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HAL Id: jpa-00213758

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Submitted on 1 Jan 1970

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SELECTED TOPICS IN NUCLEAR PHYSICS AT 1 GeV

O. Kofoed-Hansen

To cite this version:

O. Kofoed-Hansen. SELECTED TOPICS IN NUCLEAR PHYSICS AT 1 GeV. Journal de Physique

Colloques, 1970, 31 (C2), pp.C2-11-C2-18. �10.1051/jphyscol:1970201�. �jpa-00213758�

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SELECTED TOPICS IN NUCLEAR PHYSICS AT 1 GeV

0. Kofoed-Hansen

CERN, Geneva

A b s t r a c t : The p r e s e n t p a p e r r e v i e w s some o f t h e c o n d i t i o n s f o r t h e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f e l a s t i c a n d sum n u c l e a r i n e l a s t i c s c a t t e r i n g o f h i g h e n e r g y p a r t i c l e s o n n u c l e i . The p o s s i b i l i t y o f i n v e s t - i g a t i n g s h o r t - a n d l o n g - r a n g e n u c l e a r c o r r e l a t i o n s i s t r e a t e d t a some e x t e n t a n d m e a s u r e m e n t s a r e p r o p o s e d f o r t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f s h o r t r a n g e c o r r e l a t i o n s , P a u l i c o r r e l a t i o n s , s p e c i f i c a s p e c t s o f n u c l e a r d e f o r m a t i o n a n d o f p o s s i b l e d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n n e u t r o n a n d p r o t o n d i s t r h u t i o n s .

INTRODUCTION

E x p e r i m e n t s p e r f o r m e d w i t h h i g h e n e r g y p r o j e c t - i l e s i m p i n g i n g on complex n u c l e i s e r v e t h e d o u b l e p u r p o s e o f y i e l d i n g i n f o r m a t i o n on b o t h e l e m e n t a r y p a r t i c l e i n t e r a c t i o n s a n d n u c l e a r s t r u c t u r e . The p r e s e n t p a p e r r e v i e w s some e x p l o r a t o r y work d i r e c t e d t o w a r d s t h e p o s s i b i l i t i e s a s r e g a r d s n u c l e a r

s t r u c t u r e i n v e s t i g a t i o n s .

N a t u r a l l y o n l y a f e w p a r t i c u l a r p r o b l e m s a r e t r e a t e d a n d c o n s e q u e n t l y t h e p r e s e n t s u r v e y i s l i m i t e d t o t h o s e q u e s t i o n s w h i c h m i g h t b e a n s w e r e d b y a s t u d y o f e l a s t i c s c a t t e r i n g a n d o f sum t o t a l n u c l e a r i n e l a s t i c s c a t t e r i n g i n c l u d i n g c h a r g e e x c h a n g e . U s i n g t h e c l o s u r e a p p r o x i m a t i o n f o r t h e i n e l a s t i c s c a t t e r i n g t h i s r e s t r i c t s t h e d i s c u s s i o n t o n u c l e a r g r o u n d s t a t e s .

ELEMENTARY PARTICLE PRERIQUISITES

Roughly s p e a k i n g t h e d i f f e r e n t i a l e l a s t i c s c a t t e r i n g c r o s s - s e c t i o n o f h i g h e n e r g y p a r t i c l e s on n u c l e o n s may b e r e p r e s e n t e d b y a n e x p r e s s i o n o f t h e f o r m

w i t h Q t h e s o l i d a n g l e , f t h e p a r t i c l e n u c l e o n a m p l i t u d e a s a f u n c t i o n o f momentum t r a n s f e r q , k t h e i n c a m i n g momentum, o t h e t o t a l p a r t i c l e n u c l e o n c r o s s - s e c t i o n , a = Ref/Irnf a n d c a p a r a m e t e r d e s c r i b i n g t h e s l o p e o f l o g ( & / & ) v s . q 2

.

We h a v e a t o u r d i s p o s a l a v a r i e t y o f h i g h e n e r g y p r o j e c t i l e s f o r w h i c h i n t e n s e beams c a n b e p r o d u c e d . C o r r e s p o n d i n g l y we may u s e h a d r o n s s p a n n i n g t h e a, c p l a n e i n t h e i n t e r v a l 1 7 m b S i ~ S 0 ' mb

2 2

a n d .OS(GeV/c) L c S . I ( G e V / c ) a n d l e p t o n s f o r which we may r o u g h l y t a l k a b o u t t h e l i m i t a + 0, c a b u t o . c c o n s t a n t .

SINGLE SCATTERING ON NUCLEI

F o r l e p t o n s a s p r o j e c t i l e s t h e e l a s t i c s c a t t e r - i n g on complex n u c l e i i s d o m i n a t e d b y s i n g l e s c a t t e r - i n g a n d t h e r e s u l t i s e s s e n t i a l l y a m e a s u r e o f t h e n u c l e a r f o r m f a c t o r p ( ' ) ( q )

w i t h A t h e n u c l e a r m a s s number a n d p ( ' ) ( r ) t h e s i n g l e p a r t i c l e d e n s i t y o f t h e n u c l e a r g r o u n d s t a t e

N u c l e a r i n e l a s t i c s c a t t e r i n g l e a d i n g t o s p e c i f i c n u c l e a r s t a t e s y i e l d s i n f o r m a t i o n on t h e m a t r i x e l e m e n t s

