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Submitted on 6 Jun 2018HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access
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Etude et optimisation de nouveaux types de capteurs
pour la détection de polluants en milieu aquatique
David Lapeine
To cite this version:
David Lapeine. Etude et optimisation de nouveaux types de capteurs pour la détection de polluants en milieu aquatique. Electronique. Université Montpellier, 2016. Français. �NNT : 2016MONTT256�. �tel-01809019�
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❈❡ "#❛✈❛✐❧ ❞❡ "❤*+❡ +✬❡+" ❞-#♦✉❧- 0 ❧✬■♥+"✐"✉" ❞✬❊❧❡❝"#♦♥✐5✉❡ ❡" ❞❡+ ❙②+"*♠❡+ ❞❡ ▼♦♥"♣❡❧❧✐❡# ❛✉ +❡✐♥ ❞✉ ❞-✲ ♣❛#"❡♠❡♥" ❈❛♣"❡✉#+✱ ❈♦♠♣♦+❛♥"+ ❡" ❙②+"*♠❡+✳ ❏❡ ✈♦✉❞#❛✐+ ❛✈❛♥" "♦✉" ❝❤♦+❡ #❡♠❡#❝✐❡# ❆❧❛✐♥ ❋❖❯❈❆❘❆◆✱ ❧❡ ❞✐#❡❝"❡✉# ❞✉ ❧❛❜♦#❛"♦✐#❡✱ 0 5✉✐ ❥✬❡①✲ ♣#✐♠❡ "♦✉"❡ ♠❛ ❣#❛"✐"✉❞❡ ❡" ♠❛ #❡❝♦♥♥❛✐++❛♥❝❡✳ ▼❡+ #❡♠❡#❝✐❡♠❡♥"+ ✈♦♥" ❡♥+✉✐"❡ 0 ❝❡✉① 5✉✐ ♦♥" -"-+ ♠❡+ ❣✉✐❞❡+ "♦✉" ❛✉ ❧♦♥❣ ❞❡ ❝❡+ ✸ ❛♥♥-❡+✱ ❞❡ ♣❛#" ❧❡✉#+ 5✉❛❧✐"-+✱ ❛✉++✐ ❜✐❡♥ +❝✐❡♥"✐✜5✉❡+ 5✉✬❤✉♠❛✐♥❡+✱ +❤✐❧✐♣♣❡ ❈❖▼❇❊❚❚❊ ❡" ❋❛❜✐❡♥ +❆❙❈❆▲ ♠✬♦♥" ♣❡#♠✐+ ❞✬❛✈❛♥❝❡# +❡#❡✐♥❡♠❡♥" "♦✉" ❛✉ ❧♦♥❣ ❞❡ ❝❡ "#❛✈❛✐❧✳ ❏❡ "✐❡♥+ 0 ❧❡+ #❡♠❡#❝✐❡# ♣♦✉# "♦✉+ ❧❡✉#+ ❝♦♥+❡✐❧+✱ ♣♦✉# "♦✉"❡+ ❧❡+ ❞✐+❝✉++✐♦♥+ 5✉❡ ♥♦✉+ ❛✈♦♥+ ❡✉❡+ +✉# "❛♥" ❞❡ +✉❥❡"+✳ ▼❡#❝✐ ❛✉++✐ ♣♦✉# ❧❡✉# +♦✉"✐❡♥ ❡" ♣♦✉# ❧❡✉# ❝♦♥✜❛♥❝❡✳ ▼❡#❝✐ ❞✬❛✈♦✐# -"- ❧0 ❡" ❞❡ ♠✬❛✈♦✐# ❞♦♥♥❡# "♦✉+ ❧❡+ ♦✉"✐❧+ ♥-❝❡++❛✐#❡+ ♣♦✉# #-✉++✐# ❝❡""❡ "❤*+❡✳ ▼❡#❝✐ ❜❡❛✉❝♦✉♣ ✦ ▼❡+ #❡♠❡#❝✐❡♠❡♥"+ +✬❛❞#❡++❡♥" -❣❛❧❡♠❡♥" 0 ▼❛❞❛♠❡ ❧❛ ✈✐❝❡ ♣:;<✐❞❡♥=❡ ❈❤❛♥=❛❧ ▼❆❘■❖◆✱ ▼♦♥✲ <✐❡✉: +✐❡::❡ ❇❘■❈❊ ❡" ▼❛❞❛♠❡ ❍;❧C♥❡ ❘❖❯❙❙❊▲ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♠-"#♦♣♦❧❡ ❞❡ ▼♦♥"♣❡❧❧✐❡# +❛♥+ 5✉✐ ❝❡""❡ "❤*+❡ ♥✬❛✉#❛✐" ♣❛+ ♣✉ F"#❡ #-❛❧✐+-❡✳ ▼❡+ #❡♠❡#❝✐❡♠❡♥"+ ✈♦♥" ❡♥+✉✐"❡ 0 ▼♦♥<✐❡✉: ❙;✈❡:✐♥ +■❙❚❘❊ 5✉✐ ♠✬❛ ❢❛✐" ❧✬❤♦♥♥❡✉# ❞❡ ♣#-+✐❞❡# ❧❡ ❥✉#② ❞❡ ♠❛ "❤*+❡✳ ❏❡ #❡♠❡#❝✐❡ ❛✉++✐ ▼❡<<✐❡✉:< ❈❧❛✉❞❡ ❘■❈❍❆❘❉ ✭■◆❙❆ ❞❡ ▲②♦♥✮ ❡" ▲✐❜♦: ❘❯❋❊❘ ✭●#❡♥♦❜❧❡ ■◆N✮ ♣♦✉# ❧✬✐♥"-#F" 5✉✬✐❧+ ♦♥" ♣♦#"- 0 ❝❡ "#❛✈❛✐❧ ❡♥ ❛❝❝❡♣"❛♥" ❞✬❡♥ F"#❡ ❧❡+ #❛♣♣♦#"❡✉#+✳ ❏❡ "✐❡♥+ 0 #❡♠❡#❝✐❡# ♠❡+ ❡①❛♠✐♥❛"❡✉#+ ▼❡<<✐❡✉:< ❳❛✈✐❡: ❇❖❉❉❆❊❘❚ ❡" ❉❛♠✐❡♥ ❉❊▲❊❘❯❨❊▲▲❊ ♣♦✉# ❛✈♦✐# ❥✉❣❡# ❝❡""❡ "❤*+❡✳ ▼❡+ #❡♠❡#❝✐❡♠❡♥"+ ✈♦♥" ❡♥+✉✐"❡ 0 ❉✐❞✐❡: ▲❆❯❳ ❡" ❏❡❛♥✲❨✈❡< ❋❊❘❘❆◆❉■❙ ♣♦✉# "♦✉" ❝❡ 5✉✬✐❧+ ♦♥" ❛♣♣♦#"-✱ ❞❡ ♣❛# ❧❡✉#+ ❝♦♥♥❛✐++❛♥❝❡+ ❡" ❧❡✉#+ ❞✐+♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐"-+ +✉# ❧❛ ♣❛#"✐❡ ❛❝♦✉+"✐5✉❡✳ ❏❡ #❡♠❡#❝✐❡ ❛✉++✐ ❊:✐❝ ❘❖❙❊◆❑❘❆◆❚❩✳ ❏❡ #❡♠❡#❝✐❡ ❛✉++✐ +❤✐❧✐♣♣❡ ❙■●◆❖❘❊❚ ❡" ❨✈❛♥ ❈❯▼■◆❆▲ ♣♦✉# ♠✬❛✈♦✐# ❛✐❞- 0 ♠❡♥❡# 0 ❜✐❡♥ ♠♦♥ ❛❝"✐✈✐"- ❞✬❡♥+❡✐❣♥❡♠❡♥" 0 ❧✬■❯❚ ❞❡ ▼♦♥"♣❡❧❧✐❡# ❞❛♥+ ❧❡+ ❞-♣❛#"❡♠❡♥"+ ▼❡+✉#❡+ ✲ N❤②+✐5✉❡+ ❡" ❈❤✐♠✐❡✳ ❏❡ #❡♠❡#❝✐❡ -♥♦#♠-♠❡♥" ❇❡♥♦✐= ❈❍❆❘▲❖❚ ❡" ❆❧❛✐♥ ●■❆◆■ ♣♦✉# "♦✉+ ❧❡+ ❜♦♥+ ♠♦♠❡♥"+ ♣❛++-+ ❡♥ ❝♦♥❢-#❡♥❝❡ ❡" ❛✉ ❧❛❜♦#❛"♦✐#❡✳ ❏❡ ♥✬♦✉❜❧✐❡#❛✐ ♣❛+ ❞❛♥+ ♥♦"#❡ -5✉✐♣❡✱ 5✉❡ ❥❡ "✐❡♥+ ❛✉++✐ 0 #❡♠❡#❝✐❡# ✿ ❇:✐❝❡ ❙❖❘▲■✱ ❆:♥❛✉❞ ❱❊◆❆✱ ❊♠♠❛♥✉❡❧ ▲❊ ❈▲❊❩■❖ ❡" ●✐❧❧❡< ❉❊❙+❆❯❳ ♣♦✉# "♦✉"❡+ ♥♦+ ❞✐+❝✉++✐♦♥+ ❡" ♣♦✉# ❧❡✉# ❤✉♠♦✉#✳✐✐✐ ▼❡"❝✐ ❜❡❛✉❝♦✉♣ * ❋!"❞"!✐❝ &■❈❍❖❚✱ ❏❡❛♥ ▲❨❖◆◆❊❚ ❡, ❏❡❛♥✲▼❛!✐❡ &❊❘❘■❙✱ ♣♦✉" ❧❡✉". ❝♦♥.❡✐❧. ❞❛♥. ❧✬❛♥❛❧②.❡ ❡, ❧❛ ❝❛"❛❝,3"✐.❛,✐♦♥ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣♦.❛♥,. ❡♥ .❛❧❧❡ ❜❧❛♥❝❤❡✳ ▼❡"❝✐ ❡♥.✉✐,❡ * ,♦✉,❡ ❧✬37✉✐♣❡ ❛❞♠✐♥✐.,"❛,✐✈❡ ❞✉ ❧❛❜♦"❛,♦✐"❡ ✿ ❙②❧✈✐❡ ❚■❳■❊❘✱ ❑❛!✐♥❡ ❋▲❊❯❘❖❚✱ ❋❧♦!✐❛♥❡ ❉❖▼▼❊❘●❯❊✱ ❙❛♥✲ ❞!❛ ❏❊❆◆❏❊❆◆✱ ❏✉❧✐❡ ▼❆❘■◆✱ ❙♦♣❤✐❡ ❚❆❯▲❊■●◆❊ ❡, ❈♦!✐♥♥❡ ❈❖❯❩■ ♣♦✉" ❧❡✉" ❣❡♥,✐❧❧❡..❡ ❡, ❧❡✉" ♣❛,✐❡♥❝❡✳ ❏❡ "❡♠❡"❝✐❡ ❛✉..✐ ❏❡❛♥✲▼✐❝❤❡❧ ●❖❙❆▲❇❊❙✳ ❏❡ "❡♠❡"❝✐❡ ✐♥✜♥✐♠❡♥, ,♦✉. ♠❡. ❝♦♠♣❛❣♥♦♥. ❞❡ ,❤=.❡ ✿ ❈"❧✐♥❡ ❊◆●❘❆◆❉✱ ❆❧✐ ❉❊❑■❖❯❙✱ &✐❡!!❡✲❛♥H♦✐♥❡ ▼❊■●◆❊◆✱ ●✉✐❧❧❛✉♠❡ ❑❖❈❑✱ ❘❡❞❤❛ ❇❖❯❇❊◆■❆✱ ▼❛❧✐❦ ❇❖❯❆❨❊❉✱ ❘✉❞② ❉❊●❆❘❙❈❊❆❯❳✱ ▼❛!✐❡ ❈❧❛✐!❡ ❋▲❖❈❆❘❉✱ ❆♠❛♥❞✐♥❡ ❙❆◆❉❖❱❆▲✱ ❖❧❡❦L❛♥❞! ●❆❚❙❆✱ ▼♦❤❛♠❡❞ ▼❖●❘❆◆❊✱ ❋❧♦!✐❛♥ ❇❆❯❉❘❨✱ ❋❧♦!✐❛♥ ❆❱❘■▲✱ ❘"♠✐ ❉❆❘❉❆■▲▲❖◆✱ ❘♦♠❛✐♥ &❆◗❯❊❚✱ ❙②❧✈❛✐♥ ❉❯❚❘■❊❯❳✱ ❆❧❡①❛♥❞!❡ ❱❆❯❚❍❊▲■◆✱ ❆❢❛❢ ▼❊●❍■❚✱ ▼❡!✐❡♠ ❈❍❘■❋■✱ ❨❛LL✐♥ ❇❊▲❆■❩■✳ ❱♦✉. ❛❧❧❡③ ❜❡❛✉❝♦✉♣ ♠❡ ♠❛♥7✉❡" ✦ ❏❡ ♥✬♦✉❜❧✐❡ .✉",♦✉, ♣❛. ❝❡✉① 7✉✐ ♦♥, .♦✉,❡♥✉ ❜✐❡♥ ❛✈❛♥, ♠♦✐ ❞♦♥, ❥❡ ❣❛"❞❡ ❧❡ ❝♦♥,❛❝, ❡, 7✉❡ ❥❡ "❡♠❡"❝✐❡ ✿ ❋❧♦!✐❛♥ ❱❊❘❨✱ ▼❛♠❛❞♦✉ ❇❆▲❉❊✱ ❋❛❜✐❡♥ ❇■❇■✱ ❊♠♠❛♥✉❡❧ ●■❯❉■❈❊▲▲■ ❡, ❈❛!❧♦L ❉❆❍❊❘ ♣♦✉" ,♦✉. ❝❡. ❜♦♥. ♠♦♠❡♥,. ❡♥ ❧❡✉" ❝♦♠♣❛❣♥✐❡✳ ❏❡ "❡♠❡"❝✐❡ ❛✉..✐ ❈❤!✐LH♦♣❤❡ &❆▲❊❘▼❖ ♣♦✉" .❡. ❡♥❝♦✉"❛❣❡♠❡♥,. ❡, .♦♥ .♦✉,✐❡♥ ❞✉"❛♥, ,♦✉,❡. ♠❡. ❛♥♥3❡. ❞✬3,✉❞❡.✳ ▼❡. ❛♠✐,✐3. ✈♦♥, ❛✉..✐ ✈❡". ▼❛❣❛❧✐❡ &❆▲❊❘▼❖✳ ❏✬❛✐ "❡♥❝♦♥,"3 ❛✉ ❝♦✉". ❞❡ ♠❛ ,❤=.❡✱ ❙H"♣❤❛♥✐❡ &❆❘❖▲❆✱ ❥❡✉♥❡ ▼❛C,"❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❢3"❡♥❝❡✱ 7✉✐ ❣"E❝❡ * ❡❧❧❡ ✭♦✉ ❜✐❡♥ * ❝❛✉.