• Aucun résultat trouvé

Propriétés magnétiques et optiques de monocristaux dopés terres rares pour l'information quantique

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2021

Partager "Propriétés magnétiques et optiques de monocristaux dopés terres rares pour l'information quantique"

Copied!
202
0
0

Texte intégral

(1)

HAL Id: tel-00712947

https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00712947

Submitted on 28 Jun 2012

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci-entific research documents, whether they are pub-lished or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers.

L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

dopés terres rares pour l’information quantique

Robert Marino

To cite this version:

Robert Marino. Propriétés magnétiques et optiques de monocristaux dopés terres rares pour

l’information quantique. Chimie théorique et/ou physique. Université Lille 1 - Sciences et Tech-nologies, 2011. Français. �tel-00712947�

(2)

# # ######### ######### ######## # # #

"#$%&'($)&!*&(!(+$&#+&(!&)!)&+,#-.-/$&(!*&!.$..&!0!

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

(3)

#22#

(4)

=%?%)C(%?%@7$&

#

3I'J'(#$(K#'(F('IJ(F(BAK#B%(KA#LMFMJK#IN&K(#MJKO(P#BOMBF&JBK#I%(KA#CM#I&BA'(QM'AJ(#BMA@'(CC(# $%@B# A'MEMJC# $(# ANRK(P# (B# (SS(AP# $(# B&K# L&@'K# CM# '(IN('IN(# B(# K(# SMJA# QC@K# K(@CT# 0J(B# B(# K('MJA# Q&KKJGC(# KMBK# C(K# B&FG'(@U# OINMBV(K# KIJ(BAJSJW@(K# (A# N@FMJBK# W@J# Q('F(AA(BA# X# INMW@(# IN('IN(@'#$%MEMBI('#W@(CC(K#W@(#K&J(BA#C(K#$JSSJI@CAOK#M@UW@(CC(K#JC#(KA#I&BS'&BAOT##

#

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

#

\(# AJ(BK# M@KKJ# X# '(F('IJ(# 8@Y# `@BAJBU# (A# ;J$J('# 8&@'J('# $(# F%ME&J'# MII@(JCCJ# $MBK# C(@'K# CMG&'MA&J'(K#'(KQ(IAJSKT##

#

\%M@'MJK# MJFO# SMJ'(# FJ(BB(# CM# SMF(@K(# 'OQCJW@(# $@# <J$P# a#!&@K# QM'AbF(K# IJBW# I(BAKc# FMJK# QM'# @B#Q'&FQA#'(BS&'AP#!&@K#B&@K#EbF(K#A'&JK#FJCC(#(B#M''JEMBA#M@#Q&'A#defg#Q&@'#'OK@F('#I(K#D# MBBO(K#$(#ANRK(T#6MCN(@'(@K(F(BA#B&@K#QM'AbF(K#h#(A#M''JE_F(K#DT#<(#A'MEMJC#M#OAO#JBJAJO#QM'# $(@U# L(@B(K# IN('IN(@'K# A'RK# Q'&F(AA(@'K# 1CJEJ('# 8@JCC&A# !&(C# (A# 2EMB# >&'V('O# W@J# &BA# (@# CM# FMCINMBI(# $(# K(# A'&@E('# M@# FM@EMJK# (B$'&JAP# M@# FM@EMJK# F&F(BAT# 6('IJ# Q&@'# A&@A# I(# W@(# E&@K#F%ME([#MQQ&'AO#$@'MBA#I(AA(#MBBO(#X#E&K#I&AOKT#`&M#EJMV(F#'MQM[(K#i#

#

j(@'(@K(F(BA# Q&@'# F&JP# L%MJ# Q@# F%MQQ@Y('# K@'# j('EO# (A# /NJCJQQ(P# F(K# $J'(IA(@'K# $(# ANRK(P# Q&@'#Q&@'K@JE'(#F(K#A'MEM@UT##

j('EOP#F('IJ#Q&@'#I(K#A'&JK#A'RK#G(CC(K#MBBO(KT#6(K#KOL&@'K#X#>JCC(#&BA#A&@L&@'K#OAO#@B(#G&@SSO(# $%MJ'#S'MJKP#B&AMFF(BA#V'_I(#X#A&B#N@F&@'#(A#X#A&B#(KQ'JAT#\(#B%&@GCJ('MJ#LMFMJK#AM#$(UAO'JAO#(A# AM#FMJA'JK(#$(#CM#0/3T#0J(B#B%(KA#JFQ&KKJGC(#ME(I#A&JP#KM@S#W@MB$#C%NOCJ@F#C%M#$OIJ$O#i#6('IJ#$(# F%ME&J'# A'MBKFJK# A&B# KME&J'# (A# A&B# KME&J'# SMJ'(# (A# K@'A&@A# $(# F%ME&J'# SMJA# I&BSJMBI(# $RK# C(# $OG@A#(A#$(#F%ME&J'#$&BBOP#A&@A#M@#C&BV#$(#K(K#A'&JK#MBBO(P#C(K#F&Y(BK#$(#A'MEMJCC('#I&FF(#@B# IN('IN(@'#X#QM'A#(BAJR'(T##

/NJCJQQ(P#F('IJ#$%ME&J'#'MQJ$(F(BA#'(Q'JK#CM#FMJB#MQ'RK#CM#$JKQM'JAJ&B#$%1CJEJ('T#<(AA(#QO'J&$(# B%M#OAO#SMIJC(#Q&@'#Q('K&BB(#FMJK#L(#KMJK#W@%(CC(#C%OAMJA#(BI&'(#F&JBK#Q&@'#A&JT#\(#A(#'(F('IJ(#$(# B(# QMK# ME&J'# GMJKKO# C(K# G'MK# (A# $%ME&J'# A(B@# C(# IMQ# FMCV'O# A&@AT# :B# V'MB$# F('IJ# Q&@'# A&B# JFQCJIMAJ&B# K&@A(B@(# $@'MBA# CM# $('BJR'(# MBBO(# $(# ANRK(P# B&AMFF(BA# C&'K# $(# C%(UQC&JAMAJ&B# SJBMC(#$(K#$&BBO(KP#CM#'O$MIAJ&B#$@#FMB@KI'JA#(A#CM#Q'OQM'MAJ&B#$(#CM#K&@A(BMBI(T##

#

<(AA(# ANRK(# M# OAO# C%&IIMKJ&B# $(# SMJ'(# $(# A'RK# G(CC(K# '(BI&BA'(K# (A# $(# Q&@'K@JE'(# $(# K&CJ$(K# MFJAJOKT##

7@#CMG&#A&@A#$%MG&'$#(A#QC@K#QM'AJI@CJR'(F(BA#$MBK#C(#G@'(M@#$(K#ANOKM'$K#)#?C&P#/O&#(A#7'B&C$P# L(#I'&JK#W@(#KJ#L(#$(EMJK#'MI&BA('#A&@A#I(#W@(#B&@K#ME&BK#SMJAP#@B(#ANRK(#B%Y#K@SSJ'MJA#QMKT#/&@'# SMJ'(#I&@'AP#F('IJ#Q&@'#A&@K#I(K#F&F(BAK#QMKKOK#(BK(FGC(#X#$OI&BB('P#X#QM'C('#KIJ(BI(K#kQMK# A'&Q#B&B#QC@KP#I%(KA#QMK#G&B#Q&@'#CM#KMBAOl#X#QM'AMV('#$(#G&BK#'(QMK#(A#K@'A&@A#X#K(#K&@A(BJ'# $@'MBA# C(K# $JSSO'(BA(K# OQ'(@E(K# W@(# B&@K# ME&BK# A&@K# EOI@(K# (A# L(# E&@K# MAA(B$K# Q&@'# @B(# '(EMBIN(# M@# FMYSC&m('# kKMBK# A'JIN('# CM# Q'&INMJB(# S&JK#ilT# ?C&P# @B(# Q(AJA(# F(BAJ&B# KQOIJMC(# Q&@'#A&J#W@MB$#FnF(#cl#

(5)

#2o#

6('IJ# M@KKJ# X# A&@K# C(K# ANOKM'$K# $(# CM# Q'&F&# H++p# W@%JCK# MJ(BA# SMJA# QM'AJ(# &@# B&B# $@# CMG&#)# 7B$'OMKP#5MFP#?'($P#<N'JKAJMBP#\/P#;MFJ(BP#!JBVP#<NM'C(KP#!&Cm(BB#(A#/7#i#

6('IJ#M@KKJ#M@U#a#EJ(@U#g#W@J#K(#K&BA#(BS@JK#MEMBA#(A#A&@A#QM'AJI@CJR'(F(BA#X#1CJEJ('#;T#Q&@'#C(K# 'MV&AK#(A#CM#A'MBKFJKKJ&B#$(#KME&J'#(B#0/3#i##

\(#K&@NMJA(#G(M@I&@Q#$(#I&@'MV(#M@U#B&@E(M@UP#`JMVJ&#kL%MJ#GJ(B#SMJA#MAA(BAJ&B#X#B(#QMK#$J'(#C(K# L(@B(Kl# =MEJP# 6MANJ(@P# 5JF&B# (A# 7BM^CC(T# 6('IJ# oJMBB(Y# Q&@'# C%MBBO(# QMKKO(# X# FMBJQ('# (BK(FGC(#M@#>7<T#/&@'#A&J#M@KKJ#C(#$(KAJB#B%M#QMK#OAO#SMIJC(#(A#L(#A(#SOCJIJAO#$%nA'(#MCCO#L@KW@%M@# G&@AT# >(K# MBBO(K# X# E(BJ'# 'JKW@(BA# $%nA'(# A'RK# F&@E(F(BAO(K# FMJK# L(# K@JK# Kq'# W@(# E&@K# MCC([# E&@K#(B#K&'AJ'#KMBK#Q'&GCRF(KT##

#

6('IJ#M@KKJ#X#;&FJAJCC(#Q&@'#AM#V(BAJCC(KK(P#7CGMB#Q&@'#C(K#$JKI@KKJ&BK#KIJ(BAJSJW@(K#(A#F&JBK# KIJ(BAJSJW@(KP# /MA'JIZ# Q&@'# K(K# NJKA&J'(K# $'rC(K# kFnF(# KJ# $MBK# s+t# $@# A(FQK# (CC(K# B%MEMJ(BA# QMK#$(#SJB#ilP#2KMG(CC(#(A#2Z'MF(#Q&@'#E&A'(#V(BAJCC(KK(#(A#E&A'(#I&FQOA(BI(#(A#;MBJ(CP#8JCC(K#(A# /MA'JIZ# 8T# Q&@'# E&K# NJKA&J'(K# (A# E&A'(# G&BB(# N@F(@'#i# :B# V'MB$# F('IJ# M@U# Q('K&BB(CK# A(INBJW@(K# $@# CMG&# \@CJ(BP# >M@'(BA# kGJV# @Q#ilP# \(SS# (A# uMBB# Q&@'# E&A'(# $JKQ&BJGJCJAO# (A# E&A'(# I&FQOA(BI(P#I%(KA#V'_I(#X#E&@K#W@(#C(#CMG&#A&@'B(#(A#W@%JC#(KA#A(C#W@%JC#(KA#M@L&@'$%N@JT##

