HAL Id: halshs-00745535
https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00745535
Submitted on 25 Oct 2012
HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access
archive for the deposit and dissemination of
sci-entific research documents, whether they are
pub-lished or not. The documents may come from
teaching and research institutions in France or
abroad, or from public or private research centers.
L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est
destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents
scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non,
émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de
recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires
publics ou privés.
SONAR - An introduction to ”Auditory Spatial
Awareness” in action
Sandra Volny
To cite this version:
Sandra Volny. SONAR - An introduction to ”Auditory Spatial Awareness” in action. Ambiances
in action / Ambiances en acte(s) - International Congress on Ambiances, Montreal 2012, Sep 2012,
Montreal, Canada. pp.165-170. �halshs-00745535�
!"#$#%&'()*+(,-.-*/,0#1#!"#$%&'()*+*&,)-######2#
345
#!"#$%&
!"#$"%&'()*%$'"#%'#+!)($%'&,#-./%$/0#!1/&2"2334#$"#/*%$'"#
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
'(&)*(++,-&.&,/01*(2-&
[#K\/)*N*,(#7(#+.#)(JF()JF(C#*K#L#.#K(#0/TSSK(C#')(+*()#J/,-.J-#(,-)(#K(#J/)'0#(-#0/,#(,D*)/,G ,(+(,-#(&-E)*(T)O#%,#N)(J#.,J*(,C#]#',(T+.#^#0*N,*S*(#_#K.#S/*0#K\*,0'*).-*/,#7(#K\(0')*-#(-#K(# 0/TSSK(O#@\(0-#T,#D.G(-GD*(,-#(,-)(#K\*,-E)*(T)#7(#+/,#J/)'0#(-#K(#+/,7(#(&-E)*(T)O#@\(0-#T,(# +(0T)(#`T*#7E-()+*,(#K(#)L-F+(#7(#+/,#J/)'0#(,#S/,J-*/,#7(#0/,#(,D*)/,,(+(,-O#:(#0/TSSK(# 'K/,N(#+/,#J/)'0#7.,0#T,#7/THK(#+/TD(+(,-#`T*#S*&(#K(0#/''/0*-*/,0#*,-E)*(T)a(&-E)*(T)#(-# 'K(*,aD*7(O# :(#0/TSSK(#')(,7#0.#0/T)J(#7.,0#+/,#J/)'0#(-#+\/TD)(#N)bJ(#_#K\*,0'*).-*/,#.T#7(F/)0O#@\(0-# N)bJ(#.T#0/TSSK(#`T(#c\ED.KT(#K(#0*K(,J(O#:(#0*K(,J(#0(#0*-T(#7.,0#J(-#*,0-.,-#7(#D()-*N(C#7.,0#K(# KbJF()G')*0(# .')d0# K\*,0'*).-*/,# (-# .D.,-# K\(&'*).-*/,O# @\(0-# _# '.)-*)# 7T# 0*K(,J(# `T(# c\E-.HK*0# K\(&'E)*(,J(# 7(# K\EJ/T-(O# :(# 0*K(,J(# (0-# .+'K*-T7(C# J(--(# +/7TK.-*/,# (&-)e+(# 7(# K\/,7(# 0/,/)(#'.)#K.`T(KK(#K.#')(00*/,#0/,/)(#7*SSd)(#7(#K.#')(00*/,#.+H*.,-(#Vf)T.&#(*/+7.C#3XgAZO#:(# 0*K(,J(#0(#0*-T(#7.,0#K(#H.0JTK(+(,-#'KT-h-#`T(#7.,0#K\.H0(,J(#7(#H)T*-O#i+'K*S*EC#+/,#J/)'0#0(#D/*-#')/K/,NE#'.)#+/,#0(,0#.T7*-*SO#j(#0T*0#_#')E0(,-#R/S/7M$4,2*(/T/k# J(--(#.--(,-*/,#0*,NTK*d)(#.T#+/,7(#(&-E)*(T)#l#R/U4,2*(%5/4M(-*/*()6%(/7M,%(&77(/V/("#%(--&,)/
