HAL Id: inria-00070778
https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00070778
Submitted on 19 May 2006
HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- entific research documents, whether they are pub- lished or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers.
L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.
Camera cooperation for achieving visual attention
Radu Horaud, David Knossow, Markus Michaelis
To cite this version:
Radu Horaud, David Knossow, Markus Michaelis. Camera cooperation for achieving visual attention.
[Research Report] RR-5216, INRIA. 2004, pp.27. �inria-00070778�
ISRN INRIA/RR--5216--FR+ENG
a p p o r t
d e r e c h e r c h e
THÈME 3
INSTITUT NATIONAL DE RECHERCHE EN INFORMATIQUE ET EN AUTOMATIQUE
Camera cooperation for achieving visual attention
Radu Horaud, David Knossow, and Markus Michaelis
N° 5216
+-,/.0213/45,/0.6879,;:=<>.2?A@ 3CBDBE3GFA6H,/@ .JIK,L4DM(0BI2<>NO,/PRQS<>B
TUGVW XYZ\[^]R_`XEacbedf_cgihe]-UGheWjW Xk>WbldmUngi]GXeo
gpWbrqeXEsEo;tGhl]G]GuEXEsEoGd$he]G]nbrgvscs`bl]nd$XDs
wxachryzX_|{}~|[
brG/hla`_tXa`XDdmUGXamdmUGX]C lDZ eGgi] llrZenbrqeXEs
- EGll [^]9_`UGgvsacX/hla`_)XbetGtacXEscs_`UGXGa`heGpXWhl XDsz_mbrGpgvsUGgp]Gqbd$heW G_cbr_`gphl]nbl(W htX
hea ;gps`nbr8br__`XE]R_`gphl]¡nsgp]Gq¢d$h;heLXEacbr_`gphl]£/X$_zXXE]¡_zh9dblWjXEacbes¤ {¢hea`X s/XEdg¦¥/dbrpp§AX )gvsU_`h
Wblgi]R_cblgi]¢b ;gvsLbr(XE lX]R_|)gi_`Ungi]9_cUGX¥nXEpt¢hl8 RgpXKhrxbachr_mb_cgi]Gqbl]nt9¨h;hlW gp]Gq©dblW Xambj_`UGachlGqeU
_cUGXn]ntXams_cbr]Ltgi]nq-br]ntAWjhtXEipgp]Gq-hl8_`UGX ªe«m¬«®S¯f°²±©³r´/µ¶r°·´/« ³r®S°²±©±m¬r¸D¹/º»°·´;ªA¼m«$®>½H«m«$´¾³¿f®À³r®S°²±
±m³r «¯`³¾³´Cµ¾³´Á³e±$®>°·Â5«±m³«$¯`³r¤ÃTUGX9s_cb_cgpd9dEbrW XambAUnbes*b)gvtXÄ¥nXvtÅhl| ;giXEÆ_`U;ns bliph)gi]nq
Lbr]GheacblWjgvds`Gac lXgpppbl]nd$X|br_phÇacXEs`hlp_`gphl](¤8È|giqeUk>acXEs`hlp_cgihe]©tX$_mbrgppsWb5§ LXdbl_`GacXEt-;§ bjs`XEdfk
he]nt©dEbrW XambGor¹/¯`¬rÂE°²µe«cµ®·Én³®x°·®8ºi¬D¬E¶¿Ê°·´¢®ÉG«Ë¯f°¦ª5É;®µ°·¯`«m±®S°²¬r´n¤Ì¡XËtXEa`gp lXÊbr]-bliqeXGambrgvdhlacWGvb_cgihe]
heaH_cUGXd$hlnGigp]Gq*LX_zXEX]©_cUGXÊ_zhjdbrW XEacbesHbr]LtXËs/XEdg¦§ _cUGXËGacbedf_cgpdEbrCd$hl]Ltg¦_cgihe]ns§RgpXvtgp]Gq*b
n]GgpÍRGXËsheiG_`gphl](¤Ì¡XÊtXDs`da`gpLXËbW X$_cUGht hlas`Xnblacbr_`gp]Gqbhea`XEqlachlG]ntjXE lX]R_βs`ndmU-blsbW h ;gi]nq
heyzXEd$_mÏachlWÐg¦_ms)nbldmÑ;qea`heG]nt©)UngipX_`UGX*dbrW XEacb*a`hl_cbr_`XEsE¤HÒÓs`X$_hl he_cth;hea)X$ÔLXEa`gpW X]R_cs|sUGhs
_cUGX_zhrk^dbrW XEacb*s§s_`XWgi]9hl/Xamb_cgihe](¤
Õ¢ÖR×CØcÙÚ Û l ;gvtXhÄsna` eXgpivbr]ndXlo/ ;gps`nbr8br__`XE]R_`gphl](oÜs_`XacXh ;gps`gihe](oÜdblWjXEacbdbligpGamb_`gphl]=oLÑ;gp]GX$k
Wbr_`gvdËdEbrpginacbr_`gphl](onbl]k>_`gp¦_dblW XambUGXDbltܤ
Ý(Þ5ßáànâÜãfäSåHâ(æmà/ç5æmä²èSß»æméáéêàSë5ç5çrãfä²èSìzíÊî$êèSÞ5ìï(ðñÜòLóç5äSãcôSìzõ^èÜöróï=÷8øó;ùúûæmäSåë5àÜûßáõÀÞ5æmìéáßáàGâ(æmàÜæ üEßáà>ßèSßáý5þ
à>õzßáìzýèSßáàSèæcè=ÿø ï(ÿ·óãfýÊéáìæü$ìiäSã öLéáì^èSè>æmõHòLéáìzõ^è>ä²ãfý5ßáõzà ìä æmý$ê
bl]ns d$X-ambrnLhea_jhl]Ãsgi]R_`uEa`XDs`s`X-bl'GachlGpVW X9tX-u_cblGigvscsXEWjXE]R_ tG]ÃWjhtVEiX
dEbrvd$Gvb_chlgpa`XÊLheGatuDd$acgiacXÊb__cX]R_`gphl] ;gps`GXppXËXE]G_`gpigvs`bl]R_vb d$h;hl/uamb_cgihe]©X]R_ca`XtXEÔdblW uamblsE¤
wHinsGacuEd$gvs`uW X]R_hl]¾s`hlGUnblg¦_cXWbrgp]e_cX]GgpaG]¾uE luE]GXW X]R_ ;gps`GXEtGbl]nspX©dmUnbrW ¾tX ;GX-tG]GX
dEbrW uambGo/hlG br]R__`hlna`]GXEa-brG_`hlna-tXpiXk>WW XAX_W*G]GgpX£tG]ÇhlyzXDdf_cg¦ hdEbrpX¢ 5bla`gvbrniXeo
_cacb5 eXams|vbÄW h;tGupgpscb_cgihe]t ±m¬¸D¹Cºi³ªR«*ªm¬$®>¯f°¸n««®Ë±°·´ ³r®S°¸n«Ä«$´L®S¯`«¸´/«©±m³¯`³9¿f®^³®>°$¸n«
«®¸´/«j±c³r¯`³9³l±®>°·Â5«¤ =bdblW uambjs_cbr_`gvÍRGX/hescsVDtXG]AdmUnblWj¢tX RnXpbla`qeXLXEa`W X$_`_cbl]e_|blgi]Lsg
vb-s`Gac lXEgippbl]nd$Xnbr]GheacblW gpÍRGXnbes`s`XacuEs`hlp_`gphl](¤!=XEsËtu$_mbrgppsÊLXEacdX_cginiXDs"-UnbrG_`Xja`uDshei_cgihe]
/Xn lX]R_$_ca`X¢dEbr_cGa`uDsjnbraG]nX9s`XEdhl]ntGXÄdEbrW uamb$#űc¬r´/µr°·®S°²¬r´%¸'&«$º·ºi«£¯`«ÀªR³¯`µe«£µl³r´G¿9ºi³'¼m¬´L´/«
µr°·¯`«m±$®>°²¬´L¤£}Ê]¡na`heLhRsX G]GX©hlacWGvb_cgihe] bliqeuGacgvÍenXj/hlnatuEda`gpacXiX©dhlGGvbrqeXX]R_`acXpXEstXEÔ
dEbrW uamblsxX$_he]GacuEd$gvs`XiXDsHdhl]ntgi_`gphl]LsxGamb_cgpÍRGXDsx/XacWjX__mbr]R_Hhe_`XE]e_cgihe]-tG]GXËshei_cgihe]G]GgvÍRGXl¤
}Ê]'tGuEd$acgi_*G]GXW u$_`Unh;tGX-/hlGajsuEnbracXan]'u eu]GXEWjXE]R_jb5§ebl]R_igpXÅbl¾GacXW giXEaGvbr]2ÎG]'heyzX$_
XE]tuEGvbld$XEW X]R_EoÜnblaÊXÔXW GpXDÏÊtX (braca`gpVacXGvbr]LXE]ntGbl]e_ÍRGXjpbÄdblWjuEacb©_`heGa`]nXl¤*)]X]ns`XWjk
niX-t+XÔ;/uacgpWjXE]R_cb_cgihe]ns²blg¦_cXEs,¢(X$Ô;_cuacgiXEGagpipns_`acX©iXd$hr_cu©hl/uamb_cgihe]G]GXEt's`§sz_cVW X-AtXEÔ
dEbrW uamblsE¤
.Ú D Ø / Å s`Gac lXEgippbl]nd$X- RgvtuEhnoxb_`_`XE]e_cgihe]' ;gps`GXEipXlox ;gvsgphl]'s_`uEa`uEhescd$heGgpÍRGXeo8dbrpgpGacbr_`gphl]'tX
dEbrW uambGodEbrpgiGamb_cgihe]dgi]GuEWb_`gvÍRGXloLdbrW uEacb*nbr]GkS_cgii_E¤
*=Ä%H$
[^]Á_`UGgvsÄnbr/Xa9XbetGtacXEscs©_cUGX Ga`heGpXWhrXDsz_mbrGpgvsUGgp]Gq bÃdhlW G_mb_`gphl]LbrËWjhtXEËhla9 ;gps`nbr
br__cX]R_`gphl]Äns`gi]GqdhRheLXEacbr_`gphl]LX_zXEX]_zhdblW XamblsE¤ Ò_`_`X]R_cgihe]ÄW XDdmUnbr]Ggvs`W sWb5§©qeX]GXEacblip§LX
tGX$¥n]GXDtAblsÊGachd$XEscs`XEs_cUnb_brpihdEb_`X*sgpql]Ggi¥LdEbr]R_Êd$heW G_`gp]GqLhXa|_`h-he]GXLbra`_|hlaËsXE lXambrnbra`_cs
hl(br] giWblqlXloe)UGXacXgp]hlacWb_cgihe]jacXpX bl]e_8_ch_`UnX)_cbesÑ b_HULbr]nt gvsxpgiÑeXp§_chLXhlG]nt(¤TUnXacX$hlacXlo
br__cX]R_`gphl]Ga`hdXEscsXDsHs`UGhlGvt©XE]ndblns`Gpbr_`XËLhl_`U-_`hlGkÀth)]Äbr]nt-Lhl__chlWjk>n- ;gps`nbl/na`hd$XDs`s`XEssLdmU
bes Îg·ÏÊ_`UGX©s`XpXEd$_`gphl]¡hrbÄ ;gvsnbl8X eX]R_Ëhlgp]R_`XEa`XDsz_DoHÎgpgvÏÊ_cUGXtX$_cXEd$_`gphl] hrgiWbrqeXXDb_cGa`XDs)UGgvdmU
dmULbrambldf_cXacgi¨EX_`UGXËsXEiXDdf_cXEtXE lX]R_Do/βgigpgvÏHW XEdmUnbl]GgvsWsHhlaHWblgi]R_cblgi]ngi]Gq_`UGXDsX|XEbr_`GacXEsgi]©_`UGXË ;gps`nbr
¥LXvt9hr RgpXo/bls)Xp=besÎgp GÏGa`_`UGXEa|br]nbli§s`gps|sndmU¢bes)a`XDd$heql]Ggi_`gphl]9br]ntÄgp]R_`XacGacX$_mb_`gphl]=¤H[^]9_`Ungps
Lbr/XaX©bltnta`XDs`s_`UGXGa`heGpXW hr)Wbrgp]e_mbrgp]Ggp]Gq£b9 ;gps`nblHX eX]R_)gi_`UGgp]¾_cUGX¥nXEpt¾hl) RgpX hl)b
dEbrW Xambbl]nt_cUGXbrGGachebedmU_`ULb_XÊ_cblÑlXd$hl]Lsgvsz_msHhlW hl]ng¦_chlacgi]Gqjbr]Äbldf_cgi eXÊdEbrW Xamb_cUGa`heGqlU-_`UGX