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e l q e r i / i >.The i n v e s t i g a t i o n o f s u c h s p e c i f i c t r a n s i t i o n s demands v e r y p r e c i s e s p e c t r o s - copy a n d i s a r a p i d l y d e v e l o p i n g f i e l d o f r e a e a r c h . The i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f t h e r e s u l t s n a t u r a l l y demand r a t h e r p r e c i s e n u c l e a r m o d e l s c a p a b l e o f d e s c r i p t i o n o f e x c i t e d s t a t e s . However, t h e sum t o t a l n u c l e a r i n e l a s t i c s c a t t e r i n g c a n b e i n t e r p r e t e d t h r o u g h t h e a p p l i c a t i o n of t h e c l o s u r e a p p r o x i m a t i o n . The r e s u l t a n t f o r m u l a i s f o r l e p t o n s :

w i t h C ( q ) d e f i n e d t h r o u g h :

Article published online by EDP Sciences and available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jphyscol:1970201

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0. KOFOED-HANSEN

C ( q )

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P (2) ( q )

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l P ( l ) ( q ~ / ~ c ~ m p u t a t i o n . ~ O n l y c e r t a i n s i m p l i f y i n g a s s u m p t i o n s l i k e A >> 1 , s i n g l e p a r t i c l e m o d e l f o r C1' a n d i/eiq(r1-r2)p(r

,,..

. , r A ) d i d r Z . . d r - / ~ ( ~ ) ( ~ ) l (5) t r u n c a t i o n o f eq. ( 8 ) a f t e r f o u r f o l d q u a s i e l a s t i c

1 A

( n u c l e a r i n e l a s t i c ) s c a t t e r i n g h a v e b e e n i n t r o d u c e d . T h u s i n f o r m a t i o n o n t w o p a r t i c l e d e n s i t i e s may i n I n s t e a d o f e q . ( 1 ) t h e a c t u a l p-p d a t a h a v e b e e n p r i n c i p l e b e o b t a i n e d . Note however, t h a t s m a l l u s e d , n h a s b e e n a s s u m e d i n d e p e n d e n t o f q a n d f o r v a l u e s o f o r s m a l l d i f f e r e n c e s i n model e x p r e s s i o n s l a c k o f b e t t e r knowledge o n e h a s u s e d f = f

PP P"' f o r C ( q ) m u s t c o m p e t e w i t h I - / p i l l ( q ) l i n t h e I n p r i n c i p l e e q . s ( 6 ) a n d ( 7 ) c o n t a i n i n f o r m a t i o n

i n t e r p r e t a t i o n . on n - p a r t i c l e d e n s i t i e s .

MULTIPLE SCATTERING ON NUCLEI

F o r h a d r o n s a s p r o j e c t i l e s b o t h e l a s t i c a n d i n e l a s t i c s c a t t e r i n g i s d o m i n a t e d b y m u l t i p l e s c a t t e r - i n g . T h u s t h e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f t h e r e s u l t s demands a r e l i a b l e m u l t i p l e s c a t t e r i n g t h e o r y . F o r t u n a t e l y t h e G l a u b e r a p p r o x i m a t i o n t o t h e m u l t i p l e s c a t t e r i n g p i c t u r e [ I ] i s q u i t e good a n d c o n s e q u e n t l y o f c o n s i d e r a b l e v a l u e f o r t h e e x p l o r a t i o n o f p o s s i b l e a r e a s o f f r u i t f u l e x p e r i m e n t a t i o n . I n t h i s p i c t u r e e l a s t i c s c a t t e r i n g l e a d s t o t h e c r o s s - s e c t i o n :

a n d t h e sum n u c l e a r i n e l a s t i c c r o s s - s e c t i o n i s g i v e n b y :

w h e r e t h e s o - c a l l e d p r o f i l e f u n c t i o n i s g i v e n b y :

w i t h b t h e i m p a c t p a r a m e t e r a n d s, t h e p r o j e c t i o n o f r . u n t o t h e b - p l a n e i.e. t h e p l a n e p e r p e n d i c u l a r

J

t o t h e d i r e c t i o n o f t h e i n c o m i n g momentum k.

F i g . 1 s h o w s t h e r e s u l t s of c o m p u t a t i o n s o f t h e sum o f e q . s ( 7 ) a n d ( 8 ) computed b y G l a u b e r [2] a n d m y s e l f t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e CERN m e a s u r e m e n t s [3] o f t h i s m a g n i t u d e f o r p

+ cl'.

C l e a r l y t h e G l a u b e r a p p r o x i m a t i o n i s q u i t e a d e q u a t e g i v i n g r e a s o n a b l e a g r e e m e n t o v e r more t h a n 5 d e c a d e s i n

&/a.

Note t h a t t h e r e a r e e s s e n t i a l l y n o f r e e p a r a m e t e r s i n t h i s

A Alfaby et al.19.1 GeWc(Prelimirwy) - elastic Scattering

helastis single x a t t e h g htastic dovble scanerkg inlastic triple scattering

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0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 U) 11 12

F i g . 1 . summed s c a t t e r i n g o f p r o t o n s b y I'c.

E x p e r i m e n t a l p o i n t s a n d t h e o r e t i c a l p r e d i c t - i o n s ( h e a v y , s o l i d c u r v e ) . A l s o shown a r e c a l c u l a t i o n s o f e l a s t i c s c a t t e r i n g i n c l u d i n g Coulomb s c a t t e r i n g a n d v a r i o u s o r d e r s o f m u l t i p l e q u a s i e l a s t i c s c a t t e r i n g .

