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HAL Id: jpa-00230475

https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/jpa-00230475

Submitted on 1 Jan 1990

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- entific research documents, whether they are pub- lished or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers.

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PYRAMID SPECTRAL ANALYSIS OF NARROW-BAND SIGNAL

Y. Wang, W. Lu, Di Hu, L. Zhao, J. Xu

To cite this version:

Y. Wang, W. Lu, Di Hu, L. Zhao, J. Xu. PYRAMID SPECTRAL ANALYSIS OF NARROW-BAND SIGNAL. Journal de Physique Colloques, 1990, 51 (C2), pp.C2-737-C2-740.

�10.1051/jphyscol:19902171�. �jpa-00230475�

(2)

COLLOQUE DE PHYSIQUE

Colloque C2, suppl6ment au n02, Tome

51,

F6vrier 1990 ler Congres FranCais d'lcoustique 1990

PYRAMID SPECTRAL ANALYSIS OF NARROW-BAND SIGNAL

Y.M. W A N G , W.X.

LU,

D.K.

HU, L.Y. ZHAO and

J. XU

Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University Hangzhou, 310027, China

A b s t r a c t

-

I n t h i s p a p e r , a n o v e l scheme u s i n g p y r a m i d i s p r o p o s e d w h i c h c o m p u t e s t h e n a r r o w - b a n d s p e c t r u m w i t h g o o d r e s o l u t i o n w h i l e r e q u i r i n g o n l y m o d e s t c o m p u t a t i o n a n d s t o r a g e .

' 1 . I n t r o d u c t i o n

The c a l c u l a t i o n o f t h e s p e c t r u m o f a n a r r o w - b a n d s i g n a l w h i c h i s embedded i n a b r o a d - b a n d s e q u e n c e u s u a l l y r e q u i r e s s u b s t a t i a l c o m p u t a t i o n a n d s t o r a , g e i f e x e c u t e d by p e r f o r m i n g a n FFT o r D F T ' s d i r e c t l y on t h e b r o a d - b a n d s e q u e n c e .

I n p r e v i o u s w o r k s , The zooln t . r a n s f o r m a n d a m o d i f i e d zoom w e r e p r o p o s e d t o c o l n p u t e t h e n a r r o w - b a n d s p e c t r u m w i t h l e s s s t o r a g e t h a n t h e FFT a p p r o a c h . A n o t h e r p r o p o s e d scheme C11 f i r s t m o d u l a t e s t h e s i s n a l w i t h c o m p l e x e x p o n e n t i a l s , t h e n d e c i m a t e s , a n d f i n a l l y a n a l y s i s t h e d e c i m a t e d s i g n a l . L i u a n d M i n t z e r C11 p r o p o s e d a g o o d scheme f i r s t d e c i m a t e s t h e s i g n a ! ~ t h e n u s e s m u l t i r a t e b a n d p a s s f i l t e r i n g , The s i g n a l b a n d o f i n t e r e s t c a n b e s h i f t e d t o l o w f r e q u e n c i e s , t h e s a m p l i n g r a t e c a n be r e d u c e d t o t w i c e t h e b a n d - w i d t h o f t h e d e s i r e d s i g n a l , and a l o w - o r d e r FFT a n a l y s i s c a n be p e r f o r m e d , g i v i n g t h e d e s i r e d h i g h - r e s o l u t i o n 9 n a r r o w - b a n d s p e c t r a l d a t a . I t c o m b i n e s t h e a d v a n t a g e s o f b o t h a s m a l l c o m p u t a t i o n r a t e a n d a s m a l l s t o r a g e r e q u i r e m e n t .

I n t h i s p a p e r , we p r o p o s e d a novel. scheme f o r p y r a m i d s p e c t r a l a n a l y s i s o f a n a r r o w - b a n d s i g n a l . I n a p y r a m i d s p e c t r a l a n a l y s i s , a n o r i g i n a l s i g n a l i s f i r s t b a n d p a s s f i l t e r e d t o i s o l a t e t h e d e s i r e d b a n d o f i n t e r e s t , a n d t h e r e s u l t i n g s i g n a L i s s u c e s s i v e l y p y r a m i d Low-pass f i l t e r e d a n d d e c i m a t e d t o f o r m a c o m p a c t r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f t h e s i g n a l . To o b t a i n t h e d e s i r e d h i g h - r e s o l u t i o n , n a r r o w - b a n d s p e c t r u m , a l o w - b a n d FFT a n a l y s i s c a n b e p e r f o r m e d o n p y r a m i d d a t a .

