<958 BCIB @@H<5HF9A5=BGC:'(=GH<9HMD=75@5779BHD5HH9FBCBH<9DF98=75H9 BCIB L5AD@9 =G 7CBG=89F98 HC 69 CB9 C: H<9 897=G=J9 9L5AD@9G :CF 5F;I=B;

H<5H=H=GBCHH<9 G9;A9BH5@6IHH<9GIDF5G9;A9BH5@7CADCB9BH C:H<97CDI@5K<=7<

=GH<9DF=B7=D5@=B8=75HCFC:5BCBJ9F65@DF98=75H=CBK=H<'(

$3 291M,?> 2+,I85+>+ 5L6?

%&'% @C58&'% <CKA5BM(*'( ?=@C(*

[ CK<95JM=GH<=G@C58\3@=H],<=G@C58=G<CKA5BM?=@CG^4

$3 291M,?> 98>++.N7/98>++.N73>+ 5L6?

%&'% @C58&'% :=:HM'$ ?=@C(*

[,<=G@C58=G?=@CG\

98>++.?7L>+ 536N>+ [?=@CG\

98>++.N73> &'% 5L6?> &'%

98>++.N7/ '$ 536M98 !( $' 536M9-2-2 $ 536M &

L5AD@9 =@@IGHF5H9G H<9 AC8=:=75H=CB C: 5 DF98=75H9 BCIB 6M HKC 7CCF8=B5H9 BIA9F=75@AC8=:=9FG

+=++6L .355N>+ C//88M9> .?6L3-2-2

A5G55@5%& A5F?9H G5M '&*$..&'% G@5I;<H9F=B;%$

,3<L>+ CM9 6I7/ >K =I=/ .L55?

:FCBH '(*$ HKC'$ CF H<F99'$ A5F?9H(*

[,<9 GC75@@98 ] 7+=++6+ A5F?9HG^ 5F9 H<9 HKC CF H<F99 A5F?9HG 69:CF9 H<9 G@5I;<H9F=B;385M4\#

G CB BIA9F=75@ AC8=:=9FG 2+>+ =G A=GG=B; CB 89ACBGHF5H=J9 AC8=:=9FG DFCL=A5@

=BH9FFC;5H=J9 ,<9 AC8=:=9F C: H<9 DF98=75H9 BCIBG C77IFG 5;5=B =B H<9 C6@=EI975G9:CFACAD5F95B85B8

911+PI+88? >I88 M9=? >+>+M9=?

H<=9J9G%&'% %'$ 7<=@8F9B(*

[,<9H<=9J9G5F9H<9G97<=@8F9B\

>+ 99=N>+ [H<9G97<=@8F9B\

>3 &'% M9=?> &'%

>I88 '$ 99=M9838 !( 99=M9-2-2 $ 99=M &

I<,? ??<++7K/-2-2 2+55I88 AN.? 2I55++AN.?

5F65%&'% IF55A9$ K<=7<%'$ G=89%(*

[5F65=GCBK<=7<G=89C:IIF55A9\

,<9 C6@=EI9 75G9 C: BIA9F=75@ 5B8 89ACBGHF5H=J9 AC8=:=9FG A5M H<9F9:CF9 69 G5=8 HC G=;B5@ 5;F99A9BH K=H< <958 BCIBG C: 5BM BCB577IG5H=J9 CF BCBBCA=B5H=J9 75G9 :CFA