CENTER OF MASS CORRELATION

O v e r a l l momentum c o n s e r v a t i o n demands t h a t e q . s ( 7 ) a n d ( 8 ) m u s t b e e v a l u a t e d i n t h e c.m.-frame o f r e f e r e n c e f o r t h e n u c l e u s i n q u e s t i o n . What d o e s t h a t mean c o m p u t a t i o n a l l y ? E x p e r i m e n t a l l y we know

~ ( q ) f r o m e l e c t r o n s c a t t e r i n g . Even i f we w e r e s a t i s f i e d w i t h a n i n d e p e n d e n t p a r t i c l e m o d e l f o r t h e n u c l e u s we o u g h t t o c o n s i d e r p ( q ) a s r e s u l t i n g f r o m

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SELECTED TOPICS IN NUCLEAR PHYSICS

AT

1 GeV

w i t h F ( x ) a s u i t a b l y n o r m a l i z e d F o u r i e r t r a n s f o r m o f p I ( r ) . T h i s means t h a t i f we w a n t e d t o u s e t h i s m o d e l i n e q . s ( 4 ) , ( 5 ) , ( 6 ) a n d ( 7 ) we o u g h t i n p r i n c i p l e t o s o l v e t h e n o n l i n e a r i n t e g r a l e q u a t i o n ( 9 ) w i t h r e s p e c t t o F ( x ) a n d t h e n compute e . g . C ( q ) a s

T h e n e t r e s u l t o f s u c h a c o m p u t a t i o n i s t h a t t h e CM c o r r e l a t i o n f u n c t i o n i s u n c o n f o r t a b l y l a r g e a n d t h e r e f o r e t o some e x t e n t m a s k s t h e p o s s i b l e o t h e r c o r r e l a t i o n s . I n t h i s r e s p e c t a n d f o r h e a v i e r n u c l e i i n p a r t i c u l a r CM c o r r e l a t i o n s o f c o u r s e c o m p e t e w i t h P a u l i c o r r e l a t i o n s .

We t h e r e f o r e t u r n o u r a t t e n t i o n t o t h e combined e f f e c t s of t h e CM e o r r e l a t i o n a n d t h e P a u l i c o r r e l a t i m . F o r s i m p l i c i t y l e t u s c o n s i d e r t h e f i r s t c l o s e d s h e l l n u c l e u s where b o t h o f t h e s e c o r r e l a t i o n s a r e i m p o r t a n t i . e . 0 1 6 a n d l e t u s u s e t h e s i m p l e h a r m o n i c o s c i l l a t o r m o d e l which i s known t o f i t t h e o b s e r v e d f o r m f a c t o r p ( q ) q u i t e w e l l . F o r p ( q ) t h e h a r m o n i c o s c i l l a t o r e n s u r e s t h a t t h e CM c o r r e l a t i o n f a c t o r s o u t ( t h e G a r t e n h o u s e - S c h w a r z p r e s c r i p t i o n [4]). W i t h

P

t h e o s c i l l a t o r p a r a m e t e r t h e r e s u l t i s a f o r m f a c t o r

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p ( l ) ( q ) = [ I

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( w h e r e t h e CM c o r r e c t i o n i s t h e q /64p t e r m i n t h e 2 e x p o n e n t i a l ) t o g e t h e r w i t h

i n d e p e n d e n t o f CM c o r r e l a t i o n s . T h e s e e x p r e s s i o n s l e a d t o t h e c u r v e s i n F i g . 2 f o r C ( q ) i n t h e c a s e of CM- a n d P a u l i c o r r e l a t i o n s a n d i n t h e c a s e w h e r e t h e C M - c o r r e l a t i o n h a s b e e n n e g l e c t e d , I t i s q u i t e i l l u s t r a t i v e t o c o m p a r e t h i s r e s u l t w i t h t h e o n l y v e r y s i m p l e m a t h e m a t i c a l c a s e w h e r e e q . ( 9 ) i s e a s i l y s o l v a b l e namely t h e c a s e o f G a u s s i a n densities. I n

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F i g . 2. The c o r r e l a t i o n f u n c t i o n f o r t h e h a r m o n i c o s c i l l a t o r m o d e l f o r 016. The f o r m f a c t o r i s a d j u s t e d t o e x p e r i m e n t a l v a l u e s . T h e u p p e r c u r v e shows C ( q ) f o r t h e c o m b i n a t i o n o f P a u l i - a n d C M - c o r r e l a t i o n s . The l o w e r c u r v e r e p r e s e n t s t h e h y p o t h e t i c a l c a s e w h e r e t h e C M - c o n s t r a i n t i s o m i t t e d . F o r c o m p a r i s o n ( 1 5 ) - I a n d ( 1 5 e ) - I a r e marked on t h e f i g u r e .

a n d C ( q ) = e -q2/2aL

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e 9 2 / 2 a ~ 7 ( 1 4 )

The maximum a b s o l u t e v a l u e o f ( A - I ) C ( q ) i s

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F o r t h i s r e a s o n t h e v a l u e s o f (A-I) -1 a n d [ e ( ~ - I ) ] - ' a r e marked i n F i g . 2 f o r c o m p a r i s o n . I t i s s e e n t h a t t h e combined e f f e c t o f CM c o r r e l a t i o n a n d P a u l i c o r r e l a t i o n g i v e s a n u m e r i c a l l y l a r g e C ( q ) t h a n d o e s e q . ( 1 4 ) . T h i s i s t r u e t h r o u g h o u t t h e p e r i o d i c t a b l e

THE IDEAL SITUATION

A f t e r t h e a b o v e s t a t e m e n t o f o u r b a s i c t o o l s we may now s u m m a r i z e t h e s i t u a t i o n a s we s h o u l d l i k e t o see i t d e v e l o p e d e v e n t u a l l y . We s h o u l d l i k e t o h a v e a t o u r d i s p o s a l : 1 ) v e r y p r e c i s e m e a s u r e m e n t s o f a l l t h e f ( q ) a m p l i t u d e s f o r w h i c h we c q n p e r f o r m e x p e r i m e n t s , 2 ) c o m p l e t e l y r e l i a b l e m u l t i p l e s c a t t e r i n g f o r m a l i s m s , 3 ) p r e c i s e n u c l e a r m o d e l s i n c o m b i n a t i o n w i t h s c a t t e r i n g f o r m a l i s m s s u c h t h a t 4 ) n u m e r i c a l e v a l u a t i o n s c a n b e c a r r i e d o u t i n s i d e r e a s o n a b l e t i m e s o n modern c o m p u t e r s a n d 5) p r e c i s e s c a t t e r i n g m e a s u r e m e n t s on n u c l e i . Of c o u r s e we