2 . G a u s s i a n P y r a m i d

B u r t and A d e l s o n C21 h a v e p r o p o s e d a G a u s s i a n f i l t e r t o f o r m t h e p y r a m i d . The G a u s s i a n p y r a m i d i s a s e q u e n c e o f s i g n a l i n w h i c h e a c h i s a l o w - p a s s f i l t e r e d c o p y o f i t s p r e d e c e s s o r . L e t s e q u e n c e x,be t h e o r i g i n a l s i g n a l ; t h i s becomes t h e b o t t o m , o r z e r o L e v e l 0.f t h e p y r a m i d . E a c h n o d e o f t h e n e x t p y r a m i d L e v e l , s e q u e n c e x, , i s o b t a i n a s a w e i g h t e d a v e r a g e o f x,

.

Nodes v i t h i n a 5 w i n d o w . Each n o d e o f x,is t h e n o b t a i n e d f r o m x, b y a p p l y i n g t h e same p a t t e r n o f w e i g h t s . N o t e t h a t t h e s a m p l e d i s t a n c e i n e a c h L e v e l i s d o u b l e t h a t i n t h e p r e v i o u s l e v e l . As a r e s u l t ? e a c h s i s n a i i n t h e s e q u e n c e

i s r e p r e s e n t e d by a s e q u e n c e w h i c h i s h a l f a s l a r g e a s i t s p r e d e c e s s o r . I f we i m a g i n e t h e s e sequertce s t a c k e d one a b o v e a n o t h e r , t h e r e s u l t i s t h e t a p e r n i g p y r a m i d d a t a s t r u c t u r e .

The p r o c e s s w h i c h g e n e r a t e s e a c h s e q u e n c e f r o m i t s p r e d e c e s s o r w i l l be c a l l e d a REDUCE o p e r a t i o r s i n c e b o t h r e s o l u t i o n a n d s a m p l e d e n s i t y a r e d e c r e a s e d . L e t x o b e t h e o r i g i n a l s i g n a l and l e t + b e t h e t o p l e v e l o f t h e p y r a m i d . Then f o r O ( l ( M 9 we s a y

x

, =REDUCEC3-,I ( 1

w h i c h means

Article published online by EDP Sciences and available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jphyscol:19902171

(3)

COLLOQUE DE PHYSIQUE

x ( i ) = &

B

w(m)xl_,(Zi+m) ( 2

1 ,.-a

The w e i g h t i n g f u n c t i o n w i s c a l l e d t h e g e n e r a t i n g k e r n e l . T h i s i s c h o s e n s u b j e c t t o t h r e e c o n s t r a i n t s . I t i s

( i ) N o r m a l i z e d : z w ( m ) = l

t i i ) S y m e t r i c . : w ( m ) = w ( - m )

( i i i ) E q u a l c o n t r i b u t i o n :

w~O)+w~-2)+w(Z)=w(-1)+w(-l)

C o m b i n i n g c o n s t r a i n t s we h a v e w ( 0 ) = f r e e v a r i b l e w ( - 1 ) = w ( 1 ) = 0 . 2 5

w ( - 2 ) = w ( 2 ) = 0 . 2 5 - 0 . 5 * w ( O ) ;

I t e r a t e d p y r a m i d g e n e r a t i o n i s e q u i v a l e n t t o c o n v o l v i n g t h e s i g n a l u i t h a s e t o f " e q u i v a l e n t w e i g h t i n g f u n c t i o n " h j :

x1 = hj(8 x, ( 3 a )

The si-ze M o f t h e e q u i v a l e n t w e i g h t i n g f u n c t i o n d o u b l e s f r o m one l e v e l t o t h e n e x t , a s d o e s t h e d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n s a m p l e s . The e f f e c t o f c o n v o l v i n g a s i g n a l w i t h o n e o f t h e e q u i v a l e n t w e i g h t i n g f u n c t i o n h t i s t o b l u r , o r Low-pass f i l t e r , t h e s i g n a l . The p y r a m i d a l g o r i t h m r e d u c e s t h e f i l t e r b a n d l i m i t by an o c t a v e f r o m l e v e l t o l e v e l , a n d r e d u c e s t h e s a m p l e i n t e r v a l b y t h e same f a c t o r . T h i s i s a v e r y f a s t a l g o r i t h m , r e q u i r i n g f e w e r c o m p u t a t i o n a l s t e p s t o c o m p u t e a s e t o f f i l t e r e d s i g n a l s t h a n a r e r e q u i r e d b y FFT t o c o m p u t e a s i n g l e f i l t e r e d s i g n a l .