=B7@I8=B;H<9DF98=75H=J975G9

(@988/$</3=

2I55+ A?.N [K<=7<G=89\

2I55? &'% AN.? &'%

2+55I88 '$ A?.L38 !( A?.L3-2-2 $ A?.L &

,<9 F95GCB K<M 2+>+ =G 9@=898 CF K<M =H :5=@G HC C77IF =B H<9 56CJ9 A9BH=CB98 7CBH9LHG =G BCH M9H 7@95F DF5;A5H=7 ACH=J5H=CB 75B DFC656@M 69 9L7@I898 !B 9L5AD@9G 5B8 CB9 75BBCH 7CBG=89F H<9 BIA9F5@ CF 89ACBGHF5H=J9 AC8=:=9FG@9GGG5@=9BHH<5BH<9;9B=H=J958>97H=J5@5B8F9@5H=J9AC8=:=9FG=B 5B8 B9J9FH<9@9GG 2+>+ =G A=GG=B; ,<9 GMB7<FCB=7 85H5 8C9G BCH DFCJ=89 5B 9LD@5B5H=CB H<9 F95GCB :CF H<9 56G9B79 C: 2+>+ F9A5=BG HC 69 =BJ9GH=;5H98 =B 5 8=57<FCB=7D9FGD97H=J9&CH9H<5H=B@5565+7<B9=89F@IAH<=GJC@IA9H<97CDI@5

=GBCHA=GG=B;CBBIA9F5@AC8=:=9FG CAD@9L 5G7F=DH=J9 7CBGHFI7H=CBG

D5FH:FCA69=B;5DF98=75H=B;89J=79:CFBCIBG5B858>97H=J9G'(5@GCG9FJ9GHC

;9B9F5H9 7CAD@9L 5G7F=DH=J9 7CBGHFI7H=CBG ,<9 7CBGHFI7H=CBG 5F9 H9FA98 ]7CAD@9L^

6975IG9H<9DF98=75H9=G57CAD@9H97@5IG9<958986M5F9@5H=J9J9F6H:=FGH;@5B79 H<9 CB@M C6J=CIG 8=::9F9B79 69HK99B 5B8 =G H<9 588=H=CB5@ 7CDI@5 =B H<9 G97CB89L5AD@95B8H<9G@=;<H@M8=::9F9BHHF5BG@5H=CB

? A9=2L-2-2? 1+P77I89

%%&'% 8C;+%&'% 6=H9%!(.

[,<=G8C;6=H9G<56=HI5@@M K=@@6=H9\

? A9=2L-2-2? 1+P77I89+

%%&'% 8C;+%&'% 6=H9%!(.*$%'(

[,<=G8C;=GJ=7=CIG\3@=H[,<=G8C;=GCB9H<5H6=H9G\4

,<9B9;5H=CBH9GHDFCJ9GH<5HH<9DF98=75H9=G=B8998<958986M5F9@5H=J9J9F65B8 BCH 5 A5=BJ9F6 :CFA %5=BJ9F6G5F9B9;5H98K=H< H<9ACFD<9A9 ,+P+ 7:

K<9F95GB9;5H=J9F9@5H=J9J9F6G7CBH5=B5ACFD<9A9 ?7, 7:

? A9=2L-2-2? 1+P77I89,+P+

%%&'% 8C;+%&'% 6=H9%!(.&

[,<=G8C;8C9GBCH6=H9<56=HI5@@M KCB\H6=H9\

? A9=2L-2-2? 1+P77N7,?+

%%&'% 8C;+%&'% 6=H9%&*$%(*%'(

[,<=G8C;=GBCHJ=7=CIG\3@=H[,<=G8C;=GCB9H<5H8C9GBCH6=H9\4

L5AD@97CB:=FAGH<5HH<9DF98=75H9=G65G98CB57CAD@9H9F9@5H=J97@5IG95B8 BCH >IGH 5 F9@5H=J9 J9F6 ,<9 GI6>97H C: H<9 F9@5H=J9 J9F6 D+CL>? 75B 69 CJ9FH@M 9LDF9GG985B88C9GBCH<5J9HC697CF9:9F9BHK=H<H<9GI6>97HC:H<97CDI@57@5IG9 5N?8