❡ ✳✳✳✮✱ ❧✬❡♥.❡♠❜❧❡ ❞✉ ❞3♣❛",❡♠❡♥, ❛ "❡❝♦♥♥✉ ♠❡. ❝♦♠♣3,❡♥❝❡. ❞❡ ✢❡✉"✐.,❡✳ ❚❛ ❣❡♥,✐❧❧❡..❡ ❡, ,♦♥ ❤✉♠♦✉" ❢♦♥, ❞❡ ,♦✐ ✉♥❡ ♣❡".♦♥♥❡ ❡①❝❡♣,✐♦♥♥❡❧❧❡✱ ❡, ❥❡ ,✬❡♥ "❡♠❡"❝✐❡✳ ▲✬■❊❙ ❡., ❛✉..✐ ✉♥ ❧❛❜♦"❛,♦✐"❡ 7✉✐ ❤3❜❡"❣❡ ❞❡. .,❛",✲✉♣. ❛✈❡❝ ❞❡. ♣❡".♦♥♥❡. ❢♦"♠✐❞❛❜❧❡.✳ ❏❡ "❡♠❡"❝✐❡ ❞♦♥❝ ●✉✐❧❧❛✉♠❡ ❇❖●❯❙❩❊❲❙❑■ ❡H ▼❛♠❛❞✐ ❙■❉■❇❊ ❞❡ ❝❤❡③ ❈②❧❡♦♥❡✱ ❚❤♦♠❛L ❈❍❘❨❙❖✲ ❈❍❖❖❙ ❞❡ ❝❤❡③ ❙♣❡❝❦H!✱ ❆♥❞!"❛ ❈❆❙❚❊▲▲❆◆❖✱ ▼❛!✐❡ ●❯■▲▲❖❚ ❡H ❇"❛H!✐❝❡ ❙❆▲❆ ❞❡ ❝❤❡③ "▼❛✳ ❊♥✜♥ ❥❡ ♥❡ ,❡"♠✐♥❡ ♣❛.✱ .❛♥. ❛❞"❡..❡" ✉♥ ✐♠♠❡♥.❡ "❡♠❡"❝✐❡♠❡♥, * ,♦✉,❡ ♠❛ ❢❛♠✐❧❧❡✱ 7✉✐ ❛ ,♦✉❥♦✉". 3,3 ♣"3.❡♥,❡ ✦ 7✉❡ ❥✬❛✐♠❡ ✐♥✜♥✐♠❡♥, ✦ ❏❡ ❞3❞✐❝❛❝❡ ❝❡,,❡ ,❤=.❡ * ♠❛ ♥✐=❝❡ ▲♦❧❛ ❡, ♠♦♥ ✜❧❧❡✉❧ ❏♦.❤✉❛✱ 7✉✐ 7✉❛♥❞ ❥❡ ❧❡. ✈♦✐.✱ ♠❡ ❞♦♥♥❡♥, ,♦✉❥♦✉". ❝❡ ❣"❛♥❞ .♦✉"✐"❡✳ ■❧ ②✬❛ ❞❡. ♠♦♠❡♥,. ❞✐✣❝✐❧❡. ❞❛♥. ✉♥❡ ,❤=.❡ ♦P ❧✬♦♥ ❞♦✉,❡ ❞❡ .❡. ❝♦♠♣3,❡♥❝❡. ❡, ❞❡ .♦✐✲♠Q♠❡✱ ❡, ,✉ ❛. ,♦✉❥♦✉". 3,3 ❧❛ ♣♦✉" ♠✬3♣❛✉❧❡" ❡, ♣♦✉" ❝"♦✐"❡ ❡♥ ♠♦✐✳ ❈✬❡., ❛✐♥.✐ ❣"E❝❡ * ,♦♥ .♦✉,✐❡♥ ✐♥❞3❢❡❝,✐❜❧❡ 7✉❡ ❥✬❛✐ ♦❜,❡♥✉ ❧❡ ,✐,"❡ ❞❡ ❞♦❝,❡✉"✳ ▲❛ ♠❛❞"3✱ ▼❡"❝✐ ❜❡❛✉❝♦✉♣ ✦ ❝❡,,❡ ,❤=.❡ ❛ 3,3 "3❛❧✐.3❡ ❡♥,✐="❡♠❡♥, ❣"E❝❡ * ,♦✐✳ ❚✉ ❛. ,♦✉❥♦✉". 3,3 ❧* ♣♦✉" ♠♦✐✳ ▼❡"❝✐ ♣♦✉" ,♦✉, ✦
❚❛❜❧❡ ❞❡& ♠❛(✐*+❡&
■♥"#♦❞✉❝"✐♦♥ ❣*♥*#❛❧❡ ✶ ✶ ➱"❛" ❞❡ ❧✬❛#" 1✉# ❧❡1 "❡❝❤♥✐3✉❡1 ❞❡ ❞*"❡❝"✐♦♥ ❞❡ ♣♦❧❧✉❛♥"1✱ ♠❛"*#✐❛✉① ❡" "❡❝❤♥✐3✉❡1 ❞❡ ❢❛❜#✐❝❛"✐♦♥ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣♦1❛♥"1 ✺ ✶✳✶ ■♥$%♦❞✉❝$✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻ ✶✳✷ -%✐♥❝✐♣❡0 ❡$ ♠2$❤♦❞❡0 ❞❡ ❞2$❡❝$✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻ ✶✳✷✳✶ ▼2$❤♦❞❡ ❝❤✐♠✐5✉❡✿ ❧❛ ❝❤%♦♠❛$♦❣%❛♣❤✐❡ ❡♥ ♣❤❛0❡ ❣❛③❡✉0❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻ ✶✳✷✳✷ ▼2$❤♦❞❡ ♦♣$✐5✉❡✿ ❧❛ ✜❜%❡ ♦♣$✐5✉❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾ ✶✳✷✳✸ ▼2$❤♦❞❡ $❤❡%♠✐5✉❡✿ ❧❛ ♠2$❤♦❞❡ ❞❡0 3ω ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵ ✶✳✷✳✹ ▼2$❤♦❞❡ ❛❝♦✉0$✐5✉❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷ ✶✳✷✳✹✳✶ -♦✉$%❡ ♣✐2③♦2❧❡❝$%✐5✉❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷ ✶✳✷✳✹✳✷ ▲❡0 ❝❛♣$❡✉%0 ❙❆❲ ✭❙✉%❢❛❝❡ ❆❝♦✉0$✐❝ ❲❛✈❡0✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹ ✶✳✷✳✹✳✸ ▲❛ ♠❡0✉%❡ ❞✉ $❡♠♣0 ❞❡ ✈♦❧ ❡♥$%❡ ❞❡✉① $%❛♥0❞✉❝$❡✉%0 ❛❝♦✉0✲ $✐5✉❡0 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻ ✶✳✷✳✺ ❈♦♠♣❛%❛✐0♦♥ ❞❡0 ❞✐✛2%❡♥$❡0 ♠2$❤♦❞❡0 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼ ✶✳✸ ●2♥2%❛❧✐$20 0✉% ❧❛ ♣✐2③♦2❧❡❝$%✐❝✐$2 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽ ✶✳✸✳✶ ❉2✜♥✐$✐♦♥ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣✐2③♦2❧❡❝$%✐❝✐$2 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽ ✶✳✸✳✷ ▲❡0 ♠❛$2%✐❛✉① ♣✐2③♦2❧❡❝$%✐5✉❡0 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾ ✶✳✹ ➱$❛$ ❞❡ ❧✬❛%$ 0✉% ❧❡0 $❡❝❤♥✐5✉❡0 ❞❡ ❢❛❜%✐❝❛$✐♦♥ ❞❡0 ❝♦♠♣♦0❛♥$0 T ❜❛0❡ ❞❡ -❩❚ ✷✵ ✶✳✹✳✶ ▲❡ ♣%♦❝2❞2 ❞❡ ❞2♣W$ ♣❤②0✐5✉❡ ❡♥ ♣❤❛0❡ ✈❛♣❡✉% ✭-❱❉✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵ ✶✳✹✳✷ ▲❡ ❝♦✉❧❛❣❡ ❡♥ ❜❛♥❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶ ✶✳✹✳✸ ▲✬✐♠♣%❡00✐♦♥ ♣❛% ❥❡$ ❞✬❡♥❝%❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✷ ✶✳✹✳✹ ▲❛ $♦✉%♥❡$$❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸ ✶✳✹✳✺ ▲❛ 02%✐❣%❛♣❤✐❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸ ✶✳✹✳✻ ❈❤♦✐① ❞❡ ❧❛ ♠2$❤♦❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹ ✶✳✺ ❈❤♦✐① ❞✉ $②♣❡ ❞❡ -❩❚ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻ ✶✳✻ ❈♦♥❝❧✉0✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻✈✐ ❚❛❜❧❡ ❞❡& ♠❛(✐*+❡&
✷ ❋❛❜&✐❝❛(✐♦♥ ❡( ❝❛&❛❝(,&✐-❛(✐♦♥ ❞❡ (&❛♥-❞✉❝(❡✉&- 0 ❜❛-❡ ❞❡ 1❩❚ ✷✼
✷✳✶ ■♥(+♦❞✉❝(✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽
✷✳✷ ▲❛ (❡❝❤♥✐7✉❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ &8+✐❣+❛♣❤✐❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽
✷✳✷✳✶ ▲❡ &②&(*♠❡ < &8+✐❣+❛♣❤✐❡+✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽
✷✳✷✳✷ ❋❛❜+✐❝❛(✐♦♥ ❡( ❝❛+❛❝(8+✐&❛(✐♦♥ ❞❡& ❡♥❝+❡& ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾
✷✳✷✳✷✳✶ ❉8✜♥✐(✐♦♥ ❞❡& ❝♦♠♣♦&❛♥(& ❞✬✉♥❡ ❡♥❝+❡ ❞❡ &8+✐❣+❛♣❤✐❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾
✷✳✷✳✷✳✷ ❋❛❜+✐❝❛(✐♦♥ ❞❡ ❧✬❡♥❝+❡ ❞❡ B❩❚ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵
✷✳✷✳✷✳✸ ❈❛+❛❝(8+✐&❛(✐♦♥ +❤8♦❧♦❣✐7✉❡ ❞❡ ❧✬❡♥❝+❡ ❞❡ B❩❚ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶
✷✳✷✳✸ ▲❡& ♠❛&7✉❡& ❞❡ ❞8♣G( ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹
✷✳✷✳✹ ➱(✉❞❡ ♣+8❧✐♠✐♥❛✐+❡ ❞❡& ♣❛+❛♠*(+❡& ❞❡ ❧❛ &8+✐❣+❛♣❤✐❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻
✷✳✸ B+♦❝❡&&✉& ❞❡ ❢❛❜+✐❝❛(✐♦♥ ❞❡& (+❛♥&❞✉❝(❡✉+& &8+✐❣+❛♣❤✐8& ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽
✷✳✸✳✶ ❉8♣G(& ♣❛+ &8+✐❣+❛♣❤✐❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾
✷✳✸✳✶✳✶ ❋❛❜+✐❝❛(✐♦♥ ❞❡ (+❛♥&❞✉❝(❡✉+& &✉+ &✉❜&(+❛( ❞✬❛❧✉♠✐♥❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾
✷✳✸✳✶✳✷ ❋❛❜+✐❝❛(✐♦♥ ❞❡ (+❛♥&❞✉❝(❡✉+& ❞8❝♦❧❧8& ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵
✷✳✸✳✷ ➱(❛♣❡ ❞❡ ❢+✐((❛❣❡✿ ❧❛ ❝✉✐&&♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶
✷✳✸✳✸ ▲❛ ♣♦❧❛+✐&❛(✐♦♥ ❞❡& 8❧8♠❡♥(& ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷
✷✳✹ ❖✉(✐❧& ❞❡ ❝❛+❛❝(8+✐&❛(✐♦♥ ❞❡& (+❛♥&❞✉❝(❡✉+&✿ ❝❛+❛❝(8+✐&❛(✐♦♥& ♠♦+♣❤♦❧♦❣✐7✉❡& ❡( ♣✐8③♦8❧❡❝(+✐7✉❡& ❞❡& ❞8♣G(& ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹
✷✳✹✳✶ ■♥(+♦❞✉❝(✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹
✷✳✹✳✷ ❆♥❛❧②&❡ ♣❛+ ❞✐✛+❛❝(✐♦♥ ❞❡& +❛②♦♥& ❳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹
✷✳✹✳✸ ❆♥❛❧②&❡ ♠♦+♣❤♦❧♦❣✐7✉❡ ❞❡& (+❛♥&❞✉❝(❡✉+&✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻
✷✳✹✳✸✳✶ ❆♥❛❧②&❡ ❞❡ ❧✬8♣❛✐&&❡✉+ ❞❡& 8❝❤❛♥(✐❧❧♦♥& ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻
✷✳✹✳✸✳✷ ❆♥❛❧②&❡ ♣❛+ ♠✐❝+♦&❝♦♣✐❡ 8❧❡❝(+♦♥✐7✉❡ < ❜❛❧❛②❛❣❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼
✷✳✹✳✸✳✸ ❆♥❛❧②&❡ ♣❛+ &♣❡❝(+♦&❝♦♣✐❡ ❞❡& +❛②♦♥& ❳ < ❞✐&♣❡+&✐♦♥ ❞✬8♥❡+❣✐❡ ✹✽
✷✳✹✳✹ ❆♥❛❧②&❡ ❞✉ ❝②❝❧❡ ❞✬❤②&(8+8&✐& ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵
✷✳✹✳✺ ➱(✉❞❡ ❞❡& ♣+♦♣+✐8(8& ♣✐8③♦8❧❡❝(+✐7✉❡& ❞❡& (+❛♥&❞✉❝(❡✉+& ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸
✷✳✹✳✺✳✶ ❉8✜♥✐(✐♦♥ ❞❡& ♣❛+❛♠*(+❡& ♣✐8③♦8❧❡❝(+✐7✉❡& ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸
✷✳✹✳✺✳✷ ▼❡&✉+❡ ❞❡& ♣❛+❛♠*(+❡& ♣✐8③♦8❧❡❝(+✐7✉❡&✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻
✷✳✹✳✻ ❆♥❛❧②&❡& &♣❡❝(+❛❧❡✿ ♠❡&✉+❡& ❞✬✐♠♣8❞❛♥❝❡& ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾
❚❛❜❧❡ ❞❡& ♠❛(✐*+❡& ✈✐✐
✷✳✹✳✼✳✶ ❆♥❛❧②&❡ ❞✉ ♠♦❞❡ 6♣❛✐&&❡✉+ ❞❡& 6❧6♠❡♥(& ❞6❝♦❧❧6& ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷
✷✳✹✳✼✳✷ ❆♥❛❧②&❡ ❞✉ ♠♦❞❡ 6♣❛✐&&❡✉+ ❞❡& 6❧6♠❡♥(& &✉+ &✉❜&(+❛( ❞✬❛❧✉♠✐♥❡ ✻✸
✷✳✹✳✼✳✸ ❆♥❛❧②&❡ ❞❡& ❛✉(+❡& ♠♦❞❡&✿ ❛♥❛❧②&❡ ❡♥ ❜❛&&❡& ❢+6>✉❡♥❝❡& ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✹
✷✳✺ ❖♣(✐♠✐&❛(✐♦♥ ❞✉ ♣+♦❝❡&&✉& (❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣✐>✉❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺ ✷✳✺✳✶ ❖♣(✐♠✐&❛(✐♦♥ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❢❛❜+✐❝❛(✐♦♥ ❞❡ ❧✬❡♥❝+❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻ ✷✳✺✳✶✳✶ ▲❡ (+✐❝②❧✐♥❞+❡ 6❧❡❝(+♦♥✐>✉❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻ ✷✳✺✳✶✳✷ ❆♥❛❧②&❡ ♠♦+♣❤♦❧♦❣✐>✉❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻ ✷✳✺✳✶✳✸ ❈❛+❛❝(6+✐&(✐>✉❡& ♣✐6③♦6❧❡❝(+✐>✉❡& ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✼ ✷✳✺✳✷ ➱(✉❞❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❞❡♥&✐✜❝❛(✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✽ ✷✳✺✳✷✳✶ I+✐♥❝✐♣❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❞❡♥&✐✜❝❛(✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✾
✷✳✺✳✷✳✷ ➱(✉❞❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❞❡♥&✐✜❝❛(✐♦♥ ❞❡& ❝♦♠♣♦&❛♥(& ❞6♣♦&6& &✉+ &✉❜✲ &(+❛( ❞✬❛❧✉♠✐♥❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✵
✷✳✺✳✷✳✸ ➱(✉❞❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❞❡♥&✐✜❝❛(✐♦♥ &✉+ ❧❡& ❝♦♠♣♦&❛♥(& &❛♥& &✉❜&(+❛( ✳ ✼✺
✷✳✺✳✸ ❆♠6❧✐♦+❛(✐♦♥ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❝✉✐&&♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✽ ✷✳✺✳✹ ➱(✉❞❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣♦❧❛+✐&❛(✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✾ ✷✳✺✳✹✳✶ ➱(✉❞❡ ❞✉ (❡♠♣& ❞❡ ♣♦❧❛+✐&❛(✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✾ ✷✳✺✳✹✳✷ ➱(✉❞❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ (❡♠♣6+❛(✉+❡ ❞❡ ♣♦❧❛+✐&❛(✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✵ ✷✳✺✳✹✳✸ ➱(✉❞❡ ❡♥ ❢♦♥❝(✐♦♥ ❞✉ ❝❤❛♠♣ 6❧❡❝(+✐>✉❡ ❛♣♣❧✐>✉6 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✶ ✷✳✻ ❈♦♥❝❧✉&✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✷ ✸ ▼✐$❡ ❡♥ ♣❧❛❝❡ ❞✬✉♥ ❞.♠♦♥$12❛1❡✉2 ♣♦✉2 ❧❛ ❞.1❡❝1✐♦♥ ❞❡ ♣♦❧❧✉❛♥1$ ✽✺ ✸✳✶ ■♥(+♦❞✉❝(✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✻
✸✳✷ I+♦♣❛❣❛(✐♦♥ ❞❡& ♦♥❞❡& ❞❛♥& ❧❡& ✢✉✐❞❡& ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✻