n]ntXams_cbr]Ltgi]nqbr]ntjW htXpigp]GqhlC_`UGX|dhlGnigp]Gq/X$_zXX]©bl]bldf_cgi eXdblWjXEacbbl]nt bs_cb_cgpd)dEbrW XambG¤
he]nsgvtXEahla*X$ÔGbrW GpX_cUGXdEbls`Xhr|b¢/XEtXDsz_ca`gvbr]¾heabAngpd§;diX-a`gvtXa*X ehlp Rgp]Gq¢gp]'br]'na`nbl]
XE]; Rgpachl]GW X]R_D¤ TUGXE§*Wb5§ /X| ;giXEXDtbls|¿f®À³r®S°²±¬e¼«m±®²¿xgp]-bs`gi]nqlpX|gpW blqlXe¤ |X lXEa_cUGXpXEscsEolgp]©hlamtXa
_ch_mbrÑlXÊgi]R_ch*bldEd$heG]R_H_`UnXËtXhlacWbrGpXrbra`_`gvd$Gvb_cXEtj]nb_cGacX|hrÜ_cUGXgpa)sULbr/XÊbr]LtW hr_`gphl]ÄblsHXEiÜbls
_cUGXgpa_cgiW X*X lheiG_`gphl](oGgi_Êgvs|da`Ld$gvbrÜ_ch©hlns`Xac lX_cUGXW gp]¢ ;gptXEhesÊbr]ntÄ_cUGXacX$hea`Xdhl]ns`gptGXa)_cUGXW bls
tG§R]LbrW gpdËheyzXEd$_csE¤
Tacbetgi_`gphl]nbl/ ;gvsLbrÜb_`_`X]R_cgihe]Äs`§sz_cXWsnsXXEg¦_cUGXabl]bld$_`gp lXdblW XambGo;b*ngi]GhdGpbla)bldf_cgi eXËs`§szk
_cXW9o=heasXE lXambr8s_cbr_`gvdjdEbrW XamblsE¤ Ò]¾bld$_`gp lX dbrW XEacbWb5§Aa`hl_cbr_`Xlo(_`ambr]ns`pbr_`Xeo(br]nt¨h;hlWjkÀgi] br]Lt
kÀhlG_©gi]ÇheactXEa_`hÅW blgi]R_mbrgp]Ã_cUGXAheyzXEd$_-hrgp]e_cXacXEs_©)g¦_cUGgp] g¦_ms¥nXEpt hl RgpX bl]nt gi] heactGXa _`h
dhlW /X]nscb_cXhla|dmUnbl]GqlXDsgi]9_cUGXheyzXEd$_sbrG/XEblacbl]nd$XpÀoÀoÀopD À¤gp]Ghd$npblatX ;gvd$XEsnsX
dhl]R_`achlppXEt©dEbrW XambW h eXW X]R_csHhla)qRbr¨EXÊUGheptGgi]Gq_`UGXË_zh*he_`gvdblÜbÔXEsgp]e_cXamsXDdf_br]Lt©Gachtnd$X
b¨EXachrk^tgvsnbla`gi_z§s`Ga²bed$XYÀoáÀ¤x}|_cUGXas§s_`XWs8LsXs`X eXambrGs_cb_cgpd)dEbrW XamblspD>¤R_mb_`gvd)dblW Xamb
dhl]¥LqlGamb_cgihe]nsHULb5 lXLXEX]Ä_`UnhlachlGqeUGi§©s_`LtgiXDta`heWbjqlXheW X$_`acgvdbrC/hlgp]R_hr ;gpX>¤
hr_cU£s`gi]GqeiXjbr]ntAWGi_`gpGpXjdEbrW Xamb©s`§;s_`XEWsUnb5 eXblt bl]e_mbrqeXEs|bl]ntAtgvscblt br]R_mbrqlXDs¤ÊÒ s`gi]nqlpX
dEbrW Xamb)gvss`gpWjniXEa=_ch|hl/Xamb_cXbl]ntgi_csWjhl_`gphl]dEbr]/XXEbls`gpi§d$he]R_`achlpiXDt)g¦_cUW hr_`heacsE¤È|hXE lXEaEoDg¦_
dEbr]G]nhr_bedÍRGgpa`XtXE_`Ugi]GhlacW br_`gphl] _cUnb_gpsHnsXGLhlascd$XE]GX|n]ntXams_cbr]Ltgi]nqn¤Ò]Ghl_`UGXEatamb5)nbldmÑ
gvs)_cUnb_Ëg¦_Ëdbr]n]Ghr_|na`h ;gvtXihÓbl]nt9UGgpqlU¢acXEs`hlp_`gphl]¢s`giW*G¦_mbr]GXEhlns`p§l¤{¢Gi_`gpGpX*dEbrW Xamb s§s_`XWs
ULb5 lX©_cUGX9blt br]R_mbrqlXhr|/Xgp]Gq brGpX_`h bldÍRGgpacX-/hr_`XE]R_`gvbrpi§¾acgpdmUnXajgi]hea`Wbr_`gphl]Åna`h ;gvtXEt _cUnb_
_cUGXËgiWbrqeX|acXqegps_`amb_cgihe]AÎhlad$hea`acXEs`/hl]ntXE]nd$X5ÏGachlGpXWÆgvsshei eXEtܤ8Ò)df_cgi eX|Ggp]Ghd$npblaUGXDbltGs_ca`§j_`h
dhlW*Ggi]nXÊ_cUGXbltG 5bl]R_cbrqeXEshrd$he]e_ca`heipXEt-W hr_`gphl]Ls)br]ntÄWn¦_cgiGpXdblW XambqeXhlW X_`ac§l¤
[^]Å_`UGgvsjnbr/Xa X-Gachl/hes`Xbshei_cgihe]¾_`ULb_d$hlW*Ggp]GXEs_`UGX¢bet br]R_cblqlXEshr/hr_cUÃs_cb_cgpdÄbr]Lt
bedf_cgi eXdbrW XEacbesbr]nt9hl8Lhl_`UAphkbr]Lt9UGgiqeUkÀa`XDshei_cgihe]9giWbrqeXEsE¤|}Ê]GXhr_cUGXEs`XdblW Xambls)gvs)¥GÔXDt
bl]ntjUnblsHb)gptX¥nXvtjhrÜ ;giXEor_`U;nsHbrpih)gp]Gqsna` eXgpivbr]ndXhr(b)gptGXbracXEbËLhl_`Ugp] _`XEa`Ws8hl/)gvt;_`U
bl]nt£tGX_cUhlx_`UGXj¥nXEpt£hrH ;gpX¤TUnXacX$hlacXlo/_cUGX giWbrqeX*bes`s`hd$gvb_`XDt¢)gi_`U_`UGgvsdblWjXEacb©Ga`h ;gvtXEs
bÄnbl]GhlambrW gvd ;gpX )UGgpiXgi_dbl]G]Ghr_dEbr_cGa`X©scd$XE]GXtX$_mbrgppsE¤©TUGXDsX©scd$XE]GXtX$_mbrgppsbla`X dbl_`na`XDt
;§Abl]Ghr_cUGXadblW Xamb-)UGgvdmU£gvsXEÍRGgpG/XEt)g¦_cU¾b-W hr_chla`kÀtGa`gp lXE]Anbr] br]Lt¢_`gpi_tX ;gvd$X br]nt)g¦_cU¡b
¨Eh;hlWpX]nsE¤8TUGXacX$hea`Xeo5_`UGgvsHdEbrW XambËgpsHbrGpX_`hqebl¨Xgp]©bs/XEdg¦¥Ld)tGgiacXEd$_`gphl] )g¦_cUbs/XEdg¦¥nXDt*h;dEbr
pX]nqr_`U=¤ Ò_x_cUGX)/XEs_HhrChlGa8Ñ;]Gh)pXEtGqlX_`UGX|hl]Gp§GacX ;gphlns8br__`XEW _x_`hdhlW*Ggi]nXsz_mb_`gvd)br]Ltjbedf_cgi eX
dEbrW XamblsÊhea Rgvs`nbrHbr__cX]R_`gphl]¾br]Lts`Gac lXgpppbl]nd$X gvstXEscd$acgi/XEt¡gp]iD>¤ÄTUGXqlXE]GXambrGUngiphes`hlGU;§
bl]nt¢s`§;s_`XEWblacdmUng¦_cXEdf_cGacXtXEscd$acgpLXDt9gi] pEgvs| eXac§s`giW gppbla_`h-hlGaÊh)]AbrGGachebedmU(¤ÌXjbr]nbli§s`X
bl]nt9dmUnbrambld$_`XEa`gp¨XËgi]AtGX$_cblgi(_`UGX¥L]GXqlXEhlW X$_ca`gvdbr]ntÄW XEdmULbr]Ggvdbl=d$heGGpgi]Gq /X$_zXXE]Absz_mb_`gvdbr]Lt
bjachr_mb_`gp]Gq dblWjXEacbn¤
TUGX_zhrk^dblWjXEacb ;gvtXhs`§;s_`XEWÓGach;dXXDtGsbeshlpihsE¤=Ò s`dX]GXX eX]R_ s`ndmUjblsb|W h ;gp]Gq|/Xamshe]
gvs¥namsz_|tGX$_`XDdf_cXEt9br]ntÄs`XpXEdf_cXEtns`gi]Gq _cUGX¥namsz_ÎSsz_mb_`gvdEÏdEbrW XambG¤ ;gp]nd$X_cUGgvsdblWjXEacb*gvssz_mb_cgpdbr]Lt
gi_cs8¥nXvt hrC ;giXE dh lXams_`UGX))UnhlpXs`dX]GXeoebr]jX eX]R_x)gpinblG/XEbraHgi] gi_csxbes`s`hd$gvb_`XDtgpWbrqeXsXDÍenX]ndX
bes|b-a`XEpbr_`gp lXp§9sWbrp=heyzXEd$_E¤ËÌXEi G]ntGXamsz_chRhtAbl]nt¢)gvtXp§¢tX eXphl/XEt9W X$_cUGhtGs Îhe_`gvdbl nho
gpWbrqeXxtgCXacX]R_cgpbr_`gphl](o5nbedmÑRqea`heG]ntËsn_`ambld$_`gphl](oDX$_mdr¤áÏWb5§Ê/XHns`XEtË_ch*µl«®^«c±®ebl]X eX]R_(hdd$na`acgi]nq
gp]¢sLdmU9b acXqegihe]¢br]nt¡®>¯`³l±m¶Ëgi_|h lXEa_`gpWjXe¤È|hXE lXEaEoR_`UnXa`XDsheiG_`gphl]9blscshd$gvb_cXEt)g¦_cU9_`UGgvsgpWbrqeX
gvsj]Ghr_s`©d$gpX]R_ _`h¡Ga`heLXEa`p§ a`XDd$heql]Ggp¨XÄbr]ntÅgi]R_`XEa`na`X_*_cUGXXE lXE]e_D¤ÅTUGX9sXDd$he]ntÅdEbrW XambAW*nsz_
/Xd$he]e_ca`heipXEtAgi]¡hlamtXaÊ_`h9t§;]nblWjgvdblip§Abltyznsz_gi_csËnbl](oÜ_`gpi_Eo=bl]ntA¨EhRheW sLdmUA_`ULb__`UGX W h ;gi]nq
heyzXEd$_ËacXWblgi]nsËgp]gi_csË¥LXvt£hlH ;giXE br]Lt£s`ndmUA_cUnb__`UnXjheyzXEd$_Ga`hlyzXEd$_csÊhl]R_`h_`UGX gpWbrqlXjGvbr]GX
br_dhl]ns_cbl]R_s`gi¨EXËbl]ntacXEs`hlp_`gphl](¤[ztXDbrpi§ he]GXÊhlnptpgpÑlXÊ_`Unbr__cUGXËdEbrW Xamb stXqea`XEXEsxhl(acXXEtGhlW
βnbr]=oH_cgii_Eobr]ntèh;heWÏjdhlW LXE]nscb_`XÄhea©dmUnbr]GqeXEsjgp] blGLXDbrambr]ndXÄtGGXÄ_`h Lhl_`U ;giXE)Lhegi]R_©br]Lt
tGX_cU¡ bla`gvb_cgihe]ns¤-}Ê]ndXj_`UGXheyzXEd$_hlgp]R_`XEa`XDsz_UnbesLXEX] Gachl/Xaci§`dbl_`na`XDt*;§A_cUGX©sXDd$he]nt
dEbrW XambGo_cUGXÄpbr__`XEasUGheGvt¾LX¢blGiX_`h_`ambldmÑ_`UnXÄheyzXEd$_jLsgp]Gqb ;gps`nbls`Xac lhegi]Gq£ih;hlÃ)UGgvdmU
dhl]R_`achlvs_`UGXdEbrW Xamb sa`hl_cbr_`gphl]nsbr]Lt-¨EhRheWs`X$__cgi]nqesá À¤
;LdmU¡bdbrW XEacbs§s_`XW ambrgvs`XEsËsXE lXambr gp]e_cXacXEs_`gp]Gq-gvscsGXDsbr]ntÍenXEs_`gphl]ns|a`heW W X$_`Unh;tGhlphlqrk
gvdblSod$hlW GG_cb_cgihe]nbr>oHbl]nt'Gambld$_`gvdbl/hlgp]R_cs hrÊ RgpX¤ÃTUGXÄ_`ambltgi_`gphl]nblblGGachebedmU¾hlad$heGGpgi]nq
_zhheas`X eXambr/sz_mb_`gvdËdbrW XEacbesHnbesXDthl]GachryzXEd$_`gp lXÊqlXheW X$_`ac§ br]nt-g¦_msbes`s`hd$gvb_cXEt©bliqeXGambrgvdbr]Lt
];GW XEa`gvdbl_ch;hlvsÊgvs]Ghl_s`©d$gpX]R_D¤;gp]nd$X he]GX hrx_cUGX©dblWjXEacbes|gvsbld$_`gp lXeoÜLhl_`U¡qlXheW X$_`acgvdbrbr]Lt