L2&/ $>,L2(/ 2)(/ ',?&7&*$/ -&)327&W%(5/ #+%'&/ 7(-/ +##+%(&7-/ -()-,%&(7-5/ 62/ #+>&77,)/ 6(/ 7M,%(&77(/V5/ 4M(-*/2)(/&)*()-&9&4+*&,)/(*/2)/-,24&5/2)(/42%&,-&*$/,2/2)(/&)L2&$*26(/T/V;.,JLC#BWWBC#'O#3AZO#
:\(0'.J(#`T*#+\(,-/T)(#,\(0-#.K/)0#'KT0#T,(#H.,7(#0/,/)(#'/T)#K.`T(KK(#JF.`T(#0*N,.K#J/)G )(0'/,7).*-# _# T,# 0*N,(C# +.*0# 'KT-h-# T,(# +.-*d)(# `T*# ]# )E0/,,(# ^# (,# +/*# (-# .T-/T)# 7(# +/*O# !K/,NE(# 7.,0# J(--(# .--(,-*/,# /m# -/T-# +/,# e-)(# (0-# ]# (,# EJ/T-(# ^# 7.,0# T,# (0'.J(# `T*# )EG 0/,,(C#c(#')(,70#7(#K\E'.*00(T)C#K(0#K*+*-(0#7(#+/,#J/)'0#7.,0#K\(0'.J(#0\E-(,7(,-#-.,7*0#`T(# K(#0/,#_#K.#S/*0#+(#-).D()0(#'FL0*`T(+(,-#(-#`T(#0T*0#(,-).n,E(#7.,0#T,(#-).D()0E(#'.)#K(0#
344
#2#####B,7#Q,-(),.-*/,.K#@/,N)(00#/,#i+H*.,J(0C#>/,-)(.K#BW3B#0/,0O# o.,0# K\EJ/T-(# c(# +(# )(,/TD(KK(O# QK# L# .# T,# *,0-.,-# (,J/)(C# +/,# .''.)-(+(,-# +(# 0(+G HK.*-# D*7(# k# 7.,0# K\EJ/T-(# *K# 0(# )(+'K*-# 7T# -T+TK-(# 7(# K.# JT*0*,(# 7(# +(0# D/*0*,0C# 7(0# J)*0# 7(# K(T)0#(,S.,-0#`T*#0(#7*0'T-(,-#(-#7T#c.''(+(,-#7T#JF*(,#`T*#NT(--(#0.#N.+(KK(O#iD(J#*+'.G -*(,J(C#c\(,-(,70#.K/)0#K(#0/,#7T#JK.`T(+(,-#7(0#-.K/,0#S.+*K*()0#0T)#K(0#'.DE0#7(#K.#J/T)C#c(# )(J/,,.*0#7Ec_#K(#'/*70#7(0#'.0#`T*#JF(D.TJF(,-#,/,JF.K.++(,-#K(0#(0J.K*()0C#'T*0#c(#0(,0#K.# +.*,#`T*#7/TJ(+(,-#0\.'')e-(#_#S).''()#_#+.#'/)-(O#@(#0/,-#7.,0#J(0#'.L0.N(0#0/,/)(0#`T(# ,/0# /)(*KK(0# 7(D*(,,(,-# ,/0# L(T&# (-# )(,/TD(KK(,-# ,/-)(# )(K.-*/,# _# ,/-)(# (,D*)/,,(+(,-O# >.*0C# 7.,0# J(# D.G(-GD*(,-# 7T# J/)'0# _# K\(0'.J(# 0/,/)(C# *K# L# .# .T00*# T,# S.,-.0+(C# J(KT*# 7\T,# J/)'0# *++(,0(C# 7E+(0T)EC# 7/,-# K(0# K*+*-(0# 0(# J/,S/,7).*(,-# .D(J# J(KK(0# 7(# K\(0'.J(# (,D*G )/,,.,-O#@\(0-#K\E-.'(#`T*#')EJd7(#K(#]#0-.7(#7T#+*)/*)#^C#(&')(00*/,#T-*K*0E(#'.)#K(#'0LJF.,.G KL0-(# j.J`T(0# :.J.,# V3XYgZ# K/)0`T(# K\(,S.,-# ,(# 0(# )(J/,,.n-# '.0# (,J/)(# 7.,0# K(# +*)/*)# (-# ,\*7(,-*S*(#'.0#0/,#J/)'0#J/++(#7*0-*,J-#7(#K\(,D*)/,,(+(,-#`T*#K\(,-/T)(O#@\(0-#K(#]#J/)'0# T-/'*`T(#^#7T#'F*K/0/'F(#>*JF(K#I/TJ.TK-C#T,#J/)'0#`T*#,\.