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C2-14 0. KOFOED-HANSEN

h a v e n o t h i n g o f t h i s ; we h a v e a t o u r d i s p o s a l m e r e l y some a p p r o x i m a t i o n s t o s u c h a n i d e a l s i t u a t i o n a n d we s h o u l d l i k e t o d o e x p e r i m e n t s s u c h a s t o i m p r o d e t h i s s i t u a t i o n i n o r d e r a t t h e same t i m e t o o b t a i n more i n s i g h t i n t o e l e m e n t a r y a m p l i t u d e s , m u l t i p l e s c a t t e r i n g and n u c l e a r s t r u c t u r e .

The u s u a l method i n p h y s i c s t o b e a p p l i e d i n s u c h a situation i s t o i s o l a t e t h e e f f e c t s u n d e r i n v e s t i g a t i o n a s w e l l a s p o s s i b l e . L e t u s i l l u s t r a t e b y d i s c u s s i n g a p r o p e r a p p r o a c h t o m u l t i p l e s c a t t e r i n g investigations t o b e c a r r ~ e d o u t i n o r d e r e . g . t o f i n d t h e r e g i o n o f v a l i d i t y o f m u l t i p l e s c a t t e r i n g t h e o r y . I n t h l s c a s e l e p t o n scattering y i e l d s t h e c r o s s - s e c t i o n s e q . s ( 2 ) a n d ( 4 ) . E x p a n d i n g e q . s ( 6 ) a n d ( 7 ) i n t o m u l t i p l e s c a t t e r i n g s e r i e s o n e o f c o u r s e r e f i n d s e q . s ( 2 ) a n d ( 4 ) a s t h e f i r s t o r d e r t e r m s . T h u s t h e m e a s u r e m e n t s o f t h e c r o s s - s e c t i o n s ( 6 ) a n d ( 7 ) a n d ( 2 ) a n d ( 4 ) t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g t w o c r o s s - s e c t i o n s ( 1 ) p e r m i t u s t o c o n s t r u c t a c o m b i n a t i o n o f p u r e l y e x p e r i m e n t a l d a t a i n w h i c h s i n g l e s c a t t e r i n g h a s b e e n s w i t c h e d o f f . I n s p i t e o f i t s s i m p l e s i g n i f i c a n c e I d o n o t b e l i e v e t h a t s u c h a p r o g r a m h a s b e e n u n d e r t a k e n s o f a r .

SWITCHING OFF THE PAUU CORRELATIONS

The e f f e c t s o f P a u l i c o r r e l a t i o n s a r e a b s e n t f o r t h e c r o s s - s e c t i o n s ( 3 ) , ( 4 ) , ( 6 ) a n d ( 7 ) i n ~ e Thus ~ .

4 .

i n v e s t i g a t i o n s on He m l g h t y i e l d i n f o r m a t i o n o n t h e CM c o r r e l a t i o n i n c o m b i n a t i o n w i t h o t h e r p o s s i b l e c o r r e l a t i o n s . S i n c e ~ e ~ m u s t b e assumed t o b e s p h e r i c a l , o n l y h a r d c o r e c o r r e l a t i o n s a n d a s m a l l Coulomb c o r r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n t h e t w o p r o t o n s s h o u l d b e e x p e c t e d t o b e i m p o r t a n t . I n o r d e r t o i n v e s t i g a t e t h e c o m b i n a t i o n CM c o r r e l a t i o n p l u s h a r d c o r e c o r r e l a t i o n s t w o d i f f e r e n t m o d e l s w e r e e x a m i n e d b y C. W i l k i n a n d m y s e l f

[s].

The t w o model d e n s i t i e s w e r e : c a s e A c h o s e n a s t h e s i m p l e s t p o s s i b l e model f o r t h e n u c l e o n d e n s i t y p e r m i t t i n g i n c l u s i o n o f h a r d c o r e a n d c e n t e r o f m a s s c o r r e l a t i o n s

t h e s t r e n g t h a n d t h e volume o f t h e h a r d c o r e c o r r e l a t i o n a n d i t s a s s o c i a t e d h e a l i n g d i s t a n c e ; s i m i l a r l y D d e s c r i b e s t h e s t r e n g t h o f t h e c e n t e r o f m a s s c o r r e l a t i o n s , f o r D + a t h e s t r i c t CM d e l t a f u n c t i o n o b t a i n s , f o r D

-

0 t h e CM c o r r e l a t i o n i s s w i t c h e d o f f . S i n c e f o r r e a l i s t i c p u r p o s e s we must c h o o s e D l a r g e ( e x c e p t f o r c o m p u t a t i o n a l c h e c k s ) we a r e l e f t w i t h a t h r e e p a r a m e t e r e x p r e s s i o n , N b e i n g

A a f u n c t i o n o f a A , b A , dA a n d D.

