UNITED NATIONS
ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COUNCIL
10 October 1995 Original: ENGLISH
ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR AFRICA
Regional Conference of African Ministers Responsible for the Development and Utilization of Mineral Resources and Energy
Accra, Ghana
14-23 November 1995
ECONOMIC VIABILITY OF THE MANUFACTURING OF TURBINES AND GENERATORS FOR
MINI HYDROPOWER IN AFRICA
ECONOMIC VIABILITY OF THE MANUFACTURING OF TURBINES AND GENERATORS FOR
MINI HYDROPOWER IN AFRICA
I. INTRODUCTION
1. The critical nature of the energy problem in most African countries is viewed today with great concern. In order to satisfy the basic requirements of the African population, as well as to up-grade rural productivity, a greater amount of commercial energy consumption is necessary.
However, due to scarcity of capital, resource constraints, technological deficiencies, and inadequate infrastructures the desired results cannot be attained.
2. Africa is rich in energy resources, oil, coal, and has a tremendous hydroelectric potential.
In order to develop these resources, a substantial increase in demand is required. Much of the region's resources must go unused due to lack of demand and remoteness of these resources from potential markets.
3. In most African countries the population live in rural areas widely dispersed; consequently this leads to low demand in commercial energy use. Low consumption has caused commercial energy tariffs to be high. This inhibits the supply of commercial energy to rural areas, thus becoming a major constraint to economic development and the alleviation of rural poverty. This in turn keeps rural income low.
4. Developing African countries have to find other options to reach the rural areas with commercial energy at prices affordable by the users. The objective of this study is to asses the possibility that most African countries endowed with small hydropower resources can develop these resources to the economic benefit of the rural communities. Small hydropower plants (SHP) in this discussion include capacity sizes below 5000 kw i.e. mini and micro hydropower plants are included in the definition.
II. BACKGROUND
1.0 Energy Resources of the Region
5. The continent has abundant commercial energy resources. The hydropower resource is estimated at 1,100 x 1012 kwh representing 11.5% of the world's total hydropower resource potential. The coal resource of the continent amounts to 117 x 106 tonnes; practically all of it located in Southern Africa. The continent's natural gas resource reserve is estimated at 9,800 billion m3 ,and most of this resource is located in North and West Africa. Lastly 686,600 tonnes of Uranium - nearly 1/3 of the world's economic workable reserves- is located in Africa; Southern Africa and Niger contain most of the continent's reserve of this resource.
2.0 Electricity in Africa
6. Despite the fact that the continent is blessed with abundant energy resources the electricity system is underdeveloped. The 1990 year average per capita consumption for the continent was
only 416 kwh while the world's average was 2207 kwh. The net generation of electricity for the continent in 1992 has reached 311,596 Gwh, the share of this generation by resource type is tabulated below:
Resource Coal
Oil and gas Hydroelectric Nuclear Geothermal
Total Gwh
Gwh 146,474
96,934 58,628 9,288 272
311,596
% of Total 47.00 31.10 18.80 3.00 0.10
100.00
7. Thermal generation accounted for 78% of the total, while hydropower source's contribution is less than 19%. South Africa is the only country with nuclear resource generation, while Kenya accounted for all the geothermal generation.
3.0 Hydroelectric Resource
8. As stated above, Africa's share is 11.5% of the hydro-electrical potential of the world. The distribution of the resource is not evenly distributed among the subregions nor by countries. This is expressed in Table 1 as percent the total for the continent. The utilization of this resource is low because of the low level of demand in the countries with significant potential.
9. Most of the countries having the resource tried to develop for their domestic use, but because of low-level of demand of the countries with the resource, the overall utilization of the continent does not exceed 6% of its available potential. Egypt with 80%, Namibia 63% and Ghana with 57% are the only three countries who have utilized their resources satisfactorily. Those countries with over 10% of utilization of their resources are listed below:
Egypt Namibia Ghana Mauritius Kenya Togo Swaziland
80%
63%
57%
45%
31%
26%
24%
Zambia Malawi South Africa Zimbabwe Rwanda Nigeria C6te d'lvoire
23%
22%
18%
17%
14%
13%
10%
Zaire's, Ethiopia's, Uganda's, and Angola's hydropower generation at present may account for over 80% of their total installed generation capacity, and yet their utilization rate of this resource does not exceed 5% of their hydropower potential.