W XDdmUnbr]GgvdbldhlGnigp]GqesjW*nsz_/XÄdhl]ns`gvtXacXEtܤÃÒ]Ghl_`UGXEa da`Ld$gvbrgpscs`GX-_cUnb_W*nsz_ /X9betGtacXEscsXDt
gvs_cUGX©sz_cXacXh¢d$hea`acXEs`/hl]ntXE]nd$X GachlniXEWĤ-ÌÇg¦_cU _zh¢s_cb_cgpddEbrW XamblsÊ_cUGX-d$hea`acXEs`/hl]ntXE]nd$XjGachlk
pXW th;XDs|]Ghl_ÊUnb5 eXloLgi]AqeX]GXEacblSoCbqehRht¢nacbedf_`gvdbls`hlp_`gphl]¢/XEdEbrns`Xhl8_`UGX*gi]nUGXacX]R_ËblWGgpqlng¦_z§
bes`s`hd$gvb_cXEt)g¦_cUAgiWblqlX$k>_`hlk>gpWbrqeXÊWb_mdmUGgp]Gqn¤ÌÇgi_`U£bl]Abldf_cgi eXsz_cXacXh©s`§sz_cXW br]nt9G]LtXa|_`UGXbeszk
s`GW _cgihe]¢_`Unbr_Ëbs/XEdg¦¥LdhlyzXDdf_ËWns_Ê/X*s`XpXEd$_`XEt£br]nt9_cacbedmÑlXDtÜoG_cUGX*dhlaca`XDs/hl]ntGX]ndXGachlGpXW
/XEdhlW XEs_`ambld$_cblGiX©a`heW b£d$heW G_cbr_`gphl]nblH/hlgp]R_jhl RgpX¤¾{¢hea`XEh lXEaEosz_cXacXh£dhlaca`XDs/hl]LtX]ndX
gvsËa`XDÍRGgiacXEt£hl]Gp§9hla/h;hr_cs_`ambrnGgi]nq-_cUGXb__cX]R_`gphl]¡W XEdmUnbl]GgvsW9¤ gp]nbrpi§eo=d$h;heLXEacbr_`gphl]A/X$_zXXE]
b-ihkÀacXEs`hlp_`gphl]Ä_`ambldmÑeXa/Xa`hlacW XEt¢)gi_`U¡b-s_cbr_`gvddblW Xamb©br]nt£b©UGgpqlUkÀacXEs`hlp_`gphl]9_cacbedmÑlXa|LXEak
hea`W XDt-)gi_`U¢br]9bld$_`gp lXdblW XambW*nsz_/XGachl/Xaci§©tGX$¥n]GXDt9br]ntÄW htXpiXDtܤ
TUGgvs)nblLXEa)Unbls_cUGXhlpph)gi]Gq d$he]R_`acgiGG_`gphl]ns
;XEd$_`gphl] ŵl«$¿±$¯f°²¼m«$¿¢³r´/µ ³´C³º5¿«$¿°·´Áµe«$®^³°·º®ÉG«ªR«c¬r «®>¯f°²±A³´CµA¶°·´C«$³®>°²±A±m¬¸D¹Cº»°·´Rª'¼m«
®S½H«m«´³ ¿f®^³®>°²±*±m³r «¯`³-³r´/µ³ ¯`¬®^³®>°·´RªÄ±m³«$¯c³¤xTUGXdhlGGpgp]Gq*W htXE=brpihsH_`UnXa`hl_cb_cgi]nq
dblWjXEacb_`hqRbr¨X|hl]R_`hbl]X eX]R_s`XpXEdf_cXEtgp]_cUGXÊs_cbr_`gvd|dblW XambG¤=Ì¡XÊtGXacgi eX|bWb_cUGXWb_cgpdEbr
X$ÔGacXEscsgphl]£hlaË_`UngpsdhlGGpgp]Gqn]ntXa_cUGXjhlacW hrbs`X$_hl/hlp§R]nhlW gpblXEÍRnb_cgihe]nsbr]nt£X
sUnhJ_`Unbr_EoCgi]£_`UGX*qlXE]GXambr dbls`Xlo/_cUGXacX*bla`Xs`X eXambr shei_cgihe]ns)hea|_cUGXjnbr]£bl]nt9_cgii_bl]GqlpXEs
br]ntÃ_cUGXEs`X£s`hlp_`gphl]nsbla`X9nblacblW X$_`XEa`gp¨XDtÅ;§Å_`UGXAtXE_`U achlW _`UGXsz_mb_`gvd¢dblW XambA_ch¾_`UGX
s`dX]GXjX eX]R_E¤Ì¡X d$hl]LsgvtXaÊ_`UnXjs`LXDd$gvbr8dbesX*)UGXacX*_`UGXjnbr]¡br]ntA_`gp¦_achr_cbr_`gphl]nbl brÔXEsËbracX
hla`_`UGheqlhe]nbr>¤Ì¡Xs`LXDd$gi§©_`UnXGacbedf_cgpdEbrÜd$he]ntgi_`gphl]nsG]LtXa))UGgvdmU¢bjG]GgvÍenXshei_cgihe]XÔgps_csE¤
;XEd$_`gphl]ÅYõl«$¿$±¯f°²¼m«f¿9³A«$®ÉG¬Dµ$¬¯9µ ´/³r*°²±m³rº·º£¿«^¹G³r¯`³®>°·´Rª¾³r´ «Â«$´L®
³£ ¬rÂE°·´;ª¾¬l¼«m±$®
m¯`¬ °·®²¿j¼m³e±c¶Eªr¯c¬¸´/µr¤ËTUngpsÊgpsËb G]LtGbrW X]R_mbrsz_cXA)UGgvdmU£bliphs)Ga`_`UnXaË Rgvs`nbr sXEa` ehlgp]Gq
hr)br] bld$_`gp lX dbrW XEacbn¤ )|]ntXa_cUGX©blscs`GW _`gphl]nsÊ_cUnb__cUGXnbldmÑ;qea`heG]nt¢gvssz_mb_cgpdbl]ntA_cUnb_
_`UGX©dEbrW XambÄgpsachr_mb_cgi]Gq9br]Lt¨Eh;hlW gi]nqnoÜ_cUGXacX gpsb¢k GachryzXDdf_cgi eXjWblGGgp]Gq9LX_zXEX]¡_`UGX
giWblqlXEsÊgp]A_`UnX*s`XEÍRGX]Ld$Xl¤Ì¡X*tXDs`da`gp/Xjb-WjX_`UGhtAhlaËa`heGns_`p§XDsz_cgiWb_cgi]nq-_cUGgpsÊWbrGngi]Gq
;§jbligpql]Ggp]Gq_cUGXqlacX§RkÀiXE lXEps"dhlphlams(hrÜgpWbrqlX)ng¦ÔXvs8)UGgvdmU©d$hea`acXEs`/hl]nt_`h_cUGXnbedmÑ;qlachlG]nt(¤
TUGgvsË_`ambr]nshlacWb_`gphl]¢gvsË_`UnX]£LsXDtAheaËbracGgp]Gq©_cUGXjGa`XE ;gihensbr]nt£]GX$Ô;_ËacblWjXDsËhl]R_`h_`UGX
d$GacacX]R_HambrW XÊbl]nt heatX_`XEd$_`gp]GqjX lXE]R_GgiÔXvsoRgS¤Xl¤po;)g¦_cUbl]-brGLbracX]R_HgpW blqlXÊWjhl_`gphl]_cUnb_
gps|tgCXacX]R__`ULbr]Ä_`UGXblGnbla`XE]e_nbedmÑRqea`heG]nt-Wjhl_`gphl](¤
;XEd$_`gphl]¡na`h ;gvtXEsËbr]h lXac ;giXEJhrH_cUGXjGacbedf_cgpdEbr8s§s_`XEW _`Unbr_gvsËgiW GpXW XE]e_cXEt£_`heqlX$_cUGXa
)g¦_cU£s`hlW XgpWjniXEWjXE]R_cb_cgihe]AtX$_mbrgppsdbrW XEacbnonsz_cXacXhLonbr]nt9Ñ;gp]GXWbr_`gvddbligpGamb_`gphl]=oLblsXEi
blsËtXG_`U£XDsz_cgiWbr_`gphl]£)gi_`U¡b-s_cbr_`gvdfk^bldf_cgi eXdblW XambnbrgpaD¤ËÒ d$heWjniX_`X*s`X$_hrxXÔLXEa`gpW X]R_cs
gps|tXEscd$acgi/XEtgp]9tGX$_cblgi(besXEi>¤
Ä %Ä&$! ))#Ü$ $Ä!"*
[^]_`UGgvssXDdf_cgihe]Xd$he]nsgvtXEa=_cUGXqeXheWjX_`acgpdHbr]ntÑRgp]GXEW br_`gvdHbes/XEd$_cs hr_cUGXdhlGnigp]Gq|/X$_zXXE]¥GÔXDt
bl]nt*a`hl_cb_cgi]nqËdEbrW XamblsE¤na`heWbËqlXheW X$_`acgvdH/hlgp]R_hl/ ;gpXo_cUGX_zhËdEbrW Xamblsbld$_xbls8bsz_cXacXhRs`dhlGgvd
tGX ;gpdX)UGgvdmU dEbr] /X©tXEscd$acgi/XEt¡ns`gp]Gq9_`UGXXEGgpLhepblad$he]nsz_cacblgi]R_)gi_`UGgp]'bÄGa`hlyzXEd$_`gp lX qlXEhlW X$_ca`§
ambrW XEhea`ÑC¤na`heWÆbW XEdmUnbl]Ggvdbr//hlgp]e_hr( ;gpXoR_`UnXÊachr_mb_`gp]GqjdbrW XEacbgvsWjheG]R_`XDt©hl]bnbl]-br]Lt
_cgii_)W XEdmUnbl]Ggps`W )UGgvdmUÄUnblsbr]9blscs`h;dgpbr_`XDtÑ;gi]GXEWb_`gvdsz_ca`Ldf_`na`Xe¤ [^]ÄhlamtXEa_chtXEscd$acgi/XÊ_`UGXvb__cXa
X)gip=bethl_bD«$¯c¬ ^¯`«$«$¯c«$´C±c«¶r°·´/« ³r®S°²±*¬Eµe«$º»¤
=X$_nstX]nhr_`X ;§
1
br]nt
2
_`UGX GachryzXDdf_`gphl]£W br_`acgpdXEsblscs`h;dgpbr_`XDt¢)g¦_cU£_cUGXj_zh9dblW XamblsE¤
Ò Yrk /hlgp]R_
M
a`XEGacXEs`X]R_`XDt';§Åb¡rkÀ lXDdf_`heaM
gi] GachryzXDdf_`gp lXÄsLbld$X9gvs a`XEpbr_`XDt¾_`h gi_csgpWbrqlXna`hlyzXEdf_cgihe]ns
m 1
bl]nt
m 2
;§
λ 1 m 1 =
1 M
ÎzDÏλ 2 m 2 =
2 M
ÎSlÏ
TUGX ]Ghe]£];Gp8s`dEbrvbrams
λ 1
br]nt
λ 2
gp]ntgvdb_cX_cUnb__cUGX Ga`hlyzXEd$_`gp lXXDÍRnbrpg¦_z§¢gvstX$¥L]GXEt£G£_chÄb
scdbliX˲bedf_`heaE¤TUGX§Wb5§-/Xgi]R_cXacGa`X_`XDtÄbes_`UGX¹/¯`¬ «c±®>°·Â5«µe«À¹C®·É;¿)blihe]Gqj_`UGXigp]GXEshr8sgpqlUR_)achlW
_cUGX©d$XE]R_`XamshrGachryzXEd$_`gphl]_`UGachlnqlU_`UGXgpWbrqlX /hlgp]R_cs
m 1
br]nt
m 2
¤ nhlaGgp]GUGheiXdblW XamblsEoÜ_`UGX
Y
×
*na`hlyzXEdf_cgihe]Wbr_`acgpdXEsUnb5 lXË_cUGXhlpih)gp]GqjnbrambrW X_`Xacgp¨Eb_cgihe]
1 =
Õ1
0
βYeÏ
2 =
Õ2
t
ÎRÏTUGXAY
×
Y£Wbr_`acgpdXEsÕ1
br]nt Õ
2
Unb5 eX_cUGX9gi]R_ca`gp]ns`gpd9dblW XambLbrambrW X$_cXams*bes X]R_`acgiXDs¤ÇTUGX
achr_mb_cgihe] Ðbl]nt _`UnXÊ_cacbl]ns`pbr_`gphl]
t
tXDs`da`gpLXÊ_`UnXÊhea`gpX]R_cbr_`gphl]©bl]nt©/hes`g¦_cgihe]©hr=_`UGXsXDd$he]nt©dblW Xamb)gi_`U¾acXEs`/XEdf__ch9_`UGX©¥nacs_dblW XambG¤ÌÇgi_`UGhe_phescshrqlXE]GXambrpg¦_z§£X)gpiblscsGW X _cUnb__cUGX ¥namsz_
dEbrW XambËgpsdbligpGamb_`XDtÜor_cUGXacX$hea`X)Wbr_`acg¦Ô Õ
1
gpsHÑ;]Gh)](¤TUGX|s`XEd$he]nt dblWjXEacbËgvsHdEbrpgiGamb_cXEt blsxXEi
n_ch g¦_mshdbrÜpX]nqr_`U
f
)UGgpdmU9dbl]9 5bla`§e¤8TUGXX$ÔGacXEscsgphl]hr8Õ2
gps
Õ
2 =
kf 0 u c
0 f v c
0 0 1
=
k 0 u c
0 1 v c
0 0 1
f 0 0 0 f 0 0 0 1
=
Õ0 2 (f, f, 1)
ÌÇgi_`U _cUGXAsnnsz_cg¦_c_`gphl]Ls
m 1 =
Õ1 n 1
bl]ntm 2 =
Õ0 2 n 2
X¢hl_mbrgp]ÅachlW _cUGX¢XEÍRnbr_`gphl]ns blLh eXλ 2 n 2 = (f, f, 1) (λ 1 n 1 + t)