)N?8* # )D+CL>? ,+PL=2=2//2++*

!%%&'% C=@%&'% GDC=@-+%(.*$%'(

[3+CFH=B; 7@CH<9G H<9 GD95?9F @=:HG ID CB9 8F9GG 5B8 G5MG4 ,<=G CB9 <5G C=@

GH5=BG\3@=H[,<=G=GCB9H<5HC=@<5GGDC=@98\4

*9@5H=J9 7@5IG9G 75B H<IG 697CA9 H<9 <958 C: 5 DF98=75H9 @=?9 58>97H=J9G 5B8

;9B=H=J9DFCBCIBG,<9:=B5@ J9F6 C:5F9@5H=J97@5IG9:IB7H=CB=B;5GDF98=75H9

=G5779BH98 =BH<9G5A9K5M5G5 F9@5H=J97@5IG9AC8=:M=B;5DF98=75H9B5A9@M CB5BCB:=B5@GM@@56@9

CAD@9L 5G7F=DH=J9 7CBGHFI7H=CBG 5F9 :F9EI9BH@M IG98 =B #5A655H5 ,<9 J9F65@

G9BH9B79 =B 9LDF9GG9G 5B 9J9BH =B H<=G D5FH=7I@5F 9L5AD@9 H5?=B; D@579 =B H<9 :IHIF9 CF <56=HI5@@M 9LDF9GG9G 5 DFCD9FHM C: H<9 GI6>97H !B H<9 GD95?9F 8C9GBCH=BH9B8HC 9LDF9GGH<5HH<9 8F9GG K5G GDC=@98 6IHF5H<9FHC9AD<5G=N9 H<5H H<9 8F9GG =G GDC=@98 CAD@9L 5G7F=DH=J9 7CBGHFI7H=CBG 5F9 BCH<=B; 6IH DFCD9FHM 9B7C8=B;G9BH9B79G5B8H<IGG9A5BH=75@@MG=A=@5FHC58>97H=J5@DF98=75H=CBG

'(

'( &&> =G H<9 G97CB8 BCB@C75H=J9 7CDI@5 C: #5A655H5 !H =G IG98 =B

=89BH=:=75H=CB5@5B85G7F=DH=J9DF98=75H=CBG,<9<=GHCF=75@CF=;=BC:H<=G7CDI@5=GGH=@@

C6G7IF9 7C;B5H9 7CDI@5 =G :CIB8 =B #\5699B5 F5GG 5B8 @5565 +7<B9=89F@IAH<=GJC@IA9

%CFD<CD<CBC@C;M

,<F99 ACFD<CD<CBC@C;=75@ DFC79GG9G 577CAD5BM H<9 DF98=75H=CB K=H< '( ,<9 :=FGH DFC79GG JCK9@ @9B;H<9B=B;5B8 79BHF5@=N5H=CB=G5B =BH9;F5@ D5FHC:H<97CDI@5 5B8H<9F95GCB:CF @569@=B; H<9 '(ACFD<9A9 &&> /<9B > =G GI::=L98 HCH<9 DF98=75H9 IB5779BH98 5B8 89JC=798 JCK9@G DF9798=B; H<9 7CDI@5 5F9 @CK9F98 3/

?9 ++ 5B8@9B;H<9B98 &&& !H=GH<9F9:CF9D@5IG=6@9HCF97CBGHFI7H +>3 :CF '( 5BG"XF;9B +5GG9 D 7 ,<9 JCK9@ 99 =G H<9 ACGH :F9EI9BH @CB;

JCK9@ 69:CF9 H<9 7CDI@5 6975IG9 H<9 89:5I@H :=B5@JCK9@ C: #5A655H5 KCF8G =G 5B IB5779BH98 89JC=798 5B8 CFH<C;F5D<=75@@M IBA5F?98 = ,<9 JCK9@ @9B;H<9B=B;5B8 79BHF5@=N5H=CB DFC79GG D9FA=HG CB@M H<F99JCK9@GHC C77IF 69:CF9 '( // 99 CF

++

IC3 [K<C\&'% IC//> [K<C=G=H\

+,=L3=? D9FGCB5@B5A9&'% +,=L3=99> [=H=G 56G==GC\

L==+ [G <9\ '&&'% L==++> [=H=G<9F <=A\

!:'(=G 58898HC5DF98=75H9K=H< 5:=B5@JC=798JCK9@K<=7<75B695779BH98 CF BCH 5B 9D9BH<9H=7 83 =G =BG9FH98 K<CG9 89:5I@H JCK9@ = =G H<9B @9B;H<9B98

/=I DFCD9FBCIB

/=I8//> B??449977L32?