#

3BSJBP#(BI&'(#@B(#S&JKP#F('IJ#G(M@I&@Q#;J$J('#$%ME&J'#OAO#CX#W@MB$#JC#C(#SMCCMJA#(A#G'ME&#Q&@'#AM# V(KAJ&B#$@#CMG&#W@J#B%MEMJA#'J(B#$(#SMIJC(#i#`&B#E(BA#X#A&J#8O'M'$#(A#G&B#I&@'MV(#Q&@'#CM#K@JA(T## #

6('IJ# M@KKJ# X# A&@K# I(@U# W@J# F%&BA# MII@(JCCJ# X# >JCC(P# !M$JMP# 8'(VP# 6MYCJK# (A# A&@K# C(K# M@A'(K# W@J# F%&BA#KJ#GJ(B#MII@(JCCJ#X#INMW@(#S&JK#i#

#

\%(B#Q'&SJA(#M@KKJ#Q&@'#'(F('IJ('#A'RK#KJBIR'(F(BA#A'&JK#Q('K&BB(K#W@J#F%&BAP#INMI@B(#X#C(@'# FMBJR'(# F(BO(# K@'# C(# IN(FJB# $(# CM# '(IN('IN(#)# 6F(# >(# `M'BYP# \&NMBB# /(AJA# (A# /NJCJQQ(# `M'G&@UT#

6M#Q'(FJR'(#'(BI&BA'(#ME(I#C(K#KIJ(BI(K#M#(@#CJ(@#M@#CYIO(#ME(I#@B(#Q'&S#$(#QNYKJW@(#INJFJ(# W@J# M# K@# F(# A'MBKF(AA'(# KM# QMKKJ&B# (A# X# W@J# L(# $&JK# $%nA'(# M''JEO# M@KKJ# C&JB# M@L&@'$%N@JT# :B# V'MB$#F('IJ#M@KKJ#X#A&J#/NJCJQQ(#$(#F%ME&J'#C(#Q'(FJ('#FJK#C(#QJ($#X#C%OA'J('#(A#F&BA'O#I(#W@(# I%(KA#$%nA'(#@B#IN('IN(@'#C&'KW@(#A@#F%MK#MII@(JCCJ#Q&@'#W@(CW@(K#K(FMJB(K#$MBK#A&B#CMG&T#<M#M# OAO#Q&@'#F&J#@B(#E'MJ(#'OEOCMAJ&BT#3BSJBP#F('IJ#X#A&J#\&#Q&@'#C(K#W@MA'(#F&JK#JBA(BK(K#FMJK#A'RK# QCMJKMBAK# W@(# L%MJ# Q@# QMKK('# X# C%1B('MT# 4@# F%MK# Q('FJK# $(# '(BS&'I('# F(K# I&BEJIAJ&BK# X# @B# F&F(BA# &@# L%NOKJAMJK# (BA'(# @B(# IM''JR'(# $MBK# C(# a#FMBMV(F(BA#g# (A# $MBK# CM# '(IN('IN(T# \(# A(# $&JK#M@KKJ#$%(B#nA'(#CX#M@L&@'$%N@JT#:B#F('IJ#A'RK#KJBIR'(#X#E&@K#A'&JKT##

#

<(AA(#ANRK(#M#OAO#CM#I&BAJB@MAJ&B#$(#D#MBBO(K#$(#S&'FMAJ&B#a#JBJAJMC(#g#X#<NJFJ(#/M'JK#M@#I&@'K# $(KW@(CC(K# JC# F%M# OAO# $&BBO# $(# '(BI&BA'('# $(K# Q('K&BB(K# NM@A(K# (B# I&@C(@'KT# 2C# F%(KA# JFQ&KKJGC(# $(# B(# QMK# I&FF(BI('# QM'# 4MAM# ;&FJBJW@(#i# 6('IJ# G(M@I&@Q# ;&F# Q&@'# C(K# JBB&FG'MGC(K#QM@K(K#IMSOP#C(K#I&BK(JCKP#C(K#I&@QK#$(#FMJBP#C(K#'MV&AKP#C(K#S&@K#'J'(K#(A#A&@A#I(# W@(# L%&@GCJ(# $(# F(BAJ&BB('T# `'ME&# Q&@'# A&B# B&@E(M@# Q&KA(P# L%(BEJ('MJ# Q'(KW@(# C(K# OA@$JMBAK# G'(KA&JK# kK%JCK# B%OAMJ(BA# QMK# X# `'(KA#il# $(# A%ME&J'T# 7AA(BAJ&B# W@MB$# FnF(# X# B(# QMK# nA'(# A'&Q# $OFMV&#ME(I#(@UT#5&JK#S('F(#i## 6('IJ#6JIN(C#Q&@'#A(K#A'MJAK#$%N@F&@'#(A#A&B#K&@AJ(B#KMBK#X#INMW@(#S&JK#W@(#L%(B#MJ#(@#G(K&JBT# `&B#I&@'MV(#Q&@'#CM#FJK(#(B#QCMI(#$(#C%:60#@BJW@(P#K%JC#Y#M#GJ(B#W@(CW@%@B#W@J#Q(@A#Y#M''JE('P# I%(KA#A&J#i# 6('IJ#7CMJB#Q&@'#C(#K&@AJ(B#W@(#E&@K#F%ME([#MQQ&'AO#X#CM#S&JK#C&'KW@(#L%OAMJK#OA@$JMBA#X#C%OI&C(# Q@JK#(B#AMBA#W@(#L(@B(#$&IA&'MBAT#3B#AMBA#W@%MBIJ(B#OCRE(P#L(#E&@K#'(F('IJ(#M@KKJ#Q&@'#A&@A#I(# W@(# E&@K# ME([# MQQ&'AO# X# B&A'(# OI&C(T# >M# A'MBKJAJ&B# (KA# A&@A(# A'&@EO(# Q&@'# E&@K# SOCJIJA('P# oMCO'J(P#Q&@'#E&A'(#M''JEO(#(A#E&A'(#OB('VJ(T#\(#E&@K#K&@NMJA(#G&B#I&@'MV(#Q&@'#CM#K@JA(P#FnF(# KJ#L(#B(#$&@A(#QMK#W@(#E&@K#KM@'([#Q'(B$'(#C(K#G&BB(K#$OIJKJ&BK#C(#F&F(BA#E(B@#i#

#

4'&JK# MBK# $(# ANRK(P# I%(KA# GJ(BP# FMJK# I%(KA# (BI&'(# FJ(@U# C&'KW@(# C%&B# (B# Q'&SJA(# Q&@'# SMJ'(# $%M@A'(K#MIAJEJAOK#X#I&AOT##

(6)

\%MJ# QMKKO# Q'RK# $(# -p# F&JK# X# NYQJ&KP# Y# F(BMBA# CJAAO'MC(F(BA# @B(# $&@GC(# EJ(# C(# K&J'# (A# I%(KA# Q'&GMGC(F(BA#@B(#$(K#QO'J&$(K#C(K#QC@K#S&'FMA'JI(K#(A#JBA(CC(IA@(CC(F(BA#OQMB&@JKKMBA(K#$(# FM#EJ(T#:B#V'MB$#F('IJ#$&BI#X#A&@A(#C%OW@JQ(#Q&@'#F%ME&J'#F&BA'O#W@&J#SMJ'(#(A#K@'A&@A#B(#QMK# SMJ'(#i##

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kJC# Y# M@'MJA# G(M@I&@Q# $(# IN&K(# X# $J'(# K@'# C%JFQ&'AMBI(# $%7$&I# $MBK# CM# 'O@KKJA(# $(# /N;# 4MC(BA# (A# @B# KJFQC(# F('IJ# B(# K@SSJA# QMK# FMJK# L(# F(# 'MAA'MQ('MJ# ME(I# @B# G&B# $bB('# X# CM# FMJK&B#ilP# C(K# MKK&IJMAJ&BK# (A# C(K# KA'@IA@'(K# S'MBvMJK(K# (A# (@'&QO(BB(K# $(# EMC&'JKMAJ&B# $@# $&IA&'MA# (A# (BSJB# C(K# (BA'(Q'JK(K# W@J# B&@K# &BA# SMJA# I&BSJMBI(P# B&AMFF(BA# >%1'OMC#k(A#QC@K#QM'AJI@CJR'(F(BA#F('IJ#X#E&@K#$(@UP#?'MBv&JK#(A#6JIN(ClT#`J(B#W@(#L%MJ#$OLX#(@# C%&IIMKJ&B#$(#C(K#'(F('IJ('#(A#$(#C(K#SOCJIJA('#Q&@'#C(@'#A'MEMJCP#L(#AJ(BK#X#'($J'(#JIJ#W@(#I(#Q'&L(A# B%M@'MJA# GJ(B# OEJ$(FF(BA# LMFMJK# Q@# $(E(BJ'# 'OMCJAO# KMBK# C%OB&'F(# A'MEMJC# MII&FQCJ# QM'# C%(BK(FGC(# $(K# F(FG'(KT# `'ME&# X# A&@K# (A# (BI&'(# F('IJ# Q&@'# A&@A# I(# W@(# E&@K# ME([# SMJA#i# <&FF(# $JKMJA# <&C@IN(P# A&@K# C(K# N&FF(K# K&BA# OVM@U# FMJK# JC# Y# (B# M# W@J# K&BA# QC@K# OVM@U# C(K# M@A'(K#i# \%(B# Q'&SJA(# $&BI# Q&@'# '(F('IJ('# (A# SOCJIJA('# QC@K# QM'AJI@CJR'(F(BA# 7B$'OMKP# 7'B&C$P# <NM'C(KP#<NM'CJ(P#<Y'JCP#3FJCJ(P#3BG&P#j(J$JP#\@CJ(BP#>&@JKP#6MANJ(@P#!JBV#(A#=MEJT#