#'.0#H(0/*,#7(#0\EJF.''()#7(#0.# ')/')(#(,D(K/''(#.T#-).D()0#7(0#+E-.+/)'F/0(0#7(0#J/,-(0#7(#SE(0#/T#H*(,#7T#J/,J('-#7(# K\b+(# '/T)# .JJE7()# _# K\T-/'*(O# >/,# J/)'0C# J(# K*(T# F/)0# 7(# -/T0# K*(T&C# `T*# )(,S()+(# (,# KT*G +e+(#K\T-/'*(#]#>/,#J/)'0#(0-#J/++(#K.#J*-E#7T#0/K(*KC#*K#,\.#'.0#7(#K*(TC#+.*0#J\(0-#7(#KT*# `T(#0/)-(,-#(-#`T(#).L/,,(,-#-/T0#K(0#K*(T&#'/00*HK(0C#)E(K0#(-#T-/'*`T(0#^#VI/TJ.TK-C#3X44C# 'O#3AZO# %,# *++()0*/,# 7.,0# J(0# '.L0.N(0# 0/,/)(0C# K(# -(+'0# (0-# DEJT# J/++(# T,(# (&'E)*(,J(# 7(# K.# 7T)E(#'T)(C#0.,0#S/)+TK(#,T+E)*`T(#k#T,(#7T)E(#+/7TKE(#'.)#K(0#0/,0C#T,(#7T)E(#`T*#)(0G '(J-(#+/,#)L-F+(#J/)'/)(KC#J.)#(KK(#+\(0-#_#K.#S/*0#*,-E)*(T)(#(-#(&-E)*(T)(#N)bJ(#_#K\.''.)(*K# .T7*-*SO#oT#0/TSSK(#_#K\EJ/T-(C#+/,#J/)'0#0/,/)(#0\.JJ/)7(#.T&#)E0/,.,J(0#7(#K\(0'.J(O#j(#S.*0# K\(&'E)*(,J(#7T#')E0(,-#0/,/)(#`T*C#J/++(#K(#7EJ)*-#j(.,G:TJ#;.,JLC#(0-#]#7\(+HKE(#K(#S.*-# 7\T,# (0'.J(G-(+'0# l# *K# 0(# )E'.,7# 7.,0# K\(0'.J(C# /T# 'KT-h-# /TD)(# T,# (0'.J(# `T*# (0-# K(# 0*(,C# K\(0'.J(+(,-# +e+(# 7(# K.# )E0/,.,J(C# 0.# 7*K.-.-*/,# (-# 0.# )ED()HE).-*/,# ^# V;.,JLC# BWWBC# 'O#YBZO#j(#)E0/,,(#(,#+/*C#(-#K\(0'.J(#0/,/)(#S.*-#EJF/#_#+/,#(&'E)*(,J(#0*,NTK*d)(#S.J(#.T# +/,7(O# :/)0`T(# c\EJ/T-(# T,# '.L0.N(# K(0# L(T&# S()+E0C# c(# D.*0# EJ/T-()# (-# 0.*0*)# 7(0# *+.N(0# 0/,/)(0# N)bJ(# _# +.# +E+/*)(O# >/,# J/)'0# 0\/TD)(# .*,0*# '.)# K(# 0/,# _# 0.# +E+/*)(# (-# _# 0(0# 0/TD(,*)0O#
34&1*56)&)*4*5-&784)&7-)&8519:2-12(5-)&8(7:2:;-)&
!)(,7)(#J/,0J*(,J(#7(#,/0#,/TD(KK(0#J/,7*-*/,0#7\EJ/T-(C#J\(0-#)E.K*0()#`T(#-/T-#(0-#0/,/)(# .T-/T)#7(#,/T0#(-#,(#'KT0#J/,0*7E)()#`T(#,/0#(0'.J(0#T)H.*,0#0/,-#+T(-0O#:(0#0/,0#`T(#,/T0# '()J(D/,0#0/,-#7(0#D*H).-*/,0#')/'.NE(0#7.,0#K\.*)#`T*#')/7T*0(,-#7(0#/,7(0O#o(0#EKE+(,-0# J/++(# K(# HE-/,C# K(# H/*0C# K\.J*()# ,\E+(--(,-# '.0# 7(# 0/,0# _# K\/)(*KK(# ,T(#k# J('(,7.,-# *K0# 0/,-# 0/*-# 7(0# .H0/)H.,-0C# 0/*-# 7\(&J(KK(,-0# J/,7TJ-(T)0# 7(# D*H).-*/,0# 0/,/)(0O# ;/0# /)(*KK(0# J.'G -(,-# K(0# D*H).-*/,0# 7T# 0/,# 7.,0# K\.*)C# .K/)0# `T(# '/T)# '()J(D/*)# J(KK(0# -).,0+*0(0# '.)# K\.J*()# K\/)(*KK(#FT+.*,(#.#H(0/*,#7\/T-*K0#.+'K*S*J.-(T)0O#@\(0-#'.)#(&(+'K(#J(#`T(#K\.)