9G5&..'( G99+(.'*$..%&'%

[!G5K9G5\3@=H[!H=G9G5K<C!G5K\4

+7<B9=89F@IA H<=G JC@IA9 5B8 F5GG F9@5H9 '( HC H<9 :9A=B=B9BCA=B5H=J9 89ACBGHF5H=J9 >3 G999L5AD@9 56CJ9,<=G 8C9G BCHG99A D@5IG=6@9 HC A9 9GD97=5@@M K<9B7CBG=89F=B;H<9ACFD<CD<CBC@C;=75@ :95HIF9GC:H<97CDI@5 G99G97H=CB K<=7<

5F9BCHG<5F986MH<989ACBGHF5H=J9

(@988/$</3=

'BH<9F=;<H9B8C:H<9'(ACFD<9A95GG=A=@5H=CB75B69C6G9FJ98,<97CDI@5\G

> =GHCH5@@M5GG=A=@5H98HCH<9=B=H=5@7CBGCB5BHC::C@@CK=B;ACFD<9A9G:CF=BGH5B79 H<9B9;5H=CBA5F?9F &&>,+P+&&,,+P+ 7: ,<9F9=GCB@MCB99L79DH=CB HC H<=G FI@9 =B 7CBHF5GH HC CH<9F 7CBGCB5BH=B=H=5@ ACFD<9A9G H<9 ACFD<9A9 = 9B7C8=B; 5:CF9A9BH=CB98B9GGHF=;;9FG H<9 89@9H=CBC: > &&>=&&= 7:

,<9@CB;BCB<=;<JCK9@F9A5=BG5G5HF579C:H<97CDI@5

#I=99,,+P+ 6I799>

H<F99%(*..'(& HKC%(*..'(

[!H3<=G5;94=GBCHH<F99=H=GHKC\

!97I+B?)* 799==I+-2-2 7I>99=

@9DFCGM%&'% 8=G95G9($$ CB9%(*..%('++

[$9DFCGM =G CB9 C: H<9 8=G95G9G 3K<=7< 5F9 <5FA:I@ 5B8 =B:97H=CIG :CF A5BM D9CD@9C:H<=CD=54\#

CK'(=B:@I9B79GH<95779BHC:H<965G9HCK<=7<=H=G5HH57<98=GBCHM9H7@95F 5B8AIGH69H<9GI6>97HC::IFH<9F=BJ9GH=;5H=CBG

!89BH=:=75H=CB 5G7F=DH=CB 5B8 EI5BH=:=7 5H=CB

'(=G56CIB85B8=BJ5F=5BHACFD<9A9!H=GIGI5@@M:CIB8CB=89BH=:M=B;F5F9@M CB5G7F=DH=J9DF98=75H9G!BH<9:C@@CK=B;=HG8=GHF=6IH=CB=GGD97=:=98=B89H5=@

'(=GIG98K<9BH<9DF98=75H9=G5DFCD9FBCIB

9;K 23DM9 I+0++>

CE9%& 6FCH<9F%&'% 55:5(*..'(

[CE9\G6FCH<9F=G55:5\

(FCD9F BCIBG 5F9 =B<9F9BH@M =89BH=:M=B; !B 7CBHF5GH HC ACGH 7CAACB BCIBG H<9M

<5J9BCH;F5AA5H=75@=N985G97CB85FM75G9 ;9B89FA5F?9F=;IF9+CA97CAACB BCIBG 9B8=B; =B 5 G<CFH BCB<=;< JCK9@ K M @57? H<9 G97CB85FM 75G9 ;9B89F A5F?9FG 5G K9@@ ,<=G GA5@@ ;FCID C: BCIBG =G G9A5BH=75@@M <9H9FC;9B9CIG 5B8 7CBH5=BG 5ACB; CH<9FG GCA9 6=F8 H9FAG H9FAG C: 588F9GG :CF ?=B 5B8 C@8 H56CC H9FAG $=?9 DFCD9F BCIBG H<9 7CAACB BCIBG C: H<=G ;FCID 5F9 DF98=75H98 K=H<