#

/(@#MQ'RK#ME&J'#'(v@#F&B#$JQCrF(P#L%MJ#'(L&JBA#C%MKK&IJMAJ&B#$(K#MBIJ(BK#OCRE(K#$(#</T#>M#I'JK(# $(#H++p#OAMJA#QMKKO(#QM'#CX#(A#L(#E&@CMJK#Q'&SJA('#$(#F&B#A(FQK#CJG'(#Q&@'#$&BB('#@B#I&@Q#$(# FMJB# X# F(K# IMFM'M$(K# CMJKKOK# K@'# C(# IM''(M@T# 3BA'(# CM# '(Q'JK(# $(K# V'&@Q(K# $(# A'MEMJCP# C%&'VMBJKMAJ&B# $(# I&BSO'(BI(K# B(Am&'ZJBVP# $(# AMGC(K# '&B$(KP# C(# INMBV(F(BA# $(# B&F# $(# C%MKK&IJMAJ&BP#C(#'ML(@BJKK(F(BA#$(#C%OW@JQ(#(A#CM#BOV&IJMAJ&B#$(#QM'A(BM'JMAK#&B#Q(@A#$J'(#W@(# L%MJ#CM'V(F(BA#A'&@EO#$(#W@&J#&II@Q('#F&B#A(FQK#CJG'(#i#`'ME&#(A#F('IJ#X#A&J#\``#$%ME&J'#JBJAJO# A&@K#I(K#INMBV(F(BAKT#\%MJ#Q@#MQQ'(B$'(#OB&'FOF(BA#X#A(K#I&AOK#(B#A'MEMJCCMBA#ME(I#A&JT#6('IJ# $%ME&J'# MII(QAO# $(# QM'AMV('# A&B# KME&J'# ME(I# F&JP# KME&J'# W@(# L(# B%M@'MJ# LMFMJK# Q@# MIW@O'J'# MJCC(@'KP# FnF(# $MBK# C(K# F(JCC(@'(K# @BJE('KJAOK# MFO'JIMJB(K#i# 6('IJ# (BSJB# Q&@'# A&@K# C(K# I&BK(JCK#W@(#A@#F%MK#Q'&$JV@OK#AMBA#M@#BJE(M@#Q'&S(KKJ&BB(C#W@(#Q('K&BB(C#(A#Q&@'#A&B#MFJAJO# KMBK# SMJCC(T# \(# B(# Q(@U# OE&W@('# C(K# MC@FBJ# KMBK# QM'C('# $(# A&J# \&^CC(#i# 6('IJ# Q&@'# AM# G&BB(# N@F(@'#W@&AJ$J(BB(P#A&B#MII(BA#INMBAMBA#(A#AM#I&FQOA(BI(T#\(#VM'$(#@B#A'RK#G&B#K&@E(BJ'#$(K# $JSSO'(BAK#A'MEM@U#W@(#B&@K#ME&BK#Q@#SMJ'(#(BK(FGC(P#KMBK#&@GCJ('#C(K#QM@K(K#IMSO#i#:B#V'MB$# F('IJ#X#A&J#7BA&JB(P#KMBK#A&B#OB('VJ(P#A&B#JBA(CCJV(BI(#(A#A&B#JFQCJIMAJ&B#B&@K#B%M@'J&BK#LMFMJK# Q@# SMJ'(# A&@A# I(# W@(# B&@K# ME&BK# SMJAT# `'ME&# X# A&J# M@KKJ# \(MB]>&@JKP# 'O@KKJ'# X# L&BVC('# (BA'(# ;JE('INJF#(A#C%MKK&IJMAJ&B#I&FF(#A@#C(#SMJK#F%JFQ'(KKJ&BB(#(BI&'(#(A#(BI&'(T#6('IJ#uE(K#Q&@'# AM# V(BAJCC(KK(# (A# A(K# I&BK(JCKP# L%MJ# 'O(CC(F(BA# Q'JK# OB&'FOF(BA# $(# QCMJKJ'# X# A'MEMJCC('# ME(I# A&J# $MBK# C(# V'&@Q(# (FQC&JT# <%(KA# @B(# E'MJ(# INMBI(# Q&@'# A&@K# W@(# $(# Q&@E&J'# A(# I&FQA('# QM'FJ# B&@KT# 6('IJ# (BSJB# X# A&@K# C(K# M@A'(K# F(FG'(K# $@# G@'(M@# (A# $@# I&FJAO# $(# F%ME&J'# KJ# GJ(B# MII@(JCCJ#QM'FJ#E&@K#(A#Q&@'#E&A'(#K&@AJ(B#C(#L&@'#$(#FM#K&@A(BMBI(T## # 7#CM#A&@A(#SJB#H+-+P#C&'K#$%@B#I&IZAMJC#kC(#INMFQMVB(#M#Q'&GMGC(F(BA#L&@O#@B#'rC(lP#L%MJ#(@#CM# INMBI(#$(#F(#E&J'#Q'&Q&K('#$(#'(L&JB$'(#CM#?&B$MAJ&B#/J(''(#8JCC(K#$(#8(BB(K#X#A(FQK#QM'AJ(C# Q&@'#Q'(B$'(#(B#INM'V(#C(K#'(CMAJ&BK#ME(I#C(K#(BA'(Q'JK(KT#\%MJ#Q@#Y#QMKK('#@B#MB#M@U#IrAOK#$(# A&@A(#C%OW@JQ(#$(#CM#?&B$MAJ&Be#K&JA#$(@U#Q('K&BB(K#i#j&BB(@'#M@U#$MF(KP#F('IJ#3C(AA'M#Q&@'# AM#V(BAJCC(KK(T#<%(KA#@B#'O(C#QCMJKJ'#$(#A'MEMJCC('#ME(I#A&JT#8'_I(#X#A&JP#C(K#Q'&GCRF(K#B%(B#K&BA# QC@K#IM'#A@#Y#A'&@E(K#@B(#K&C@AJ&B#(B#K(@C(F(BA#W@(CW@(K#JBKAMBAK#i#5MBK#C(#A'MEMJC#MINM'BO#$(# K&B# $J'(IA(@'# VOBO'MCP# CM# ?&B$MAJ&B# B%M@'MJA# LMFMJK# Q@# (B# nA'(# CX# &w# (CC(# (KA# M@L&@'$%N@JT# <&FF(# C%M# 'MQQ(CO# B&A'(# Q'OKJ$(BAP# (B# W@MA'(# MBBO(K# A@# MK# '(FQCJ# C%(BK(FGC(# $(K# FJKKJ&BK# W@(# C%&B# A%M# $(FMB$O# $(# SMJ'(# kE&J'(# QC@Kl# (A# (B# QC@K# A@# MK# CMJKKO# CM# ?&B$MAJ&B# QC@K# 'JIN(# (B# QM'AMBA# W@%(CC(# B(# C%OAMJA# M@# $OG@AT# :B# (U(FQC(# X# K@JE'(# Q&@'# C%(BK(FGC(# $(# B&K# N&FF(K#

(7)

#o2#

Q&CJAJW@(K#i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i#

#

\(# B(# Q&@''MJ# SJBJ'# I(K# '(F('IJ(F(BAK# KMBK# IJA('# A&@K# I(@U# W@J# F%&BA# MII&FQMVBO# M@# BJE(M@# Q('K&BB(C#$@'MBA#I(AA(#ANRK(T##

6('IJ# $&BI# X# 4N&F# k&B# Y# (KA# (BSJB# M''JEOK# (A# &B# C(K# M@'M# FO'JAO(K# B&K# EMIMBI(K# X# CM# 0O@BJ&B#ilP#<C(FP#6M'I&P#0(FYP#;JMB(P#xJ'KAYP#`MKA&@B(A#kL(#B%&@GCJ('MJ#LMFMJK#I(AA(#K&J'O(#M@# GM'#$%1KMZMlP#4&@A&@B(P#5JF&BP#4NJG%KP#C(K#;@IN(KK(KP#<(KKP#\0P#7C(U#kF&B#MFJ#$(K#7FO'JW@(Kl# >@IJ(P# u(FJ# kY(MNN# (BSJB# CJG'(K#ilP# 6MAANJ(@P# 6M'JBMP# /M@CP# /J(''JIZP# 8@JCCM@F(P# `(B# y# <M'&# kGJ(BArA#SJBJ#Q&@'#A&J#M@KKJlP#0&FMJBP#/MQY#(A#6MFY#FnF(#KJ#L(#B%MJ#QMK#'O@KKJ#X#E&@K#'(B$'(# EJKJA(# I&FF(# L(# C%M@'MJK# MJFOP# 7BVOCJW@(P# <OCJB(P# \@CJ(BP# oJBI(BAP# <OIJCJMP# <Y'JCP# 3BG&P# !JBVP# <NM'CJ(P#=MEJP#6MANJ(@P#j@V&P#\@CJMP#7BA&JB(#y#5@]!JBVP#7@$(#y#\@CJ(BP#<NC&O#kF('IJ#Q&@'#I(K#*# MBK# (A# $(FJ# QMKKOK# (BK(FGC(KP# B&@K# ME&BK# QM'AMVO# OB&'FOF(BA# $(# IN&K(K# (A# L(# A(# K&@NMJA(# G(M@I&@Q# $(# A'RK# G(CC(K# IN&K(K# Q&@'# CM# K@JA(l# (A# A&@K# C(K# M@A'(K# Q&@'# A&@K# I(K# F&F(BAK# $%OEMKJ&BK# W@(# E&@K# F%ME([# &SS('AK# $@'MBA# I(K# A'&JK# MBBO(K# (A# W@J# F%&BA# Q('FJK# $(# F(B('# I(AA(#ANRK(#L@KW@%M@#G&@AT#

#

6('IJ# (BSJB# X# FM# SMFJCC(# Q&@'# F%ME&J'# K&@A(B@# (A# (BI&@'MVO# $@'MBA# I(K# A'&JK# MBBO(K# (A# QC@K# QM'AJI@CJR'(F(BA#@B#V'MB$#F('IJ#X#A&J#Kz@'(AA(#cl#

#

\%M''JE(# FMJBA(BMBA# X# CM# SJB# $(# F(K# '(F('IJ(F(BAK# (A# JC# B(# F(# '(KA(# a#QC@K# W@%X#g# '(F('IJ('# I(CC(#ME(I#W@J#L(#QM'AMV(#FM#EJ(#$OK&'FMJKT#6('IJ#X#A&J#MF&'(#FJM#$%ME&J'#OAO#CX#K@'#CM#SJB#Q&@'# F(# K&@A(BJ'# $@'MBA# CM# K&@A(BMBI(P# $%ME&J'# SMJA# (B# K&'A(# W@(# L(# Q@JKK(# F(# I&BKMI'('# K@'# C%(KK(BAJ(C#KMBK#ME&J'#X#F(#K&@IJ('#$@#'(KA(T#6('IJ#$%nA'(#A&JP#F('IJ#$%nA'(#CXP#L%(KQR'(#nA'(#X#AM# NM@A(@'T#/&@'#C(#'(KA(P#I(#K&BA#$(K#IN&K(K#W@(#L(#Q'OSR'(#IN@IN&A('#X#A&B#&'(JCC(e#

# #

(8)