-*0-(#0/,/)(# p*KK#I/,-.,.#)E.K*0(#(,#BWW4#.T#+T0E(#7(#K.#f.-(#>/7(),#_#:/,7)(0#7.,0#0/,#qTD)(#X+%',B )&4/@%&63(O#r)bJ(#_#T,#0L0-d+(#*,0-.KKE#0T)#K.#0-)TJ-T)(#7T#'/,-#7T#>*KKE,.*)(C#K\.)-*0-(#J.'-(# K(0# 0/,0# 7(0# D*H).-*/,0# 7T(0# .T# D(,-# /T# .T# '/*70# 7T# '.00.N(# 7(0# '*E-/,0# '.)# K(# H*.*0# 7\.JJEKE)/+d-)(0# (,# )E0(.T# V7(0# J.'-(T)0# 7(# D*H).-*/,0ZC# (-# .+'K*S*(# 0*+TK-.,E+(,-# J(0# 0/,0C#7*SST0E0#.K/)0#'.)#7(0#F.T-G'.)K(T)0#7.,0#K(#fT)H*,(#s.KK#7(#K.#f.-(#>/7(),#(-#7.,0#K(# F.KK#7(#K.#N.)(#')*,J*'.K(#7(#K.#0-.-*/,#6/T-FR.)t#7T#+E-)/#K/,7/,*(,O#!)(,7)(# J/,0J*(,J(# 7(# ,/0# ,/TD(KK(0# J/,7*-*/,0# 7\EJ/T-(C# J\(0-# .T00*# )E.K*0()# `T(# ,/-)(# J/)'0# (0-# 0/,/)(O# %,# u*#r/,N# +E7*J.K3C# `T*# (0-# T,# .)-# -FE).'(T-*`T(# `T*# S.*-# '.)-*(# 7(# K.# +E7(J*,(# -).7*-*/,,(KK(# JF*,/*0(C# K(0# E-T7(0# 0J*(,-*S*`T(0# ).''/)-E(0# 7.,0# K\/TD).N(# 7T# o)O#j())L#iKK.,#j/F,0/,#VBWWWZ#+/,-)(,-#`T(#J\(0-#,/-.++(,-#_#-).D()0#K(#0/,#E+*0#'.)#0(0# ############################################################################
O./A(/Y&/Z,)3/'$6&4+7/(-*/2)/-<-*W'(/6M("(%4&4(-/#1<-&L2(-/(*/'()*+2"/#%+*&L2$-/()/'$6(4&)(/*%+6&B *&,))(77(/41&),&-(./
!"#$#%&'()*+(,-.-*/,0#1#!"#$%&'()*+*&,)-######2#
34g
# +.*,0# `T(# K(# +.n-)(# 7(# u*#r/,N# 0/*N,(# 0(0# '.-*(,-0O# :(# J/)'0# FT+.*,# ')/7T*-# T,(# .J-*D*-E# .J/T0-*`T(# -)d0# *+'/)-.,-(# 7.,0# K(# )(N*0-)(# *,S).0/,/)(# (,# 7(00/T0# 7(# BW#svO# :\.J-*D*-E# 0/G ,/)(# 7(0# +.*,0# 7T# +.n-)(# 7(# u*r/,N# 0().*-C# (KK(C# 0T'E)*(T)(C# (-# '()+(--).*-# .*,0*# 7(# +(*KG K(T)0# )E0TK-.-0# 7.,0# K(# -).*-(+(,-# 7(0# '.-*(,-0O# :(0# (&'E)*(,J(0# ).''/)-E(0# 7T# o)# :T# <.,# I.,N#V3XAWZC#`T*#0\(0-#*,-E)(00E(#_#K\*+'.J-#0T)#K(#J()D(.T#7(#K\.J-*D*-E#*,S).0/,/)(#7(0#+.*,0# 7T# +.n-)(# '.)# K\$7(4*%,B()4$#1+7,3%+#1&(C# +/,-)(# `T(# K\*+'.J-# 7(# J(0# +e+(0# S)E`T(,J(0# 0/,/)(0C#)(')/7T*-(0#7(#+.,*d)(#0L,-FE-*`T(0C#')/7T*0(,-#7(0#(SS(-0#'/0*-*S0#0T)#K.#NTE)*0/,# 7T#'.-*(,-O#@\(0-# 7.,0# J(0# .+H*.,J(0# .)JF*-(J-T).K(0# /m# 7(0# +T)0# (-# 7(0# J/)'0# '()+E.HK(0# .T&# 0/,0# )E0/,,(,-#(,0(+HK(#`T(#c\*,D*-(#K.#'()S/)+.,J(#7\T,#]#J/)'0G0/,.)#^O#@/++(#K\*,0-)T+(,-# .J/T0-*`T(#7(#,.D*N.-*/,#'()+(--.,-#K\/)*(,-.-*/,#7(0#H.-(.T�/T0#K\(.T#_#-).D()0#K.#')/'.G N.