Table I
Hydroelectric resources potential of African countries in percent of the continent's total.
(The potential for all Africa is estimated at 1,100 x 1012 kwh)
North Africa 1. Sudan 2. Egypt 3. Morocco 4. Others
3.70
2.16 1.15 0.36 0,03
Best Africa
1. Higeria 2. Guinea 3. Ghana
4. Cote d'lvoire 5. Sierra Leone 6. Others
9.20
3.46 2.37 1.05 1.00 0.48 0.84
Central Africa 1. Zaire 2. Cameroon 3. Angola 4. Gabon 5. Others
58.00
31.90 10.44 9.11 4.76 1.79
East Africa
1. Ethiopia 2. Tanzania 3. Uganda 4. Kenya 5. Others
15.50
11.63 1.81 0.91 0.78 0.37
Southern Africa 1. Mozambique 2. Zambia 3. Madagascar 4. Zimbabwe 5. Others
13.60
5.44 3.40 2.08 1.70 0.98
III. ELECTRICITY SUPPLY
1.0 The Role and Importance of Electricity
10. Without electricity people in the developing world are cut off from the great majority of the benefits and amenities enjoyed by the people of industrialized countries.
11. The list of benefits from having electricity is extensive. Whenever families take electricity supply, lighting is the first priority. Electric lighting extends the day and provides opportunities for work and entertainment more effectively than any other lighting source. Domestic appliances such as kettles, hot plates and iron help eliminate at least some of the work which women do. With the availability of refrigerators food storage is improved and disease, particularly among infants may be reduced. For local industries, electricity is flexible, versatile and cheap. With electricity, garage, workshops and agro-industries are able to stay open late, increase their output, and carry out a variety of tasks which were previously impossible or prohibitively expensive.
12. On the farm it provides a cheap source of energy for pumping drinking water for people and animals as well as for crop irrigation. Power tools reduce drudgery and expand the working capabilities of farmers. The development of dairy farming is greatly facilitated by the availability of refrigeration and pasteurization.
13. At a wider social level, the availability of electricity can bring improvements in health care and education services. Furthermore, it can create a high symbolic value for community entertainment.
2.0 Rural Electrification
14. Despite the fact that 78% of the population of the continent live in rural areas less than 1 % of the rural household are served with electricity. Most African member States include supply of electricity, in particular, rural electrification as a national and regional development plan. However, the low level of industrial and economic development in most African countries cannot sustain the steady implementation of rural electrification programs. Only few countries in Africa have attained
satisfactory rural electrification as a result of direct intervention by governments through heavily subsidized annual budget commitment. These countries are Egypt, Algeria Tunis, and Morocco.
Other small countries such as Seychelles, Mauritius, Djibouti and Sao Tome - because of their high urbanization rate - have a high percentage of their households getting electricity supply.
15. Electricity is viewed as a priority need among the rural poor in most African countries, because it symbolizes modernization and brings hope. Rural electrification has been an important building block of rural development in several countries because it can provide many economic and social benefits. These can be summarized as follows:
rural electrification reduces drudgery on the farm and in the home,
it increases crop yields and value-added through improved irrigation, processing storage,
it expands off farm employment opportunities needed to draw off unproductive agricultural labour by increasing the range of services and home enterprises that are possible, and by attracting new industry to rural areas,
it improves health standards by providing adequate water-supply and water- purification methods, and to run electrical health-care equipment as well as store vaccines and medical supplies used in rural clinics,
it enhances education and social life through improved lighting and the use of electricity operated learning and entertainment equipment,
it contributes to national integration through improved telecommunications.
16. Realizing the benefits of rural electrification, the governments of most of the countries in Sub-Sahara Africa have devoted their efforts to bringing rural electrification to their people, but unfortunately, these efforts have failed.
3.0 Overcoming Critical Barriers to Rural Electrification
17. Governments have failed to overcome the central economic problem of a sustainable development of rural electrification, because of the low consumer density in rural areas, and the absence of productive uses of electricity. Thus demand is very low, and the tariff rates are at an unafordable level by the potential consumers.
18. The pattern of low electricity use in rural areas in developing countries of Africa is the result of a mixture of economic, political, and socio-cultural factors.