Î> lÏTUGgvs gps=_`UnXGachryzXDdf_cgi eXxXGgp/hlvbra a`XEpbr_`gphl]ns`UGgpLX_zXEX]_cUGXdbrW XEacbdh;hlamtgi]Lb_`XDs
n 1
br]ntn 2
Îhlm 1
bl]nt
m 2
Ï$o5_`UGXhdbrRpX]Gql_`Uhl_`UGXbld$_`gp lXHdEbrW Xamb
f
obr]nt_`UGXa`XEpbr_`gp lX8/hes`g¦_cgihe]br]LthlacgiXE]R_cb_cgihe]hl(_`UnXbedf_cgi eXÊdblW Xamb)gi_`UÄa`XDs/XEd$__ch_cUGXËs_cbr_`gvddbrW XEacbno
t
bl]nt A¤8ÌÇg¦_cUn 2 = (x 2 y 2 1) >
br]Lt;§-tGX]Ghl_`gp]Gq
() i
_`UGXi
k>_`U9d$hlW /hl]GXE]R_hr bj eXEdf_chlaDoXhe_cblgi]x 2 = f (λ 1 n 1 + t ) 1
(λ 1 n 1 + t ) 3
y 2 = f (λ 1 n 1 + t ) 2
(λ 1 n 1 + t ) 3
βeÏ
ÌÇgi_`UGhe_8ihRs`shrLqlX]nXambrpg¦_z§ËXsXEXÑbÊshei_cgihe])UGgvdmUdhl]¥nqeGacXEs=_`UGXsz_cXacXhËs§s_`XWÓs`ndmU_cUnb_
_cUGX s`dX]GX*Lhegi]R_
M
gvsÊ RgpXXEtAgi]£_`UGX d$XE]e_cXaÊhrx_cUGX*gpWbrqeXblscshdgpbr_`XEt9)gi_`U£_`UGX bld$_`gp lXdEbrW Xambn 2 = (0 0 1) >
¤xTUGXXDÍeLb_`gphl]LsblLh eXLXDd$hlW X(λ 1 n 1 + t) 1 = 0 (λ 1 n 1 + t) 2 = 0
Î>rÏ
Ú /Ö Ú /² Ú °·Â«$´ ³ ¹n¬°·´L®
M
½É;°²±mÉðv¿Ä¬l¼$¿«$¯f«mµ¡°·´ ®·Én«©¿f®^³®>°²±¢±m³«$¯`³ &¿°·³ªR«³r®
m 1
½8°·®É9±m³«$¯c³±c¬D¬¯cµ°·´/³r®À«$¿
n 1
½H«½H³´n®8®^¬x´Cµ*®·Én«¹G¬¿f°·®S°²¬r´³´Cµ¬¯f°²«´n®^³®>°²¬´£¬Ë®ÉG«
³e±$®>°·Â«*±m³«¯`³¿f¸n±mÉ9®ÉG³r®
M
¹/¯c¬ «m±$®S¿¬´L®À¬©®·Én«*³e±$®>°·Â5«j±m³«$¯c³+&¿°·³ªR«j±m«´n®^«$¯[^]¾heactXEa_`hAs`hlp lXj_`UngpsGa`heGpXW XWns_nblacblW X$_`XEa`gp¨X*_`UnX©a`hl_cbr_`gphl]nsbl]nt_`ambr]ns`pbr_`gphl]nshl
_cUGX-bedf_`gp lXdbrW XEacb¢besb9G]nd$_`gphl]'hl_`UGXÑRgp]GXEW br_`gvdW htXblscshd$gvb_cXEt¡)gi_`U'gi_E¤ATUGXEa`XhlacXX
W*ns_XDsz_mbrGpgvsU_`UGXpgp]GÑA/X$_zXX]_`UnXXGgpLhepblaqlXheW X$_`ac§Abr]LtA_cUGXÑ;gi]GXEWb_`gvdjW h;tGX>¤jÌ¡X)gpi
bethlG_*_cUGX9¨XachrkÀacX$XacX]Ld$X©Ñ;gp]GXWb_cgpdW htXhea*_cUGX9nbr]GkS_cgii_©tX ;gvd$Xl¤ÃTUGgps W htXEbliphs*_`UGX
LsXEa_`hsXEiXDdf_Ëb©¨XachrkÀacX$XacX]Ld$XhlaÊb-thdmÑ;gi]nqa`XXacX]ndXhla|_`UGXjÑ;gi]GXEWb_`gvddmUnblgi]=¤ÌXjshei eXhla
bqlXE]GXambrnbl]k>_`gp¦_Ñ;gi]nXWb_cgpdW h;tGXbr]LtÅX¢tX eXphlÃb¡d$phes`X$k>hlacW sheiG_`gphl]Ãhlab sgpW Gigi¥nXDt
Lbr]k>_`gp¦_WjhtXES¤8TUGXÊX$Ôgvsz_cX]ndXhr(bG]ngpÍRGXËshei_cgihe]©brpihs8_`hscbXEi§ brGni§j];GW XacgpdEbrnW X_`UGhtGs
_chj_`UGXqeX]GXEacblCdEbls`Xl¤
Ì¡XtX]nhr_`X;§ _cUGX
×
jUGhlW heqlX]nXhlLsWbr_`acg¦Ô=
t
0 > 1
ÎeÏ
Ì¡X-brvs`h9tGX]Ghl_`X;§
0
_cUGX-thdmÑ;gp]Gq9hla¯`« $«$¯c«$´C±c«¹n¬5¿f°·®S°²¬r´Ahr_`UnX-bld$_`gp lXdblWjXEacbn¤ GachlW b
nacbedf_`gvdblCLhegi]R_hr ;giXEKbl]nt-hla|s_`XEa`XEhjdEbrpgiGamb_cgihe]nGa`/hes`XEsEo;_`Ungps)acX$XEa`XE]nd$X/hes`g¦_cgihe]gvsdmUGhRsXE]
s`ndmU£_`Unbr_Ë_cUGXj_zhÄdblWjXEacbes|ULb5 lX*bÄd$heW Wjhe]A¥nXEpthr RgpX¤ (X_ tXDs`da`gpLX*_`UnXįf°¦ªl°²µ9¬®>°²¬´
n]ntXacqlhe]GXÄR§'_`UGXAbedf_`gp lX9dblW XambAachlW gi_cs©a`XXacX]ndX/hes`g¦_cgihe]Å_ch¾b¡dGaca`XE]e_/hes`g¦_cgihe](¤ GachlW
gpqlGacX hl]GXdbl]]nhr_`gvd$X_cUnb__cUGXhlpih)gp]Gq acXvb_`gphl]LsUGgp-UnhlvtGs
=
0
ÎeÏ
"!$#%&
{£b_`acgvd$XEsÆbr]nt'
0
Unb5 lXË_cUGX*scbrW Xs_`acndf_cGa`Xbl¦_cUGhlnqlU9_`UnXhlacW XaacXGacXEs`X]R_ms)b¢¯f°¦ªr°²µ¬®>°²¬´
)UngipX_`UGXvb_`_`XEaa`XEGacXEs`X]R_csbÄ¿f®À³r®S°²±)a`XEpbr_`gphl]ns`UGgp(¤x{Ab_ca`giÔ(ÐacXGacXEs`X]R_ms)b9±m¬r´G¿f®S¯c³°·´/«mµ© ¬r®S°²¬r´no
g>¤Xl¤po;b*W hr_cgihe]©G]ntXEa`qehl]GXÊ;§ bnbr]Äbr]nt©_`gp¦_W XEdmUnbl]GgvsW9¤[^]-gi_csW hes_qeX]GXEacblnhea`W _`UngpsW hr_cgihe]
dEbr]ÄLXtGXEd$heW LhRsXDtbeshlpihsβs`XXblG/X]ntgiÔÒËÏ
=
2 (α, α 0 )
1 (β, β 0 , α 0 )
ÎEeÏ)UnXacX)
1
bl]nt*
2
bracXÊhe]GX$k^tgpWjXE]ns`gihe]nbr (gpXqlachlGnsXEbedmU-he]GXtXEscd$acgingi]Gq b*a`hl_cb_cgihe]bla`heG]nt©bl]
gp]ns_cbl]e_mbr]GXEhlns|bÔgps
α
bl]ntβ
bracX_`UnX¹n³´bl]nt ®>°·º»®bl]GqlpXEs|nbrambrW X$_cXacgi¨Egi]nq*_cUGXEs`XW hl_`gphl]ns))gi_`Uα 0
br]nt
β 0
/Xgp]Gq-_cUGX nbr]¡br]nt£_`gpi_ bliGXDsblscshd$gvb_cXEt¢)gi_`U_`UnXj¨EXachrkÀa`XXacX]ndX/hes`g¦_cgihe](¤+HbedmU
he]GXhr_`UGXDsX_cacbl]nszhea`Wbr_`gphl]nsdbl]/X)acg¦_`_`X]9bls
1 =
1 t 1 0 > 1
=
4×4 + sin(β − β 0 ) ˆ Q 1 + (1 − cos(β − β 0 )) ˆ Q 2 1
ÎlDÏ{Abr_`acg¦Ô
Q ˆ 1
tXDs`da`gp/XEsC_cUGX8_cbl]GqlXE]R_(hl/Xamb_`heaÜblscshd$gvb_cXEtÊ)g¦_cU_`UGXHa`gpqlgvt|W hl_`gphl],[À_(gvs=dhlW LhRsXDt hl b s`ÑlXk^s`§RW W X$_ca`gvdÊW br_`acg¦ÔR ˆ 1
br]Ltb*_`ambr]Lsvb_cgihe]nbrC lXEihdg¦_z§© eXEd$_`hlaˆ t 1
bl]nt-)acgi_`XEs)besQ ˆ 1 =
R ˆ 1 ˆ t 1
0 > 0
ÎDlÏ
[À_|gvs)hla`_`U;)UGgpiXË_ch]Ghr_cgpdX_`Unbr_-
− 1
1 ((β − β 0 )) =
1 (−(β − β 0 ))
br]ntachlWXDÍRnb_cgihe]¡ÎlDÏXhl_mbrgp]-_cUnb_)_cUGX_cbl]GqlXE]R_heLXEacbr_`heaWb5§©/XXEs_`gpWb_cXEt-a`heWbsgp]GqeiXW hr_cgihe]
_cacbed$X
(
1 ) = 2 (1 + cos(β − β 0 ))
ÎEYeÏbl]nt
Q ˆ 1 = 1 2 sin(β − β 0 )
1 −
− 1 1
ÎRϧs`Gns_`gi_`G_`gp]GqXEÍ/¤(Îz5lÏgp]e_chXEÍ/¤(ÎzeDÏXËhe_cblgi]
1 =
3×3 + sin(β − β 0 ) ˆ R 1 + (1 − cos(β − β 0 )) ˆ R 2 1
ÎD lÏ
t 1 = sin(β − β 0 )ˆ t 1 + (1 − cos(β − β 0 )) ˆ R 1 ˆ t 1
ÎEeÏTUGXEa`Xgvsb sgpW givbra)XÔGa`XDs`s`gphl]©hea
2
¤+HÍRnb_cgihe]¡ÎeÏWb5§©/X)a`gi__cX]9bls
= 2 1 0
Î5rÏ
t = 2 1 t 0 + 2 t 1 + t 2
Î eÏ
+HÍ/¤xÎÀrÏÊLXDd$heWjXDsη_cUGXsGLs`da`gp_cs
() 1
br]Lt
() 2
tX]nhr_`X*_`UnX*¥Lacs_br]ntsXDd$hl]LtA lXDdf_chlad$heWj/hrk
]nX]R_csmÏ
(λ 1 2 1 0 n 1 + 2 1 t 0 + 2 t 1 + t 2 ) 1 = 0 (λ 1 2 1 0 n 1 + 2 1 t 0 + 2 t 1 + t 2 ) 2 = 0
Î eÏ
TUGgvsb9s`X$_hrhr_zh9XDÍeLb_`gphl]LsÊ)gi_`U¡_cUGa`XEXG]GÑ;]Gh)]ns
α
oβ
obr]ntλ 1
¤Ì¡Xa`XDdbrp _`Unbr_X
br]R_8_chtX$_cXacWjgp]GX)_cUGXnbl]br]ntj_cgii_br]nqlpXEsxs`ndmUj_`Unbr_x_`UnXX eX]R_HtX$_cXEd$_`XEtbr_xLhRsgi_`gphl]
m 1
gp] _`UGX
¥Lacs_giWblqlXÎ)gi_`UAdEbrW Xamb d$h;hlamtgp]nb_cXEs
n 1
ÏblGLXDbrams)b_/hes`g¦_cgihe]m 2
β)g¦_cUAdblWjXEacbjd$h;heactgp]nbr_`XEs
(0 0)
Ïgi]9_cUGXs`XEdhl]ntÄgpW blqlXe¤TUGXn]GÑ;]Gh)]λ 1
gps)_`UGXtGX_cUAhr _`UGXhlns`Xac lXDtscd$XE]GX/hlgp]e_)gi_`U
acXEs`/XEdf_H_`h_cUGX)¥GÔXDt©dblWjXEacbn¤[^]heactGXa8_ch/XÊbrniX)_ch¥n]Lt©bs`hlp_`gphl] heax_`UnX|nbl]©br]nt _cgii_bl]GqlpXEs
XW*nsz_s/XEdg¦§9_cUGgvsÊtXE_`U=¤ËTUGX*Gambldf_cgpdEbrWjX_`UGht9hea|XDsz_cgiWb_cgi]nq©_`UnX*vb_`_`XaÊgpsËtXDs`da`gpLXDt¢gp]
tGX$_cblgiÜgp]¢sXDdf_cgihe]L¤G¤na`heW ]Gh2hl]9X)gpiblscsGW XÊ_`Unbr_
λ 1
gpsÑ;]Gh)](¤
[^]Anacbedf_`gvd$Xgi_Ê)gpp/XW hlacXd$he]; lX]ngiXE]e_)_ch-d$he]ns`gptXEa)_`UnXgp]Gg¦_cgpbls`X$_Ëhr_`UGacXXXEÍRnb_cgihe]nsEong>¤Xe¤io
XDÍ/¤ÎS eÏf¤ §Äs`Gns_`gi_`G_`gp]Gq©XEÍRnbr_`gphl]ns*ÎzrÏfo ÎzeÏgp]e_ch_`Ungps|XEÍRnb_cgihe]Abr]nt9)gi_`U