-*/,# 7T# 0/,C# J\(0-# T,# J/)'0# `T*# 7.,0# 0/,# +/TD(+(,-# 7EJ/TD)(C# J)E(# (-# 7EK*+*-(# 7(# ,/TG D(.T&#-())*-/*)(0#'.)#K(#0/,O#>/,#J/)'0C#'K/,NE#7.,0#J(--(#.--(,-*/,#/m#-/T-#+/,#e-)(#(0-#(,# EJ/T-(C#0\.JJ/)7(#.K/)0#J/++(#T,#*,0-)T+(,-#7(#+T0*`T(#_#0(0#,/TD(.T&#(0'.J(0O# 8*H)/,0# (,# ,/T0# (-# 7.,0# K(0# 0/,/)*-E0# 7(# ,/-)(# (,D*)/,,(+(,-O# !.)-/,0# _# K.# )(,J/,-)(# 7(0# ]#,/,GK*(T&#^BC#J(0#(0'.J(0#7(#'.00.N(C#(-#'.)+*#(T&#J(0#]#D/*(0#).'*7(0C#EJF.,N(T)0C#N.)(0C# .E)/'/)-0#^#ViTNEC#3XXBC#'O#"AZC#'/T)#0\*,J.),()#7.,0#,/-)(#+E+/*)(#7T#0/,/)(#(-#7/,,()#T,# 0(,0#_#J(0#(0'.J(0#/m#,/T0#'.00/,0#7(#'KT0#(,#'KT0#7(#-(+'0O#f).,0S/)+/,0#'.)#K(#0/,#K(T)0# .+H*.,J(0#.)JF*-(J-T).K(0O#
<8&1*4)1:-41-&8(7:2:;-&-4&812-&
o.,0#K(T)#/TD).N(#=#+4(-/=#(+E/;%(/[,2/A&-*()&)35/!"#(%&()4&)3/;2%+7/;%41&*(4*2%(C#(,#7ES*G ,*00.,-#K(0#H.0(0#7\T,(#.)JF*-(J-T)(#.T7*-*D(C#p.))L#pK(00()#(-#:*,7.G?T-F#6.K-()#0\*,-E)(00(,-# _#K.#J/,0J*(,J(#.T7*-*D(#7(#K\(0'.J(#0/,/)(O#@(KK(GJ*#*,JKT-#]#-/T0#K(0#EKE+(,-0#7(#K\(&'E)*(,G J(# .T7*-*D(# l# K.# 0(,0.-*/,# V7E-(J-*/,ZC# K.# '()J('-*/,# V)(J/,,.*00.,J(Z# (-# K\+99(4*# VK(# 0(,0Z#^# VpK(00()# w# 6.K-()C# BWWgC# 'O#3"ZO# 6(K/,# K(T)# )(JF()JF(C# K.# J/,0J*(,J(# .T7*-*D(# 7(# K\(0'.J(# 0/G ,/)(#,(#J/,0*0-().*-#'.0#0(TK(+(,-#_#K.#J.'.J*-E#7(#K\*,7*D*7T#_#7E-(J-()#7*SSE)(,-0#(0'.J(0# '.)# ).''/)-# .T&# 0/,0C# +.*0# .T00*# _# 0.*0*)# K\(&'E)*(,J(# J/+'/)-(+(,-.K(# (-# E+/-*/,,(KK(# `T\*K0#')/D/`T(,-O#p*(,#0x)#K.#'()J('-*/,#7(#,/-)(#J/,0J*(,J(#.T7*-*D(#D.)*(#(,#S/,J-*/,#7T# +EK.,N(#J/+'K(&(#7(0#'.).+d-)(0#'FL0*/K/N*`T(0C#JTK-T)(K0#(-#'()0/,,(K0#7(0#*,7*D*7T0O# @\(0-#(,#')/'/0.,-#_#7(0#'.)-*J*'.,-0#/T#_#7(0#'()S/)+(T)0#7\E')/TD()#'.)#7(0#')/JE7E0#7(# +*0(#(,#0*-T.-*/,#K.#J/,0J*(,J(#.T7*-*D(#`T(#c(#+\*,-E)(00(#_#-)/*0#+.,*S(0-.-*/,0#7(#J(KK(GJ*#l# K\*+'.J-#E+/-*/,,(K#7(#K\(0'.J(#0/,/)(#0T)#K(#0Tc(-C#K\(&'E)*(,J(#(0-FE-*`T(#)(,/TD(KE(#7(# K\(0'.J(# 'THK*J# '.)# K(# 0/,# (-# K.# J.'.J*-E# 7(# 0\/)*(,-()# 7.,0# K\(0'.J(# '.)# K\EJ/T-(# N)bJ(# .T# 'FE,/+d,(# 7(# K\EJF/K/J.-*/,# FT+.*,(O# iT# -).D()0# 7(# '()S/)+.,J(0C# 7(# 0JE,.)*/0# (-# 7\*,0-.KK.-*/,0# 0/,/)(0C# c(# ')/'/0(# T,(# )(')E0(,-.-*/,# (-# T,(# (&'E)*(,J(# .)-*0-*`T(# 7(# J(# J/)'0#0/,/)(#(,#EJ/T-(#`T*#0\/TD)(#_#0.#J/,0J*(,J(#.T7*-*D(#7.,0#K(0#.+H*.,J(0#.)JF*-(J-TG ).K(0O# ############################################################################ I./R/=&/2)/7&(2/#(2*/-(/6$9&)&%/4,''(/&6()*&*+&%(5/%(7+*&,))(7/(*/1&-*,%&L2(5/2)/(-#+4(/L2&/)(/#(2*/-(/6$9&)&%/ )&/4,''(/&6()*&*+&%(5/)&/4,''(/%(7+*&,))(75/)&/4,''(/1&-*,%&L2(/6$9&)&%+/2)/),)B7&(2/T/N;23$5/OPPI5/ #./OJJQ./34A