#

!"#$%&'%(&)"*+,-%(&

# # $:6725>1692:!PD:D7834!! # `JGCJ&V'MQNJ(## # # 0!U!0V! -*# +T8O9674!0!I!.4C!64774C!7874C!! # - /'&Q'JOAOK#'(FM'W@MGC(K#$(K#A(''(K#'M'(K## H !JE(M@U#$%OB('VJ(#$(K#J&BK#$(#A(''(K#'M'(K## HT- <&BA'JG@AJ&BK#Q'JBIJQMC(K## HTH <&BA'JG@AJ&BK#A'MJAO(K#(B#Q('A@'GMAJ&BK## D <&BA'JG@AJ&BK#X#CM#CM'V(@'#$(#'MJ(## DT- 3CM'VJKK(F(BA#JBN&F&VRB(# DTH 3CM'VJKK(F(BA#N&F&VRB(# `JGCJ&V'MQNJ(## # # 0W!U!XY! # -s# H+# H-# HD# H.# H.# Hp# D-# # +T8O9674!Z!I!;D6T254C!4EOD79@4:6834C!! # - 2BA'&$@IAJ&B## H ;(KI'JQAJ&B#$@#KYKARF(#(UQO'JF(BAMC## D 0/3#(B#&B$(#I&BAJB@(## * 0/3#(B#JFQ@CKJ&BK## *T-#3SS(A#$(#C%MQQCJIMAJ&B#$%@B(#JFQ@CKJ&B#K@'#@B#QMW@(A#$(#KQJBK## *TH#3IN&K#$(#KQJBK## *TD#6(K@'(#$@#4-#QM'#JBE('KJ&B#'(I&@E'(F(BA#k2BE('KJ&B#0(I&E('Yl## *T*#>%35336#X#A'&JK#JFQ@CKJ&BK## *Th#3!;10#(B#JFQ@CKJ&BK## `JGCJ&V'MQNJ(### # # X[!Q![V! # D,# Dp# *+# *h# *.# *,# *s# h+# hH# hh# # +T8O9674!X!I!&6>54!54!#5X\!I!]Z(9-[!! # -#####/'OK(BAMAJ&B#$@#I'JKAMC#$(#!$#)#u51## -T- 2BA'&$@IAJ&B## -TH /'OK(BAMAJ&B#$@#I'JKAMC## H 3A@$(#$(#CM#K(BKJGJCJAO#M@#INMFQ#FMVBOAJW@(#$(#C%J&B#!$D{#QM'#0/3#I&BAJB@(## D 3A@$(#$(#CM#$YBMFJW@(#$(#!$D{#$MBK#CM#FMA'JI(#$(#uH5J1h## DT- 2BA'&$@IAJ&B#M@U#K&@'I(K#$(#Q('A@'GMAJ&BK## DTH 7BJK&A'&QJ(#$(K#A(FQK#$(#'(CMUMAJ&B## DTD 3A@$(#$(#CM#$JSS@KJ&B#KQ(IA'MC(#$MBK#C(#I'JKAMC#$(#!$#)#u51# DTDT- 6JK(K#(B#OEJ$(BI(#$(#CM#$JSS@KJ&B#KQ(IA'MC(## DTDTH 7BMCYK(#W@MBAJAMAJE(#$(K#Q&J$K#$(K#$JSSO'(BAK#FOIMBJKF(K#$(# $JSS@KJ&B#KQ(IA'MC(## DTDTD ;JSS@KJ&B#KQ(IA'MC(#JBKAMBAMBO(## DTDT* 3A@$(#MQQ'&S&B$J(#$(#CM#$JSS@KJ&B#KQ(IA'MC(# DTDTh <MK#QM'AJI@CJ('#$(#C%JBA('MIAJ&B#uD{#]#!$D{## * 6(K@'(#$@#A(FQK#$(#I&NO'(BI(#NYQ('SJB## h <&BIC@KJ&B## . `JGCJ&V'MQNJ(# [W!U!00Z! # hs# hs# hs# .,# ,D# ,.# ,p# pD# pD# ph# # pp# ps# sp# -+D# -+p# --+#

(9)

#o222# # # +T8O9674!Y!I!&6>54!54!&7X\!I!].9MY!! # -T /'OK(BAMAJ&B#$@#I'JKAMC#$(#3'#)#u>?## -T-T 2BA'&$@IAJ&B## -THT /'OK(BAMAJ&B#$@#I'JKAMC## -TDT 6&BAMV(#(UQO'JF(BAMC#(A#I'(@K(F(BA#$(#A'&@#KQ(IA'MC## -TDT-T 6&BAMV(#(UQO'JF(BAMC## -TDTHT 5Q(IA'&KI&QJ(#$(#I'(@K(F(BA#$(#A'&@#KQ(IA'MC## HT 5Q(IA'&KI&QJ(#&QAJW@(#K&@K#INMFQ#FMVBOAJW@(#$(K#BJE(M@U#|((FMB## HT-T !&AJ&BK#$(#ANO&'J(#$(#INMFQ#I'JKAMCCJB## HTHT 3A@$(#$@#SMIA(@'#*#(A#$@#A(BK(@'#NYQ('SJB#H#QM'#0/3#I&BAJB@(#(A# $OA('FJBMAJ&B#$(K#BJE(M@U#$(#INMFQ#I'JKAMCCJB## HTDT ;YBMFJW@(#$(K#BJE(M@U#|((FMB#ME(I#(A#KMBK#INMFQ#FMVBOAJW@(# (UA('B(## DT 3A@$(#$(K#BJE(M@U#NYQ('SJBK#(B#E@(#$%@B(#MQQCJIMAJ&B#Q&@'#C(#Q'&A&I&C(#7?<## DT-T 3A@$(#$(K#BJE(M@U#NYQ('SJBK#QM'#KQ(IA'&KI&QJ(#$(#I'(@K(F(BA#$(#A'&@# KQ(IA'MC## DTHT 3A@$(#$(K#BJE(M@U#NYQ('SJBK#K&@K#INMFQ#FMVBOAJW@(## *T <&BIC@KJ&B## `JGCJ&V'MQNJ(## # 00XQ!0Y0! # --h# --h# --.# --s# --s# -H+# -H-# -HH# -H*# # -D+# -DH# -DD# # -D.# -D,# -Ds# # +2:13>C92:!PD:D7834!! # 0Y0! G::4E4C!! 0YW! # # # # #

(10)
(11)

!"!

(12)

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

:3)$-$%.+! :3'! .,*,:@(%)$! -(M)*$! 2$1'3)$%.! 3..$)%2'$/! G! $0N! +$0*+/! OPB! -)**)3'2+! 2$!2(**3'+!$%!ABCQ!+$*(%!0%$!,.02$!2$!R0%):$'!?$.S('T+A!I&$!;0)!+)5%)7)$!;0$!CBB!

BBBU!30'(%.!&@3%5,!2$!-3)%!23%+!*$!*3:+!2$!.$-:+!%,&$++3)'$!G!*)'$!&$..$!:@'3+$K8! L43&&H+! G! 0%$! )%7('-3.)(%! 313%.! 2$+! &(%&0''$%.+! :(0++$! G! *3! &(%+.'0&.)(%! 24(01'35$+! .$**$! *3! 7)M'$! (:.);0$! &(%+.'0)'$! :3'! E:'$32! ?$.S('T+"/! *(%50$! 2$!

C"BB! T-/! ;0)! '$*)$! ?$S! V('T! G! 9@)&35(! 23%+! *$! +$0*! M0.! 2$! :$'-$..'$! 30N! 3*5(').@-$+! 2$+! M3%;0$+! 24)%1$+.)++$-$%.+! 2431()'! *4,.3.! 20! -3'&@,! ;0$*;0$+! -)&'(+$&(%2$+! 313%.! *$0'+! &(%&0''$%.+8! ?(0+! 31(%+! :*0+! :3'.)&0*)H'$-$%.! +(0*)5%,!*$+!$%>$0N!7)%3%&)$'+!2$!*4)%7('-3.)(%!-3)+!)*+!+(%.!.(0.!30++)!',$*+!23%+! *$!&3+!2$+!2(%%,$+!+$%+)M*$+!'$*3.)1$+!G!*4,.3.!&)1)*!240%$!:$'+(%%$!(0!$%&('$!:(0'! *$+!+$'1)&$+!2$!'$%+$)5%$-$%.8!! ?(0+! *$! 1(<(%+/! *$+! 2(%%,$+! '$1W.$%.! 0%! &3'3&.H'$! &'0&)3*! 23%+! %(.'$! +(&),.,/!+0'.(0.!G!%(.'$!,:(;0$8!X$+!-,.@(2$+!2$!:*0+!$%!:*0+!+(:@)+.);0,$+!(%.! ,.,! 2,1$*(::,$+! :3'! *$+! &)1)*)+3.)(%+! +0&&$++)1$+! :(0'! *$+! :'(.,5$'! 2$+! <$0N! )%2)+&'$.+8! L$+! @(--$+! (%.! .(0.! 243M('2! 0.)*)+,! 2$+! -,.@(2$+! 2$! .'3%+:(+).)(%! &(--$! *3! +&<.3*$! IYH-$! +)H&*$! 313%.! R9K! (0! 2$! +.,53%(5'3:@)$8! L$+! :'(5'H+!

-3.@,-3.);0$+!3)23%./!*$+!@(--$+!(%.!&(-:*$N)7),!*$+!-,.@(2$+!2$!&@)77'$-$%.! >0+;0430N!2$0N!Z0$''$+![(%2)3*$+!;0)!(%.!10!0%!2,1$*(::$-$%.!&(%+)2,'3M*$!2$! &$..$! E&)$%&$! 31$&! :3'! $N$-:*$! *3! -)+$! 30! :()%.! 2$+! -3&@)%$+! \%)5-3]8! L$+!

.$&@%);0$+! 2$! &'<:.(5'3:@)$! 0.)*)+,$+! 2$! %(+! >(0'+! '$:(+$%.! +0'! *40.)*)+3.)(%! 2$! 7(%&.)(%+! +0'>$&.)1$+! $.! 240%! +<+.H-$! 2$! &*,+! :0M*);0$+^:')1,$+! '$%23%.! .'H+! &(-:*$N$!.(0.$!.$%.3.)1$!2$!2,&@)77'$-$%.!2$+!-$++35$+8!?,3%-()%+!2$!',&$%.+! $N$-:*$+!I3..3;0$+!2$+!2(%%,$+!20!_`6/!2$!*4ab#?!!:3'!*$+!5'(0:$+!3%(%<-(0+! $.! L0*cE$&K! (%.! :'(01,! ;0$! -W-$! &$+! :'(.(&(*$+! :$01$%.! W.'$! 73&)*$-$%.! 2,:3++,+8! \%! $77$./! *$! :'(.(&(*$! :@3'$! 0.)*)+,! 3&.0$**$-$%.! :(0'! :'(.,5$'! *$+! )%7('-3.)(%+!$+.!M3+,!+0'!*43*5(').@-$!dE#!I:(0'!d)1$+./!E@3-)'!$.!#2*$-3%/!*$+! .'()+!&@$'&@$0'+!20![6b!;0)!*4(%.!.'(01,!$%!Cef"K!;0)!'$:(+$!+0'!*$!73).!;04)*!$+.! 2)77)&)*$! 2$! 73&.(')+$'! 0%! 5'3%2! %(-M'$! $%! :'(20).! 2$! %(-M'$+! :'$-)$'+8! L3!

(13)

!"!

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

E.+&(#! -.#! )'/3/&<! *.! F.00.))! .)! F'/##/'*! .0! GHI"J!.)! KL.')M!.0! GHHG8!