p = λ 1 0 n 1 + t 0
Xhl_mbrgp]
1 p + t 1 + > 2 t 2 = > 2
0 0 λ 2
Î>reÏ
~8XDdf_`hea
p
tXE]Ghr_cXEs _cUGXdhRheactGgi]nbr_`XDs hr_`UGX£hlns`Xac lXDt Yrk Lhegi]R_M
gp] _`UGXA¨EXachrkÀa`XXacX]ndX dEbrW Xamb£acblWjX '_cUGX tGh;dmÑ;gp]Gq ÄLhRsgi_`gphl] hrÊ_`UGXbldf_cgi eX¢dbrW XEacbn¤ TUnXacX$hlacXÄX¢he_cblgi]Ã_`UGacXXXDÍRnb_cgihe]nsjgi]
cos(β − β 0 )
osin(β − β 0 )
ocos(α − α 0 )
osin(α − α 0 )
obl]ntλ = λ 2
¤ ÌÇgi_`U _`UGX
heiph)gp]Gqjs`Gns_`gi_`G_`gphl]ns)Xhl_mbrgp]-_cUGacXX/hlp§R]nhlW gpblÜXEÍRnbr_`gphl]ns
sin(α − α 0 ) = 2 tan (α−α 2 0 )
1 + tan 2 ( α−α 2 0 ) = 2t α
1 + t 2 α
cos(α − α 0 ) = 1 − tan 2 ( α−α 2 0 )
1 + tan 2 ( α−α 2 0 ) = 1 − t 2 α
1 + t 2 α
[À_gvs/hescs`giGpX _`h¢XEigpW gi]Lb_`X
λ 2
besbr] G]nÑR]nh)]¡/X$_zXXE]¡_`UGX-s`XEdhl]nt bl]nt_`UGgpact XDÍRnb_cgihe]nso
br_)_`UGXGa`gvd$Xhl gp]nda`XDbls`gi]Gqj_cUGXtXEqlacXXhr _`UGXa`XDsGi_`gp]Gq/hlp§;]GhlW gvbr>¤x[^]9_`UGXqlX]nXambrÜdbesXgi_|)gpi
/XtgdGi_Ë_chÄbl]nbrp§sX*_`UnX*];GW*LXEahrbetW gpscsgpGpXjs`hlp_cgihe]nsËhrs`ndmU bs`X$_hrLhei§;]GheWjgvbrvs >¤
Ò|¦_cUGhlnqlU-gp]-nacbedf_`gvd$X_`UGXDsXËLhei§;]GheW gpblps)gipCLXs`hlp lXEt©nsgp]Gq*]RnWjXEa`gvdblLW X_`UGhtGsEosndmUÄblsH_`UGX
|X_chl]AW X$_cUGht¢hea|¥n]Ltgi]nqach;hr_cs|hrs`X$_ms|hlxLhei§;]GheW gpblpsEoCg¦_gpsËd$acndgpbl=_ch-/XjblGiX_`hÄsz_mb_`Xjgp]
bet br]ndXË_`UGXXÔbedf_)];GW/Xa)hlGambld$_`gvdbl(shei_cgihe]nsE¤
Ì¡XÄtGX]Ghl_`X_`UGXDsX9sX_cs*hrÊs`hlp_cgihe]ns;§
(α (i) , β (i) , λ (i) )
¤¾TUGXE§'bracX-gp]'_`UnXgp]R_`Xac brvs[α 0 − π, α 0 + π]
o[β 0 − π, β 0 + π]
br]ntXW*ns_Unb5 lXλ > 0
¤ ;hj²bra|Xd$he]ns`gptXEa`XDt©_cUGXW hes_)qlX]nXambrdEbls`Xl¤ ÌXbr]Lbrp§;s`X|gp]tGX$_cblgiCbjsgpW Gigi¥nXDt©nbl]kS_cgii_)tX ;gvd$XÊbl]nt©XÊs`UGh _cUnb_gi]-_`UGgvsdbesX|_`UGXEa`XÊgps
bjG]ngpÍRGXs`hlp_`gphl]=¤ Ì¡Xd$he]nd$pntXË_cUnb_)_cUGXqlXE]GXambrÜdbesXblps`hjbetW g¦_msbjG]GgvÍRGXsheiG_`gphl](¤
!$ % % !$#%&
[^]-_`UGXdbesXÊ)UGXacXÊ_`UGXËnbr]Äbr]nt_`gp¦_bÔXDsbla`XÊW_cnbrpi§hea_cUGhlqehl]nblG_cUGXÊÑ;gp]GXWbr_`gvd|W htXChl(_`UGX
tGX ;gpdX gpss`gpWjnigi¥nXEt(oblstGXEscd$acgi/XEtgi]¾blGLXE]ntgiÔ Ë¤ Ghea_`UGXnGa`/hes`X hrbr]¾brpqlXEGacblgpd*br]nbli§s`gps
bl]nt)g¦_cUGhl_phescshr qlXE]GXambrpg¦_z§eo;hl]GXWb5§©dmUGh;hes`X
α 0 = β 0 = 0
¤8TUGXWb_ca`gvd$XDsLXDd$hlW X
1 =
cos β 0 sin β t 1 1 0 1 0 t 1 2
− sin β 0 cos β t 1 3
0 0 0 1
Î>DÏ
2 =
1 0 0 t 2 1
0 cos α − sin α t 2 2 0 sin α cos α t 2 3
0 0 0 1
Î>llÏ
[À_)heiphs_`Unbr_XEÍ/¤(ÎSleÏ/XEd$heW XEs
cos β 0 sin β
0 1 0
− sin β 0 cos β
p 1
p 2
p 3
+
t 1 1 t 1 2 t 1 3
+
1 0 0
0 cos α sin α 0 − sin α cos α
t 2 1 t 2 2 t 2 3
=
0 λ 2 sin α λ 2 cos α
)UGgvdmU9§;giXEptGs_cUGXhlpph)gi]Gq XDÍeLb_`gphl]Lsgp]
tan β 2 = t β
o
tan α 2 = t α
onbr]Lt
λ = λ 2
(t 1 1 + t 2 1 − p 1 ) t 2 β + 2p 3 t β + (t 1 1 + t 2 1 + p 1 ) = 0 (t 1 2 − t 2 2 + p 2 ) t 2 α + 2(t 2 3 − λ) t α + (t 1 2 + t 2 2 + p 2 ) = 0
(1 + t 2 α )((t 1 3 − p 3 ) t 2 β − 2p 1 t β + p 3 + t 1 3 ) +
(1 + t 2 β )((λ − t 2 3 ) t 2 α − 2t 2 2 t α − (λ − t 2 3 )) = 0
TUGXË¥nams_XEÍRnbr_`gphl]Unbls_zhacXEbrCs`hlp_`gphl]nsHhla
t β
¤[^]ntXEXEtÜogi_cstgvscd$acgiW gp]nbr]R_gps
∆ = (p 3 ) 2 + (p 1 ) 2 − (t 1 1 + t 2 1 ) 2
¤H}Ê; RgphlLsp§_cUGXd$h;hlamtgp]nb_cXEsxhl= lXDdf_chlap
ULb5 lX|vbracqlXEax brpGXEsH_`ULbr]t 1 1 + t 2 1
¤8ÌXacXEdEbrp_`ULb_ eXEd$_`hla
p
acXna`XDsXE]e_ms_`UnX|d$h;hlamtgp]nb_cXEs8hlC_`UGXÊhlns`Xac lXDt*/hlgp]R_M
gi]©_`UGX¨EXachrkÀa`XXacX]ndX dEbrW Xamb-acblWjXe¤TUGXacX$hea`X∆ > 0
br]LtA_cUGXacXbracX*_zh¢sheiG_`gphl]nsËheaβ
gp]¡_`UGXgp]R_`XEa` br[−π, π]
¤}Ê]ni§ hl]nXÊhl(_`UGXDsXs`hlp_`gphl]nsdbl]-/XËbedmUGgpX lXDtgp]-Gambld$_`gvd$XloRg>¤Xe¤io)UGXE]©_cUGXÊhens`Xac lXEt©Lhegi]R_igpXEsgp]
achl]R_Ëhrx_cUGXjdEbrW XambG¤Thd$he]nd$pntXeo/_`UGX*¥namsz_XEÍRnbr_`gphl]£blib5§sbltW gi_csÊ_zhs`hlp_`gphl]nsËbr]Lt¢hl]Gp§
he]GXsheiG_`gphl]Ägps)bedmUGgiXE brGpXgi]9Gambld$_`gvd$Xl¤
TUGXÄsXDd$he]nt XEÍRnbr_`gphl]¾Unbes_zhAacXEbrshei_cgihe]nshea
t α
blsXEi>¤A[^]ntXEXEt¾gi_csjtgvs`da`gpW gi]Lbr]R_gvs
∆ = (t 2 3 − λ) 2 − (p 2 ) 2 + (t 2 2 − t 1 2 ) 2
¤ËXEdbli=_`Unbr_λ
acXGacXEs`X]R_cs_`UGXjtXG_`UAachlW_cUGX*dEbrW Xamb _`h _cUGX©hensXEa` eXEtLhegi]R_bl]nt gi] Gambld$_`gvdblHd$he]¥nqlnacbr_`gphl]nsλ >> t 2 3
br]Ltλ >> p 2
¤TUnXacX$hlacX _`Ungps
XDÍRnb_cgihe]¡betW g¦_ms_zhAs`hlp_cgihe]nsblsXpxbr]Lt)gi_`U _cUGX-scbrW X a`XDbls`hl]Ggp]Gq9blsblLh eX Xd$he]nd$pntX
_cUnb_he]Gp§©hl]GXs`hlp_`gphl]Ägvs)bldmUGgpX brniXgp]Änacbedf_`gvd$Xe¤
)* 9! % #=9 $
[^] _cUGX-na`XE RgphlLssXDdf_cgihe]¾X-tGXEscd$acgi/XEt¡_cUGX-qeXhlW X_`acgpdbl]nt¾W XEdmUnbl]Ggvdbrd$hlnGigp]Gq£bliph)gp]Gq9_`UGX
bedf_cgi eXÊdblW Xamb_`hjachr_cbr_`XËsndmU-_`Unbr_bl]-XE lX]R_)tX$_cXEd$_`XEtbr]nt©_`ambldmÑeXEt)gi_`U-_`UGXs_cb_cgpdËdblW Xambdbl]
/X| ;gvsLbrpgi¨EXEtb_bUGgpqlUnXaHacXEs`hlp_cgihe](¤[^]-hlamtXa8_ch/XÊblGiX|_`hjbr]nbli§s`X_`UGgvsHXE lXE]e_gi]-Wjhea`XÊtX$_mbrgpSo
he]GXWns_Gachl/Xaci§gvs`hlvb_`Xgi_)a`heWÆ_`UnXnbldmÑ;qlachln]ntܤ
TUGXXE lX]R_ 5nbedmÑRqea`heG]nt s`Xnblacbr_`gphl]©W X$_cUGht-gvsnbls`XEt-hl]-_zhjnbls`gvd|blscs`GW _`gphl]nsE¤ giamsz_Do;_`UGX
bedf_cgi eXÊdblW Xambgpss`GG/hes`XEt _ch*achr_mb_`XÊbrachlG]nt-br]-brÔ;gvsnblscsgp]Gq_cUGachlGqeU_`UGXd$XE]R_`Xahr(na`hlyzXEdf_cgihe]
hl=gi_csblscshdgpbr_`XEt ngi]GUnhlpXÊacXGacXEs`X]R_mb_`gphl]=¤ ;XDd$he]ntÜo;g¦_gvsbes`s`GW XEt_`Unbr__cUGXÊLbldmÑ;qlachlG]Lt gpss_cb_cgpd
)UngipXA_cUGX£XE lX]R_-W h eXEs©)gi_`UÁa`XDs/XEd$_-_`h'_`UGX¡sz_mb_`gvd£scd$XE]GX£heyzXEd$_csE¤TUGXEa`XhlacXlo_`UGXW X$_`Unh;t
tGXEscd$acgi/XEtgi]Ä_cUGgps|sXDdf_`gphl]9s`hlp lXEshea)nbldmÑ;qlachln]nt-s`Gns_`ambld$_`gphl]-)gi_`U¢bjachr_cbr_`gp]GqdblWjXEacbn¤
ÌÇUGXE]bÊ/Xams`LXDdf_`gp lX)dEbrW XambG]LtXacqlh;XEsbËachr_cbr_`gphl]nbl;Wjhl_`gphl]*)g¦_cU*_cUGX)gp]nsz_mbr]R_cbl]GXhensbÔgvshl
achr_mb_cgihe]nbes`s`gi]nqÊ_cUGachlGqeU_cUGXd$XE]e_cXa8hlLGachryzXDdf_`gphl]=o_`UGXEa`Xgvsxb5k GachryzXEd$_`gp lXWbrGngi]Gq/X$_zXXE]
_cUGXblscs`h;dgpbr_`XDt-gpWbrqlXDso/X$hea`Xbl]nt9b·_cXa)_cUGXW hr_`gphl] pEÀ¤TUngps)na`heLXEa_z§gvss_`ambrgpqlUR_hea`bramtgi
he]GXblGGpgiXDs=XDÍRnb_cgihe]nsHÎSYeÏbr]nt©Î²RÏ(_`h|_`UGXW hr_`gphl]hr_`UnXs`XEdhl]ntdEbrW Xambbl]nt)gi_`U_cUGXUR§;/hr_cUGXEs`gps