19. Wide population dispersal in rural areas leads to relatively high costs of providing electric service. This high cost is reflected in the tariff charged to the user. Consequently the rural consumer cannot pay the higher prices charged for the electricity service, therefore remains unconnected to the utility supply.
20. There are also cultural and political constraints to electricity usage. Culturally or geographically isolated rural dwellers may be unaware of the advantages of electricity usage and of income producing activities that are made possible by the availability of power.
21. Low consumption has caused tariffs to be higher than the rural population can afford to pay.
The consequential lack of inexpensive energy supply in turn has become a major constraint to economic development and the alleviation of rural poverty, hence helping to keep rural income low.
22. Subsides have been necessary initially to mount a program of rural electrification, but it will become a perpetual feature of rural electrification if the rural consumers are not relieved of the low-
usage trap.
23. A proven means of breaking the low-usage cycle is to create conditions that lead to productive economic and social uses of electricity. Productive activities such as agro-industries, agro-processing, cottage industry, rural commerce and service enterprises bring new employment and additional income opportunities to rural areas.
24. The power required for the various economic activities for a typical rural village is outlined below:
Economic Activities
carpentry bakery handicraft small saw mills grain mills ice-making irrigation pump vegetable canning
dairy products (butter-cheese)
milk-processing (cooling and pre-evaporation) silos
electrical and mechanical workshops petrol pumps
restaurant
lodging (20 for person)
5-15 2-5
1-2 15-30 3-20 6-60 2-100 1-5 5-20 2-10 3-5 5-15 0.5-5
1-2 2-5
25. The introduction of these activities in the rural villages will create additional job opportunities, in turn increase their income.
4.0 The Role of Small-Hydro in Rural Electrification Scheme
26. Rural electrification can be achieved in several alternative means, through grid extensions, or through installation of diesel generating sets, or recently through the introduction of solar, wind, and occasionally through the installation of small-hydro power plants.
27. Most African countries are endowed with abundant hydropower resources which could be exploited at comparatively low costs and would therefore favourably compete with electric generation from petroleum products, which for the majority of African countries represent an excessive drain on the foreign currency reserves of the country.
28. The hydroelectricity technology is well established, proven, reliable and secure. Most small hydro projects are of the "run of river" type, that is, they are designed to use as much as possible of the river flow, as and when it occurs.
29. A typical project is a simple diversion scheme consisting of a small weir to divert the flow, a conveyance facility consisting of a penstock or a combination canal and penstock to convey the flows and to develop the hydraulic head, a power house containing a turbine and generator with regulators, accessories, tailrace, and a transmission line to supply to villages or consumption
centres.
30. Small hydropower projects, particularly run of the river types are simpler and faster to implement starting from the system design, civil works, manufacturing of the components, installation and operation phases of the project cycle; their per kw cost range from US $800 to US
$1800, and can be reduced substantially with high degree of domestic participation.
5.0 Present State of Small Hydropower Development in Africa
31. Immediately after the oil crisis of the 1970's the development of new and renewable sources of energy has become a matter of priority in many countries of the world. In Asia, Latin America, particular attention has been given to small hydropower development in order to substitute the thermal run generating sets. Even in America and Europe, the interest in small hydropower was aroused as a result of the oil crisis. In Africa the development of small hydropower project leaves much to be desired. In some African countries, there are some small hydropower plants installed, but most of these were carried out before the oil crisis, owned and operated by missionaries residing in the countries. Those countries who have taken the initiative to develop their small hydropower resources have not taken root for a sustainable development because of technical handicap and institutional inefficiency. These countries tried to develop small hydropower projects in the same way they are developing large hydropower plants through out the project cycle, i.e. starting from the idea concept, to the commissioning phase. Even the lending institutions as well as donor countries require the receiving countries to follow the established process to obtain the finance. The financing institutions will send preparatory missions, appraisal missions, loan negotiations, international tendering, which cost both money and time.
32. The pre-feasibility, feasibility, environment, and social studies that are to be carried out for small hydropower plants in aggregate will cost much more than the actual implementation of the project itself. Besides inflating the cost per kw for small hydropower projects the implementation period of the project is unnecessarily elongated, thus hindering the development of small hydropower projects at the pace desired by developing countries.