✸✳✸ ➱❧❛❜♦+❛(✐♦♥ ❞✬✉♥ ❜❛♥❝ ❡①♣6+✐♠❡♥(❛❧ ♣♦✉+ ❧❛ ♠❡&✉+❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ ✈✐(❡&&❡ ✉❧(+❛&♦♥♦+❡ ✽✼
✸✳✸✳✶ ❱❛❧✐❞❛(✐♦♥ ❞✉ ♣+✐♥❝✐♣❡ ❞❡ ♠❡&✉+❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ ✈✐(❡&&❡ ❛✈❡❝ ❞❡& ❝❛♣(❡✉+& ❝♦♠✲ ♠❡+❝✐❛✉① ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✼
✸✳✸✳✷ ❚❡&( ❛✈❡❝ ❧❡& (+❛♥&❞✉❝(❡✉+& &6+✐❣+❛♣❤✐6& ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✶
✸✳✸✳✸ ▼6(❤♦❞❡ ❢+6>✉❡♥(✐❡❧❧❡ ♣♦✉+ ❧❛ ♠❡&✉+❡ ❞❡ ✈✐(❡&&❡ ✉❧(+❛&♦♥♦+❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✹
✸✳✸✳✹ ➱(✉❞❡ ❡♥ +6✢❡①✐♦♥ ♣♦✉+ ❧❛ ❞6(❡❝(✐♦♥ ❞❡ ♣♦❧❧✉❛♥(& ♥♦♥ ♠✐&❝✐❜❧❡& S ❧✬❡❛✉ ✾✻
✈✐✐✐ ❚❛❜❧❡ ❞❡& ♠❛(✐*+❡&
✸✳✹✳✶ ❚❡&( &✉+ ❝❛+(❡ 2❧❡❝(+♦♥✐5✉❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✽
✸✳✹✳✷ ▼✐♥✐❛(✉+✐&❛(✐♦♥ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❝❛✈✐(2 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✵
✸✳✺ ➱(✉❞❡ ❞✉ &✐❣♥❛❧ ❞✬2♠✐&&✐♦♥ ♣❛+ ❧❡& (+❛♥&❞✉❝(❡✉+& ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✶
✸✳✺✳✶ ❯(✐❧✐&❛(✐♦♥ ❞✬✉♥ ✧❜❛❝❦✐♥❣✧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✶
✸✳✺✳✷ ■♠♣❛❝( ❞❡ ❧❛ ❞❡♥&✐✜❝❛(✐♦♥ ❞❡& (+❛♥&❞✉❝(❡✉+& &✉+ ❧❡ &✐❣♥❛❧ ❞✬2♠✐&&✐♦♥ ✳ ✶✵✷
✸✳✻ ❆♠2❧✐♦+❛(✐♦♥ ❞❡ ❧❛ &❡♥&✐❜✐❧✐(2 ♣❛+ ❧❛ ♠❡&✉+❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❞✉❝(✐✈✐(2 2❧❡❝(+✐5✉❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✺ ✸✳✻✳✶ ❚❤2♦+✐❡ ❡( ♣+✐♥❝✐♣❡ ❞❡ ♠❡&✉+❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✺ ✸✳✻✳✷ ❋❛❜+✐❝❛(✐♦♥ ❞✬✉♥ ❝♦♥❞✉❝(✐♠*(+❡ &2+✐❣+❛♣❤✐2 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✼ ✸✳✻✳✸ ▼✐&❡ ❡♥ ♣❧❛❝❡ ❞✬✉♥ ❜❛♥❝ ❡①♣2+✐♠❡♥(❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✼ ✸✳✻✳✹ ❉2(❡+♠✐♥❛(✐♦♥ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❝♦♥&(❛♥(❡ ❞❡ ❝❡❧❧✉❧❡ ❡( ❞❡ ❧❛ ❝♦++❡❝(✐♦♥ ❡♥ (❡♠♣2✲ +❛(✉+❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✾ ✸✳✻✳✺ ❚❡&( &✉+ ❝❛+(❡ 2❧❡❝(+♦♥✐5✉❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✸ ✸✳✼ ❈♦♥❝❧✉&✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✹ ✹ ■♥%&❣(❛%✐♦♥ ❞✉ -②-%/♠❡ ♣❛( ❧❛ %❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣✐❡ ▲❚❈❈ ✶✶✼ ✹✳✶ ■♥(+♦❞✉❝(✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✽ ✹✳✷ ▲❛ (❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣✐❡ ▲❚❈❈ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✾ ✹✳✷✳✶ P+2&❡♥(❛(✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✾ ✹✳✷✳✷ ▲❡& ❢❛❜+✐❝❛♥(& ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✵ ✹✳✷✳✸ ▲❡& 2(❛♣❡& ❞❡ ❢❛❜+✐❝❛(✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✶
✹✳✷✳✹ ▲❡& ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛(✐♦♥& ❡①✐&(❛♥(❡& ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✷
✹✳✸ ❋❛❜+✐❝❛(✐♦♥ ❡( ❝❛+❛❝(2+✐&❛(✐♦♥ ❞❡& (+❛♥&❞✉❝(❡✉+& ❛❝♦✉&(✐5✉❡& &✉+ &✉❜&(+❛( ▲❚❈❈✶✷✸
✹✳✸✳✶ ❉2♣R(& ❞❡ ❝♦✉❝❤❡& ♣❛+ &2+✐❣+❛♣❤✐❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✸
✹✳✸✳✷ ❙(+❛(✐✜❝❛(✐♦♥✱ ❛&&❡♠❜❧❛❣❡ ❡( ❝♦♠♣❛❝(❛❣❡ ❞❡& ❢❡✉✐❧❧❡& ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✹
✹✳✸✳✸ ▲❡ ❢+✐((❛❣❡ ❞❡& 2❝❤❛♥(✐❧❧♦♥& ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✹
✹✳✸✳✹ ▲❛ ♣♦❧❛+✐&❛(✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✺
✹✳✸✳✺ ❈♦♠♣♦+(❡♠❡♥( ❞✉ &✉❜&(+❛( ❡( ❛♥❛❧②&❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❝♦♠♣♦&✐(✐♦♥ ❞❡& ❞2♣R(& ✳ ✶✷✺
✹✳✹ ❈❛+❛❝(2+✐&❛(✐♦♥ ❞❡& (+❛♥&❞✉❝(❡✉+& ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✽
✹✳✺ ❚❡&(& ❛❝♦✉&(✐5✉❡& ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✵
❚❛❜❧❡ ❞❡& ♠❛(✐*+❡& ✐① ✹✳✺✳✷ ❆♥❛❧②&❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❢♦❝❛❧✐&❛(✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✶ ✹✳✻ ❋❛❜+✐❝❛(✐♦♥ ❞✬✉♥ &②&(*♠❡ ❛❝♦✉&(✐<✉❡ ❛✈❡❝ ❝❛✈✐(> ✐♥(>❣+>❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✷ ✹✳✻✳✶ ▲❛ ❣>♦♠>(+✐❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✷ ✹✳✻✳✷ ❈♦♠♣❛❝(❛❣❡ ❡( ❢+✐((❛❣❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✸ ✹✳✻✳✸ ▲❛ ♣♦❧❛+✐&❛(✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✸ ✹✳✻✳✹ ❚❡&( ❛❝♦✉&(✐<✉❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✹ ✹✳✼ ❈♦♥❝❧✉&✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✻ ❈♦♥❝❧✉(✐♦♥ ❣*♥*+❛❧❡ ✶✸✼ ❆ ❈❛+❛❝2*+✐(2✐3✉❡( ❞❡( ♠❛(3✉❡( ❞❡ (*+✐❣+❛♣❤✐❡ ✶✹✶ ❇ :✉❜❧✐❝❛2✐♦♥( (❝✐❡♥2✐✜3✉❡( ✶✹✸ ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣+❛♣❤✐❡ ✶✹✺
❚❛❜❧❡ ❞❡& ✜❣✉*❡&