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• X,*.! G!W! -,'#2&.! -4/<.! *.! +,-/'(#/)(,0! .#)! #.-,0! -4/<.! Y! *&! -/:,'/),('.8!.--.!%,*.!-/!3/-.&'!ZU4=!ZG4!.#)!%,*$!+/'!&0.!+,-/'(#/)(,0! C!HU[! •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

(14)

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

$! /-! $&(1'-! 2-! 1#*.6! #/! 8&$B#-$*! 20-$B&=-'! 9$-! 8/-%! /&$C9-! 3&9'! ()I#(#.-'! /)! .589'#*5!2-!/)!/#C$-+! ! !"#$%"&'(')'*+,%'+-./"0+1/%',&'-/+0+2+$%'33456' Q&2-!84&#.#! 3)'!7/#8-! L! L! R! L! R! R! R! L! R! Q&2-!84&#.#! 3)'!<&1! R! L! R! R! L! R! R! R! L! <#*.!8&''-8*.! ! I! I! ! ! I! I! ! ! <#*.!.)8'#%#5.! 3&9'!*-.*-'!/)! /#C$-! ! I! ! ! ! I! ! ! ! !

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

(15)

!"!

#$%&'()! *')! (+,-! -)! &)'$! &.#! /,&%)0! 1! (+%2)-$%*')! '-! 3$.$! *'.-$%*')4! 5&&(%*'3! .'! &0,6(78)! 2)! (+.$$3-'.$%,-! 2.-#! ()#! 9%60)#! -,'#! :,;,-#! 2,-/! *')! -,'#! #,88)#! (%8%$3#! 1! '-)! $0.-#8%##%,-! -)! 23&.##.-$! &.#! *')(*')#! /)-$.%-)#! 2)! <%(,87$0)#4! =,'0! &.((%)0! 1! /)! &0,6(78)>! ?0%)@)(! )$! .(4A!,-$! &0,&,#3! 2+'$%(%#)0! 2)#! B03&3$)'0#!

*'.-$%*')#+! &)08)$$.-$! 2)! &0,&.@)0! '-)! %-$0%/.$%,-! 2)! &0,/C)! )-! &0,/C)! )-! 23/,'&.-$!(.!(%@-)!)-!$0,-D,-#!3(38)-$.%0)#4!!

E+%(!9.((.%$!$0.-#930)0!(+%-$0%/.$%,-!2)!&0,/C)!)-!&0,/C)!)-!'-)!#)'()!9,%#>!()! $0.-#9)0$! 2)! (+%-9,08.$%,-! #)0.%$! &0,6.6%(%#$)! )$! ()-$4! F+)#$! &,'0! /)(.! *'+%(! .! 3$3! &0,&,#3! 2+.G,'$)0! 2)#! 838,%0)#! *'.-$%*')#! 2.-#! ()#! 03&3$)'0#H!&,'0! &)08)$$0)!

2)! #$,/<)0! (+3$.$! 2'! &C,$,-! )$! .%-#%! -+.:,%0! 1! 0)/,88)-/)0! ()! $0.-#9)0$! 2+%-$0%/.$%,-! *')! #'0! ()! $0,-D,-! 239.%((.-$4! F)/%! &)08)$! '-! @.%-! 2)! $)8&#! /,-#3*')-$!#'0!(.!2'03)!2)!$0.-#8%##%,-!2'!8)##.@)4!!

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

(16)

!

!"#$%&' (')' *+,-./' 01$2' *3*45.&' &2'!(67' 8&' +,/.9' :' &2%&#"*4%&%' &*4' *4;+<-' 0/2*' =/' 4%/2*"4";2'"/>7' 8&' +,/.9' 0&' +;24%?=&' &*4' =$"' /99="@$-' &24%&' =&' 2"A&/$B'#>C' &4' #+C7' 81/99="+/4";2' +;2D;"24&' 0&*' 0&$B' &B+"4/4";2*' ;94"@$&*' 9&%.&4' 0&' +;2A&%4"%' =1&B+"4/4";2' ;94"@$&'&2'&B+"4/4";2'/4;."@$&7''

!

#$! %&'()*! +! $(,$'&%-,$,! $%-! ).%/,.0! %1,! *)! -,)(%&-&/(!#)2! $! #.23! 4$! 51&! 4,0$! 1($! 4/60,$(4$! /7-&51$! $(-,$! *$%! 8$19! (&:$)19;! <)(%! 1(! *)7%! 8$! -$=7%! &(>0,&$1,!+!*)!81,0$!8$!:&$!8$!*)!4/60,$(4$!#)2!$!#.23!1(!46)=7!8$!4/(-,?*$!+!*)! >,051$(4$!"@!$%-!)77*&510!$-!:)!7$,=$--,$!8$!-,)(%>0,$,!*)!7/71*)-&/(!8$!#.2!:$,%!

#42! -,)(%>/,=)(-! *)! 4/60,$(4$! /7-&51$! $(! 4/60,$(4$! A)=)(;! #)! 51)*&-0! 8$! *)! =0=/&,$!,0%&8$!8)(%!*B$>>&4)4&-0!81!-,)(%>$,-!A)=)(!$-!8)(%!*)!81,0$!8$!:&$!8$!*)! %17$,7/%&-&/(! 8)(%! *$%! (&:$)19! >/(8)=$(-)19;! #$! 76/-/(! %-/4C0! $%-! $(%1&-$! ,00=&%!$(!,)77*&51)(-!*$!46)=7!8$!4/(-,?*$!4$!51&!7$,=$-!8$!,$-,/1:$,!1(!%&'()*! ):$4!1(!0-)-!51)(-&51$!&8$(-&51$!)1!%&'()*!8$!807),-;!!

#$%! 7,/-/4/*$%! 8$! %-/4C)'$! 51)(-&51$! .)%0%! %1,! *$%! %D%-E=$%! +! -,/&%! (&:$)19!7$1:$(-!%$!804/=7/%$,!$(!8$19!',)(8$%!4)-0'/,&$%FG!H!4$19!/I!*$!%&'()*!+!

$(,$'&%-,$,! 4,0$! 8)(%! *$! %D%-E=$! )-/=&51$! 1($! 4/60,$(4$! /7-&51$! 51&! %$,)! $(%1&-$! 4/(:$,-&$! $(! 4/60,$(4$! A)=)(! $-! 4$19! 7/1,! *$%51$*%! *B$94&-)-&/(! $%-! 8&,$4-$=$(-! 4/(:$,-&$! $(! 4/60,$(4$! A)=)(! ',J4$! +! *B&(6&.&-&/(! 8$! *)! 4/60,$(4$! /7-&51$;! #$%! 7,/-/4/*$%! .)%0%! %1,! *)! K!*1=&E,$! ),,L-0$!MFN!*&0$! +! *)! -,)(%7),$(4$!

(17)

!"!

#$%&'(%$)&*+,! %((%$-.)&&)&-! /! *)--)! 0)$&.1$)! *%-234$.)5! 6)! 789:! ;74&-$4<)0! 8)=)$'.><)!9&?4@43)&)4A'!:$4%0)&.&3,!BA.!)'-!A&!($4-4*4<)!>%'2!'A$!A&!2*?4!0)! (?4-4&! %''.'-2! (%$! <%! *4&'-$A*-.4&! 0CA&! 2<%$3.'')@)&-! .&?4@431&)! 4(-.BA)D"EDFEGHEGDEGG!)-! <CIJ7GK!;I-4@.*! J$)BA)&*+! 74@>! L! ().3&)! 0)! M$2BA)&*)!

%-4@.BA),E!($4-4*4<)!BA.!')$%!($2')&-2!(<A'!)&!02-%.<!(%$!<%!'A.-)E!M4&-!)AN!(%$-.)! 0)! <%! ($)@.1$)! *%-234$.)! 0)! @2@4.$)'5! O&M.&! (<A'! $2*)@@)&-! A&! &4A=)%A! ($4-4*4<)E!<)!8PQO!;(4A$!8)=.=%<!PM!Q.<)&*)0!O*?4,E!>%'2!'A$!<C2*?4!0)!(?4-4&'!/! 0)AN! .@(A<'.4&'! %! 2-2! ($4(4'2GR5! 7)! ($4-4*4<)! ($2')&-)! <C%=%&-%3)! 0)! &)! (%'!

&2*)''.-)$!0C2-%()!0)!($2(%$%-.4&!(4A$!'-4*S)$!<)!(?4-4&5!!!

T)'! ($)@.1$)'! $2%<.'%-.4&'! 0)! @2@4.$)! BA%&-.BA)! 4&-! 02U/! )A! <.)A! (%$! )N)@(<)! 0%&'! A&! &A%3)! 0)! $A>.0.A@! M$4.0GVE! 0%&'! A&! 3A.0)! 0C4&0)! #.!W! #@!W!

6.X>PKGY!)-!0%&'!A&!*$.'-%<!0C4$-?4'.<.*%-)!0C+--$.A@!04(2!%A!&240+@)GZ5!

74@@)! &4A'! (4A=4&'! <)! =4.$E! <)'! @2@4.$)'! BA%&-.BA)'! '4<.0)'! 4&-! ($.&*.(%<)@)&-! 2-2! $2%<.'2)'! 0%&'! 0)'! @%-$.*)'! *$.'-%<<.&)'! 04(2)'! (%$! 0)'! .4&'! 0)! -)$$)! $%$)G"5! 7)'! @%-2$.%AN! '4&-! -$1'! .&-2$)''%&-'! *%$! <)'! .4&'! (.232'! 0%&'! <%!

@%-$.*)! ($2')&-)&-! 0)'! ($4($.2-2'! ($4*?)'! 0)'! =%()A$'! %-4@.BA)'! ;&4-%@@)&-! 0)'! -$%&'.-.4&'! 4(-.BA)'! M.&)',! -4A-! )&! $)'-%&-! .@@4>.<)'E! *)! BA.! &C)'-! (%'! <)! *%'! 0%&'! <)'! =%()A$'! %-4@.BA)'E! 4[! .<! )'-! -$1'! 0.MM.*.<)! 0)! M.3)$! *4@(<1-)@)&-! <)! '+'-1@)5!O<<)'!4&-!0)!(<A'!-)@('!0)!*4?2$)&*)!4(-.BA)!0)!(<A'.)A$'!@.<<.')*4&0)'! (4A$! OA!W! \QP! (%$! )N)@(<)GF!)-! UA'BAC/! KH! ')*4&0)'! (4A$! <)'! -$%&'.-.4&'!

?+()$M.&)'KH5! O&M.&E! <)! @4&-%3)! )N(2$.@)&-%<! %''4*.2! %AN! .4&'! 0)! -)$$)! $%$)'! )'-!

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

%(($4*?)E!02=)<4((2)!)&-$)!%A-$)!0%&'!&4-$)!<%>4$%-4.$)E!)'-!<%!@.')!%A!(4.&-!0)! @%-2$.%AN!4(-.BA)@)&-!2(%.'!*4&')$=%&-!A&)!M%.><)!<%$3)A$!.&?4@431&)DV5!!