3 . N a r r o w - B a n d , H i g h - R e s o l u t i o n S p e c t r a l A n a l y s i s U s i n g P y r a m i d m e t h o d One o f t h e m o s t f u n d a m e n t a l s i g n a l p r o c e s s i n g o p e r a t i o n s i s s p e c t r a l a n a l y s i s : t h a t i s e v a l u a t i o n o f t h e 2 - t r a n s f o r m o f a s e q u e n c e o v e r a b a n d o f f r e q u e n c e s on t h e u n i t c i r c l e . F o r m u l a l l y 3 i f we d e f i n e a n N - p o i n t s e q u e n c e , ~ + ( n ) , n=O

, . . .

tN-17 w i t h Z - t r a n s f o r m

t h e n t h e s p e c t r u m o f x & n ) a t f r e q u e n c e \ j i s

A l t h o u g h a v a r i e t y o f t e c h n i q u e s h a v e b e e n p r o p o s e d f o r e v a l u a t i n s % ( e l h f Eq. ( 5 1 , p e r h a p s t h e m o s t commonly u s e d o n e i s t h e c l a s s o f FFT a l g o r i t h m s . T h e s e a l g o r i t h m s e v a l u a t e , i n a n e f f i c i e n t m a n n e r , t h e 2 - t r a n s f o r m s o f a f i n i t e s e q u e n c e a t a s e t o f e q u a l s p a c e d f r e q u e n c i e s

g i v i n g

. u-t

-jt'%>nR

5(eldk) = x i k ) = Z, x d n ) * e

n.0

From t h e s e t o f FFT c o e f f i c i e n t s x d k ) ~ k = O , I ,

. . . ,

N - 1 , t h e o r i g i n a l s e q u e n c e c a n b e c a l c u l a t e d v i a a n i n v e r s e FFT r e l a t i o n o f t h e f o r m

(4)

The s e t o f FFT a n d i n v e r s e FFT r e l a t i o n s , o f E s s . ( 7 ) a n d b f 8 ) r p r o v i d e a p o w e r f u l f r a m e w o r k f o r w i d e - b a n d d i g i t a l s p e c t r a l a n a l y s i s o f s i g n a l s ~ a n d h a v e b e e n u s e d i n t h i s manner i n a w i d e v a r i e t y o f a p p l i c a t i o n s .

One m a j o r d i s a d v a n t a g e o f t h e FFT a l g o r i t h m i s t h a t i s a u t o m a t i c a l l y p r o v i d e s s p e c t r a l i n f o r m a t i o n o v e r a u n i f o r m l y s p a c e d s e t o f f r e q u e n c i e s c o v e r i n g t h e e n t i r e b a n d o f t h e s i g n a l o f i n t e r e s t . F o r some a p p l i c a t i o n s o n l y t h e s p e c t r a l a n d f o r - s u c h c a s e s i f i s h i g h l y i n e f f i c i e n t t o make a l l t h e c a L c u l a t i o n s o f E q . ( 7 1 a n d t h e n t o u s e a s m a l l s u b s e t o f t h e m . By u s i n g t h e n a r r o w - b a n d f i l t e r i n g a n d p y r a m i d r e d u c e , t h e s i g n a l b a n d o f i n t e r e s t c a n b e s h i f t e d t o l o w f r e q u e n c i e s , a n d a l o w - o r d e r FFT a n a l y s i s c a n b e p e r f o r m e d , g i v i n g t h e d e s i r e d h i g h - r e s o l u t i o n , n a r r o w - b a n d s p e c t r a l d a t a .

F i g . 1 i l l u s t r a t e s t h e p r i n c i p l e u s e d t o d e r i v e a p y r a m i d s t r u c t u r e f o r h i s h - r e s o l u t i o n , n a r r o w - b a n d s p e c t r a l a n a l y s i s . I n F i g . l . ( a l we show t h e p y r a m i d s t r u c t u r e f o r b a n d p a s s f i l t e r i n g f o r a n i n t e g e r - b a n d s i g n a l . The d e c i m a t i o n r a t e o f t h e m u l t i l e v e l p y r a m i d r e d u c e o p e r a t i o n s i s M l , d e f i n e d a s

M

-7t

4 -%-dl

* ( 9 1

w h e r e a n d waUare t h e Lower a n d u p p e r f r e q u e n c i e s o f i n t e r e s t i n t h e b a n d p a s z ' s i g n a l . The s i g n a l i s f i r s t b a n d p a s s f i l t e r e d t o i s o l a t e t h e d e s i r e d b a n d o f i n t e r e s t , and t h e r e s u l t i n g i s d e c i m a t e d by a f a c t o r o f

rlp.

S i n c e we assumed i n L e g e r - b a n d s , we h a v e

f o r some v a l u e o f L I l < l < M - I . The r e s u l t i n g s i g n a l , x$m), h a s a l o w p a s s s p e c t r u m a s shown i n F i g . l . ( b ) . F o r t h e l o w p a s s s i g n a l ( a s s u m i n g n e g l i g i b l e al. i a s i n g ) , t h e f r e a u e n c r w / c o r r e s p o n s s t o t h e f r e q u e n c y w i n xo(ej41 s u c h t h a t

t d - d '

vC. ( 1 1 )

"'s,&- "'!