F o r t h i s r e a s o n t h e c o r r e l a t e d m o d e l ( 1 5 ) was compared w i t h a t h r e e p a r a m e t e r i n d e p e n d e n t p a r t i c l e model ( o n l y CM c o r r e l a t i o n r e t a i n e d ) . T h i s c a s e , c a s e B, was c h o s e n t o b e o f t h e f o r m

w h e r e t h e t h r e e f r e e p a r a m e t e r s a B , bB a n d d B

d e s c r i b e t h e n u c l e a r s h a p e . D g i v e s t h e CM c o r r e l a t i m a n d was k e p t t h e same i n t h e t w o c a s e s . The n o r m a l i - z a t i o n c o n s t a n t NB i s now a f u n c t i o n o f a

B' 'B' a n d D ,

Next a s e t o f p a r a m e t e r s a A , b a n d d w e r e

A A

c h o s e n s o a s t o f i t t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l p ( ' ) ( q ) v a l u e r e a s o n a b l y w e l l ( c u r v e A i n F i g . 3 ) .

w h e r e N A i s t h e n o r m a l i z a t i o n c o n s t a n t a n d a A ' b~

a n d dA a r e ~ a r a m e t e r s d e s c r i b i n g t h e n u c l e a r s h a p e ,

Fig. 3 . Form f a c t o r s p ( ' ) ( q ) a s computed w i t h t h e b a s i c d e n s i t i e s e q . ( I S ) , c a s e A , a n d e q . ( 1 6 ) , c a s e B f o r t h e p a r a m e t e r v a l u e s a = I , b A = l , dA=2.5, a g = l .065, bB=.559, dg=.918 a n d A ll> lo3.

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SELECTED TOPICS I N NUCLEAR PHYSICS AT 1 GeV

The i n i t i a l s l o p e o f p ( " ( q ] v s . q 2

,

t h e p a s i t i o n o f A

t h e z e r o i n p i i ( l ) ( q ) a n d t h e h e i g h t o f t h e maxrmum was n o t e d a n d a set o f p a r a m e t e r s a g , b e n d d w e r e

B B

d e t e r m i n e d s o a s t o r e p r o d u c e t h e s e f e a t u r e s i n p B 1 l ) ( q ) ( c u r v e B i n F i g , 3 ) . By t h e s e p r o c e d u r e s t h e p r o g r a m s c e t c h e d a b o v e f o r a p r o p e r t r e a t m e n t of m u l t i p l e s c a t t e r i n g was e n s u r e d . The c o r r e s p o n d i n g f u n c t i o n s C(q) a r e shown i n F i g . 4. T h i s s h o w s t h e o r d e r o f m a g n i t u d e (= 6%) o f p o s s i b l e h a r d c o r e e f f e c t s i n t h e c r o s s - s e c t i o n ( 4 ) , b e y o n d t h e CM e f f e c t s .

F i g . 4 . C o r r e l a t i o n f u n c t i o n s - C ( q ) c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o t h e b a s i c d e n s i t i e s e q . s ( 1 5 ) a n d ( 1 6 ) w i t h t h e same p a r a m e t e r s a s t h o s e g i v e n i n t h e c a p t i o n t o F i g . 3 . A l s o - ( C A ( q ) - C B ( q ) ) i s shown.

Next t h e d e n s i t i e s ( 1 5 ) a n d ( 1 6 ) w e r e i n s e r t e d i n t o e q . s ( 6 ) a n d ( 7 ) a n d t h e d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n c a s e A a n d B w e r e computed f o r s e l e c t e d q v a l u e s . Some o f t h e r e s u l t s a r e shown i n t h e d i a g r a m s F i g . s 5 and 6 which show p c t . d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n c a s e A a n d B a s a f u n c t i o n o f c a n d 0.

The c o n c l u s i o n i s t h a t d i f f e r e n c e s t o b e e x p e c t e d a r e t o a l a r g e e x t e n t e l i m i n a t e d by m a t c h i n g o ( ~ ) a n d by t h e CM c o r r e l a t i o n .

F i g . 5. P c t . d i f f e r e n c e i n h e i g h t o f e l a s t i c s c a t t e r - i n g maximum f o r m u l t i p l e s c a t t e r i n g a s a f u n c t i o n o f o , c .

F i g . 6 , P c t . d i f f e r e n c e i n h e i g h t o f i n e l a s t i c s c a t t e r i n g maximum f o r m u l t i p l e s c a t t e r i n g a s a f u n c t i o n o f o , c .

(7)

SWITCHING OFF THE CM CORRELATION

However, o n e p e r h a p s v e r y i m p o r t a n t f a c t i s e v i d e n t b o t h i n F i g . s 2 a n d 4. I n a l l h a r m o n i c o s c i l l a t o r c o m p u t a t i o n s p ( ' ) ( q ) i s i n d e p e n d e n t o f CM c o r r e l a t i o n s . F o r a l l o t h e r m o d e l s t h i s i s a p p r o x i m a t e l y t r u e s i n c e d e p e n d s o n r e l a t i v e c o o r d i n a t e s o n l y . I n a l l m o d e l s 0 ( I ) ( q ) h a s l a r g e CM e f f e c t s . However f o r e x t e n d e d n u c l e i ( w h i c h a r e n o t o f G a u s s i a n s h a p e ) p ( ' ) ( q ) h a s o n e o r more z e r o s . Whenever 0 " ) ( q ) i s z e r o , C ( q ) = p ( 2 ) ( q ) a n d c o n s e w - l y r e l a t i v e l y i n d e p e n d e n t o f t h e CM c o n s t r a i n t . T h u s i f C ( q ) i s m e a s u r e d i n n a r r o w i n t e r v a l s i n q a r o u n d t h e z e r o s i n o ( ' ) ( q ) o n e h a s e s s e n t i a l l y s w i t c h e d o f f t h e CM c o r r e l a t i o n . I n He 4 o n e h a s t h u s a t l e a s t o n e q v a l u e w h e r e a m e a s u r e m e n t o f t h e h a r d c o r e volume c o u l d b e a t t e m p t e d . I n t h e h e a v i e r n u c l e i o n e h a s s e v e r a l q v a l u e s w h e r e t h e P a u l i c o r r e l a t i o n ( p l u s e f f e c t s o f o t h e r , c o r r e l a t i o n s ) c a n b e m e a s u r e d i n d e p e n d e n t o f CM c o r r e l a t i o n s .