^%$@.! -4A'! <)'! ($4-4*4<)'! 0)! '-4*S%3)E! <CIJ7! ')@><)! %*-A)<<)@)&-! _-$)! <)! (<A'!($4@)--)A$5!O&!)MM)-E!*)!BA.!%!$)&0A!(<%A'.><)!<C.02)!0)!$2(2-)A$'!BA%&-.BA)'! `!*4@@)$*.%AN!a! %! 2-2! <%! 02@4&'-$%-.4&! (%$! 75! Q.@4&! 0') +47KG!0)! <CA-.<.'%-.4&! 0)!

@2@4.$)'! BA%&-.BA)'! 4(-.BA)'! @A<-.b@40)'! ;/! '%=4.$! ()$@)--%&-! 0)! '-4*S)$! (<A'.)A$'! (?4-4&'! .&0.=.0A)<<)@)&-,! (4A$! 0.@.&A)$! 0)! (<A'.)A$'! 4$0$)'! 0)! 3$%&0)A$! <%! 0A$2)! 0)! <%! -$%&'@.''.4&! 0A! @)''%3)5! IA(%$%=%&-! .<! M%<<%.-! *4@(-)$!

(18)

#$%&'($! )$#! *#)'#! +()'! ,'-#'! )$#! +.&'#! &$/'&0)-#! 1)'! 2333456! 7%#,! 8#! 5)8/&9 5(:#;!8#1!/#5+1!,.'.,/-'&1/&0)#1!'#:#%&#$$#$/!,(5+./&<8#1!.%#,!8#1!1=1/>5#1!:#! /-8-,(55)$&,./&($1! .,/)#81"6! ?@ABC;! 8#! DEBF! #/! 8@7GD! +#'5#//#$/! /()1! 8#1! /'(&1! 8.!

5&1#! .)! +(&$/! :#! 5-5(&'#1! 5)8/&95(:#1;! $-.$5(&$1! 8@7GD! #1/! 8#! +'(/(,(8#! 0)&! +#'5#/! :@.%(&'! 8#! 5#&88#)'! '#$:#5#$/6! A$! #HH#/;! 8#! $(5<'#! :#! 5(:#1! .)I5#$/#! ,(55#! 8.! '.,&$#! ,.''-#! :)! ,(#HH&,&#$/! :@.<1('+/&($! +()'! 8@ABCJJ;! 8&$-.&'#5#$/!

.%#,!8#!,(#HH&,&#$/!:@.<1('+/&($!:.$1!8#!,.1!:)!DEBFJJ!.8('1!0)#!8#!5./-'&.)!$@#1/!

+.1! &$/'&$1>0)#5#$/! 8&5&/-! #$! $(5<'#! :#! 5(:#1! +()'! 8@7GDKJ! /.$/! 0)@&8! #1/!

+(11&<8#!:#!H.L($$#'!:#1!+&,1!:.$1!8.!8.'I#)'!&$*(5(I>$#6!!

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

(19)

!"#!

$%&'! ()**'! +,! -'$(*! ./+01)2',-! &),*! 2)! $.$%03'4! 5)! &+3.'! $0,0$)2'6!!6! &'! 78)/+'!$%&'!'*-!+,0/+'$',-!20$0-.'!()3!2)!2)39'+3!0,8%$%9:,'!&'!2)!-3),*0-0%,!!! "! ";<7$=>! )1'7! 7$6! 2'! ,%$?3'! &'! (07*! &),*! 2'! ('09,'4! 5'! ,%$?3'! &'! $%&'*!

*-%7@.*6! A6! )1'7! 7! B! C;!! '*-! &%,7! -3:*! (3%78'! &'! A(! <CBDE;=>6! 7'! /+0! *09,0F0'!

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

E;' ."+&66&' -$' *&"#+&' &60' ?$;+0' G' &22&' ->."+"&' *;%' !HFI#:' J<' E3&D,"0;0"/+' "+"0";2&' &60'

,/1*2B0&1&+0';J6/%J>&'*;%'2&'*&"#+&'?$"'-/"0'2;'%>>1&00%&'G'$+'0&1*6'(KIF'&+'$+'>,A/'-&' *A/0/+',/A>%&+0:'E3$0"2"6;0"/+'-3$+',A;1*'-&',/+0%L2&'&+0%&'%&M'&0'%6M'*&%1&0'$+'60/,N;#&'

*2$6'2/+#'&0'$+&'>1"66"/+'G'2;'-&1;+-&';*%B6'$+'0&1*6'-&'60/,N;#&'!":''

!

5)! (3'$0:3'! &.$%,*-3)-0%,! &+! (3%-%7%2'! )1'7! &'*! 0$(+2*0%,*! 7%,-',),-! $%0,*! &G+,! (8%-%,! )! '+! 20'+! ',! D##TNU!)1'7! +,! 730*-)2! &'! A&!VWXYO4! Z'*!

(20)

#$%&'()*+),&'(!&')!-'(.,)-!$)$!*$+/,($-(!#+'(!/-!0%!1!23456!7.,(!#+'(!8*!1!29:5;<!

=+!7*-%,>*-!#$%&'()*+),&'!#.!?+*+?)>*-!%./),@%&#-!+!$)$!A+,)-!#+'(!.'!?*,()+/!#-! B#!1!29:5C!#+'(!/-!/-D.-/!6E!%&#-(!&')!$)$!()&?F$(!+G-?!#-(!,%7./(,&'(!?&')-'+')!

%&,'(! #H.'! 7I&)&'! -)! +G-?! .'! )-%7(! #-! ()&?F+J-! 7*$#$A,',! #H-'G,*&'! .'-! %,?*&(-?&'#-<! KH+.)*-(! )*+G+.L! (.*! 0%!1! 234! &')! -'(.,)-! 7-*%,(! #-! ()&?F-*! M.(D.HN!"O6O!%&#-(5P!%&')*+')!/-!A&*)!7&)-'),-/!%./),@%&#-!#.!7*&)&?&/-<!Q'A,'R!

.'! 7*&)&?&/-! #-! %$%&,*-! .),/,(+')! .'! ?I+%7! &7),D.-! D.+'),D.-! +! $)$! *$+/,($! D.+(,! (,%./)+'$%-')! #+'(! /H$D.,7-! #-! B,?&/+(! 4,(,'! -'! 9.,((-! +G-?! .'! ?*,()+/! #-! B#!129:S;! -)! #+'(! /H$D.,7-! #-! T&/AJ+'J! 0,))-/! -'! .),/,(+')! .'! J.,#-! #H&'#-! -'! 0,!10%!1!=,BU:5S6<! ! =+! %$%&,*-! *$+/,($-! +G-?! /-! ?*,()+/! #-! B#!1! 29:! 7*$(-')-! /-! 7*&U/>%-! %+M-.*!#-!'-!7+(!7&.G&,*!*$$%-))*-!/-!7I&)&'!N!/+!#-%+'#-<!Q'!-AA-)R!,/!%+'D.-! .'! )*&,(,>%-! ',G-+.! VD.,! 7-.)! W)*-! .'! ',G-+.! IX7-*A,'5CY! 7&.*! 7-*%-))*-! #-!

)*+'(A$*-*! /-! 7I&)&'! #.! 7-,J'-! #-! A*$D.-'?-! G-*(! .'! ',G-+.! #-! (7,'<! B&.(! /-! G&X&'(R!/-!?I&,L!-)!/+!?&''+,((+'?-!#.!%+)$*,+.!-()!?*.?,+/!7&.*!*$.((,*!N!%-))*-! .'! M&.*! +.! 7&,')! .'! *$7$)-.*! D.+'),D.-! Z!?&%%-*?,+/![<! =+*J-.*! ,'I&%&J>'-R! )-%7(! #-! *-/+L+),&'R! ?&-AA,?,-')! #H+U(&*7),&'R! ,')-*+?),&'! ,&'(! %+)*,?-\! (&')! +.)+')!#-!7+*+%>)*-(!N!%+])*,(-*!#+'(!/+!D.W)-!#-(!*$(-+.L!)$/$?&%(!($?.*,($(<!!

!

^-))-!)I>(-R!*$+/,($-!-'!7+*),-!#+'(!/-!?+#*-!#.!7*&M-)!-.*&7$-'!_.`-7EOR!!

+!7&.*!U.)!/H+%$/,&*+),&'!#-(!?&''+,((+'?-(!(.*!/-(!%&'&?*,()+.L!#&7$(!+.L!,&'(! #-!)-**-!*+*-<!K-.L!J*+'#(!+L-(!&')!$%-*J$(!1!#+'(!.'!7*-%,-*!)-%7(!'&.(!+G&'(! -((+X$! #-! ?&%7*-'#*-! D.-/(! (&')! /-(! A+?)-.*(! #-! (.??>(! -)! /,%,)+),A(! #+'(! /H.),/,(+),&'!#-!B#!1!29:!-'!)+')!D.HIa)-!7&.*!/-(!%$%&,*-(!D.+'),D.-(!+G-?!7&.*! &UM-?),A! /-! )*+'(A-*)! #-! /+! ?&I$*-'?-! $/-?)*&',D.-! G-*(! #-(! ',G-+.L! IX7-*A,'(<! K+'(! .'! (-?&'#! )-%7(R! '&.(! +G&'(! $).#,$! .'! ?*,()+/! 7*$(-')+')! .'-! ()*.?).*-! IX7-*A,'-! #,*-?)-%-')! +??-((,U/-! -'! &7),D.-R! Q*!1! 2=b! +A,'! #-! G$*,A,-*! (+! 7&)-'),-//-!.),/,(+),&'!7&.*!/-(!%$%&,*-(!D.+'),D.-(<!!

3G+')!#-!7*$(-')-*!/-(!*$(./)+)(!&U)-'.(!(.*!B#!129:!'&.(!A-*&'(!.'!U*-A! *+77-/!(.*!/-(!7*&7*,$)$(!(7-?)*&(?&7,D.-(!#-(!)-**-(!*+*-(<!

=-! ?I+7,)*-! S! -()! ?&'(+?*$! N! /+! 7*$(-')+),&'! #-! /+! *$(&'+'?-! 7+*+%+J'$),D.-! $/-?)*&',D.-! V`8QY! -'! &'#-(! ?&'),'.-(! V^TY! -)! -'! ,%7./(,&'(<! ^-))-! %$)I&#-! 7*$(-')-! #-! '&%U*-.(-(! (,%,/,).#-(! +G-?! /-(! (7-?)*&(?&7,-(! &7),D.-(! %+,(! 7*$(-')-! /H+G+')+J-! #-! 7&.G&,*! #,*-?)-%-')! (&'#-*! /-(! ',G-+.L! A&'#+%-')+.L<!

(21)

!"#!