_cUnb_)_cUGX_`ambr]Lsvb_cgihe]- lXDdf_chla
t
gvs)];GpSoXDÍL¤ÎS lÏ)acgi_`XEsgp]Ä_`UGgvs)dbesXm t =
Õ2 t,t− 1
Õ− 1
2 m t−1
Î>rYeÏ)UnXacX
m t− 1
br]Ltm t
tXDs`da`gpLX_`UGXËUGhlW heqlX]nXhlLsHd$h;heactgp]nbr_`XEsHhr=bl]©giWblqlX/hlgp]R_br_H_`gpW XEst − 1
bl]nt
t
o=Wb_ca`giÔt,t− 1
tXDs`da`gpLXDsË_`UGXachr_mb_cgihe]hl_cUGX©dblWjXEacbachlWt − 1
_`ht
obr]nt¡XtX]Ghl_`Xt,t− 1 =
Õ2 t,t− 1
Õ− 1
2
¤
TUGXachr_mb_cgihe]-G]ntGXacqlhl]nXÊgp]9LX_zXEX]
t − 1
br]ntt
gvss`W bliÜXE]GhlnqlU9sndmU_`ULb__`UGX¥Lacs_)hlamtXa T b5§;iheaXÔnbr]ns`gphl]jhrLXDÍ/¤nÎz5 lÏUGhlvtGsE¤TUGgvs8XDÍeLb_`gphl]j)acg¦_cXEst,t−1
=
3×3 +φ R ˆ t,t− 1
¤8{¢hlacXh eXaDo gi_gvsblscsGW XDtj_`Unbr__cUGXhdblLpX]nqr_`U-gpsd$he]nsz_mbr]R_H/X$_zXXE]t − 1
bl]ntt
¤ gp]nblip§loR_`UnX|UGheWjheqlambrGU;§dEbr]ÄLXLbrambrW X$_cXacgi¨EXEt-bes
t,t−1 =
1 −φ t,t− z 1 f t φ t,t− y 1
φ t,t− z 1 1 −f t φ t,t− x 1
−φ t,t− y 1 /f t φ t,t− x 1 /f t 1
=
1 −h 5 h 1
h 5 1 h 2
h 3 h 4 1
Î>RÏ
[À_gvshea_cU;)UGgipXË_`h ]Ghl_`gvd$XË_`Unbr_)_`UGXscdblpblacs
φ x
o
φ y
onbl]nt
φ z
bracXÊ_cUGXGachryzXDdf_`gphl]Lshl
φk
hl]R_ch_cUGX*_`UGacXX d$h;hlamtgp]nb_cX*brÔ;XDs|hl8_`UGXdEbrW Xamb ambrW XloÜ)UGXEa`X
k
gvsÊ_`UGXjG]Ggi_tgpa`XDdf_`gphl]£ lXEd$_`heaÊhlx_`UGX gp]ns_cbl]e_mbr]GXEhlnsbrÔ;gvshra`hl_cbr_`gphl]bl]ntφ
gvs_`UGXgp]nsz_mbr]R_cbl]GXhensbr]GqeiXhlachr_cbr_`gphl](¤8TUGXvb_`_`Xa)gvs_`h/X*beddGacbr_`XEi§©XDsz_cgiWbr_`XEtAgi]¢heactXEa)_`hÄbrpgiqe]Ä_`UGX*giWbrqeXEsE¤[À_Êgvs)_`UnXacX$hlacXtgCXacX]R__`ULbr]9_`UnXnbl]
bl]nt-_`gp¦_Êbl]GqlpXEs)UGgvdmU9bracXËhe_`n_cs)hl=_cUGXdblWjXEacbjd$he]R_`achl(tXE Rgvd$Xe¤
TUGX)acXvb_cgihe]ns`UGgi /X$_zXXE]
m t−1
br]Ltm t
br/h lXgvs8 brpgpt*heaxsz_mb_`gvd)scd$X]nX)Lhegi]R_csE¤ [^] _`UGX)nbesz__cUGgvsblsLsXDt gi]ÅdhlW*Ggi]Lb_`gphl] )gi_`UÅbl]¾hl_cigpXa*a`XyzXEd$_`gphl] _`XDdmUG]GgvÍRGX©gp]'hlamtXa_`h£s`XqeWjXE]R__`UGX
gpWbrqeX*gp]R_`h_zh9vb5§lXams|b9sz_mb_`gvd*pb5§eXad$hlacacXEs`Lhe]ntgp]Gq©_ch9bÄs_cb_cgpdjnbedmÑ;qlachlG]nt£br]nt¡btG§R]LbrW gpd
vb5§lXEaHd$hea`acXEs`/hl]ntgp]GqË_`h*W h Rgp]GqheyzXEd$_cs bhlacXqea`heG]ntܤ ÈhX eXaDolsLdmU-bs_`amb_`XEql§*gpsqlXE]GXambrpi§
Lbls`XEthl]Äa`heGns_)s_cbr_`gvsz_cgpdEbrÜW X$_cUGhtGsblGGpgiXDt©_ch©bjs`gp]GqlpXa`hl_cb_cgi]nqjdEbrW XambG¤
ÌÇgi_`UÅ_`UGXÄdbrW XEacbAdhl]¥LqlGamb_cgihe]¡/Xgp]GqnsXDt¾UGXEa`X-_`UGXÄsXEqlW X]R_cbr_`gphl]'bliqehlacg¦_cUGW gvsqea`XDb_ci§
s`gpWjnigi¥nXEt(¤[^]ntXEXEtÜo/W h Rgp]Gq©heyzXEd$_csÊbracXtX$_cXEdf_cXEtAbesXE lX]R_msgp]¢_`UGX*giWblqlXblscs`h;dgpbr_`XDt9)g¦_cU¢_`UGX
s_cbr_`gvd*dEbrW XambG¤*TUGXjdEbrW Xamb-dhlGnigp]Gq9brpihsÊ_`hÄGacXEtgvdf__cUGX W blgi]X eX]R_Ën]ntXagp]; lXDsz_cgiqRb_`gphl]=o
_ch Gpbed$XÊ_`UGXs`XEdhl]ntdblWjXEacbnobr]nt-_`hbltyznsz_)gi_cs)s`X$_`_`gp]GqesEoGsLdmU-_cUnb__`Ungps)XE lXE]e_gvs)d$X]R_cXacXEt©)gi_`U
acXEs`/XEdf_*_`h_`UGX9bld$_`gp lXÄdbrW XEacbAdh;hlamtgi]Lb_`X-acblW Xl¤¾TUGXacX$hea`Xeo8b£Wbyzhea*bet br]R_cblqlX-bes`s`hd$gvb_`XDt
)gi_`UÄ_cUGgps)_zhlkÀdEbrW Xambdhl]¥nqeGamb_`gphl]gps_cUnb_|bjachlGLsz_s_cb_cgps_`gvdblÜW X$_`Unh;t¡°v¿´C¬®H¯c« ¸°·¯`«mµ¤xTUngps
gvs/XEs_|sUGh)]Ähl] giqeGacXG¤
TUGXs`Xnblacbr_`gphl]A/X$_zXXE]bl]£X eX]R_br]ntg¦_msËnbldmÑ;qlachln]nt¢gvs|_cUGXacX$hea`XjnbesXDtAhl] Îg·ÏËbrpgiqe]Ggi]nq
_cUGXËgiWbrqeXEsnbls`XEt-hl]-_`UGXs_cb_cgpdÊnbedmÑRqea`heG]ntbl]nt£Î²gig·Ïhl]dhlW nbla`gp]Gq_cUGXW9oGgiÔXÜ;§GgiÔ;XES¤8TUGX
XE lXE]e_tX_`XDdf_`gphl]Ä/Xa`hlacWjXDtÄ)g¦_cU_cUGXphk>acXEs`hlp_`gphl]sz_mb_`gvdËgiWblqlXLh;hl_cs_`ambrns_cUGgpsna`hd$XDs`sE¤
na`heWÐ]GhKhl]¢Xd$he]ns`gptXEa)_`UnXgiWblqlXEs|blscshd$gvb_cXEtÄ)gi_`U9_`UnX*bld$_`gp lXdEbrW Xamb br]nt9Xblscs`GW X
_cUnb_ _cUGXEs`XgpWbrqeXEs bracXÄs`XqeW X]R_`XDt'gp]e_ch£_zh¡a`XEqlgphl]nshlacXqea`heG]nt
F
bl]nt'LbldmÑ;qlachlG]LtB
¤'[^]heactGXa_`h ¥n]LtÄ_`UGXUGheW hlqlambrnUR§)UngpdmU¢brpgpql]ns_cUGXnbedmÑRqea`heG]ntGs/X$_zXX]Ä_cgiW XEs
t
bl]ntt − 1
oG_`UGXheiph)gp]Gq*XEa`achlaW*nsz_)/XW gi]GgpW gi¨EXEt
E min = min
h i
X m ∈B
kI t− 1 (Ψ(m t− 1 )) − I t (Ψ(
t,t−1 m t− 1 ))k 2
Î>l lÏTUnXG]nd$_`gphl]
Ψ()
tX]Ghl_`XDs_cUGX*]nhl]Apgi]nXEbraËWbrGngi]GqachlW UGhlW heqlX]nXhlLs)_`h +xndigvtXEbl]dhRheactGg¦k ]Lb_`XDsoΨ(m 1 , m 2 , m 3 ) = (m 1 /m 3 , m 2 /m 3 ) >
¤~xbracgihens|W X_`UGhtGsXacX*tXE lXEiheLXDt¢gi]_`UnX*nbesz_heashei ;gp]Gq*_`UGgvs)]Ghe]k>pgp]GXEblaW gp]GgpWjgp¨Ebr_`gphl]ÄGachlGpXW pl >o p >o p"À¤hl_`gvd$X_`ULb_)gi_`U_`UGXs`LXDd$gvbr
UnhlW hlqeacblGU;§gp]e_ca`htLd$XEt ;§ XEÍ/¤CÎSrRÏ_cUGXË]RnW/XaHhl=nblacblWjX_`XEacs_ch/X|XDsz_cgiWb_cXEt-gpsXEÍRnblG_`h ¤
{AhlacXh lXEaEol_`UGXns`Xhrb*dhl]R_`achlpiXDt-dEbrW XambbliphsGa`heLXEagi]Ggi_`gvbrpgp¨Eb_cgihe]-hl=_`UnXa`hl_cb_cgihe]nbrCbr]nqlpX
bliGXDs¤
}Ê]ndXs`ndmUb|UGhlW hlqeacblGU;§|gvs=XDsz_cgiWbr_`XEt(og¦_ hl_cgiWbrpp§bligpql]LsÜ_`UnXnbedmÑ;qlachlG]ntns¤(TUGXsz_mb_cgps_`gvds
bes`s`hd$gvb_cXEt)g¦_cU9_`UGXbedf_cnbr(W gp]GgpWjgp¨Ebr_`gphl]¢acXEs`Gi_*Î
E min
Ï)bliphs)he]GX_`h-bes`s`hd$gvb_cXb na`henbrGgppg¦_z§
hlHnbedmÑRqea`heG]ntÄ)gi_`U¡XEbldmU£Gg¦ÔXES¤TUGXDsXjsz_mb_cgps_`gvdsdbl]A/XjgpW Gach lXEt9gib-nbldmÑ;qea`heG]nt9gpW blqlX*gps
gp]nda`XEWjXE]R_cbrpp§Gngii_ besgvs*tGhl]GXgi] p À¤+H lX]R_cnbrpi§ he]GX-Wb5§¡nsXÄb£tXDd$gvsgphl]¾acGpX-gp]'hlamtXEa_`h
tGXEd$gvtXË)UGX$_cUGXab*GgiÔXÜ/Xphl]GqRsH_ch_cUGXnbldmÑ;qea`heG]nthea_ch_cUGXËhlacXqea`heG]nt »À¤8[^]-Gambld$_`gvd$XsLdmU
bl]*blGGachebldmU)gip]Ghr_8/Xa`hlacWbls XpblsX$Ô/XEd$_`XEtjs`giW Gp§/XEdblns`XnbedmÑ;qlachlG]ntbr]nthlacXqea`heG]nt
gpWbrqeXËacXqegihe]nsWb5§Unb5 lXs`giW gppblaqea`XE§Rk>pX eXChladhlphla brpGXEsE¤
TUGXEa`XhlacXlo=_`h¢Ga`_`UnXaacX$¥L]GX _`UGX©hlacXqlachln]ntbla`XDb9Xna`hd$XEXEt¡;§ng¦ÔXik>_`hrkÀGgiÔXxd$heW nbracg¦k
s`hl]¡/X$_zXX]¡_cUGa`XEXgiWblqlXEsbr__`gpW XEs
t − 2
ot − 1
obl]ntt
¤TUGX©tgCXacX]ndXLX_zXEX]¡_zh9GgiÔXvs dhlaca`XDs/hl]Ltgi]nq_`h _zhbrpgiqe]GXEt-giWblqlXEs)acgi_`XEsD t,t−1 (Ψ(m t−1 )) = I t−1 (Ψ(m t−1 )) − I t (Ψ(
t,t− 1 m t−1 )) 2
Î>reÏTUGXEa`X8gvs(b)s`giW gppbla(X$ÔGacXEscs`gihe]|hea
D t− 1,t− 2 (Ψ(m t− 2 ))
)UGXEa`X_cUGX8WbrGngi]Gqm t− 1 =
t− 1,t− 2 m t− 2
UnhlvtGs hla_cUGX)nbldmÑ;qea`heG]ntܤ=ÒÊs8brpa`XDblt§W XE]e_cgihe]GXEt(oes_cb_cgps_`gvds8bes`s`hd$gvb_cXEt)gi_`Uj_cUGX)W gi]GgpW gi¨Db_cgihe]