#2#####B,7#Q,-(),.-*/,.K#@/,N)(00#/,#i+H*.,J(0C#>/,-)(.K#BW3B#%0+,-=:*4)&)(5&-'"/&>&?@AA&
# I*NT)(#3O#=,)+%C#6.,7).#8/K,LC#'F/-/#=,.*#>*`T(K.cyT)(NT*C#D*7E/#so#(-# *,0-.KK.-*/,#0/,/)(#.+H*/'F/,*`T(C#BW33# =,)+%#(0-#T,#7/JT+(,-.*)(#(&'E)*+(,-.K#`T(#c\.*#)E.K*0E#N)bJ(#.T&#-E+/*N,.N(0#(-#.T&#'()G S/)+.,J(0#7\T,(#S.+*KK(#7(#JF.,-(T)0#,/,#D/L.,-0C#K(0#s.)-*,N0C#`T(#K\/,#)(,J/,-)(#)ENTK*dG )(+(,-# 7.,0# K(0# (0'.J(0# 'THK*J0# 7(# >/,-)E.KO# @\(0-# (,# *,-())/N(.,-# K.# S.+*KK(# s.)-*,N# 0T)# K\EJF/K/J.-*/,C# J\(0-G_G7*)(# 0T)# K.# J.'.J*-E# 7(# 0\/)*(,-()# 7.,0# T,# (0'.J(# '.)# K(# 0/,C# `T(# K(# 7/JT+(,-.*)(# +(-# (,# 0Jd,(# 0TJJ(00*D(+(,-# K(0# '/)-).*-0# 7(# :.TD*.FC# o(,*0# (-# !(NNLO# iT# -).D()0#7(#K(T)0#D/*&#')/c(-E(0#7.,0#T,#]#,/,GK*(T#^C#K(0#s.)-*,N0#0(#7E'K.J(,-#(-#E')/TD(,-# K(T)# (0'.J(# 0/,/)(O# !(,7.,-# K(# -/T),.N(# 7(0# '()S/)+.,J(0C# K(0# '.)-*J*'.,-0# E-.*(,-# NT*7E0# .S*,# 7(# D*0T.K*0()# K(0# K*+*-(0# 7(# K(T)# J/)'0# `T*# 0\E-(,7(,-# '.)# K(# 0/,# 7(# K(T)# D/*&# 7.,0# K\(0'.J(O# :(T)# J/)'0# E-.*-# .*,0*# ]# .+'K*S*E# ^# '.)# K(# JF.,-C# -.,7*0# `T(# K(T)0# D/*&# 0\E-(,7.*(,-# 7.,0#K\(0'.J(#_#K\.''(K#7(#K(T)0#0/TD(,*)0O#o.,0#=,)+%C#J\(0-#K(#JF.,-#`T*#'()+(-#_#o(,*0#(-# :.TD*.F#7(#7ES*,*)#(-#7\(&')*+()#K(T)#*7(,-*-E#*,7*D*7T(KK(#N)bJ(#_#K.#')/c(J-*/,#(-#_#K\EJ/T-(# 7(#K.#)E0/,.,J(#7(#K.#D/*.,0#K\(0'.J(O# :(#7/JT+(,-.*)(#6/,.)#.N*-#_#K.#S/*0#J/++(#T,#]#0/,.)#^C#K\*,0-)T+(,-#.J/T0-*`T(#7(#,.D*N.G -*/,#'()+(--.,-#K\/)*(,-.-*/,#7(0#H.-(.T�/T0#K\(.TC#(-#J/++(#T,(#+E-.'F/)(#7(#K\.J-(#7(# 0(# 0/TD(,*)O# %,# .KK.,-# JF()JF()# 7.,0# ,/-)(# +E+/*)(# ,/0# 0/TD(,*)0C# ,/T0# (,D/L/,0# 7.,0# K\(0'.J(#T,(#0/,7(O#uT(#0.*0*00/,0G,/T0#.K/)0#7(#,/-)(#(0'.J(#(-#7(#,/T0G+e+(0#.T#-).D()0# 7(#J(--(#0/,7(#0/,/)(#`T*#,/T0#)(D*(,-#z# !/T)# K\*,0-.KK.-*/,# .T7*/D*0T(KK(# 6/,.)C#c(#+(#0T*0# *,-E)(00E(# _# 0.*0*)# (-# _# )(')E0(,-()# K\(&'E)*(,J(# J/+'/)-(+(,-.K(# (-# E+/-*/,,(KK(# 7(# K.