To o b t a i n t h e d e s i r e d h i g h - r e s o l u t i a n , n a r r o w - b a n d s p e c t r u m , t h e s y s t e m o f F i g . 1 . ( c ) i s u s e d , i n whicbh a n N s p o i n t FFT i s p e r f o r m e d on x i m ) y i e l d i n g s p e c t r a l v a l u e s f o r f r e q u e n c i e s

--- ...

x & n ) I B a n d p a s s I I m u l t i l e v e l P y r a m i d I ?(m)

- - - -

> I F i L t e r i n g l - - - - > f Reduce

4

I

- - - >

F

---

F

...

F/M

(5)

COLLOQUE DE PHYSIQUE

--- --- --- ---

xJnl I 1 I : ?(m) I I I c o r r e c t i o n ~ ~ ( e ' * )

- - - -

> I BPF I - > ! MPR, M1$ I - - - > I F F T I - > 1 n e t w o r k 1 2 - - - >

F i g . 1 M u l t i l e v e l p y r a ~ n i d s t r u c t u r e f o r p e r f o r m i n g h i g h - r e s o l u t i o n n a r r o w - b a n d s p e c t r a l a n a l y s i s

a n d t h e s e v a l u e s a r e t r a n s l a t e d b a c k t o t h e w r a n g e u s i n g E l l . The v a l u e o f is, a p p r o x i m a t e l y ,

s i n c e t h e p y r a m i d d e c i m a t e d s i g n a l h a s o n l y N / M j s a m p l e s . A c o r r e c t i o n n e t w o r k i s shown w h i c h c a n c o r r e c t f o r t h e i m p e r f e c t p a s s h a n d r e s p o n s e o f t h e p a s s b a n d f i l t e r

.

The i m p r o v e m e n t i n e f f i c i e n c y d e r i v e s f r o m t h e u s e of a p y r a m i d r e d u c t i o n o l ~ e r a t i o n a n d a c o n s i d e r a b l y s m a l l e r v a l u e o f than N , w h e n e v e r M i s l a r g e , t h e r e b y r e d u c i n g t h e FFT c o m p u t a t i o n , w h i c h i s p r o p o r t i o n a l t o N f o g N

.

H o w e v e r , t h e r e i s e x t r a c o m p u t a t i o n d u e t o t h e b a n d p a s s f i l t e r . F o r most c a s e s o f i n t e r e s t b a n d s w h e r e P j > l O , t h e r e i s a r e a l r e d u c t i o n i n c o m p u t a t i o n u s i n g t h e p y r a m i d s t r u c t u r e o f F i g . l . ( c ) o v e r t h e d i r e c t FFT c o m p u t a t i o n .

4 . D i s c u c c i o n

P y r a m i d s , i n g e n e r a l , a r e d a t a s t r u c t u r e s t h a t p r o v i d e s u c c e s s i v e l y c o n d e n s e d r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f t h e i n f o r m a t i o n i n t h e i n p u t s i g n a l . Many b a s i c s i g n a l o p e r a t i o n s may be p e r f o r m e d e f f i c i e n t l y w i t h i n p y r a m i d s t r u c t u r e s . P y r a m i d r e d u c t i o n o p e r a t i o n c a n g e n e r a t e s o f l o w - p a s s f i l t e r e d s i g n a l s a t a f r a c t i o n o f t h e c o s t o f FFT. L o c a l s i g n a l p r o p e r t i e s c a n b e e s t i m a t e d w i t h e q u a l e f f i c i e n c r w i t h i n G a u s s i a t i - l i k e w i n d o w s o f many s i z e s . H e r e t h e p y r a m i d w i l l be v i e w e d p r i m a r i l y a s a c o m p u t a t i o n a l t o o l f o r s p e c t r a l a n a l y s i s .

R e f e r e n c e s

1 . B . L i u a n d F . M i n t z e t - 9 " C a l c u l a t i o n o f N a r r o w - B a n d S p e c t r a b y D i r e c t D e c i m a t i o n " . I E E E T r a n s . A c o u s t . S p e e c h S i g n a l P r o c e s s . , V o l . ASSP-263 N o . 6 , P 5 2 9 - 5 3 4 , D e c . 1 9 7 8 .

2 . P . J . B u r t and E . H . A d e l s o n , " T h e L a p l a c i a n P y r a m i d a s a c o m p a c t I m a g e C o d e " , IEEE T r a n s . Commun., V o l . COM-31, V o L . 4 , P 5 3 2 - 5 4 0 , A p r . 1 9 8 3 .

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