The a b o v e c o n s i d e r a t i o n s show t h a t i t i s f e a s i b l e by s e l e c t i n g c o m b i n a t i o n s o f e x p e r i m e n t s , b y c h o o s i n g c e r t a i n q v a l u e s , a n d b y u s i n g d i f f e r e n t n u c l e i t o i s o l a t e d e f i n i t e e f f e c t s . The same p r i n c i p l e l i e s b e h i n d t h e f o l l o w i n g i l l u s t r a t i o n s . However, we s h a l l now t u r n t o l o n g r a n g e c o r r e l a t i o n s . We s h a l l a l s o invol,a c h a r g e e x c h a n g e r e a c t i o n s .

SCATTERING ON DEFORMED ALIGNED NUCLEI

I n t h e c a s e o f d e f o r m e d a l i g n e d n u c l e i t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l s w i t c h i n g on a n d o f f c o n s i s t s i n a l i g n - i n g i n d i r e c t i o n s p a r a l l e l a n d p e r p e n d i c u l a r t o t h e beam. A s shown b y M. J a c o b a n d m y s e l f ( 6 1 t h e c o m b i n a t i o n o f c h a r g e e x c h a n g e a n d t o t a l i n e l a s t i c s c a t t e r i n g p e r m i t s i n t h e c a s e o f e b g . 67H0165 t o o b t a i n a n s w e r s t o q u i t e n a i v e b u t s o f a r u n a n s w e r e d q u e s t i o n s s u c h a s : d o e s t h e n e u t r o n d i s t r i b u t i o n show t h e same d e f o r m a t i o n a s t h e p r o t o n d i s t r i b u t i o n ? o r s u c h a s : d o e s t h e o b s e r v e d a n i s o t r o p y c o r r e s p o n d m a i n l y t o a s u r f a c e d e f o r m a t i o n o r a r e a l l c l o s e s h e l l s e q u a l l y much d e f o r m e d ?

The s e l e c t i v e s e n s i t i v i t y t o n e u t r o n r e s p e c t i v e l y p r o t o n d i s t r i b u t i o n s i s i n h e r e n t i n t h e e l e m e n t a r y c h a r g e e x c h a n g e r e a c t i o n s :

w h e r e e q . ( 1 9 ) , e q . ( 2 0 a ) a n d e q . ( 1 7 ) a r e s e n s i t i v e t o n e u t r o n d i s t r i b u t i o n s a n d t h e o t h e r t h r e e r e a c t i o n s a r e s e n s i t i v e t o p r o t o n d i s t r i b u t i o n s . T h u s t h e s w i t c h i n g o f f a n d on o f a p a r t i c u l a r n u c l e o n i s o s p i n

IS e f f e c t e d t h r o u g h t h e c h a r g e e x c h a n g e mechanism.

2 .

S e l e c t i n g a p r o p e r q l n t e r v a l o n e may f u r t h e r s u p p r e s Coulomb e f f e c t s , h a d r o n p r o d u c t i o n a n d a n a l o g u e s t a t e e f f e c t s a n d o b t a i n r e l a t i v e l y c l e a n a n s w e r s t o t h e a b o v e q u e s t i o n s i n s i d e e.g. t h e

-

1 5 p c t e f f e c t a t d i s p o s a l i n t h e c a s e o f ~ 0 ' ~ ' . The c o m p u t a t i o n s

6 7

h a v e o f c o u r s e b e e n c a r r i e d o u t u n d e r p r e s e r v a t i o n o f t h e ( a v e r a g e ) f a r m f a c t o r .

DEFORMATION OF SPIN ZERO NUCLEI

A l t h o u g h a s i l l u s t r a t e d i n F i g . 1 we h a v e u s e d C q 2 a s a c h e c k on t h e r e a s o n a b l e v a l i d i t y o f t h e G l a u b e r a p p r o x i m a t i o n . The t r i c k d o e s n o t r e a l l y work. T h u s i f t h e p i o n e e r d a t a o f P a l e v s k y e t a l . [7] o n He 4

,

c I 2 a n d 0 1 6 i s g i v e n t h e G l a u b e r t r e a t - ment u s i n g e.g. h a r m o n i c o s c i l l a t o r w a v e f u n c t i o n s a n e x c e l l e n t f i t i s o b t a i n e d ( w i t h n o p a r a m e t e r a d j u s t m e n t s ) f o r ~ e ~ a n d OI6. However, a s shown i n F i g . 7 ( c a s e A) f o r CI2 t h e d i f f r a c t i o n maximum comes o u t t o o h i g h . A l t h o u g h i t would b e q u i t e w o r t h w h i l e t o r e p e a t t h i s e x p e r i m e n t t h e e f f e c t i s c l e a r enough. I n t h i s c a s e we may t u r n o u r p h i l o s o p h y a r o u n d a n d a s k w h a t i s s w i t c h e d o f f i n He 4 a n d 0 1 6 b u t o n i n C1'. The a n s w e r i s c l e a r enough: deform- a t i o n , s i n c e n u c l e i n e i g h b o u r i n g c I 2 a r e q u i t e d e f o r m e d a n d ~ e ~ a n d 0 1 6 a r e c l a s s i c a l e x a m p l e s o f f i l l e d c l o s e d s h e l l s . S i n c e CI2 h a s s p i n 0 n o s i n g l e p a r t i c l e o p e r a t o r w i l l y i e l d i n f o r m a t i o n o n p o s s i b l e d e f o r m a t i o n . However, d o u b l e s c a t t e r i n g i s i n p r i n c i p l e s e n s i t i v e t o d e t a i l s o f t h e

cl'

s h a p e . T h a t t h e e f f e c t g o e s i n t h e p r o p e r d i r e c t i o n i s shown i n F i g . 7, c u r v e B. Again t h e a v e r a g e f o r m f a c t o r h a s b e e n m a i n t a i n e d t h e same f o r c u r v e A a n d B b u t c u r v e B c o r r e s p o n d s t o a v e r y l a r g e i n t r i n s i c d e f o r m a t i o n . I n t h i s c a s e n e i t h e r e x p e r i m e n t n o r t h e o r y i s p e r f e c t a n d much work n e e d s d o i n g .