# S.+*KK(#s.)-*,N#7.,0#K\(0'.J(#'.)#K(#0/,O#i*,0*#K(#0'(J-.-(T)#E-.*-#*,D*-E#_#T,#D.G(-GD*(,-#(,-)(# ]# )(')E0(,-.-*/,# ^# (-# ]# *++()0*/,# ^# 7.,0# K\*+.N(# 0/,/)(# 7(# K\(0'.J(# .+H*.,-C# N)bJ(# _# K.# J.'-.-*/,#7T#+/TD(+(,-C#7(#K.#'/0*-*/,#(-#7(#K.#7*0-.,J(#7T#0/,#7.,0#K\(0'.J(#.D(J#K.#-(JFG ,/K/N*(#0T))/T,7#7T#+*J)/'F/,(#{I>#Y4WO# :\.J-*D*-E# ]# F/)0# K(0# +T)0# ^# J/,|T(# '/T)# K(# B(# @/,N)d0# Q,-(),.-*/,.K# 0T)# K(0# i+H*.,J(0# 0\.''T*(#0T)#K\(&'E)*(,J(#7(#6/,.)#(-#0\*,-E)(00(#7(#K.#+e+(#S.|/,#.T#'.00.N(C#'(,7.,-#K.# '()S/)+.,J(C#7\T,#J/)'0#]#(,#EJ/T-(#^#7.,0#T,#(0'.J(#`T*#)E0/,,(C#_#T,#J/)'0#]#_#K\EJ/T-(#^# 7(#0.#+E+/*)(O#:(0#-E+/*N,.N(0#7(0#s.)-*,N0#7.,0#K(#7/JT+(,-.*)(#+/,-)(,-#`T(#K(#0/,C#7(# K\EJ/T-(# .T# JF.,-C# '(T-# ,/,# 0(TK(+(,-# e-)(# T,# /T-*K# 7\/)*(,-.-*/,# (-# 7(# J/,,.*00.,J(# 7(# K\(,D*)/,,(+(,-C# +.*0# .T00*# T,# /T-*K# 7(# NTE)*0/,C# J/++(# '/T)# :.TD*.F# `T.,7# (KK(# ED/`T(# K\E,()N*(#(-#K\ED(*K#`T(#')/D/`T(#'/T)#(KK(#K\EJ/T-(#7T#JF.,-#(-#K(#JF.,-O#B58;-5)0-&784)&,-)&)25(12(5-)&:4;:):C,-)&7(&50-,&
:.#J/,0J*(,J(#.T7*-*D(# (,#.J-(#(&'K/)(#K.#K*N,(#-E,T(#(,-)(#K.#)E.K*-E#(-#K\*+.N*,.*)(#.T#-).G D()0# 7(# 0JE,.)*/0# '/E-*`T(0# `T*# '()+(--(,-# 7(# -).,0S/)+()# ,/-)(# )(K.-*/,# _# ,/0# (0'.J(0# J/,0-)T*-0O#@(--(#)(JF()JF(#.)-*0-*`T(#')/'/0(#7\*,D(,-()#7(#,/TD(KK(0#S/)+(0#7\(&')(00*/,# '.)#K(#0/,#.S*,#7(#)(J/,`TE)*)#K(#-(+'0#(-#K\(0'.J(#7(0#]#,/,GK*(T&#^C#0/TD(,-#7Ec_#0.-T)E0#7(# H)T*-0C# `T(# ,/T0# '.)J/T)/,0# ')(00E0# .T# `T/-*7*(,O# :(# '.)-*J*'.,-# 0(# 7E'K.J(# '.)# K\EJ/T-(# 7.,0#0/,#(0'.J(#'FL0*`T(#(-#H.0JTK(#7.,0#T,(#S*J-*/,#J)EE(#'.)#0(0#*+.N(0#0/,/)(0O#@(#,\(0-#!"#$#%&'()*+(,-.-*/,0#1#!"#$%&'()*+*&,)-######2#
34X
# '.0# 0(TK(+(,-# 7.,0# 0.# +E+/*)(# '()0/,,(KK(# `T(# K(# '()S/)+(T)# H.0JTK(C# J\(0-# .T00*# 7.,0# K\EJ/T-(#7(#K.#+E+/*)(#0/,/)(#7(0#(0'.J(0O# @\(0-#T,(#-).D()0E(#7.,0#K(0#0-)TJ-T)(0#*,D*0*HK(0#7T#)E(KC#7.,0#J(0#0-)TJ-T)(0#/m#K(#0/,#7(G D*(,-#T,#D(J-(T)#7T#'.00EO#:.#).7*/.0-)/,/+*(#(0-#'.)-*JTK*d)(+(,-#*,-E)(00.,-(#'/T)#'(,G 0()#K\*7E(#7(#+E+/*)(#(-#K\*7E(#7T#0/,#J/++(#D(J-(T)0#7T#'.00EO#:(0#).7*/.0-)/,/+(0#EJ/TG -(,-#K(#J*(K#.D(J#K(T)0#/T-*K0#).7*/#.S*,#7\(,#J.'-()#7(0#*+.N(0#7T#'.00EO#:.