hl(XEÍ/¤vÎSl eÏxbliphs8_cUGXÊXDsz_cgiWbr_`gphl]-hl=b_cUGa`XDsUnhlvt
s
sLdmU_`Unbr__cUGXÊhlpih)gp]Gq*s`gpWjniXËtXEdgps`gihe]©acGiX gvsns`XEt xÒJng¦ÔXm t
/Xphl]GqRs_`hj_`UGXhea`XEqlachlG]Lt©gi
D t,t− 1 (Ψ(m t− 1 )) ≥ s
br]LtD t− 1,t− 2 (Ψ(m t− 2 )) ≥ s
Ä&!9 Ä&) $9 )*#
È|giqeUk^ÍeLbrpg¦_z§©Lbr]k>_`gp¦_|dEbrW Xamblsb5 brgpvbrGpX|_chtGb5§-dbl]¢bldmUGgpX eXËb GacXEdgps`gphl]Ähr blLhe_
0.05 0
gi]9nbl]bl]nt¢_cgii_E¤jTUGXjGa`XDd$gvsgphl]A_`hÄLX acXEbldmUnXEt¢gp]nacbedf_`gvd$XeoCnsgp]Gq9bdEbrpginacbr_`XEt£dbrW XEacbsX_`G sLdmUbls
_cUGX-he]GX-tXDs`da`gp/XEt gp]¾_`UGgvsjsXDdf_`gphl]=o gvshl)_`UGXhlamtXahr
0.1 0
¤ hl]ns`gvtXahlaXÔGbrW GpX-b9¥nXEpt¾hl;gpX )gi_`U9br]Äbr/Xa`_`GacXÊbl]GqlpXËhrblLhe_
2 0
¤xÒ_EeW X$_cXams_`UGXË)gpt_`UÄhr=_cUGXÊ¥nXvt-hl= ;giXEÁgvsYG¤á W X_`Xamsbr]Lt£_cUGXacX$hea`X*_`UnXGa`XDd$gvsgphl]¡gvshr_`UGX©heactGXahr)G¤áWjX_`XEacsE¤TUGgpsgpss`©d$gpX]R__`h¢qRbr¨EXbl]nt¢¨EhRheW hl]R_`h-b-LXEacs`hl]bld$achescsb©hRhl_`nblis_cbltGgiGW9oChlaËhl]R_ch-b©Ggvd$§diXeoCb-LXDtXEs_`acgvbr](oÜbr]Lt5hea
bjdblagi]9b_z§;GgvdblC_`amb ©dËs`dX]nbla`gphn¤TUGgvsh eXambrpLna`XDd$gvsgphl]
0.1 0
-dbl]-/XbldmUGgpX eXEt©he]Gp§g¦ _`UGX s`§sz_cXW gvs)Gachl/Xacp§©dbrpgpGacbr_`XDtܤÒ|]Ghr_cUGXagpW Lhea_mbr]R_gp]GqlacXEtgpX]R_hls`ndmU¾bÄ_zhlkÀdEbrW XambÄtX ;gvd$Xgvs_`UGXd$hl]R_ca`he8hr_`UGX-bedf_cgi eX
dEbrW Xambs`ndmU_`ULb_gi_)d$hl]R_cgi];Ghensp§jih;hlÑsx_`hbramtGs_`UnX|hlGyzXEdf_hr(gp]R_`XacXEs_bl]ntWbrgp]R_cblgi]nsHg¦_msHqRbr¨EX
s`ndmU _cUnb__cUGgvsheyzXEd$_*brG/XEblacsb_gi_csgiWbrqeX©d$XE]e_cXaD¤¢TUGgps*qebl¨XkÀdhl]R_`achlGachd$XEscsacXEÍRGgpa`XDs_zh
s_`XEns gp]Ggi_`gvbrpgi¨Db_cgihe]9bl]nt Rgvs`nbr(s`Xac lhegi]GqL¤
TUGX_zhrk^dblW Xamb ;gps`nbl(b__cX]R_`gphl]9s`§;s_`XEW9ohl]ndXdbrpgpGacbr_`XDtÜo;Ga`hdXXEtns)blshlpphs
[^]Ggi_`gvbrpgi¨Db_`gphl]
Ò scd$XE]GXheyzXEd$_ gvs8tX_`XEd$_`XDt*bl]nt_cacbedmÑlXEth lXa_`gpW X)g¦_cU_cUGX)gptXk>pX]Ls s_cbr_`gvddEbrW Xamb,
TUnXÊbld$_`gp lX|dEbrW Xambgvsdhl]R_`achlpiXDt sndmU _cUnb__`UGgvss`dX]GXÊhlyzXDdf_x²blivsH)gi_`Ungi]©gi_csH¥nXEpthl
;gpX),
TUnX_zhlkÀdEbrW Xambs`§;s_`XEWXDsz_cgiWb_cXEs_cUGXtXG_`UÄ_`h _cUGXs`dX]GXheyzXEd$_ ,
TUnXÊbld$_`gp lXËdbrW XEacb s8Lbr]-bl]nt _`gpi_W XDdmUnbr]Ggvs`W sHgpsd$he]R_`achlpiXDtj_`hqRbr¨EXhl]R_`h_`UGXËs`dX]GX
heyzXEd$_ ,
ÒÊsË_`UGX©bedf_cgi eX dEbrW XambWjh eXEsEoC_`UGacXXdhl]ns`XEd_`gp lXjgiWblqlXEsbla`Xjns`XEt£_`hAs`Xnblacbr_`X*_`UGX
W h ;gp]Gq hlyzXDdf_£Î·hea`XEqlachlG]LtÅGgiÔXvscÏ a`heW _`UnXAsz_mb_`gvd¢nbedmÑ;qlachlG]nt(¤ TUGXAd$XE]e_cXa©hl
qeacb5 ;gi_z§ hr _`UGXhea`XEqlachlG]nt-GgiÔ;XEpsgvs)XDsz_cgiWb_cXEtܤ
~|gvsLbr=s`Xac lhegi]Gq*ih;he
ÒÊsÊ_`UGX s`dX]GXjhlGyzXEdf_W h lXDsoL_`UGXbedf_`gp lXjdblWjXEacb-gpsdhl]R_`achlpiXDt¢sLdmUA_`ULb_Ë_`UGXd$XE]R_`Xa
hl qeacb5 ;gi_z§ hr _`UGXËhlacXqea`heG]nt-Gg¦ÔXEps)gvsWbrgp]R_cbrgp]GXDtbr_)_`UGXgpWbrqlXd$XE]R_`Xa,
TUna`XEXËdhl]ns`XEd_`gp lXËgiWblqlXEsbla`XÊnsXDt©_chsXEnbramb_cX_`UnXËW h ;gp]Gq*heyzXEd$_a`heW _`UGXnbedmÑek
qea`heG]ntbr]nt-_`h GCtGb_cXg¦_ms)d$XE]e_cXa)hlqlamb5 ;g¦_z§¢ÎSbls_`UnXËheyzXEd$_dmUnbr]GqeXEsgi_cs)s`gi¨EXloGs`Unbr/Xlo
X_cdl¤Ï$¤
# #& # !$ %&
TUnXjdEbrW Xambdh;hl/Xamb_`gphl]£WjX_`UGht¡tXEscd$acgpLXDtAgp]£_cUGgpsLbr/XaX CXEd$_`gp lXp§AhlacÑs|gp]nacbedf_`gvd$X*hl]Gp§
he]-_cUGXGacXW gps`XEs_cUnb__cUGXqlXEhlW X$_ca`gvdÊbl]ntÑRgp]GXEW br_`gvdËnbrambrW X$_cXamshr=_cUGX_zhjdEbrW Xamb*tGX ;gpdXbracX
na`heLXEa`p§XEs_`gpWb_`XDtܤxTUGgvs)gvsLXEahea`W XEt;§_`UnXhlpih)gp]Gqsz_cXns
l¤f´L®S¯f°·´n¿m°²±|±c³r «¯`³±m³º»°²¼¯`³r®S°²¬r´n¤8TUGXHgp]R_`acgi]Lsgvd8nblacblWjX_`XEacsÜhlLhl_`UdEbrW XamblsEog>¤Xe¤iorÕ
1
br]ntÕ
2
gi]-XEÍ;s¤/βYRÏfoCÎRÏ$obracXdbrpgpGacbr_`XDt nsgp]Gqbd$vblscsgvdblndblWjXEacbdEbrpginacbr_`gphl] Gach;dXEscsxblstXEscd$acgpLXDt
gi]¢tX_cblgi(gp] i À¤
¤L®^«$¯c«c¬ ±m³º¦°²¼$¯`³r®S°²¬r´n¤8ÌÇUGXE]_`UnX|bld$_`gp lX|dEbrW XambgpsHgi]gi_csthdmÑ;gi]nqhlax¨EXachrkÀa`XXacX]ndX/hes`gi_`gphl](o
_`UGX_zhdblW Xambls Wb5§/X) RgpXXEt bes8bsz_mbr]ntGblactjs_`XacXhRs`dhlGgvdnbrgpaxdmUnbrambld$_`XEa`gp¨XDtXgi_`UnXax;§
_`UGXËachr_cbr_`gphl]©bl]nt_cacbl]nsvb_cgihe]LX_zXEX]_cUGXÊ_zhjdbrW XEacbambrW XDsÊÎSsz_cXacXhdEbrpgiGamb_cgihe]LÏ8heaH;§
_`UGXXEGgpLhepbla)qlXheW X$_`ac§AÎXEblÑ-s_`XacXhdEbrpgiGamb_cgihe]LÏf¤8TUGXW X$_cUGht9tXEscd$acgi/XEtÄgp] i=brpihs
hlajbr]¾bldEd$Gamb_cX©sz_cXacXh¢dbligpGamb_`gphl] ;§£W h ;gp]GqAb¢Yk nbr__cXac]¡gp] achl]R_hr_`UnXdblW XamblsE¤
+x lXE]R_`nblip§lo_cUGX-Wb_ca`giÔ
0
bl]nt¡_`UnX eXEdf_chla
t 0
dmUnbrambld$_`XEa`gp¨gp]GqÄ_`UGXÄdblWjXEacb£sX_`G'gp]'gi_cs thdmÑ;gi]Gq /hes`g¦_cgihe]Äbla`XXE 5bliLb_`XDtܤYG¤ *°·´/« ³r®S°²±±m³rº»°²¼$¯c³®>°²¬´n¤TUGXÊbedf_`gp lXËdblWjXEacbgvsWjheG]R_`XDthl]R_`hjbnbl]-br]nt_`gp¦_)tX ;gvd$X *_zh
d$heGGpXEt¢achr_mb_`gphl]Lbr(W hr_cgihe]nsE¤gi]nXWb_cgpddEbrpginacbr_`gphl]¢d$he]nsgvs_csgp]AXDsz_cgiWb_cgi]nq_`UGX_cbl]GqlXE]e_
hl/Xamb_chlamsblscshd$gvb_cXEt¡)gi_`U _`UnXEs`X-d$he]nsz_cacblgi]nXEt¡W hr_`gphl]Lso gS¤Xl¤po
Q ˆ 1
gp]'XDÍL¤ÎzeDÏf¤9TUGX©Lbr]k _`gp¦_Ñ;gp]GXWb_cgpdW h;tGXgps|hlacWbrpi§¢tXDs`da`gp/XEt¢gp]blGLXE]ntgiÔAÒ¤TUGXjÑRgp]GXEW br_`gvddEbrpgiGamb_cgihe]Gach;dXEtna`Xgvs)tXEscd$acgi/XEtÄgp]ÄtGX$_cblgi=gi]¢brnLXE]ntgiÔ ¤
& !$ #
TUnXÊW X$_cUGht-tXDs`da`gp/XEtgp]s`XEd$_`gphl]ns¤pÊbl]ntG¤a`X_`Gac]nsbG]GgvÍRGXsX_hl= brpGXEsHhla_`UGXnbl]-br]Lt
_cgii_bl]GqlpXEs8na`h ;gvtXEt*_`ULb_bl]XEs_`gpW br_`gphl] hrC_cUGX|tXE_`UachlW_`UGXÊsz_mb_`gvddEbrW XambË_`hbscd$XE]GX)hlGyzXEdf_
gvsb5 brgpvbrGpX
λ 1
¤H[^]9_cUGgps|sXDdf_`gphl]9XtXEscd$acgpLXb Gambld$_`gvdblC_`XEdmUn]GgpÍRGXhlaXDsz_cgiWb_cgi]nq _`UGXtXE_`U
_chbjscd$XE]GXhlGyzXEdf_D¤8TUGgpsgi]; lhei eXEsH_`UGXheiph)gp]Gqsz_cXns
l¤
X_`XDdf__cUGgpsheyzXEd$_gi]Ä_cUGXsz_mb_cgpdËgpW blqlXbr]Lt-phdb_cXg¦_msd$XE]e_cXaDoGs`b5§
m 1
,
¤ hl]R_`achl_`UnX bedf_cgi eXjdEbrW Xamb-s`ndmUA_cUnb_gi_Ëph;hlÑsËgi]_`UnX*acgiqeUR_tgpacXEdf_cgihe]bl]nt¢_cUGXacX$hea`X*_`UGX
XGgp/hlvbra)pgi]GXbes`s`hd$gvb_cXEt©)gi_`U
m 1
gps ;gvsgpGpXgi]9gi_csgpWbrqlXeoGbr]nt
YG¤ ;XEblacdmU'blihe]Gq¢_cUGgpsjXEGgi/hlvbra*igp]GXÄgi]ÅhlamtXa_`hA¥L]nt¾_cUGX-/XEs_jWbr_cdmU'hl
m 1
oHs`b5§
m 2
oxbr]Lt
XEs_`gpWb_`X_cUGXtXE_`UÄ_`hj_cUGXs`dX]GXheyzXEd$_E¤
=X$_nss`GG/hes`X _`ULb__`UngpsheyzXEd$_gpstX$_cXEdf_cXEt br]Ltphdbr_`XEtgp]_cUGX¥GÔXDtgpWbrqeX bl]ntiX_