'(L5AD@9<5G5B5G7F=DH=J9=BH9FDF9H5H=CB '??449977L -33PL-2-2?> B++0?6N?;//>

G99+(.'*$ 6=F8+&'% HMD9C:6=F8(*..'(

[,<96=F8H<5H!G5K=G5 B++0?6??;/ 6=F8\

(9FGCB5@ DFCBCIBG =B H<9 G=B;I@5F 6IH BCH H<9 F979BH@M ;F5AA5H=75@=N98 D@IF5@

DFCBCIBG C77IF K=H< '( &&> ,<9 B9K D@IF5@ DFCBCIBG 75FFM 5 :9A=B=B9

75G9 ;9B89F A5F?9F >+ =B H<9 577IG5H=J9 5B8 > =B H<9 BCA=B5H=J9 5B8 F9EI=F9

'(<9F9F95@=N985G >++ CBH<9DF98=75H=J9:CFA,56@9

Table 4 Personal pronouns as identificational predicates

& '% ( *!, & '% ( *!,

+ I8 K/= I8//> ($ 8+PM9> 8+PM9>+ 8+PM9>++

+ I> 5K/= I>//> ($ +P889PM9> 53P88/PK/>+ +P889PM9>++

'& IP88? 53P88K>+ IP8899> ($ 3==9PM9> 3==9PM9>+ 3==9PM9>++

% L=EL=? 3=N L=99>

L=/ 3=K>+ L=//>

'& L==+ 3==I>+ L==++>

,<9F9 =G 5B C6J=CIG 7CFF9@5H=CB 69HK99B H<9 9L=GH9B79 C: 5 G97CB85FM 75G9 ;9B89F A5F?9F 5B8 H<9 7<C=79 C: H<9 7CDI@5 ,<9 =BH9FFC;5H=J9 DFCBCIB +CK [K<C\ K<=7<

75FF=9G BC GI7< A5F?9F 7CA6=B9G K=H< '( 7: K<9F95G 7I2+ [K<5H\

C77IFGK=H<'(7:

FC//> =+7K/8+ ??66I ;+<<L-2-2?

K<C%(*..'( <95J9B%&* 95FH<& A5GH9F%&'%

[/<C=GH<9$CF8C:<95J9B5B895FH<\

N?8 7I2++8

!%%&'% K<5H%(*%'() [/<5H=GH<=G\

9ACBGHF5H=J9DFCBCIBGF9EI=F9'(5GG<CKB=B =L M9=?> >I88//>

%& 7<=@8F9B&'% !%(*..'(

[ =G7<=@8F9B5F9H<9G9CB9G\

+C :5F CB9 <5G 699B H9ADH98 HC =BH9FDF9H H<9 @57? C: 5 G97CB85FM 75G9 ;9B89F A5F?9F 5GH<9CB@M89H9FA=B=B;:57HCF:CFH<9DF9:9F9B79C:'(CJ9F'(K=H<

5G7F=DH=J9 CF =89BH=:=75H=CB5@ DF98=75H9G 5F8=B5@ BIA9F5@G <CK9J9F :5@G=:M H<=G

<MDCH<9G=G G DF98=75H9 <958G H<9M F9EI=F9 '( 7: 5@H<CI;< H<9M <5J9 5 G97CB85FM 75G9 ;9B89F A5F?9F G99 H<9 577IG5H=J9 :CFA =B H<9 6F57?9HG '( =G DFC<=6=H98