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SELECTED TOPICS I N NUCLEAR PHYSICS AT 1 GeV C2-17

F i g . 7. The C 12 Palevsky e t a l . [ 7 ] d a t a f o r s c a t t e r - i n g o f 1.7 GeV/c p r o t o n s on

c I 2

t o g e t h e r w i t h harmonic o s c i l l a t o r p r e d i c t i o n s ( c u r v e A) w i t h no parameter adjustment and f o r a s t r o n g l y deformed model d e n s i t y ( c u r v e B ) f i t t e d t o g i v e as an average over a l l d i r e c t i o n s o f q t h e i d e n t i c a l f o r m f a c t o r as t h e harmonic o s c i l - l a t o r model b u t w i t h a quadrupole moment-f2/3 maximum.

NEUTRON-PROTON MASS DISTRIBUTION DIFFERENCES As a f i n a l i l l u s t r a t i o n we s h a l l l o o k a t an experiment f o r t h e s t u d y o f p o s s i b l e d i f f e r e n c e s between n e u t r o n and p r o t o n d i s t r i b u t i o n s i n n u c l e i proposed by M a r g o l i s and m y s e l f 1.81. As you know t h i s q u e s t i o n i s one o f t h e most c o n t r o v e r s i a l ones i n n u c l e a r p h y s i c s . N e i t h e r experiments n o r t h e o r y have so f a r g i v e n d e f i n i t e answers. The problem i s i n v a r i a b l e one o f e x t r a c t i n g t h e i n t e r a c t i o n l e n g t h i n a p r o p e r f a s h i o n . However, i f one would use a c o m b i n a t i o n o f a l l f o u r Kaon charge exchange r e a c t i o n s ( 1 9 ) and ( 2 0 ) t h e n t h i s problem can be avoided. L e t us c a l l t h e y i e l d s o f t h e r e a c t i o n s (19), (19a), (20) and (20a) on a composite nucleus Y+, Yo, Y- and Y- r e s p e c t i v e l y . I f t h e n e u t r o n

0

d e n s i t y p ( r ) was e q u a l t o t h e p r o t o n d e n s i t y N

p Z ( r ) ( b o t h n o r m a l i z e d t o u n i t y ) t h e n t h e c o m b i n a t i o n

p r o v i d e d t h e y i e l d s were measured under such energy 2 .

l o s s r e s t r i c t i o n s and i n such a q z n t e r v a l t h a t Coulomb e f f e c t s , analogue s t a t e s and hadron p r o d u c t - i o n was excluded, and p r o v i d e d t h a t t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l geometry was t h e same f o r r e a c t i o n s (19) and (20) and f o r (19a) and (2Oa). The f a c t t h a t i n t e r a c t i o n range e f f e c t s would be s i m i l a r f o r Y+ and

0

and f o r Y

-

and Y- and t h e f a c t t h a t t h e s e y i e l d s e n t e r i n t o eq. ( 2 1 ) as r a t i o s e l i m i n a t e s t h e c o m p l i c a t i o n s . I n t h i s argument one has even been a b l e t o s w i t c h o f f much o f t h e model-dependance.

Only symmetry i s used. Now, i f p A = (NoN

+

ZpZ)/A f p Z t h e n eq. ( 2 1 ) w i l l change. Suppose e.g. t h a t p A and pZ a r e d e s c r i b a b l e t h r o u g h F e r m i d i s t r i b u t i o n s . Then t h e d i f f e r e n c e between p A and p Z m i g h t be d e s c r i b e d b y r a d i u s and s k i n t h i c k n e s s parameters c, a and c d c , a-Aa r e s p e c t i v e l y . I t t h e n f o l l o w s ( a g a i n u s i n g t h e Glauber a p p r o x i m a t i o n ) t h a t t o f i r s t o r d e r i n Aa and h c

Y Y-

A Ac Aa

( ) 2 [ l + ( - $ ( A ) + ( ~ ) ] , where

Y - Y ~ N c

5

A P(A) i s

-

8 f o r heavy n u c l e i . T h i s larg.

a m p l i f i c a t i o n ( i l l u s t r a t e d i n d e t a i l i n F i g . 8 ) i s a r e s u l t o f t h e f a c t t h a t t h r o u g h t h e a t t e n u a t i o n o f kaons i n n u c l e a r m a t t e r t h e n e u t r o n s would s h i h l d t h e p r o t o n s and suppress t h e p r o t o n r e a c t i o n s .

F i g . 8. The f i g u r e shows a = aa/dalog(N(A; q , o ) ) and

p = c a /dc log(NA; o , ~ ) ) v. A f o r t h e Saxon- Woods d i s t r i b u t i o n p= c CloRM/ ( l + e ~ p [ ( r - c ) / a ] ) w i t h a = 0.545 f e r m i an c = 1.14 ~ ' / ~ f e r m i t o g e t h e r w i t h a = 26 mb f o r p i ~ n s ( i n d e x n ) and o = 17 mb f o r kaons ( i n d e x K ) .