✶✳✶ ❆♣♣❛%❡✐❧❧❛❣❡ ❞✬✉♥ ❝❤%♦♠❛2♦❣%❛♣❤❡ ❡♥ ♣❤❛3❡ ❣❛③❡✉3❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼ ✶✳✷ ❛✮ ❈❤%♦♠❛2♦❣%❛♣❤❡ %9❛❧✐39 ♣❛% ❙✳ ❩❛♠♣♦❧❧✐ ♣♦✉% ❧❛ ❞92❡❝2✐♦♥ ❞✬❤②❞%♦❝❛%✲ ❜✉%❡3 ❞❛♥3 ❧✬❛✐% ❬✶❪ ❜✮ ❈❤%♦♠❛2♦❣%❛♣❤❡ %9❛❧✐39 ♣❛% ❆✳ ❙❦❧♦%③ ♣♦✉% ❧❛ ❞92❡❝2✐♦♥ ❞✬92❤②❧B♥❡ ❞❛♥3 ❧✬❛✐% ❬✷❪ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽ ✶✳✸ ❙❝❤9♠❛ ❞✉ ❞92❡❝2❡✉% ❞❡ ❝❛%❜✉%❛♥23 ❝♦♠♣♦%2❛♥2 ❧❛ ✜❜%❡ ❡2 ❧❡ 3②32B♠❡ ❖❚❉❘ ❛✈❡❝ ✉♥ 2%❛❝9 ❞❡ ❧✬✐♥2❡♥3✐29 ❡♥ ❢♦♥❝2✐♦♥ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧♦♥❣✉❡✉% ❞❡ ❧❛ ✜❜%❡ ❬✸❪ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵ ✶✳✹ ❛✮ N❤♦2♦ ❡2 ❜✮ ❞✐3♣♦3✐2✐❢ ❡①♣9%✐♠❡♥2❛❧ ♣♦✉% ❧❛ ♠❡3✉%❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❞✉❝2✐✈✐29 2❤❡%✲ ♠✐P✉❡ ❞❛♥3 ❧❡3 ❧✐P✉✐❞❡3 ❬✹❪ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷ ✶✳✺ ❛✮ N❤♦2♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣♦✉2%❡ ❞❡ N❩❚ 39%✐❣%❛♣❤✐9❡✱ ❜✮ 3❝❤9♠❛ ❞✉ ❞✐3♣♦3✐2✐❢ ♠✐3 ❡♥ ♣❧❛❝❡ ♣♦✉% ❢❛✐%❡ ❞❡ ❧✬❛♥❛❧②3❡ ❡♥ ♠✐❧✐❡✉ ❧✐P✉✐❞❡ ❬✺❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸ ✶✳✻ ❙❝❤9♠❛ ❞✬✉♥ ❝❛♣2❡✉% T 9❧❡❝2%♦❞❡3 ✐♥2❡%❞✐❣✐29❡3 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹ ✶✳✼ ❙❝❤9♠❛ ❞✉ ❜❛♥❝ ❡①♣9%✐♠❡♥2❛❧ ♣♦✉% ❧❛ ❞92❡❝2✐♦♥ ❞✬❛♠♠♦♥✐❛P✉❡ ❬✻❪ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺ ✶✳✽ ❛✮ ❙❝❤9♠❛ ❞✬✉♥ ❜❛♥❝ ❡①♣9%✐♠❡♥2❛❧ ♣♦✉% ❧❛ ♠❡3✉%❡ ❞✉ 2❡♠♣3 ❞❡ ✈♦❧ ❬✼❪✱ ❜✮ ❈♦✉%❜❡ ❡♥ ♣♦✐♥23 ♥♦✐%3 ✿ ▼❡3✉%❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ ✈✐2❡33❡ ❞❡3 ✉❧2%❛3♦♥3 ❡♥ ❢♦♥❝2✐♦♥ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❝♦♥❝❡♥2%❛2✐♦♥ ❞✬92❤❛♥♦❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻ ✶✳✾ ❙❝❤9♠❛ ❞❡ ♣%✐♥❝✐♣❡ ❞❡3 ❡✛❡23 ♣✐9③♦9❧❡❝2%✐P✉❡3✿ ❛✮ ❡✛❡2 ❞✐%❡❝2 ❜✮ ❡✛❡2 ✐♥✈❡%3❡ ✶✽ ✶✳✶✵ ❙❝❤9♠❛ ❞❡ ♣%✐♥❝✐♣❡ ❞❡ ❞9♣Y2 ♣❤②3✐P✉❡ ❡♥ ♣❤❛3❡ ✈❛♣❡✉% ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵ ✶✳✶✶ ❙❝❤9♠❛ ❞❡ ♣%✐♥❝✐♣❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ 2❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣✐❡ ❞✉ ❝♦✉❧❛❣❡ ❡♥ ❜❛♥❞❡ ❬✽❪ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶ ✶✳✶✷ ❙❝❤9♠❛ ❞❡ ♣%✐♥❝✐♣❡ ❞❡ ❧✬✐♠♣%❡33✐♦♥ ♣❛% ❥❡2 ❞✬❡♥❝%❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✷ ✶✳✶✸ ❙❝❤9♠❛ ❞❡ ♣%✐♥❝✐♣❡ ❞❡ ❞9♣Y2 ♣❛% ✧❙♣✐♥ ❈♦❛2✐♥❣✧ ❬✾❪ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸ ✶✳✶✹ ❙❝❤9♠❛ ❞❡ ♣%✐♥❝✐♣❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ 39%✐❣%❛♣❤✐❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹ ✷✳✶ ❛✮ N❤♦2♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ 39%✐❣%❛♣❤✐❡✉3❡ ❜✮ N❤♦2♦ ❞✉ ♠❛3P✉❡ ❡2 ❞❡ ❧❛ %❛❝❧❡ ❞❛♥3 ❧❛ 39%✐❣%❛♣❤✐❡✉3❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾ ✷✳✷ ❙❝❤9♠❛ ❞❡ ♣%✐♥❝✐♣❡ ❡2 ♣❤♦2♦ ❞✉ 2%✐✲❝②❧✐♥❞%❡ ♣♦✉% ❧❛ ❢❛❜%✐❝❛2✐♦♥ ❞❡ ❧✬❡♥❝%❡ ❞❡ 39%✐❣%❛♣❤✐❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶ ✷✳✸ ❙❝❤9♠❛ ❞❡ ♣%✐♥❝✐♣❡ ❡2 ♣❤♦2♦ ❞✉ %❤9♦♠B2%❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸①✐✐ ❚❛❜❧❡ ❞❡& ✜❣✉*❡&
✷✳✹ ❱✐&❝♦&✐23 ❡♥ ❢♦♥❝2✐♦♥ ❞✉ 2❛✉① ❞❡ ❝✐&❛✐❧❧❡♠❡♥2 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹
✷✳✺ :❤♦2♦ ▼❊❇ ❞✬✉♥ ♠❛&@✉❡ ❞❡ &3*✐❣*❛♣❤✐❡ ❡2 &❝❤3♠❛ ❞3✜♥✐&&❛♥2 ❧❡& ♣❛*❛♠B2*❡& ❞✉ ♠❛&@✉❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺
✷✳✻ ❉3✜♥✐2✐♦♥ ❞❡& ♠❛&@✉❡& ✿ ❛✮ ❞❡&&✐♥ ❞❡& &2*✉❝2✉*❡& ❜✮ ♠♦2✐❢& *3❛❧✐&3& ✱ ❣❛✉❝❤❡✿ ▼❛&@✉❡ ♣♦✉* ❧❡ ❞3♣H2 ❞✬3❧❡❝2*♦❞❡&✱ ❞*♦✐2❡✿ ▼❛&@✉❡ ♣♦✉* ❧❡ ❞3♣H2 ❞❡ :❩❚ ✳ ✳ ✸✻
✷✳✼ ▼♦2✐❢ ❞3✜♥✐ ♣♦✉* ❧✬32✉❞❡ ❞❡& ♣❛*❛♠B2*❡& ❞❡ ❧❛ &3*✐❣*❛♣❤✐❡✉&❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼
✷✳✽ ➱2✉❞❡ ❞❡& ♣❛*❛♠B2*❡& ❞❡ ❧❛ &3*✐❣*❛♣❤✐❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼
✷✳✾ ❙❝❤3♠❛ ❡2 ✐♠❛❣❡ ❞❡& 2*❛♥&❞✉❝2❡✉*& &3*✐❣*❛♣❤✐3& &✉* &✉❜&2*❛2 ❞✬❛❧✉♠✐♥❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾
✷✳✶✵ ❙❝❤3♠❛& ❡2 ✐♠❛❣❡& ❞❡& 2*❛♥&❞✉❝2❡✉*& &3*✐❣*❛♣❤✐3& &❛♥& &✉❜&2*❛2✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶
✷✳✶✶ :*♦✜❧ ❞❡ ❝✉✐&&♦♥ ❞❡& 3❧3♠❡♥2& &3*✐❣*❛♣❤✐3& ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶
✷✳✶✷ ❘❡♣*3&❡♥2❛2✐♦♥ ❞✬✉♥❡ ❝3*❛♠✐@✉❡ ♣✐3③♦3❧❡❝2*✐@✉❡✿ ❛✮ ♥♦♥ ♣♦❧❛*✐&3❡ ❜✮ ♣♦❧❛*✐&3❡ ✹✷
✷✳✶✸ ❛✮ ❙❝❤3♠❛ ❡2 ❜✮ ♣❤♦2♦ ❞✉ ❜❛♥❝ ❡①♣3*✐♠❡♥2❛❧ ♠✐& ❡♥ ♣❧❛❝❡ ♣♦✉* ❧❛ ♣♦❧❛*✐&❛2✐♦♥ ❞❡& 3❧3♠❡♥2& ♣✐3③♦3❧❡❝2*✐@✉❡& ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸
✷✳✶✹ ❈②❝❧❡ ❞❡ ♣♦❧❛*✐&❛2✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹
✷✳✶✺ ❆♥❛❧②&❡ ❛✉① *❛②♦♥& ❳ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣♦✉❞*❡ ❝♦♠♠❡*❝✐❛❧❡ ❞❡ :❩✷✼ ❡2 ❞❡& 3❧❡♠❡♥2& &3*✐❣*❛♣❤✐3& &✉* &✉❜&2*❛2 ❞✬❛❧✉♠✐♥❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺
✷✳✶✻ ▼❡&✉*❡ ❞❡ ❧✬3♣❛✐&&❡✉* ❞❡& 3❧3♠❡♥2& &3*✐❣*❛♣❤✐3&✱ ❛✮ ❝♦♠♣♦&❛♥2 &✉* &✉❜&2*❛2 ❞✬❛❧✉♠✐♥❡✱ ❜✮ ❝♦♠♣♦&❛♥2 &❛♥& &✉❜&2*❛2 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻
✷✳✶✼ ❆♥❛❧②&❡ ❞❡& ❝♦♠♣♦&❛♥2& ❛✉ ♠✐❝*♦&❝♦♣❡ 3❧❡❝2*♦♥✐@✉❡ W ❜❛❧❛②❛❣❡✿ ❛✮ ❱✉❡ ❞❡ ❝♦✉♣❡✱ ❜✮ ❆♥❛❧②&❡ ❞❡& ❣*❛✐♥& ❞❡ :❩❚ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽
✷✳✶✽ ❈❛*2♦❣*❛♣❤✐❡ ❊❉❳ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❝♦♠♣♦&✐2✐♦♥ ❝❤✐♠✐@✉❡ ❞✬✉♥❡ ✈✉❡ ❡♥ ❝♦✉♣❡ ❞✬✉♥ 2*❛♥&✲ ❞✉❝2❡✉* ❞❡ :❩❚ ♣❛* ✐♠❛❣❡ ▼❊❇✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾
✷✳✶✾ ❙♣❡❝2*❡ ❞✬3♥❡*❣✐❡ ✭❊❉❳✮ ♣♦✉* ❧✬❛♥❛❧②&❡ ❞❡& 3❧3♠❡♥2& ❞❡& &2*✉❝2✉*❡& &3*✐❣*❛✲ ♣❤✐3❡& &✉* &✉❜&2*❛2 ❞✬❛❧✉♠✐♥❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵
✷✳✷✵ ❆♥❛❧②&❡ ❞✉ ❝②❝❧❡ ❞✬❤②&2❡*❡&✐& ❞❡& 3❧❡♠❡♥2& &3*✐❣*❛♣❤✐3& &✉* &✉❜&2*❛2 ❞✬❛❧✉♠✐♥❡ ✺✷
✷✳✷✶ ❆♥❛❧②&❡ ❞✉ ❝②❝❧❡ ❞✬❤②&23*3&✐& *3♠❛♥❛♥2 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷
✷✳✷✷ ❉3✜♥✐2✐♦♥ ❞❡& ✐♥❞✐❝❡& ❡♥ ❝♦**❡&♣♦♥❞❛♥❝❡ ❛✈❡❝ ❧❡& ❛①❡& ❞✉ *❡♣B*❡ ♦*2❤♦❣♦♥❛❧ ✳ ✺✹
✷✳✷✸ ❛✮ :❤♦2♦ ❞✉ &②&2B♠❡ ❞❡ ♠❡&✉*❡ ❞✉ ♣✐3③♦♠B2*❡✱ ❜✮ ♣❤♦2♦ ❞✉ ♣✐3③♦♠B2*❡ ❝♦♠✲ ♣❧❡2✱ ❝✮ ♣*✐♥❝✐♣❡ ❞❡ ♠❡&✉*❡ ❞✉ ♣✐3③♦♠B2*❡ &✉* ❧❡& 2*❛♥&❞✉❝2❡✉*& ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼
❚❛❜❧❡ ❞❡& ✜❣✉*❡& ①✐✐✐
✷✳✷✺ ❊①♣*❡&&✐♦♥& ❞❡ ❦ ♣♦✉* ❞✐✛6*❡♥7& ♠♦❞❡& ❞❡ ✈✐❜*❛7✐♦♥& ❡♥ *❡❧❛7✐♦♥ ❛✈❡❝ ❧❡& ♣❛*❛♠;7*❡& ❣6♦♠67*✐<✉❡& ❡7 ❞❡ ♣♦❧❛*✐&❛7✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✶
✷✳✷✻ ❆♥❛❧②&❡ ❞✉ ♠♦❞❡ 6♣❛✐&&❡✉* ❞❡& 6❧6♠❡♥7& ❞6❝♦❧❧6& ❡7 &♦♥ ♠♦❞;❧❡ ❛♥❛❧②7✐<✉❡ ✿ ❛✮ ♣❛*7✐❡ *6❡❧❧❡ ❞❡ ❧✬✐♠♣6❞❛♥❝❡✳ ❜✮ ♣❛*7✐❡ ✐♠❛❣✐♥❛✐*❡ ❞❡ ❧✬✐♠♣6❞❛♥❝❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸
✷✳✷✼ ❙♣❡❝7*❡ ♠❡&✉*6 ❞✉ ♠♦❞❡ 6♣❛✐&&❡✉* ❞❡& 6❧6♠❡♥7& &✉* &✉❜&7*❛7 ❞✬❛❧✉♠✐♥❡ ✿ ❛✮ ♣❛*7✐❡ *6❡❧❧❡ ❞❡ ❧✬✐♠♣6❞❛♥❝❡✳ ❜✮ ♣❛*7✐❡ ✐♠❛❣✐♥❛✐*❡ ❞❡ ❧✬✐♠♣6❞❛♥❝❡✳✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸
✷✳✷✽ ❆♥❛❧②&❡ &♣❡❝7*❛❧❡ ❞❡& ♠♦❞❡& ❡♥ ❜❛&&❡& ❢*6<✉❡♥❝❡& ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣♦✉7*❡ &6*✐❣*❛♣❤✐6❡✿ ❛✮ ♣❛*7✐❡ *6❡❧❧❡ ❞❡ ❧✬✐♠♣6❞❛♥❝❡✱ ❜✮ ♣❛*7✐❡ ✐♠❛❣✐♥❛✐*❡ ❞❡ ❧✬✐♠♣6❞❛♥❝❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✹
✷✳✷✾ ❆♥❛❧②&❡ &♣❡❝7*❛❧❡ ❞❡& ♠♦❞❡& *❛❞✐❛✉① ❞❡& ❞✐&<✉❡& ❞6❝♦❧❧6&✿ ❛✮ ♣❛*7✐❡ *6❡❧❧❡ ❞❡ ❧✬✐♠♣6❞❛♥❝❡✳ ❜✮ ♣❛*7✐❡ ✐♠❛❣✐♥❛✐*❡ ❞❡ ❧✬✐♠♣6❞❛♥❝❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺
✷✳✸✵ ❛✮ N❤♦7♦ ❞✉ 7*✐❝②❧✐♥❞*❡ 6❧❡❝7*♦♥✐<✉❡ ✭❊①❛❦7 ✽✵✮ ❜✮ 7❛❜❧❡❛✉ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣❛*❛✐&♦♥ ❡♥7*❡ ❧❡ 7*✐❝②❧✐♥❞*❡ ♠❛♥✉❡❧ ❡7 ❧❡ 7*✐❝②❧✐♥❞*❡ 6❧❡❝7*♦♥✐<✉❡✳✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻
✷✳✸✶ ❆♥❛❧②&❡ ♠♦*♣❤♦❧♦❣✐<✉❡ ❞❡& 6❝❤❛♥7✐❧❧♦♥& *6❛❧✐&6& ❛✉ ❛✮ 7*✐❝②❧✐♥❞*❡ ♠❛♥✉❡❧ ❡7 ❛✉ ❜✮ 7*✐❝②❧✐♥❞*❡ 6❧❡❝7*♦♥✐<✉❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✼
✷✳✸✷ ❈♦♠♣❛*❛✐&♦♥ ❞❡ ❧✬❛♥❛❧②&❡ &♣❡❝7*❛❧❡ ❞❡& ❝♦♠♣♦&❛♥7& &6*✐❣*❛♣❤✐6&✱ &❛♥& &✉❜✲ &7*❛7✱ ❢❛❜*✐<✉6& R ♣❛*7✐* ❞✉ 7*✐❝②❧✐♥❞*❡ ♠❛♥✉❡❧ ❡7 ❞✉ 7*✐❝②❧✐♥❞*❡ 6❧❡❝7*♦♥✐<✉❡ ✿ ❛✮ ♣❛*7✐❡ *6❡❧❧❡ ❞❡ ❧✬✐♠♣6❞❛♥❝❡ ❜✮ ♣❛*7✐❡ ✐♠❛❣✐♥❛✐*❡ ❞❡ ❧✬✐♠♣6❞❛♥❝❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✽
✷✳✸✸ N❤♦7♦ ❡7 &❝❤6♠❛ ❞❡ ♣*✐♥❝✐♣❡ ❞✬✉♥ ♣*❡&&❛❣❡ ✐&♦&7❛7✐<✉❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✾
✷✳✸✹ ➱7✉❞❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❝♦♠♣*❡&&✐♦♥ ❞❡& ❣*❛✐♥& ❞❡ N❩❚ ❛✈❡❝ ❧❡& 6❝❤❛♥7✐❧❧♦♥& ❞❡♥&✐✜6& ❡7 ♥♦♥ ❞❡♥&✐✜6& ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✵
✷✳✸✺ ➱7✉❞❡ ❞❡ ❧✬✐♥7❡*❢❛❝❡ 6❧❡❝7*♦❞❡✴N❩❚ ❛✈❡❝ ❧❡& 6❝❤❛♥7✐❧❧♦♥& ❞❡♥&✐✜6& ❡7 ♥♦♥ ❞❡♥&✐✜6& ✼✶
✷✳✸✻ ❆♥❛❧②&❡ ❞❡ ❧✬6♣❛✐&&❡✉* ❞❡& 6❝❤❛♥7✐❧❧♦♥& ❛✉ ♣*♦✜❧♦♠;7*❡ ❡♥ ❢♦♥❝7✐♦♥ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❞❡♥✲ &✐✜❝❛7✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✷
✷✳✸✼ ➱7✉❞❡ ❞✉ ❝②❝❧❡ ❞✬❤②&76*❡&✐& *6♠❛♥❡♥7 ❡♥ ❢♦♥❝7✐♦♥ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❞❡♥&✐✜❝❛7✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✷
✷✳✸✽ ❆♥❛❧②&❡ &♣❡❝7*❛❧❡ ❞✬✉♥ 7*❛♥&❞✉❝7❡✉* &✉* &✉❜&7*❛7 ❞✬❛❧✉♠✐♥❡ ❞❡♥&✐✜6 ❡7 ♥♦♥ ❞❡♥&✐✜6 ✿ ❛✮ ♣❛*7✐❡ *6❡❧❧❡ ❞❡ ❧✬✐♠♣6❞❛♥❝❡ ❜✮ ♣❛*7✐❡ ✐♠❛❣✐♥❛✐*❡ ❞❡ ❧✬✐♠♣6❞❛♥❝❡ ✼✹
✷✳✸✾ ❆♥❛❧②&❡ ♠♦*♣❤♦❧♦❣✐<✉❡ ❞❡& ❣*❛✐♥& ❞❡& 6❝❤❛♥7✐❧❧♦♥& ❞6❝♦❧❧6& ♥♦♥ ❞❡♥&✐✜6& ❡7 ❞❡♥&✐✜6& ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✺
①✐✈ ❚❛❜❧❡ ❞❡& ✜❣✉*❡&
✷✳✹✶ ❆♥❛❧②&❡ ❞✉ ❝②❝❧❡ ❞✬❤②&56*❡&✐& ❞❡& 6❝❤❛♥5✐❧❧♦♥& ❞6❝♦❧❧6& 9 ✵ ❇❛* ❡5 ❞❡♥&✐✜6& 9 ✶✵✵✵ ❇❛*& ❡5 ✷✵✵✵ ❇❛*& ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✻
✷✳✹✷ ■♠❛❣❡ ▼❊❇ ❞❡& 6❝❤❛♥5✐❧❧♦♥& ❝✉✐5& ❛✉ B❜❖ ❡5 &❛♥& B❜❖ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✽