$%! &'()*+,%! -! ),./%0+%! 1%/! ,./21+(+/! 34+%02/! /2,! 15.+26%! 62! &,*/+(1! 6%! 76!89:;!%+!03+(<<%0+!1%!+,(0/=%,+!6%!&3'.,%0&%!62!0*>%(2!?%%<(0!=306(<%0+(1! >%,/! 20! 0*>%(2! '@)%,=*0! (>%&! 20! +%<)/! 6%! /+3&A(B%! 6%! )12/! 6%! -CCD/E! &%! F2*! )%,<%+! 65%0>*/(B%,! 20%! <.<3*,%! F2(0+*F2%! 6(0/! 76!8! 9:;! )%,<%++(0+! 6%! ,..<%++,%! 20! )'3+30! G! 1(! 6%<(06%! %+! 030! )12/! G! 20! +%<)/! 6.+%,<*0.! )(,! 1(! /+,2&+2,%!62!)%*B0%H!!

I0=*0! 6(0/! 1%! &'()*+,%! JE! 032/! ),./%0+%,30/! 1%/! &(,(&+.,*/(+*30/! <%0.%/! /2,! 1%! &,*/+(1! 6%! I,!8! 9$KH! L%! <(+.,*(2! ),./%0+%! %0! +'.3,*%! 15*0+.,M+! 65M+,%! 6*,%&+%<%0+!&3<)(+*41%!(>%&!1%/!,./%(2N!+.1.&3</!(&+2%1/!62!=(*+!6%!15*30!%,4*2<! <(*/! (2//*! 6%! )3//.6%,! 20%! /+,2&+2,%! '@)%,=*0%! 6*,%&+%<%0+! (&&%//*41%! 3)+*F2%<%0+J"&%!F2*!)32,,(*+!%0!=(*,%!20!&(06*6(+!*0+.,%//(0+!)32,!15OKLH!

(22)

!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

1 Source: Wikipedia USA, article “electronic commerce”, 2011, http://past.is/92g-v 2

http://pro.clubic.com/e-commerce/paiement-en-ligne/actualite-433380-paiement-mobile-triplement-2015.html, 2011.

3 Conférence TED de Kevin Slavin, “How algorithms shape our world”, http://past.is/91z=t 4

Sing S., Histoire des codes secrets, le livre de poche.

5 Bennett, C. H. & Brassard, G. 1984, Quantum cryptography: public key distribution and coin tossing Int.

Conf. Computers, Systems & Signal Processing, 10-12, 175-179

6

Ekert, A.K., 1991. Quantum Cryptography Based on Bell’s Theorem. Physical Review Letters, 67(6), p.661-663.

7 Wootters, W. and Zurek W. H., 1982, “A single quantum cannot be cloned”, Nature, 299, 802-803 8

Briegel, H. et al., 1998. Quantum Repeaters!: The Role of Imperfect Local Operations in Quantum Communication. Physical Review Letters, p.26-29.

9 Duan, L-M., Lukin, M. Cirac, J.I. Zoller, P. 2001, Long-distance quantum communication with atomic

ensembles and linear optics, Nature, 414, 413-418.

10 Cirac, J. et al., 1997. Quantum State Transfer and Entanglement Distribution among Distant Nodes in a

Quantum Network. Physical Review Letters, 78(16), p.3221-3224.

11 Maître, X. et al., 1997. Quantum Memory with a Single Photon in a Cavity. Physical Review Letters,

79(4), p.769-772.

12 Moehring, D. et al., 2004. Experimental Bell Inequality Violation with an Atom and a Photon. Physical Review Letters, 93(9), p.2-5.

13 Kuhn, A., Hennrich, M. & Rempe, G., 2002. Deterministic Single-Photon Source for Distributed

Quantum Networking. Physical Review Letters, 89(6), p.4-7.

14 Louchet, A., 2008. Manipulation optique d’une cohérence de spin nucléaire dans l'ion thulium en matrice cristalline. Thèse de doctorat, Université Paris Sud-XI.

15 Beaudoux, F., 2010. Mémoires quantiques dans des matériaux dopés Terres Rares, Thèse de doctorat,

Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI.

16 Phillips, D. et al., 2001. Storage of Light in Atomic Vapor. Physical Review Letters, 86(5), p.783-786. 17 Harris, S.E.,1997, Electromagnetically induced transparency, Physics Today, 50(7), 36.

18 Moiseev, S. & Kröll, S., 2001. Complete Reconstruction of the Quantum State of a Single-Photon Wave

Packet Absorbed by a Doppler-Broadened Transition. Physical Review Letters, 87(17), p.17-20.

19 Kraus, B. et al., 2006. Quantum memory for nonstationary light fields based on controlled reversible

inhomogeneous broadening. Phys. Rev. A, 73(020302), p.1-4.

20 Sangouard, N. et al., 2007. Analysis of a quantum memory for photons based on controlled reversible

(23)

!"#!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

21 Alexander, a L. et al., 2006. Photon Echoes Produced by Switching Electric Fields. Physical Review Letters, 96(4), p.1-4.

22 Hétet, G. et al., 2008. Electro-Optic Quantum Memory for Light Using Two-Level Atoms. Physical Review Letters, 100(2), p.1-4.

23 Afzelius, M. et al., 2009. Multimode quantum memory based on atomic frequency combs. Physical Review A, 79(5), p.1-9.

24 Damon, V. et al., 2011. Revival of Silenced Echo and Quantum Memory for Light. New Journal of Physics, 13, 093031.

25

Chanelière, T. et al., 2005. Storage and retrieval of single photons transmitted between remote quantum memories. Nature, 438(7069), p.833-6.

26 Saglamyurek, E. et al., 2011. Broadband waveguide quantum memory for entangled photons. Nature,

469(7331), p.512-5.

27 Clausen, C. et al., 2011. Quantum storage of photonic entanglement in a crystal. Nature, 469, p.508-511. 28 Tittel, W. et al., 2009. Photon-echo quantum memory in solid state systems. Laser & Photonics Reviews,

4(2), p.244-267.

29 Sun, Y., in Spectroscopic Properties of Rare Earths in Optical Materials, edited by Liu, G. and Jacquier,

B., Springer, Tsinghua University Press.

30

Fraval, E., Sellars, M. & Longdell, J., 2005. Dynamic Decoherence Control of a Solid-State Nuclear-Quadrupole Qubit. Physical Review Letters, 95(3), p.8-11.

31 Sabooni, M. Thuresson, A. Kometa, S., Ying Y. Karlsson, J. Wiman, A. Rippe, L. and .Kröll, S., 2011,

Quantum State Storage in a slow light cavity, communication orale, QIP-REIDS.

32 Simon, C. et al., 2007. Quantum Repeaters with Photon Pair Sources and Multimode Memories. Physical Review Letters, 98(19), p.1-4.

33

Lvovsky, A.I., Sanders, B.C. & Tittel, W., 2009. Optical quantum memory. Nature Photonics, 3(12), p.706-714.

34 Macfarlane, R., 2002. High-resolution laser spectroscopy of rare-earth doped insulators: a personal

perspective. Journal of Luminescence, 100(1-4), p.1-20.

35 Riedmatten, H. de et al., 2008. A solid-state light-matter interface at the single-photon level. Nature,

456(7223), p.773-7.

36 Bonarota, M. et al., 2010. Efficiency optimization for atomic frequency comb storage. Physical Review A, 81(3), p.1-10.

37 Afzelius, M. et al., 2010. Demonstration of Atomic Frequency Comb Memory for Light with Spin-Wave

Storage. Physical Review Letters, 104(4), p.1-4.

38 Usmani, I. et al., 2010. Mapping multiple photonic qubits into and out of one solid-state atomic

ensemble. Nature Communications, 1(1), p.1-7.

39 Bonarota, M., Gouët, J.-L. Le & Chanelière, T., 2011. Highly multimode storage in a crystal. New Journal of Physics, 13(1), p.013013.

(24)

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

40 http://quantumrepeaters.eu/! 41

Chukalina, E.P. & Popova, M.N., 1999. Hyperfine structure of infrared transitions in LiYF 4!:Er. Physics

Letters A, 262(November), p.191-194. ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

(25)

!"#!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

(26)
(27)

!"#!

(28)

!

$%&!'%((%&!()(%&!*+(,%-'!.-%!*),/00%!1%!,2').3!4./!(%5(+.6%!0%&!202,%-'&! )00)-'! 1.! 0)-'7)-%! ).! 0.'28/.,9! ).34.%0&! +-! )&&+8/%! 0:;''(/.,! %'! 0%! &8)-1/.,<! $%! -+,! 1%! 8%''%! *),/00%! 6(+=/%-'! 1.! *)/'! 4.:>! 0:+(/5/-%! ?*/-! 1.! "@A,%! &/A80%B! /0! -:2')/'!

6+&&/C0%! 1%! 0%&! '(+.=%(! 4.:>! D''%(C;! ?E.A1%B<! F/&! >! 6)('! 0%! 6(+,2'7/.,! ?&+.&! 6(+1./'! 1%! 0)! 128+,6+&/'/+-! 1%! 0:.()-/.,B9! 0%&! '%((%&! ()(%&! 6(2&%-'%-'! .-%! )C+-1)-8%!-+(,)0%!?0%!82(/.,!%&'!6)(!%3%,60%!).&&/!)C+-1)-'!4.%!0%!8./=(%"9!0%&!

).'(%&!+-'!.-%!)C+-1)-8%!6(+87%!1%!8%00%!1.!,%(8.(%!+.!1%!0:)(&%-/8GB<!H00%&!+-'!

6)(! 8+-'(%! 1%.3! &628/*/8/'2&!I! 0)! 6(%,/A(%! %&'! 4.:+-! 0%&! '(+.=%! ()(%,%-'! &+.&! *+(,%! 1%! 5/&%,%-'&! )C+-1)-'&! ,)/&! 60.'J'! 1/&6%(&2&! 1)-&! 1%! =)&'%&! */0+-&! %'! 0%! &%8+-1! /-8+-=2-/%-'! (2&/1%! 1)-&! 0%! *)/'! 4.:/0! %&'! '(A&! 1/**/8/0%! 1%! 0%&! &26)(%(! 8)(! %00%&!+-'!1%&!6(+6(/2'2&!87/,/4.%&!'(A&!6(+87%&<!!

F)05(2! 0%.(! )-8/%--%'29! 0%&! '%((%&! ()(%&! +-'! 0+-5'%,6&! 2'2! 8+-&/12(2%&! 8+,,%! K!.-%! 8.(/+&/'2! &8/%-'/*/4.%! 1%! 6)(! 0%! 8)&! &628/)0! 4.:%00%&! (%6(2&%-'%-'! 1)-&!0%!')C0%).!1%!F%-1%0%L%=!MN<!$)!&628/*/8/'2!1%&!'%((%&!()(%&!(2&/1%!1)-&!0%!*)/'!