33. These constraints have been minimized by a number of developing countries who have built many small hydropower plants at very low cost, and in much shorter implementation period using local initiatives. These local initiatives include in building up local capabilities for planning, studies, design, civil works contracting, manufacturing, installations, and commissioning. In Asia,
such countries as China, Nepal, and in Latin American Costa Rica have satisfied their rural electrification programs through the sustainable development of their small hydropower resources.
34. In many African member States that have hilly, and mountainous topography, and with abundant rain resulting in substantial run-off, there is a great deal of potential for developing small hydropower. In most of these countries, there may not be readily identified sites for immediate project development. Appropriate scale topographical maps and satisfactory river flows data may not be available initially, but one may take a non-scientific approach where the risk involved should be understood. At the early stages of hydropower development in now developed countries of Europe and America, such risks have paid off. Thus it would be appropriate also in these countries of Africa to immediately launch the implementation of projects based on snap-shot assessment of the potential sites. Simultaneously these countries will devise strategies for the collection of river flow data, topographical maps, studies, design on potential sites so that the risks are minimized on
subsequent applications.
35. Quite a few African countries, though modest, have identified small hydropower development sites, but do not have strategies for their immediate implementation. One of the objective of this study is to outline strategies and recommendations for a sustainable development of small hydropower plants for countries of subregions of Africa.
IV. ECONOMIC VIABILITY FOR THE MANUFACTURING OF SHP COMPONENTS IN AFRICAN MEMBER STATES
1.0 Developing Domestic Spurring in Project Implementation
36. During the early stages of a nation's industrial development, very limited local capability is available. Consequently, the technology and facilities are purchased as a "package" which will usually include operational assistance. As a country's industrial capabilities develop the local content of projects can be increased without affecting their implementation quality. Such local participation besides strengthening the industrial base promotes new employment and business opportunities as well as reducing demand for foreign currency. Low-level of domestic sourcing of projects will be a constraint on industrial development of a country with limited foreign exchange.
Project owners therefore have to devise strategies to gradually increase the domestic sourcing of projects when contracting with foreign contractors. Consequently, one has to see the decomposition of an investment project into its component technology activities; i.e. supply of engineering services, design, manufacturing of equipment or parts, components thereof, civil construction, plant erection, testing and commissioning, with a view to undertaking some of these activities in the country concerned using its domestic enterprises.
37. As an example, one may consider the implementation of small hydropower plant project.
The planning and implementation of the project can be categorized in the following activities of project cycle:
idea and concept development
studies, pre-feasibility, feasibility etc.
design, detailed engineering civil works construction
manufacturing/or procurement erection
testing and commissioning operation
38. There is sufficient evidence to demonstrate that most African member States have considerable expertise for most of the stages of the project cycle outlined above. However, what is lacking from most of the countries is an institution within the country that overlook, and device a strategy for a step by step increase of domestic sourcing on investment projects. A considerable amount of learning and experience has been accumulated in electricity utility companies of African member States through operation and maintenance of power plants, as well as through the participation of its personnel in the study, design, erection, testing, and commissioning of new power plants built by foreign companies. Governments therefore should establish a focal unit which could ensure the increased share of domestic sourcing of investment projects contracted to foreign companies. In the case of small hydropower projects national engineering companies can be set-up to carry-out studies, design, and supervision of the projects, while national civil works contractors could be employed to carry-out the civil works aspects of the project. In the area of manufacturing SHP components, appropriate institutions should be established to coordinate the engineering enterprises and workshops.
2.0 SHP Components and their Domestic Manufacturing Prospect
39. The basic electromechanical components of the power plants are the gates, penstock, turbine, generator, electric panel and instruments. The turbines can further be broken into sub-components, if it is a Francis-turbine type, the components are turbine housing with pipe connections, diffuser, inside bearings with seals, turbine wheels, turbine shaft with bearings, draft tubes etc. The manufacturing of the above components can be carried out by local industrial plants which are equipped to perform operations of casting, welding, cutting, and basic machining - such as turning, planning, and drilling. The same type of workshops can also manufacture pelton, michelli-banki, an axial turbine, as similar type of equipment and tools are applicable.
40. The civil works construction such as weir, canal, power house, tailrace need not require any special construction equipment or materials than those used for the construction of buildings or roads. Similarly the manufacturing of penstock and gates can be carried out by any general metal workshops operating locally. The manufacturing of generators could be carried out in good electromechanical workshops having basic machine tools and equipment for the winding of coils.