✷✳✹✸ ❛✮ ❆♥❛❧②&❡ ❞❡ ❧✬6♣❛✐&&❡✉* ❞❡& 6❧❡♠❡♥5& ❝✉✐5& ❛✈❡❝ ❡5 &❛♥& B❜❖✱ ❜✮ ❝②❝❧❡ ❞✬❤②&✲ 56*6&✐& ❞❡& 6❧❡♠❡♥5& ❝✉✐5& ❛✈❡❝ ❡5 &❛♥& B❜❖ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✾
✷✳✹✹ ➱5✉❞❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❞✉*6❡ ❞❡ ♣♦❧❛*✐&❛5✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✵
✷✳✹✺ ➱5✉❞❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ 5❡♠♣6*❛5✉*❡ ❞❡ ♣♦❧❛*✐&❛5✐♦♥ ❡♥ ❢♦♥❝5✐♦♥ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❞❡♥&✐✜❝❛5✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✶
✷✳✹✻ ➱5✉❞❡ ❞❡& ♣*♦♣*✐656& ♣✐6③♦6❧❡❝5*✐P✉❡& ❡5 6❧❡❝5*✐P✉❡& ❞✉ ♠❛56*✐❛✉ ❡♥ ❢♦♥❝5✐♦♥ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣♦❧❛*✐&❛5✐♦♥ ✿ ❛✮ 65✉❞❡ ❞✉ ❝♦❡✣❝✐❡♥5 d33✱ ❜✮ 65✉❞❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣❡*♠✐55✐✈✐56 *❡❧❛5✐✈❡ εS
33/ε0✱ ❝✮ 65✉❞❡ ❞❡& ♣❡*5❡& 5❛♥❣❡♥5✐❡❧❧❡& ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✷ ✸✳✶ ❛✮ ❙❝❤6♠❛ ❞✉ ❜❛♥❝ ❡①♣6*✐♠❡♥5❛❧✱ ❜✮ ♣❤♦5♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❝✉✈❡ ❞✬❛♥❛❧②&❡✱ ❝✮ ♣❤♦5♦ ❞✉
❜❛♥❝ ❡①♣6*✐♠❡♥5❛❧ ♣♦✉* ❧❛ ♠❡&✉*❡ ❞❡ ✈✐5❡&&❡ ✉❧5*❛&♦♥♦*❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✽
✸✳✷ ❛✮ ❆♥❛❧②&❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❢♦*♠❡ ❞❡& 6❝❤♦& &❛♥& ❧❛ ❝✉✈❡ ❡5 ❜✮ ❛✈❡❝ ❧❛ ❝✉✈❡ ❞❡ ✈❡**❡ ✳ ✳ ✾✵
✸✳✸ ▼❡&✉*❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ ✈✐5❡&&❡ ❞❡& ✉❧5*❛&♦♥& ❡♥ ❢♦♥❝5✐♦♥ ❞❡ ❧❛ 5❡♠♣6*❛5✉*❡ ❞❡ ❧✬❡❛✉ ✳ ✳ ✾✶
✸✳✹ ❛✮ ❙❝❤6♠❛ ❞✉ ❜❛♥❝ ❡①♣6*✐♠❡♥5❛❧✱ ❜✮ &❝❤6♠❛ ❡5 ❝✮ ♣❤♦5♦ ❞✉ ♣*♦5♦5②♣❡ ❝♦♠✲ ♣♦*5❛♥5 ❧❡& ❝❛♣5❡✉*& &6*✐❣*❛♣❤✐6& ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✶
✸✳✺ ❆♥❛❧②&❡ ❞❡ ❧✬❡♥&❡♠❜❧❡ ❞❡& &✐❣♥❛✉① ❞❛♥& ❧❛ ❝✉✈❡ ❞❡ ✈❡**❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✷
✸✳✻ ❆♥❛❧②&❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ ✈✐5❡&&❡ ❡♥ ❢♦♥❝5✐♦♥ ❞❡ ❞✐✛6*❡♥5❡& &♦❧✉5✐♦♥& ❡❛✉✴65❤❛♥♦❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✸
✸✳✼ ❍✐&5♦❣*❛♠♠❡ *❡♣*6&❡♥5❛♥5 ✸✵ ♠❡&✉*❡& ❞❛♥& ✉♥❡ &♦❧✉5✐♦♥ ❞❡ ✸✵ ✪ ❞✬65❤❛♥♦❧ ❡5 ✼✵ ✪ ❞✬❡❛✉ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✹
✸✳✽ ❆♥❛❧②&❡ ❢*6P✉❡♥5✐❡❧❧❡ ❞❡& 6❝❤♦& ❞❛♥& ❞❡ ❧✬❡❛✉ ❛✈❡❝ ❧❡& 5*❛♥&❞✉❝5❡✉*& ❞❡ B❩❚ &6*✐❣*❛♣❤✐6& ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✺
✸✳✾ ❊①❡♠♣❧❡ ❞❡ 5*❛✐5❡♠❡♥5 ♣❛* 5*❛♥&❢♦*♠6❡ ✐♥✈❡*&❡ ❞❡ ❋♦✉*✐❡* ❞❛♥& ❞❡ ❧✬❡❛✉ ❡5 ❞✉ 5♦❧✉[♥❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✻
✸✳✶✵ ❙❝❤6♠❛ ❞❡ ♣*✐♥❝✐♣❡ ❞❡ ♠❡&✉*❡ ❡♥ *6✢❡①✐♦♥ ♣♦✉* ❧❛ ❞65❡❝5✐♦♥ ❞❡ ❧✐P✉✐❞❡& ♥♦♥ ♠✐&❝✐❜❧❡& 9 ❧✬❡❛✉ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✼
✸✳✶✶ ❆♥❛❧②&❡ ❞❡& ♣*♦♣*✐656& ❛❝♦✉&5✐P✉❡& ♣♦✉* ❧❛ ❞65❡❝5✐♦♥ ❞✬✉♥ ❝♦♠♣♦&6❡ ♥♦♥ ♠✐&✲ ❝✐❜❧❡ 9 ❧✬❡❛✉ ✿ ❛✮ ❘❡❧❡✈6 ❞❡& &✐❣♥❛✉① 5❡♠♣♦*❡❧& ❜✮ ❉♦✉❜❧❡ ❋❋❚ ❞❡& &✐❣♥❛✉① 5❡♠♣♦*❡❧&✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✼
❚❛❜❧❡ ❞❡& ✜❣✉*❡& ①✈
✸✳✶✷ ❛✮ ❙❝❤3♠❛ ❞✉ ❜❛♥❝ ❞❡ ♠❡&✉*❡& ❞❡& &✐❣♥❛✉① ❛✈❡❝ ❧❛ ❝❛*9❡ 3❧❡❝9*♦♥✐;✉❡ ❜✮❆♥❛❧②&❡ ❞❡& 3❝❤♦& ♠❡&✉*3& ♣❛* ❧❛ ❝❛*9❡ 3❧❡❝9*♦♥✐;✉❡✱ ❞❛♥& ❧❛ ❝✉✈❡ ❞❡ ✶✵ ♠♠ ❛✈❡❝ ❧❡& 9*❛♥&❞✉❝9❡✉*& ❞❡ A❩❚ &3*✐❣*❛♣❤✐3& ❝✮ A❤♦9♦ ❞✉ ❜❛♥❝ ❞❡ ♠❡&✉*❡ ❞❡& &✐❣♥❛✉① ❛✈❡❝ ❧❛ ❝❛*9❡ 3❧❡❝9*♦♥✐;✉❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✾
✸✳✶✸ ➱9✉❞❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ ✈✐9❡&&❡ ❞❡& ✉❧9*❛&♦♥& ❞❛♥& ❞✐✛3*❡♥9❡& &♦❧✉9✐♦♥& ❡❛✉✲39❤❛♥♦❧ ♣❛* ❧❛ ♠39❤♦❞❡ 9❡♠♣♦*❡❧❧❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✵
✸✳✶✹ ❛✮ ❙❝❤3♠❛ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❝❛✈✐93 ❞❡ ✸ ♠♠ ❜✮ ❆♥❛❧②&❡ ❞❡& 3❝❤♦& ❞❛♥& ✉♥❡ ❝❛✈✐93 ❞❡ ✸ ♠♠✶✵✶
✸✳✶✺ ❛✮ ❙❝❤3♠❛ ❞❡ ❧✬❡①♣3*✐♠❡♥9❛9✐♦♥✱ ❜✮❆♥❛❧②&❡ ❞❡ ❧✬♦♥❞❡ ❞✬3♠✐&&✐♦♥ ❛✈❡❝ ❡9 &❛♥& ❜❛❝❦✐♥❣ &✉* ❧❡ 9*❛♥&❞✉❝9❡✉*✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✷
✸✳✶✻ ❆♥❛❧②&❡ ❞❡& ♦♥❞❡& ❞✬3♠✐&&✐♦♥& ❡9 ❛♥❛❧②&❡ &♣❡❝9*❛❧❡ ❞❡& 9*❛♥&❞✉❝9❡✉*& &❛♥& ❜❛❝❦✐♥❣ ♣♦✉* ❞✐✛3*❡♥9❡& ❞❡♥&✐✜❝❛9✐♦♥&✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✹ ✸✳✶✼ ❙❝❤3♠❛ ❞❡ ♣*✐♥❝✐♣❡ ❞❡ ♠❡&✉*❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❞✉❝9✐✈✐93 3❧❡❝9*✐;✉❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✻ ✸✳✶✽ ❚②♣❡ ❞❡ ❝❡❧❧✉❧❡ ✹ ♣♦✐♥9❡&✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✻ ✸✳✶✾ &❤♦)♦ ❞✉ ❝♦♥❞✉❝)✐♠0)1❡ 341✐❣1❛♣❤✐4✿ ♠4)❤♦❞❡ ✹ ♣♦✐♥)❡3 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✼ ✸✳✷✵ ❙❝❤4♠❛ ❞✉ ❜❛♥❝ ❞❡ ♠❡3✉1❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❝♦♥❞✉❝)✐✈✐)4 4❧❡❝)1✐@✉❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✽ ✸✳✷✶ ❛✮ 14♣❛1)✐)✐♦♥ ❞✉ ❝❤❛♠♣ 4❧❡❝)1✐@✉❡ )❤4♦1✐@✉❡✱ ❜✮ ❞4❢♦❝❛❧✐3❛)✐♦♥ ❞✉ ❝❤❛♠♣ 4❧❡❝)1✐@✉❡ ✭❡✛❡)3 ❞❡ ❜♦1❞✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✾ ✸✳✷✷ ❛✮ ❝♦♥❞✉❝)✐✈✐)4 4❧❡❝)1✐@✉❡ ❡♥ ❢♦♥❝)✐♦♥ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❝♦♥❝❡♥)1❛)✐♦♥ ❞✬4)❤❛♥♦❧ ❛✈❡❝ ❧❡ ❝♦♥❞✉❝)✐♠0)1❡ ❝♦♠♠❡1❝✐❛❧✳ ❜✮ ❝♦♥❞✉❝)❛♥❝❡ ❡♥ ❢♦♥❝)✐♦♥ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❝♦♥❝❡♥)1❛)✐♦♥ ❞✬4)❤❛♥♦❧ ♣♦✉1 ❧❡ ❝❛♣)❡✉1 341✐❣1❛♣❤✐4 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✵ ✸✳✷✸ ❆♥❛❧②3❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❝♦♥❞✉❝)✐✈✐)4 4❧❡❝)1✐@✉❡ ❡♥ ❢♦♥❝)✐♦♥ ❞❡ ❧❛ )❡♠♣41❛)✉1❡ ❞❛♥3 ❞❡ ❧✬❡❛✉ ♣♦✉1 ❧❡ ❝❛♣)❡✉1 341✐❣1❛♣❤✐4 ❡) ❧❛ 3♦♥❞❡ ❝♦♠♠❡1❝✐❛❧❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✶ ✸✳✷✹ ❆♥❛❧②3❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❝♦♥❞✉❝)✐✈✐)4 ❡♥ ❢♦♥❝)✐♦♥ ❞❡ ❧❛ )❡♠♣41❛)✉1❡ ❛♣103 ❛✈♦✐1 ❝❛❧✐❜14 ❡♥ )❡♠♣41❛)✉1❡ ❧❡ )1❛♥3❞✉❝)❡✉1 341✐❣1❛♣❤✐4 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✷ ✸✳✷✺ ❘43✉❧)❛)3 ❡①♣41✐♠❡♥)❛✉① ❞✉ ❝❛♣)❡✉1 341✐❣1❛♣❤✐4 ❝❛❧✐❜14 ❡♥ ❝♦♥3)❛♥)❡ ❞❡ ❝❡❧❧✉❧❡ ❡) ❡♥ )❡♠♣41❛)✉1❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✷ ✸✳✷✻ ❛✮ &❤♦)♦ ❞✉ ♠♦❞✉❧❡ 4❧❡❝)1♦♥✐@✉❡ ♣♦✉1 ❧❛ ♠❡3✉1❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❞✉❝)✐✈✐)4 4❧❡❝)1✐@✉❡ ❜✮ ❆♥❛❧②3❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❝♦♥❞✉❝)✐✈✐)4 4❧❡❝)1✐@✉❡ ❡♥ ❢♦♥❝)✐♦♥ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❝♦♥❝❡♥)1❛)✐♦♥ ❞✬4)❤❛♥♦❧ ❛✈❡❝ ❧❛ ❝❛1)❡ 4❧❡❝)1♦♥✐@✉❡ ❡) ❝♦♠♣❛14 M ❧❛ 3♦♥❞❡ ❝♦♠♠❡1❝✐❛❧❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✹
①✈✐ ❚❛❜❧❡ ❞❡& ✜❣✉*❡&
✹✳✶ .❤♦1♦ ❞❡ ❢❡✉✐❧❧❡& ❞❡ ▲❚❈❈ ❜*✉1❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✾
✹✳✷ .*♦❝❡&&✉& ❞❡ ❢❛❜*✐❝❛1✐♦♥ ❞❡ ❝❛♣1❡✉*& ♣❛* ❧❛ 1❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣✐❡ ▲❚❈❈✿ ❞❡& ❢❡✉✐❧❧❡& ❛✉ &②&1=♠❡✱ ❙❝❤A♠❛ ❞❡ ❉❚ ▼✐❝*♦❝✐*❝✉✐1& ✐&&✉ ❞❡ ❧❛ 1❤=&❡ ❞❡ ❍✳❇✐*♦❧ ❬✶✵❪ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✶
✹✳✸ ❛✮ .❤♦1♦ ❞✬✉♥ 1*❛♥&♠❡11❡✉* ❞✬♦♥❞❡ ❞❛♥& ❧❛ ❜❛♥❞❡ ❳ ✭✾✲✶✵ ●❍③✮ *A❛❧✐&A ❛✈❡❝ ❧❛ 1❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣✐❡ ▲❚❈❈ ❜✮ ❱✉❡ ❡♥ ❝♦✉♣❡ ❞✬✉♥ ❞A❜✐1♠=1*❡ ✸❉ *A❛❧✐&A ❛✈❡❝ ❧❛ 1❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣✐❡ ▲❚❈❈ ❬✶✶❪ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✷
✹✳✹ .❤♦1♦ ❞❡ 1*❛♥&❞✉❝1❡✉*& ❛❝♦✉&1✐S✉❡& &A*✐❣*❛♣❤✐A& &✉* &✉❜&1*❛1 ▲❚❈❈ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✹
✹✳✺ .*♦✜❧ ❞❡ ❝✉✐&&♦♥ ❞❡& 1*❛♥&❞✉❝1❡✉*& &✉* &✉❜&1*❛1 ▲❚❈❈ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✺
✹✳✻ ■♠❛❣❡ ❞❡& 1*❛♥&❞✉❝1❡✉*& &A*✐❣*❛♣❤✐A& ❡1 ❝✉✐1& &✉* &✉❜&1*❛1 ▲❚❈❈ ✿ ❛✮ ❚*❛♥&✲ ❞✉❝1❡✉*& &✉* S✉❛1*❡ ❢❡✉✐❧❧❡& ❞❡ ❝A*❛♠✐S✉❡& ❡♠♣✐❧A❡& ❜✮ ❚*❛♥&❞✉❝1❡✉* &✉* ✉♥❡ &❡✉❧ ❢❡✉✐❧❧❡ ❞❡ ❝A*❛♠✐S✉❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✻
✹✳✼ ■♠❛❣❡ ▼❊❇ ❞✬✉♥ 1*❛♥&❞✉❝1❡✉* ❛❝♦✉&1✐S✉❡ &A*✐❣*❛♣❤✐A ❝✉✐1 &✉* &✉❜&1*❛1 ▲❚❈❈✳✶✷✻
✹✳✽ ❈❛*1♦❣*❛♣❤✐❡ ❞❡& A❧A♠❡♥1& ❞✬✉♥ 1*❛♥&❞✉❝1❡✉* &A*✐❣*❛♣❤✐A &✉* &✉❜&1*❛1 ▲❚❈❈ ✶✷✼
✹✳✾ ❙♣❡❝1*❡ ❞✬A♥❡*❣✐❡ ❊❉❳ ♣♦✉* ❧✬❛♥❛❧②&❡ ❞✬✉♥ 1*❛♥&❞✉❝1❡✉* ❞❡ .❩❚ &A*✐❣*❛♣❤✐A &✉* &✉❜&1*❛1 ▲❚❈❈ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✽
✹✳✶✵ ❆♥❛❧②&❡ &♣❡❝1*❛❧❡ ❞❡& 1*❛♥&❞✉❝1❡✉*& ✿ ❛✮ ♣❛*1✐❡ *A❡❧❧❡ ❞❡ ❧✬✐♠♣A❞❛♥❝❡✱ ❜✮ ♣❛*1✐❡ ✐♠❛❣✐♥❛✐*❡ ❞❡ ❧✬✐♠♣A❞❛♥❝❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✾
✹✳✶✶ ❚❡&1 ❛❝♦✉&1✐S✉❡ ❞❡& 1*❛♥&❞✉❝1❡✉*& ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✵
✹✳✶✷ ❛✮ ❇❛♥❝ ❡①♣A*✐♠❡♥1❛❧ ❞✬❛♥❛❧②&❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❞✐&1❛♥❝❡ ❢♦❝❛❧❡ ❞✬✉♥ 1*❛♥&❞✉❝1❡✉* &A*✐✲ ❣*❛♣❤✐A &✉* &✉❜&1*❛1 ▲❚❈❈ ❜✮ ❈♦✉*❜❡ *❡♣*A&❡♥1❛♥1 ❧❛ 1❡♥&✐♦♥ ♠❛①✐♠❛❧❡ ❞✉ ♣*❡♠✐❡* A❝❤♦ *❡]✉ ❡♥ ❢♦♥❝1✐♦♥ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❤❛✉1❡✉* ♣❛* *❛♣♣♦*1 ❛✉ ♠✐*♦✐* ❛❝♦✉&1✐S✉❡ ✶✸✶
✹✳✶✸ ❛✮ ❉A✜♥✐1✐♦♥ ❞❡& ❞✐♠❡♥&✐♦♥& ❞❡ ❧✬❡♠♣✐❧❡♠❡♥1✱ ❜✮ ❙❝❤A♠❛ ❞✉ ❝❛♣1❡✉* ❛❝♦✉&✲ 1✐S✉❡✱ ❝✮ .❤♦1♦ ❞✉ ❝❛♣1❡✉* ❛❝♦✉&1✐S✉❡ ♥♦♥ ❝✉✐1 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✷
✹✳✶✹ .❤♦1♦ ❞✉ ❝❛♣1❡✉* ❡♥ &♦*1✐❡ ❞❡ ❝✉✐&&♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✸
✹✳✶✺ ❛✮ .❤♦1♦ ❞✉ ❝❛♣1❡✉* ♣♦❧❛*✐&A ❞❛♥& ❧❡ ❢♦✉* ❜✮ ❙✉✐✈✐ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣♦❧❛*✐&❛1✐♦♥ ❞✉ ❝❛♣1❡✉* ❛❝♦✉&1✐S✉❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✹
✹✳✶✻ ❛✮ ♣❤♦1♦ ❞✉ ❝❛♣1❡✉* ❛❝♦✉&1✐S✉❡ ❜✮ ❆♥❛❧②&❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ *A♣♦♥&❡ ❛❝♦✉&1✐S✉❡ ❧♦*&S✉❡ ❧❛ ❝❛✈✐1A ❡&1 ✈✐❞❡ ❡1 ❧♦*&S✉✬❡❧❧❡ *❡♠♣❧✐❡ ❞✬❡❛✉✳ ❝✮ ❉♦✉❜❧❡ ❋❋❚ ❞❡& &✐❣♥❛✉① 1❡♠♣♦*❡❧& ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✺