(9)

C2-18 0. KOFOED-HANSEN

RESUME AND CONCLUSION

The p r e s e n t s u r v e y h a s m e r e l y b e e n d e a l i n g w i t h o n e s m a l l c o r n e r o f t h e v e r y r i c h f i e l d o f r e s e a r c h w h i c h o p e n s up t h r o u g h t h e u s e o f GeV p a r t i c l e s f o r t h e bombardment o f n u c l e i . O n l y e l a s t i c a n d sum i n e l a s t i c s c a t t e r i n g h a s b e e n t r e a t e d . I t h a s b e e n e m p h a s i z e d t h a t p a r t i c u l a r e f f e c t s s h o u l d b e i s o l a t e d as f a r a s possible, t h a t f o r m f a c t o r know- l e d g e m u s t a l w a y s b e I n c o r p o r a t e d a n d t h a t i n t h e p r e s e n t s t a t e of t h e a r t c e r t a i n e f f e c t s l z k e h a r d c o r e c o r r e l a t i o n s may b e q u i t e difficult t o m e a s u r e a n d t o i n t e r p r e t e . However, q u i t e a f e w e x p e r i m e n t s c a n b e s u g g e s t e d w h i c h w i l l s o l v e q u i t e s i m p l e b u t s t i l l u n s e t t l e d p r o b l e m s .

Now a d d t o t h i s l i t t l e e x p o s e t h e many t y p e s o f e x p e r i m e n t s w h i c h w i l l b e r e p o r t e d a t t h e p r e s e n t c o n f e r e n c e , remember t h a t t h e r e is a m a j o r f e e d - b a c k f r o m a l l o f s u c h e x p e r i m e n t s on e l e m e n t a r y p a r t i c l e p h y s i c s , a n d c o n s i d e r t h e i n e v i t a b l e improve- m e n t s i n i n t e r p r e t a t i o n a n d i n m o d e l s t o come a n d I am s u r e t h a t o n e w i l l f i n d a v e r y l a r g e f i e l d o f r e s e a r c h a h e a d o f u s .

I n t h i s c o n n e c t i o n I am q u i t e s u r e t h a t o n e e v e n h a s t o b e s e l e c t i v e a n d t o t r y t o a t t a c k t h e s i m p l e r p r o b l e m s f i r s t . T h u s o n e m u s t c e r t a i n l y e n c o u r a g e e x p e r i m e n t s o n t h e s i m p l e s t n u c l e a r

2 3

s y s t e m s l i k e H

,

H

,

~ e ~ a n d ~ e One s h o u l d b e ~ . i n f a v o u r o f e x p e r i m e n t a l i n v e s t i g a t i o n s w h i c h a i m a t s u i t a b l e c o m b i n a t i o n s o f e x p e r i m e n t a l r e s u l t s i n o r d e r t o i s o l a t e p a r t i c u l a r e f f e c t s . E x a m p l e s h a v e b e e n g i v e n a b o v e , many o t h e r s c a n b e f o u n d . F u r t h e r m o r e I am q u i t e c o n v i n c e d t h a t i n e l a s t i c s c a t t e r i n g r e s u l t i n g i n e j e c t i o n o f c o m p o s i t e

2 3 3

s y s t e m s l i k e H

,

H

,

He e t c . s h o u l d b e g i v e n a t l e a s t a n e x p l o r a t i o n o f some e x t e n t .

REFERENCES

1 . R.J. G l a u b e r

-

High e n e r g y p h y s i c s a n d n u c l e a r s t r u c t u r e , N o r t h H o l l a n d , Amsterdam ( 1 9 6 7 ) , p. 3 1 1 .

R . J . G l a u b e r

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B o u l e r L e c t u r e s i n T h e o r e t i c a l P h y s i c s

1

( 1 9 5 8 ) , I n t e r s c i e n c e P u b l . I n c . , New York ( 1 9 5 9 ) .

2. R.J. G l a u b e r

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T h e o r y o f High E n e r g y Hadron- N u c l e u s C o l l i s i o n s

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Review t a l k p r e s e n t e d a t t h e T h i r d I n t e r n a t i o n a l C o n f e r e n c e on High E n e r g y P h y s i c s a n d N u c l e a r S t r u c t u r e , Columbia U n i v e r s i t y , S e p t e m b e r 9 ( 1 9 6 9 ) . 3 . G. B e l l e t i n i , G. C o c c o n i , A . M . D i d d e n s ,

E. L i l l e t h u n , G. M a t t h i a e , J . P . S c a n l o n a n d A.M. W e t h e r e l l , Nucl. P h y s . 79, 609 ( 1 9 6 6 ) J . V . A l l a b y , A . N . D i d d e n s , A . K l o v n i n g ,

E.J. S a c h a r i d i s , K . SchlUpmann, A.M. T h o r n d i k e a n d A.M. W e t h e r e l l , p r i v a t e c o m m u n i c a t i o n o f p r e l i m i n a r y d a t a , e s t i m a t e d e f f e c t i v e u n c e r t a i n t y f 5 0 p c t a t h i g h q.

4. 5. G a r t e n h a u s a n d C. S c h w a r t z , P h y s . Rev.

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5. 0 . Kofoed-Hansen a n d C. W i l k i n , i n p r e p a r a t i o n . 6 . M. J a c o b a n d 0 . Kofoed-Hansen, Nucl. Phys. B

i n p r i n t .

7. H. P a l e v s k y , J.L. F r i e d e s , R.J. S u t t e r , G.W. B e n n e t t , G . J . I g o , W.D. S i m p s o n , G.C. P h i l l i p s , D.M. C o r l e y , N.5. W a l l , R.L. S t e a r n s a n d B. G o t t s c h a l k , P h y s . Rev, L e t t e r s l8, 1200 ( 1 9 6 7 ) .

8 . 0. Kofoed-Hansen a n d B. M a r g o l i s , Nucl. P h y s . E l l , 4 5 5 ( 1 9 6 9 ) .

I n c o n c l u s i o n I c a n o n l y s a y t h a t t h e r e s e e m s t o b e e n o u g h t o d o f o r q u i t e some t i m e .

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