+PM9> >M98+ 6I799> >M98+6+7N>M98+6+7L>+ [HK9@J9\

($&'% H9B* HKC(*..'(

[/95F9HK9@J93=BBIA69F4\

8>97H=J9G;9B=H=J9DFCBCIBG7: G97H=CB 5B8 F9@5H=J9 7@5IG9G7: G97H=CB

=B5G7F=DH=J95B8=89BH=:=75H=CB5@7CBGHFI7H=CBGB9J9FC77IFK=H<'(

/<=7< 75G9 =G H<9 DF98=75H9 75G9

G =B H<9 75G9 C: '( =H =G HF=7?M HC 89H9FA=B9 =B K<=7< 75G9 :CFA 5B

=89BH=:=75H=CB5@CF5G7F=DH=J9DF98=75H97CA6=B9GK=H<'(,<9=BJ9GH=;5H=CB<5GBCH

(5M5HH9BH=CBHCH<9KCF8CF89F=B,<9KCF8CF89FC:GI6>97H5B8DF98=75H975B69

F9J9FG98 =B 7CDI@5 7@5IG9G K=H< '( 9J9B H<CI;< H<=G =G AI7< @9GG 5HH9GH98 H<5B H<9

GI6>97HDF98=75H9CF89F,<9F9J9FG5@C:GI6>97H5B8DF98=75H9=BH<9BCBJ9F65@DF98=75H=CB

K=H<'(=GGC:5FCB@M5HH9GH98=B7@9:HG9BH9B79GG99

(@988/$</3=

DFC8I7985IB=:CFAD=7HIF9'BH<97CBHF5FMH<9IBD@95G5BHG=HI5H=CB<5G5F=G9BH<5H 8=::9F9BH F95@=N5H=CBG C: H<9 DF98=75H9 :CFA <5J9 HC 69 5GGIA98 89D9B8=B; CB H<9 KCF8 7@5GG CF GI6KCF8 7@5GG HC K<=7< H<9 DF98=75H9 69@CB;G 9G=89G H<=G H<9

=ADCGG=6=@=HM HC G9H ID GCIB8 FI@9G DF98=7H=B; H<9 5779BH C: H<9

=89BH=:=75H=CB5@ 5G7F=DH=J9 DF98=75H9 K=H< '( A5?9G 5B 9L57H 5B5@MG=G C: H<9 DF98=75H9 :CFA =ADCGG=6@9 :CF H<9 H=A9 69=B; &9J9FH<9@9GG H9BH5H=J9 FI@9G 7CB79FB=B; H<9 G9;A9BH5@ F95@=N5H=CB G<CI@8 69 D5GG98 CB HC H<9 F9589F ,<9 @CB;

DF98=75H9 JCK9@ C: DFCD9F BCIBG 5B8 C: 7CAACB BCIBG 9B8=B; =B K 5B8 M =G

=89BH=75@ HCH<9 JCK9@ C: H<9=F 577IG5H=J9 5B8 C6@=EI9 75G9 :CFAG ,<=G=G 9GD97=5@@M 9J=89BHK=H<A5G7I@=B9DFCD9FBCIBGG99,56@9

Table 5 Case forms of masculine proper nouns

& '% ' $ ( *!, $'++

++0I I+03 I+0+ I+0++> [=H=G55:5\

#?1//,M #?1K/,3 #?1K/,9 #?1K/,99> [=H=G+I;996C\

#3113=M #311L=? #311L=9 #3113=M9> [=H=G+=;;=GC\

,<9 DF98=75H9 :CFAG C: H<9 G=B;I@5F D9FGCB5@ DFCBCIBG 5F9 7@95F@M 65G98 CB H<9 BCA=B5H=J9 :CFAG G99 ,56@9 ,<9 DF98=75H9 :CFA C: 89ACBGHF5H=J9G =G 65G98 CB H<9 BCBBCA=B5H=J9 BCB577IG5H=J9 GH9A G =G 9L9AD@=:=98 CB H<9 89ACBGHF5H=J9 DFCBCIBG C:H<9:=FGH[H<=G CB9\5B8H<=F8[H<5H 8=GH5BH CB9\89;F99 H<975G9G HC H<9F=;<HC:H<9BCA=B5H=J9=B7@I8=B;H<9DF98=75H9:CFA5F965G98CB5BCH<9FGH9A H<5B577IG5H=J9CFBCA=B5H=J9G99,56@9