4.:%00%&! +-'! 1%&! '()-&/'/+-&! +6'/4.%&! '(A&! */-%&! 4./! -:+-'! 6.! O'(%! 2'.1/2%&! 4.:>! 6)('/(! 1%! "#PG! %'! 0)! 128+.=%('%! 1.! 0)&%(! 8)(! 0)! (2&+0.'/+-! &6%8'()0%! 1%&! &6%8'(+,A'(%&! 2')/'! '(+6! *)/C0%! ).6)()=)-'<! $%&! 6(%,/A(%&! 2'.1%&! -28%&&/')/%-'! 6)(! %3%,60%! .-! (2&%).! 1%! 1/**()8'/+-! 1%! Q,! 1%! 0+-5R!6+.(! 6+.=+/(! (2&+.1(%! 0)!

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

,21%8/-%!?'()/'%,%-'!1%!0)!8)')()8'%B<!H00%&!&+-'!).&&/!.'/0/&2%&!8+,,%!,)'2(/).3! &8/-'/00)'%.(&! 1)-&! 0:/,)5%(/%! ,21/8)0%! ?U%!I! $DE\PB<! $%&! '%((%&! ()(%&! &+-'! ).&&/!

6(21+,/-)-'%&! 1)-&! 0%! 1+,)/-%! 1%! 0:280)/()5%! %'! 1%! 0:)**/87)5%<! H-! %**%'9! 0%&! 0.,/-+67+(%&!1%&!28()-&!$U]!%'!1%&!'.C%&!>!K!-2+-!M!&+-'!0%!H.G^!I!_)"`aF5W0"b\"c!

?C0%.B!c9!U%a!I!dCD!I!$)"`a`D?e\RBN!?=%('B!@9!H.N^!IDG\N!?(+.5%B!#<!])-&!0%&!1+,)/-%&!1%!

0:/-*+(,)'/+-9!8:%&'!0)!,/&%!).!6+/-'!1%!*/C(%&!),60/*/8)'(/8%&!1+62%&!)=%8!1%&!/+-&! %(C/.,!?H]fW!6+.(!H(C/.,!]+6%1!f/C%(!W,60/*/%(&"bB!4./!)!(2%00%,%-'!0)-82!0%&!

'2028+,,.-/8)'/+-&!>!0+-5.%!1/&')-8%!%'!>!7).'!12C/'<!$%&!'%((%&!()(%&!&+-'!).&&/! .'/0/&2%&! 6+.(! 0%! &'+8Y)5%! 1:/-*+(,)'/+-! 80)&&/4.%! 1)-&! 0%! 1+,)/-%! '%,6+(%0""9!

0:)-)0;&%!&6%8'()0%!%-!'%,6&!(2%0!1%!&/5-).3!()1/+*(24.%-8%!0)(5%!C)-1%"G9"N<!V+.&!

(29)

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

!"! #$%&$'()(*+$,-.$/0.12,*+3,*+),$$,*+$.$,*+

!

F%/! 0%--%/! -4-%/! (50! ,5%! &(5D)C,-40)(5! 2.%&0-(5)3,%! $%! .4! D(-1%! ST%U! 7D5916<("8! 4@%&! 6V5V6W! I$45/! &%-04)5/! &4/8! ).! %/0! +(//)H.%! $G4@()-! ST%U! 7D5916<(6!

4@%&! 6V5V67K:! ?5! -MC.%! C252-4.%8! %..%/! +%-$%50! 0-()/! 2.%&0-(5/! +(,-! $(55%-! $%/! )(5/! 0-)+.%1%50! )(5)/2/! I/4,D! %*&%+0)(58! &(11%! .G%,-(+),1! 3,)! %*)/0%! /(,/! .4! D(-1%! ?,"XK! %0! /%! @)$%50! $(5&! $%/! 2.%&0-(5/! $%/! &(,&'%/! 91! %0! <(! D4)/450! $%/!

2.%&0-(5/! 768! .%/! 2.%&0-(5/! .%/! +.,/! %*0%-5%/:! ?0450! $(552! .4! D4)H.%! %*0%5/)(5! /+40)4.%! $%/! (-H)04.%/! 76! IY)C,-%! 6K8! .%/! 0%--%/! -4-%/! @(50! $(5&! 4@()-! $%/! +-(+-)202/! 0-M/! +-(&'%/! %5! 0%-1%! $%! .)4)/(5! &')1)3,%! %0! $%! -24&0)@)028! &%! 3,)! %*+.)3,%!+(,-3,()!).!%/0!/)!$)DD)&).%!$%!.%/!/2+4-%-:!!

(30)

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

!"# $%&'()*+,-./'01%'+,'2+%3/2+,'+4'00'2+0(0'2

56#76#86#96#:6#;6#<

+

! !(&&()$#'&%()01(-&)23130)'4-354)6(-)'4/4'(07(-)7%&4(-)6#0-)8()&%&'(9):;3')$83-) 61%0/;'5#&%;0-) -3') 8(-) 0%<(#3=) 6140('>%() 6(-) %;0-) 6() &(''(-) '#'(-.) 0;3-) <;3-) 7;0-(%88;0-)6()<;3-)'4/4'(')?)7(-)$3@8%7#&%;0-9) B-6':(,)41(+1! *-%1! (41! *+! )+00+! 0'0+! (15.0.! *'15! %1+! :')0(/+! /0(5)',,(1+! +5)!,'!54::+!*+!D!/41)0(8%)(415!+)!5-./0()!*+!,'!&'E41!5%(@'1)+!F!! ! F7$-."/0'(')

H = H

[

IL

+ H

CC

]

+ H

!"

Ze

+ H

hf

+ H

Q

+ H

Zn

#$

''

(31)

!""! #$%&! 789'! ()*#+,(-./,%/! 0%! (),./! (,12%! 34,! %5-! (#! 5.++%! 6%/! 7(45! 0%! (),/-%2#&-,./!8(%&-2./9/.:#4!%-!04!+.+%/-!&,/8-,34%;!0%!(),/-%2#&-,./!8(%&-2./5!<! 8(%&-2./5!704!%-!04!&.47(#=%!57,/!.21,-%!7:;!08>,/,5!-%(5!34%!?! ! !"#$%&'()*)+)Hel = e2 rij i< j

!

) #$%&'!0'!(#!&*#2=%!0%!()8(%&-2./!%-!",@!(#!0,5-#/&%!%/-2%!(%5!8(%&-2./5!,!%-!@A! ! !"#$%&'(),)+)HSO= !2 2m2c2e2ri i

!

dU r

( )

i dri ) #$%&!2,!(#!0,5-#/&%!8(%&-2./!/.:#4A! 722! %5-! ()*#+,(-./,%/! 0%! &*#+7! &2,5-#((,/'! 7<0! %5-! ()*#+,(-./,%/! B%%+#/!

8(%&-2./,34%'!7=6)34#/-,>,%!(),/-%2#&-,./!*:7%2>,/%'!7>'!(),/-%2#&-,./!34#0247.(#,2%!

%-!7<-!%5-!()*#+,(-./,%/!B%%+#/!/4&(8#,2%!67285%/-85!7#2!(#!54,-%;A! ! C(! %5-! &.42#/-! 0%! 587#2%2! ()*#+,(-./,%/! %/! 0%4D! -:7%5! 0%! &./-2,14-,./5! 5%(./!(%42!,+7.2-#/&%!542!(#!5-24&-42%!0%5!/,$%#4D!0)8/%2=,%A!! ! !"#"! $%&'()*+')%&,-.()&/).012,-! E%5! 0%4D! 72%+,%25! -%2+%5! 2%7285%/-%/-! 2%57%&-,$%+%/-! ()*#+,(-./,%/! 0%! (),./!(,12%!%-!04!&*#+7!&2,5-#((,/A!F%5!-%2+%5!5./-!7280.+,/#/-5!7#2!2#77.2-!#4D! 34#-2%! #4-2%5! 34,! 5./-'! %4D'! -2#,-85! &.++%! 0%5! 7%2-421#-,./5A! E%5! #4-2%5! -%2+%5! 2%7285%/-%/-! 0#/5! ().202%!?! (),/-%2#&-,./! B%%+#/! 8(%&-2./,34%'! (),/-%2#&-,./! *:7%2>,/%'! (),/-%2#&-,./! 34#0247.(#,2%! %-! (),/-%2#&-,./! B%%+#/! /4&(8#,2%A! E#! G,=42%!"!7285%/-%!()%>>%-!0%!&*#34%!,/-%2#&-,./!542!(#!(%$8%!0%!08=8/82%5&%/&%!0%5! /,$%#4D! 0)8/%2=,%A! E),/-%2#&-,./! 8(%&-2./598(%&-2./5! 6H%(;! %-! (%! &.47(#=%! 57,/9

.21,-%! 6IJK;! 5./-! &./-%/45! 0#/5! ()*#+,(-./,%/! 0%! (),./! (,12%A! E%! 7.-%/-,%(!

8(%&-2.5-#-,34%'!H%('!7%2+%-!0%!(%$%2!(#!08=8/82%5&%/&%!0%5!/,$%#4D!L6!%/!/,$%#4D! "JMNEA! O! &%&,! 5)#@.4-%! (),/-%2#&-,./! 57,/9.21,-%! 34,! (P$%! %/&.2%! (#! 08=8/82%5&%/&%!

0%5!/,$%#4D!"JMNE!Q!-2#$%25!4/!-%2+%!R!S!EMJ'!(%!+.+%/-!&,/8-,34%!-.-#('!0.//#/-!

(,%4! Q! 0%5! +4(-,7(%-5!"JMNERA! R! 8-#/-! &./5%2$8! 7#2! (%! &.47(#=%! 57,/9.21,-%'! &*#34%!

+4(-,7(%-! %5-! 08=8/828! "RMN! >.,5A! E),/-%2#&-,./! #$%&! (%! &*#+7! &2,5-#((,/! $#'! %((%! #455,'!(%$%2!&%--%!08=8/82%5&%/&%!7.42!0.//%2!(,%4!#4!+#D,+4+!Q!RMNT"!0.41(%-5! 08=8/8285!0#/5!(%!&#5!0%5!,./5!Q!/.+12%!,+7#,2!0)8(%&-2./5!6!%-!Q!"R!MN!/,$%#4D!

Références

Documents relatifs

Dans cette partie, nous avons développé un nouveau capteur constitué d’un transducteur en or fonctionnalisé par une membrane polymèrique à base de polyphénols

Introduction générale ... La Photonique ... Fibre Optique ... Terres rares ... Nanoparticules dans les fibres optiques ... Procédé Sol-Gel ... Synthèse des matériaux et méthodes

Le problème de la répartition optimale des puissances est un problème d’optimisation dont l’objectif est de minimiser le coût total de la production de la puissance d’un

When we consider both ambiguity and outlier rejection, several different classifiers and rejection regions may give the same rejection rate.. For a given rejection rate, there

L’évolution des spectres de photoluminescence continue a également été étudiée en fonction de la concentration de Tb pour les films recuits à 900°C (figure 91-a).

L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des

Propriétés magnétiques des composés équiatomiques à structure FeB entre les métaux de terres rares et le

Notons enfin que le faible ferromagnétisme polarise plus ou moins le sous-r6seau de terre rare suivant sa direction x ou z, li6e a celle du mode G, puisque le