#).7*/.0-)/,/+*(# )(J/,0-*-T(# 7(0# *+.N(0# .T&# K/,NT(T)0# 7\/,7(0# 'KT0# K/,NT(0# (-# 'KT0# J/T)-(0# `T(# J(KK(0# 7(# K\.0-)/,/+*(# /'-*`T(C# `T*# '()+(--(,-# .*,0*# K\.JJd0# _# T,# '.00E# 'KT0# K/*,-.*,O# :.# J/,0J*(,J(# .T7*-*D(#(,#.J-(C#(KK(C#0/,7(#7.,0#,/0#(0'.J(0#K.#')E0(,J(#7(#K.#+.-*d)(#0/,/)(#`T*#7(D*(,-# +E+/*)(#k#T,(#+.-*d)(#0/,/)(#`T*#-).,0'/)-(#,/-)(#'.00EO# :.# )(')E0(,-.-*/,# .)-*0-*`T(# 0\*,J.),(# .K/)0# 7.,0# T,# ]# J/)'0G0/,.)# ^# +*0# (,# 0*-T.-*/,# N)bJ(# .T&#')/JE7E0#7(#')/c(J-*/,#(-#7(#J/,0-)TJ-*/,#7\(0'.J(0#+(,-.T&O#:.#)(JF()JF(#*,-())/N(#K.# 'K.J(# 7T# 0/,# 7.,0# ,/0# (0'.J(0# T)H.*,0# (-# 0/,# )hK(# 7.,0# K\*+.N*,.*)(# *,7*D*7T(K# (-# J/KK(J-*SC# -.,7*0#`T(#K\qTD)(#.)-*0-*`T(#-(,-(C#(KK(C#7(#0.*0*)#T,(#(&'E)*(,J(#E+/-*/,,(KK(#(-#J/+'/)G -(+(,-.K(#7T#0Tc(-C#K.#7/JT+(,-.,-#(-#K.#)(0-*-T.,-#.T#-).D()0#7T#+/,-.N(#D*7E/#(-#7T#+/,G -.N(#7.,0#K\(0'.J(#7\(&'/0*-*/,O#QK#0\.N*-#.K/)0#7(#N.)7()#T,(#-).J(#(-#7(#J)E()#T,(#]#s*0-/*)(# ^#7(#K.#J/,0J*(,J(#.T7*-*D(#7(#,/0#(0'.J(0#T)H.*,0O# :.#J/,0J*(,J(#.T7*-*D(#(,#.J-(#.''(KK(#_#T,#')/J(00T0#7(#)EJ/,J*K*.-*/,#'.)#K\EJ/T-(#.D(J#K(0# (0'.J(0#7T#]#,/,GK*(T#^O#%KK(#-).,0S/)+(#7.,0#0(0#]#-/,.K*-E0#.SS(J-*D(0#(-#0'*)*-T(KK(0#^#K(T)# .+H*.,J(# .)JF*-(J-T).K(# .T# -).D()0# 7(# K.# ')E0(,J(# (-# 7(# K\(&')(00*/,# )(,/TD(KE(# 7(# ,/-)(# J/)'0#7.,0#,/0#(0'.J(0#T)H.*,0O#%-D-51:-D-42)&
j(# -*(,0# _# )(+()J*()# +.# 7*)(J-)*J(# 7(# -Fd0(# +.7.+(# I).,|/*0(# !.)S.*-C# .*,0*# `T(# +/,0*(T)# ;*J/K.0# fFEKL# (-# +.7.+(# i,,(G>.)*(# oTNT(-# `T*# +\/,-# .''/)-E# K(0# /T-*K0# ,EJ(00.*)(0# _# K\EK.H/).-*/,#7(#K.#)(JF()JF(O## =,#N).,7#+()J*#.T00*#_#+.7.+(#;*J/K(#r*,N).0C#'/T)#0/,#0E+*,.*)(#01&)E&)3/*1%,231/=,2)6# `T(#c\.*#0T*D*#_#K\=,*D()0*-E#@/,J/)7*.#VBWWXZ#(-#_#+.7.+(#?(H(JJ.#oTJK/0#'/T)#0(0#')EJ*(T&# J/,0(*K0#-/T-#.T#K/,N#7(#+.#)(JF()JF(O## j(#0/TF.*-(#.T00*#)(+()J*()#pK.,J.#8/K,L#(-#@F)*0-*,(#p()NE#'/T)#K(T)#)(K(J-T)(#.--(,-*D(#7(# +(0#)(JF()JF(0O#>()J*#_#6*+/,#pEK.*)#'/T)#0/,#.*7(#(-#(&'()-*0(#(,#+E7(J*,(#-).7*-*/,,(KK(# JF*,/*0(O#>()J*#_#K.#S.+*KK(#s.)-*,NC#o(,*0C#:.TD*.F#(-#!(NNL#'/T)#K(T)#'()S/)+.,J(#7.,0#K(# 7/JT+(,-.*)(#=,)+%#(-#_#=,.*#>*`T(K.c_T)(NT*C#I).,J*0#?/00*N,/KC#j.D*().#9D.KK(#6.v*(C#j.+*(# @.+'H(KK#(-#@F)*0#p/L,(#'/T)#K(T)#'.)-*J*'.-*/,#-(JF,*`T(#K/)0#7T#-/T),.N(O#