Table 6 Case forms of 1 ^st and 3 ^rd degree demonstrative pronouns

& '% & , $ ' ( * $'++

% 5I+8 5N?8 5+88L 5+88L32+ 5+88K/8 5I88//> [=H=GH<=GCB9\

>I+8 >L38 >+88K >+88K/2+ >+88K/8 >I88//>

% 5I+:2 5N?:2 5+PL 5+PL32+ 5+PK/8 5IP//> [=H=GH<5H8=GH5BHCB9\

>I+:2 >L3:2 >+PK >+PK/2+ >+PK/8 >IP//>

$=?9 58>97H=J9G BIA9F5@G 75B 69 IG98 5G =B89D9B89BH@M F9:9FF=B; IB=HG 5B8 H<9B 8=GD@5MH<9G5A9BIA69FC:75G98=GH=B7H=CBG5GBCIBGG99,56@9 CK9J9FK<9B 58>97H=J9G ,56@9 5B8 BIA9F5@G 5F9 IG98 5G AC8=:=9FG H<9=F 75G9 D5F58=;A =G 7CB89BG98 HC H<F99 :CFAG 577IG5H=J9 BCA=B5H=J9 5B8 C6@=EI9 ,56@9 !H =G H<9 C6@=EI9:CFAHCK<=7<H<9BIA9F5@DF98=75H9:CFAF9G9A6@9GACGH7@CG9@M

,<95779BHA5F?=B;CBH<9DF98=75H9G=BH<99L5AD@9GC:H<9G97H=CBGHCAIGH69 H5?9BK=H<8I975F9

,<9C6@=EI975G9:CFAC:DFCD9FBCIBG=GIG98HC75@@CF588F9GGGCA9CB9JC75H=J9

F5GG\5GGIADH=CBH<5HH<9;9B=H=J9 :CFA=GH<9DF98=75H9:CFAC: 89ACBGHF5H=J9DFCBCIBG

=B#\5699B5=GBCHGI=H56@9:CF#5A655H5,<9;9B=H=J9:CFAC:89ACBGHF5H=J9

DFCBCIBG75B=B:57H 5@GCC77IF5G DF98=75H9=B #5A655H5!H=GH<9B<CK9J9F7CA6=B98

K=H< '( 5I883+>I88/+5B8 9LDF9GG9G[=H=G H<=G CB9\G % \ =9=H=G5 DCGG9GG=J9

7CBGHFI7H=CB

Table 7 Case forms of the cardinal numerals @5AW ‘two’ and HCF8IAR ‘ten’

& '% ' $ ( *!, $'++

% 6+7N 6I7? 6I79 6I799> [=H=GHKC\

6+7L>+ 6I73> 6I7/ 6I7//>

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>9<.?7L>+ >9<.N73> >9<.N7/ >9<.N7//>

'6@=EI9 75G9 DF98=75H=CBG

+C :5F K9 <5J9 CB@M G99B '( 9L5AD@9G =B K<=7< H<9 GI6>97H =G 9EI5H98 K=H< 5 IB=EI9 F9:9F9BH =89BH=:=75H=CB =B K<=7< H<9 GI6>97H\G A9A69FG<=D =B 5 7@5GG =G 9GH56@=G<98 5G7F=DH=CBCF=B K<=7<H<9GI6>97H=GEI5BH=:=98EI5BH=:=75H=CB9G=89G H<=GBCA=B5@GK=H<C6@=EI975G9A5F?9FGA5M:IB7H=CB5G<958GC:H<9DF98=75H9,<9 H9FA]C6@=EI9^=G<9F9 IB89FGHCC85G57CJ9FH9FA:CF75G9:CFAGC:H<9BCIB H<5H 5F9 B9=H<9F 577IG5H=J9 BCF BCA=B5H=J9 ,<9 A95B=B;G 9LDF9GG98 =B GI7< 7CDI@5 7@5IG9G89D9B8CBH<9G9A5BH=7GC:H<9C6@=EI975G9A5F?9FG(IGH9H:=9 H<9 DF98=75H9 9LDF9GG9G 5 F97=D=9BH 69B9:=7=5FM 85H=J9 9L5AD@9 @C75H=CB

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Figure 4 Morpheme order in the predicate with COP3

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