41. It appears therefore, that most developing countries in Africa, having some modest workshops, are in a position to manufacture small hydropower plant components, and that there is no need to establish new and separate workshops for this purpose.
3.0 Examples of Local Workshops
42. In Ethiopia, one of the least developing countries in Africa, assessment of existing workshops was made in connection with this study. There are a number of workshops in the country who have the potential to manufacture SHP components. A visit to two workshops was made, one government owned, and the second privately owned. The findings are as described below:
3.1 Akaki Spare Parts and Hand Tools Factory (ASPF): Government Owned
43. The factory is located 25km south of Addis Abeba. When commissioned in 1989, the factory was planned to serve primarily the textile, sugar, metal works, cement and other construction material industries, and the transport sector. It has excellent facilities for manufacturing various types of equipment and components. The main production departments of the factory comprise of the following:
(a) foundry shop: This consists of ferrous and non-ferrous foundries. The ferrous section is capable of manufacturing different alloys of cast-iron and steel-parts, while the non- ferrous section produces aluminum alloys, brass and bronze. The manufacturing capacity of this
shop is 4,500 tons/year.
(b) forging shop: This shop is equipped with different types of hammers, presses, trimming presses, rolling machines etc.
(c) machine shop: This shop is equipped with more that 225 largely general purpose machine tools, and equipment capable of manufacturing a variety of spare parts and components.
The machines are reorganized and installed according to their functions in seven sections:
(i) cutting section
(ii) welding and sheet metal fabrication section (iii) turning section comprising of 61 machines (iv) milling section comprising of 60 different types
(v) gear cutting section 18 special types (vi) boring and drilling section
(vii) grinding section
44. The factory also has a heat treatment shop which can undertake various types of heat treatments including controlled atmosphere and induction hardening, automated chrome, and nickel plating shop.
45. In addition to the above, the shop has special purpose machines capable of machining complex shapes of metals:
dies for stamping, forming, cutting and piercing, molds for firming metals, plastics, rubber and others.
46. Finally the shop has various kinds of quality control equipment and instruments. Besides the hardware, the shop has the engineering capabilities to design and prepare detailed engineering drawings with appropriate specifications for the products to be manufactured.
3.2 Selam Vocational Center : Privately Owned
47. This workshop though not as equipped as ASPF of above, it has a substantial number of machines for welding, cutting, milling and turning; in general, it is a general metal works and mechanical workshop. It is established to train orphans in the trade. The center eventually involved itself in the manufacturing of water-turbines. Already, the center has manufactured for NGOs, a number of water-wheels to be used for grain milling; recently, it has developed micro hydro-power units for private individuals as well as public enterprises for use in several rural villages of the country. As a result, Selam Vocational Center has now built the technical skills that would enable it to produce micro-hydropower turbines for production of water energy for electricity and grain mills.
48. The center has chosen the cross-flow turbine as a model and is developing the technology.
The cross flow turbine may be applied over a head range from 2 m to more than 100 m. A large variety of flow rates may be accommodated with a constant diameter of runner by varying the inlet and runner width. The center is ready to entertain capacity range of turbines of up to 500 kw. At this moment, the generators to be coupled to the water-turbines have to be imported.
49. Though similar visits to other African countries were not made, most African member States are better equipped in industrial workshops than Ethiopia.
50. In the Eastern subregion of Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, and Kenya have a good industrial base; in fact some of these countries, especially Kenya and Tanzania are producers of electrical equipment such as motors, distribution transformers, and can easily accommodate the manufacturing of SHP components in their existing local workshops.
51. In the Central African subregion, although the industrial base of Angola, Zaire, Gabon and Cameroon are not as sound as Kenya; these countries' local workshops can be guided to promote the manufacturing of SHP components. Perhaps in this subregion, the human resources technological capabilities may not be as pronounced as in Kenya but, with proper mobilization and training the constraints can be minimized.
52. In the Southern Africa subregion the industrial capabilities both in workshops and mastery of the technology are outstanding in South Africa, Zimbabwe, and Mauritius. While in Malawi, Madagascar, Mozambique, and Zambia there are not as very many industrial plants as their neighbours but the available local general metal workshops can be upgraded to cope-up with the manufacturing of SHP components. Similar strategies as in Central Africa subregion can be applied for any deficiencies in the mastery of the technical skills.