m 1
)gi_`U'dEbrW Xamb¢d$h;heactgp]nbr_`XEs
n 1
LX©_`UGXgiWbrqeXhrgi_cs*d$X]R_cXaD¤9TUnX-s`dX]GX-hlyzXDdf_pgiXDss`hlW X)UnXacX blihe]Gq*_`UGXpgi]nXhr s`gpqlUR_blscshd$gvb_cXEt)g¦_cUÄ_`UGgvs)gpW blqlXËLhegi]R_DoGgS¤Xl¤po gpqlGacXYG¤=X$_
λ min
br]Lt
λ max
LX|_`UGXËW gi]ngiW*GWÆbr]ntWbrÔ;gpWnW XÔLXDdf_`XDt©tXE_`U© bliGXDsblihe]Gq_cUGgpspgi]GX
hl|sgpqlUR_ sndmU'_`Unbr_
λ min ≤ λ 1 ≤ λ max
¤Ì¡XÄbes`s`hd$gvb_cX_zhLhegi]R_ms)gi_`UÅ_`UGXDsXÄtX_cUÅ brpGXDso
M min
br]nt
M max
¤-TUGX§GachryzXEd$_hl]R_`hÄ_`UnX-bld$_`gp lXdblWjXEacb sËgpWbrqlX Gvbr]nX©b_
m min
br]Lt
m max
¤
TUnXEs`XgpW blqlXk>Gvbr]nX/hlgp]e_msËigpX*he]¢_`UnXjXEGgpLhepblaÊpgi]nXjbes`s`hd$gvb_`XDt9)g¦_cU
m 1
¤Ì¡X sXEXÑAb©/hes`gi_`gphl](o
bl]hea`gpX]R_mb_`gphl]=o=³´/µ³ $¬D±m³ººi«$´;ªr®Éhla_cUGXbedf_`gp lXdEbrW Xamb*s`ndmU_`Unbr__`UnXXGgpLhepbla)igp]GXkÀs`XqeWjXE]R_
/X$_zXXE]
m min
bl]nt
m max
gvs)bld$_`nblip§© ;gps`gpGiXgp]Ä_`UGXgpWbrqlXe¤
Ì¡X-d$he]ns_`ambrgp]_cUGgvsXGgp/hlvbrapgi]nX$k^sXEqlW X]R__`h¢/X-b9UGhea`gp¨he]R_cbr8gpWbrqeXigp]GXnbes`s`gi]nq9_`UGachlGqeU
_cUGXAgpWbrqlXd$X]R_cXaDog>¤Xl¤po_`UGX¡d$h;hlamtgp]nb_cXEs hr
m min
bl]nt
m max
lXEa`gi§
n min = (c, 0, 1) >
br]Ltn max = (−c, 0, 1) >
o)UGXacX2c
d$hea`acXEs`/hl]ntGs_`h¢_cUGX©gpW blqlX©)gvt;_cU(¤ATUGX-gpWbrqeX©d$h;hlamtgp]nb_cXEshl_cUGXEs`XLhegi]R_ms) lXEa`gi§©XEÍ/¤(ÎSeÏ
c = f (λ min n 1 + t ) 1
(λ min n 1 + t ) 3 0 = f (λ min n 1 + t ) 2
(λ min n 1 + t ) 3
−c = f (λ max n 1 + t ) 1
(λ max n 1 + t ) 3
0 = f (λ max n 1 + t ) 2
(λ max n 1 + t ) 3
[^]hlamtXa|_`h9shei eX_`UnXEs`XXEÍRnbr_`gphl]nsËbr]LtAXEs_`gpWb_cX, Ao
t
oÜbr]Ltf
oCX*a`XDdbrp_`Unbr_Ê_cUGX*achr_mb_cgihe]Wbr_`acg¦Ô©br]Lt_`UnX|_cacbl]nsvb_cgihe] lXDdf_`headEbr]©/XnbrambrW X_`Xacgp¨XEt ;§j_`UnXËLbr]-bl]nt_cgii_bl]GqlpXEs
α
oβ
br]Lt;§Ä_`UnXjs_`XEa`XEh-dbligpGamb_`gphl]¢LbrambrW X$_cXams
0
br]nt
t 0
oCXl¤qn¤poCXEÍ;s*Î5lÏbr]Lt'ÎzeÏf¤XE lXEa_cUGXpXEscsoL_`UngpsLbrambrW X$_cXacgi¨Db_`gphl]th;XEs)]Ghl_brpih2Ga`heLXEa)brpgiqe]GW X]R_)LXDdbrLsX_cUGXbld$_`gp lXdblWjXEacbjdbl]G]Ghl_achr_mb_cX
bla`heG]ntÅg¦_ms hl_cgpdEbrbÔgvs¤ Ghea*_cUGgvsa`XDbls`hl]'X9gi]R_ca`htndXÄb_cUGgiamtÃa`hl_cb_cgihe]Ãbliph)gi]nq¡bÃÂE°·¯f®>¸n³º
achr_mb_cgihe]-hr _`UnXbldf_cgi eXËdEbrW Xamb brachlG]Lt©gi_cs)¨kÀbrÔ;gvsEo
3 (γ)
¤TUGXEa`XhlacXlo=_`UGXEa`X©bla`XjhlnaXEÍRnbr_`gphl]nsgp]¡hlGan]GÑ;]Gh)]nsEo
f
oα
oβ
o bl]ntγ
¤Ò sheiG_`gphl] dbr]/XheG]nt9ns`gi]nq _`UGX|X_chl]+s)W X$_cUGhtÄhla|s`hlp ;gi]Gqb©s`X$_hl8Lhei§;]GheWjgvbrvsE¤ hl_`gvd$X_cUnb_heaXEbedmU
/hlgp]R_k>_`hlk>/hlgp]R_Ëd$hea`acXEs`/hl]ntXE]nd$X*br]nt9heab©qlgp lXE]£tXE_`U¡ brpGXlo/_`UnXacX*gvsb©G]GgvÍRGX shei_cgihe]Agp]
α
bl]nt
β
¤ÅÈXE]nd$Xeoxhl]GX9dbl]Åns`X_`UGXÄÑ;]Gh)]'_ca`gpGpX$_csn 1 , n min , λ min
br]nt
n 1 , n max , λ max
_ch£¥n]Lt
gp]Ggi_`gvbr 5blinXEshea)_`UGX*nbr]¢bl]ntÄ_`gp¦_Ëbr]GqeiXDsbr]nt9qenbrambr]R_cXXË_`Unbr__`UnXbld$_`gp lXdblW Xamb*qRbr¨EXEs)gp]9_`UGX
acgpqlUR_tgiacXEd$_`gphl](¤
TUGXbedf_cgi eXËdEbrW Xambgvs)d$he]R_`achlpiXDt_`h ¨EhRheW br]ntachr_cbr_`XËgi]9heactXEa_`h a`XDbldmU-_`UGXs`hlp_`gphl]hlG]Lt
blLh eXG_`h bachr_mb_cgihe]
γ
bla`heG]ntgi_cshe_`gvdbl/brÔgpsE¤ +x lXE]e_cnbrpp§losz_mbr]ntGblact-sz_cXacXh_cXEdmUG]ngpÍRGXDsbla`X blGGpgiXDt©gp]-heactXEaH_ch¥L]nt_cUGXÊ/XEs_)Wb_cdmUÄbrphl]Gq_`UGXËXngi/hlvbraigp]GXbr]nt©_`hjXEs_`gpWb_`XÊ_`UnXËtXE_`U_`h_cUGXscd$X]nXËheyzXEd$_E¤
) !$
gpqlGacXEsËLo obr]nt¡9sGW Wbracgp¨XbGisX_hrXÔLXEa`gpW X]R_csE¤TUGX©sz_cXacXhÄnbls`Xpgp]GX LX_zXEX]¡_`UGX
s_cbr_`gvdAbr]Lt bld$_`gp lX£dEbrW Xamblsgvs©hl_`UGXhlamtXahr£W X_`XaD¤TUGX¡dblWjXEacbeshlLsXEa` eXAbr]ÇhlG_cth;hla
XE]; Rgpachl]GW X]R_D¤ÁTUGX9ambrW XEs)UngpdmUÇbracX¢sUnh)] dhlaca`XDs/hl]Lt¾_`h'¾scbrW GpXEs©hl_©hlb' e rk>ambrW X
gpWbrqeXs`XEÍRGXE]nd$Xe¤
TUGXjhlGyzXEdf_ËhrHgp]R_`XEa`XDsz_ βb©brpÑ;gi]nq©LXEacs`hl]/Ï)gvs|¥Lacs_ËtX_`XDdf_`XDtAgp]A_cUGX*gpWbrqeXblscshdgpbr_`XEt9)gi_`U
_cUGXs_cbr_`gvddbrW XEacbn¤Ëgi eX]9W gi]ngiW*GWbl]ntÄWbÔgiW*GWÐtGX_cU¢XEs_`gpW br_`XDsoachlW_`UGX*sz_mb_`gvddblW Xamb
_ch9_`Unbr_LXEacs`hl]=oÜ_`UGXbldf_cgi eXdbrW XEacba`hl_cbr_`XEsbl]nt¡¨h;hlWss`ndmU¡_`Unbr__`UGX/Xams`hl]²brpps)gi_`Ungi]¾gi_cs
¥LXvthr( ;gpX¤;gp]nd$X|_`UGXËdbrW XEacbdhlGniXÊgpsdbrpgpGacbr_`XDtÜoegi_gvsLhRs`s`giniX|_`hna`XDtgpd$_bl]©XGgp/hlvbraHpgp]GXlo
_chs`XEbramdmUjhlabWb_cdmUbrphl]Gq_cUGgpspgi]GXeoRbl]ntj_`h*XEs_`gpWb_`X_`UGXËbldf_cnbr/tXG_`UachlW _`UGXÊX eX]R_x_`h_`UGX
s_cbr_`gvddbrW XEacbn¤
TUGXÄnbl]Åbr]nt'_`gp¦_ brpGXEs bliph)gi]nq¢_`hGpbed$X-_`UGXÄLXEacs`hl] sjd$XE]e_cXajhr|qeacb5 ;gi_z§br_*_cUGXgpWbrqeX
dX]R_`XEa|bracXXEs_`gpWb_cXEt¢br]Lt-_cUGX*bedf_cgi eXdbrW XEacb sW XEdmULbr]GgvsWÐgpsÊd$he]e_ca`heipXEt-_`hbldf_cnbrpp§-GvbldX_`UGX
/Xams`hl]Ägi]Äg¦_msd$XE]R_`XaD¤8ÒJa`XEqlgphl]Ähr gi]R_`XEa`XDsz_)gvstX¥n]GXEt9bla`heG]nt_cUGXW h ;gi]Gq heyzXEd$_E¤
gp]nbrpi§eoRb ;gps`nbr/sXEa` ehlgp]Gqih;he©d$hl]R_ca`heps_cUGXÊdEbrW Xambgp]©hlamtXax_`hWblgi]R_cblgi] _cUGX|heyzXEd$_b__`UGX
gpWbrqeX|d$XE]e_cXaD¤ÌÇUngipX|_cUGXÊdEbrW Xambachr_mb_`XDsoe_`UnX|W h ;gi]GqhlacXqlachln]ntjgpssXEnbramb_cXEtjachlW _`UnXÊs_cb_cgpd
LbldmÑ;qlachlG]LtÜoeXe¤qL¤ioG¥nqlGacXG¤
Ä&$%Ä#=
[^]9_cUGgvs|nblLXEaXbltGtGa`XDs`s`XEt_`UnXGachlGpXWÐhrHdhlGGpgp]Gq _zhdbrW XEacbesgi]AheactGXa)_ch-bldmUGgpX eX ;gps`nbr
br__cX]R_`gphl](¤¢TUGX©¥nacs_*dEbrW XambÄgps*sz_mb_`gvd©bl]nt g¦_*Unbls*b¢)gptGX¥nXvt hr) ;gpX¤¢TUGXacX$hea`Xgi_gvsblGiX
_chAdbl_`GacXlo b_ph acXEs`hlp_`gphl]=o=sLdmU¡XE lXE]e_msblsW h ;gi]nq9bla_cgpdGvb_`XDttGX$hlacWbrGpXjhlyzXDdf_csE¤-TUGX
s`XEdhl]nt¡dblW XambgvsW hln]e_cXEt¡hl]R_ch9b9achr_mb_cgi]Gq¢tXE ;gpdX)g¦_cU _zh¢tXEqlacXXEshlacXXDthlW9¤-{AhlacXh lXEa
gi_UnblsbÄ]nbla`achJ¥nXvthr ;gpX Ahlx_`UGXheactGXaËhrtXEqlacXXEsE¤*TUnXacX$hlacXgi_gvsËblGpX*_ch9Ga`h ;gvtX*b
UngiqeUk>acXEs`hlp_cgihe]*gpWbrqlX)hl(bs`dX]GXheyzXEd$_EoeGa`h ;gvtXEt*_cUnb_x_cUGXvb_`_`XaH²brppsH)g¦_cUGgp]g¦_ms8¥nXEpt hlC ;gpX¤
Ì¡Xbl]nbrp§;¨XEt gp] tX_cbrgpÊ_`UGXqlXheW X$_`acgvd¢br]nt Ñ;gp]GXWb_cgpd£d$hlnGigp]Gq'/X$_zXXE]Áb's_cbr_`gvdAbr]ntÇb
achr_mb_cgi]Gq dblWjXEacbn¤ Ì¡X¾tXacgp lXEtÁbÅs`hlp_`gphl]Áhla_`UGgvs¢d$heGGpgi]GqÃLhl_`UÁhla¢bÅqeX]GXEacbl|Ñ;gp]GXWb_cgpd