53. In the West African subregion Cdte d'lvoire, Ghana, Nigeria, Senegal have sound industrial base and adequate mastery of the technical skill and thus the promotion for the manufacturing of SHP components would be a success.
54. In the North African subregion with the exception of Sudan all the countries in the subregion have the required industrial plants and technical skills to manufacture SHP components if needed.
55. The conclusion that can be reached as a result of the above assessment is that the industrial capacity of a country is not critical for the manufacture of SHP components as the technology is not complex, and the existing metal workshops within the country can accommodate the need.
4.0 Criteria Adapted in Recommending Countries within Africa for the Manufacturing of SHP Components
56. The criteria for the identification of possible countries within Africa who can benefit through the establishment of workshops for the manufacturing of SHP components is based on a sustainable market potential for the components.
57. The market potential is determined based on the following criteria:
(a) The country's population; this determines the potential of the domestic market of SHP components.
(b) The urbanization rate of the country: country with high urbanization rate, supply of electricity from grid extension would be less costly than a vast number of isolated small hydropower installations.
(c) Rural electrification magnitude: countries with a low rural electrification rate are bound to benefit from the development of SHP plants.
(d) The small hydropower resource potential of the country: countries with low resources would be producing the SHP components for export; and it would be worthy to note the risk in basing the manufacturing of products only on export market.
58. The statistics on population, percent of urbanization, per capita consumption per annum, percent of rural electrification, and potential of small hydropower resources are given in Table 2.
The potential for small hydropower resources data and information are not available for most countries of the continent, but intelligent evaluation is made based on the overall hydropower resources of the countries.
Table 2
Statistical data on population, urbanization rate per capita kwh cons./years, rate of rural electrification,
small hydropower resource potential
Countries
Southern Africa Subregion Lesotho
Madagascar Malawi Mauritius Mozambique Namibia South Africa Swaziland Zambia Zimbabwe
North Africa Subreqion Algeria
Egypt Libya Morocco Sudan Tunisia
Vest Africa Subreaioa Benin
Burkina Fasso Cape Verde Cote D' Ivoire Gaabia Ghana
Guinea Bissau Liberia Mali Mauritania Niger Nigeria
1991 Population
Figure 1.8 12.9 10.0 1.1 14.5
1.5 N/A 0.8 8.4 10.3
25.6 53.6 4.7 25.7 25.9 8.2
4.8 9.2 0 .4 12.4 0.9 15.5 1.0 2.7 9.5 2.1 8.0 112.1
Percent of Urbanization
Rate
20 24 12 44 28 28 N/A 27 42 29
53 44 83 47 23 57
39 16 29 41 23 34 20 46 24 48 20 36
1992 per Capital Kwh Consumption 109 32 63 613 47 990 3,534 441 761 867
572 687 2,419 317 51 658
78 21 115 146 72 388 N/A 600 20 109 N/A no
Percent of Rural Electrification
2 N/A 2 80 H/A N/A 34 12 N/A 15
84 78 N/A 7 N/A 82
9 N/A 22 18 9 9 3 N/A 2 N/A N/A 9
Stall Hydropower Resources
modest rich modest modest rich modest modest modest rich lodest
none none none none
rich
none
none
rich
none
rich
none
modest H/A modest none N/A rich modest
Countries
Central African Subregion Angola
Cameroon Congo Gabon
Guinea Equatorial Rep.of Central Africa Sao Tone
Tchad Zaire
East Africa Subreqion Burundi
Coioros Island Djibouti Eritrea Ethiopia Kenya Seychelles Rwanda Soialia Tanzania Uganda
1991 Present of Population Urbanization Rate
Figure
9.5 11.9 2.3 1.2 0,4 3.1 0.1 5.7 38.6
5.7 0.6 0.5 N/A 51.4 24.4 0.1 7.3 8.9 26.9 18.1
29 41 41 47 29 48 43 33 28
5 28 81 N/A 13 24 60 6 25 22 11
1992 per Capita kwh
Cons.
N/A 191 154 650 53 20 130 7 99
H/A N/A 383 N/A 20 116 1420 N/A 18 37 54
Percent Rural Electrification
N/A 14 21 38 N/A H/A 65 1 2
2 10 33 N/A 4 5 94 2 N/A N/A N/A
Siall Hydropower Resources
rich rich rich rich N/A modest N/A
scarce
rich
modest
none none none
rich rich modest modest none
rich rich 59. The countries with high market potential for the development of small hydropower plants are those with large population, low urbanization rates, low rural electrification rates, and with rich resources of hydropower. Based on these criteria, the countries may be ranked into two groups.
Group I, with high potential markets, and Group II, with modest markets. Those which are not listed either do not have the hydropower resources or their rural electrification level is very high, and consequently do not need to develop SHP components even if they have the resource.
60. Accordingly the following two groups are derived from Table 2.
Southern Africa Subregion Madagascar
Malawi Mozambique
Group I
Western African Subregion
Guinea Ghana Nigeria Liberia Sierra Leone
Central Africa Subregion East African Subregion
Angola Burundi
Cameroon Ethiopia
Congo Rwanda
Zaire Tanzania
Uganda
61. All the countries in this group have large population, low urbanization rate, low per capital electricity consumption, and minimal rural electrification programs; all of these countries have financial constraints to extend rural electrification programs from the grid, requiring substantial foreign currency. However, all the countries in this group have abundant hydropower resources, and have the industrial base for the manufacturing of SHP components. This will substantially reduce the foreign currency requirements for the development of small hydropower plants for the rural areas, making it affordable.
Group II
Southern Africa Subregion Western Africa Subregion
Zambia Cote d'lvoire
Zimbabwe Senegal
Central Africa Subregion Eastern Africa Subregion
Congo Kenya
Gabon Seychelles
62. The countries listed in Group II have a relatively high urbanization rate, and accordingly their rural electrification rate is better than those of Group I. Consequently, the individual domestic market for small hydropower plant components manufacturing will not be attractive. However, if there is some degree of collaboration between the countries within the subregion or subregions, adequate market for the subregions can be obtained. Thus, this will justify the establishment for manufacturing plants for SHP components for these countries. For example, Zimbabwe and Kenya who already have the capacity to manufacture motors, transformers, electrical switch gear and associated electrical equipment can inter-trade with potential neighbouring manufacturers of water turbine, such as Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania, and Uganda. Inter-trading agreements between countries in the subregions would maximize the benefits to be derived in the establishment of such manufacturing workshops.
63. The technology used to develop the SHP resource does not require expensive technological infrastructures, or highly skilled experts to exploit and operate it; yet no African country with SHP resources has taken the initiative to embark on the manufacturing aspect of the technology. The existing SHP installations in most African countries are fairly old, most of them installed by missionaries. National utilities - often responsible for the execution of rural electrification programs - prefer to extend the national grid to the new supply centres. If the supply centres are far away from the grid, the utilities resort to the installations of diesel-generator sets. The initial investments for diesel generators or grid extensions are cheaper than developing SHP plants which may be
available adjacent to the rural town to be supplied. However, the operating and maintenance costs of both the grid extension and isolated diesel generation supply options are extremely high compared to supply from small hydropower plants.
64. The absence of an organization with a defined role and responsibility for the development of SHP resources has been the main cause for the lack of rural development in African countries.
5.0 Institutional and Organisational Aspects for the Sustainable Development of SHP 65. More than 85% of the energy needs of the rural areas in Africa are met by non-commercial energy resources. The continent's dependence on traditional energy resources has a major negative environmental impact. The depletion of forest resources and the increased utilization of dung and agro-residue has caused the loss of soil fertility, resulting in decreased agricultural yields.
Deforestation and low soil fertility critically affects rural communities.
66. Enhancing energy supplies, particularly in rural areas - where at least 78% of the continent's population live - is a major challenge to any responsible government. In order to increase the commercial energy supply in a sustainable manner, the rural energy situation of the continent has to be tackled through a deliberate intervention by national governments. The economic development of the rural areas in any country is linked with the supply of appropriately low cost commercial energy which induces the promotion of new economic activities in the areas.
67. Attempts have been made by some governments to satisfy the energy need of their rural population through a constructive electrification program. As stated elsewhere six countries in the continent have electrified more than 60% of their rural households. They are Egypt, Algeria, Tunisia, Seychelles, Mauritius, and Sao Tome. The last three countries, being very small in geographical size and population had no financial constraints to extend their national grid to the potential consumers. The other three countries, Algeria, Egypt, and Tunisia committed substantial government subsidy, both at the implementation and operational phases of their rural electrification program. Similar attempts were made by Cote d'lvoire, Senegal, Gabon, Kenya, Zimbabwe and Congo, but their efforts were not sustainable because of budgetary constraints and the rural community's incapability to afford payment for the use of the electricity made available. Evidently, there is a lack of coordination between energy producing and energy consuming sectors of the economy. Thus it appears that the solution would be to create a focal unit in order to effectively coordinate the activities of the two sectors of the economy.
68. The focal unit will foresee that with the rural electrification plan of the country, there is also an integrated rural economic development program. This will allow the birth of sufficient income generating activities which will optimally utilize the energy made available. In order to initiate these economic activities, the rural communities should have access to credit facilities so that potential consumers can purchase electrical equipment, power tools, motors, compressors, home appliances, etc. Now the rural communities can increase their crop yields through irrigation schemes, or can establish agro-related processing industries, or home enterprises, or rural commerce, or even attracting new industries to the area. With these economic activities, the load demand is created, the economic conditions of the rural communities are improved to the extent that they are in a position to afford payment for the electricity made available.
69. On the energy supply end, the focal unit would ensure that the rural electrification scheme envisaged to the supply center is the most economic option available. If the small hydropower plant alternative is the option, then the focal unit will stimulate the authorities or private entrepreneurs towards the implementation of that scheme. At the national level, the creation of a focal unit will have the role and responsibility for the sustainable development of SHP. In this regard, the focal unit's tasks are summarized as follows:
(a) Assess the present status of SHP in the country, with regard to available potential, extent of level of studies, and implementation rate.
(b) Analyze the operation, maintenance, and utilization of existing SHP plants.
(c) Analyze the energy policy, particularly the rural electrification program, government's commitment to rural electrification, and how it plans to meet it's commitment, (either through the extension of the national grid, or through diesel generation installation, or through the development of SHP, or perhaps even through other forms of new and renewable sources of energy).
(d) Assess the role of SHP as a generating source in the rural electrification scheme;
recommend strategies for the use of SHP whenever feasible.
(e) If there are not enough studied SHP projects, stimulate concerned authorities to carry- out the identification of potential sites based on snap-shot assessment. These are studies carried out as desk-top identification of SHP sites. The hydraulic potential is estimated on the basis of available maps. These maps identify the river portion having interesting slopes, evaluate the catchment areas.
The annual rainfall of the area also has to be analyzed. The sites to be selected shall be inhabited by a sufficient number of peoples, and shall be accessible from the main roads. Awaiting detailed feasibility study on SHP projects delays the development of the rural areas, and anyway the outcome would not be, in most, cases much better off than those implemented based on the snap shot studies particularly when the SHP projects are run-of the river types. In Europe and America's early stages of SHP development, their implementation was based on snap-shot studies, and it helped these countries to develop their rural areas. It is worthy to note that the size of the SHP do not have to be big; they may range from 10 kw size and up. A 10 kw size SHP generating set can satisfy the energy requirement of 500 rural households by providing the following productive activities for the village:
(i) 10,000 liters of potable water per day;
(ii) 150 liters capacity refrigeration for storing essential perishable foods or medicines;
(iii) two power units for cottage industry;
(iv) village lighting;
(v) two metric tons of flour milled per day.
(f) While feasibility level studies are required for all SHP projects, the focal unit has to devise strategies in order to minimize the engineering cost, as well as the time it takes for such studies. One such scheme would be to utilize national professionals and make use of special computer programs designed for SHP.
(g) Promote domestic engineering capability for the design, supervise the construction and manufacturing of SHP plants, encourage the formation of national consultancy and engineering service companies.
(h) Identify domestic capabilities for carrying out civil works, and encourage the formation of contractors for SHP.
(i) Identify SHP components to be manufactured in the domestic workshops without requiring additional equipment or retooling. Assess also the manufacturers' capabilities to read detailed design drawings to determine the manufacturing methods, required materials and tooling.
Assess, the manufacturers' planning capability in identifying which items are to be produced in- house, which ones are to be subcontracted, and which ones are to be acquired as brought-out items.
(j) Assess the availability of support institutions to assist the manufacturers in preparing detailed manufacturing drawings, specifying the manufacturing processes, designing and specifying the necessary tooling. If there is inadequate supporting institutions, recommend alternative action to avoid delays in the domestic manufacturing of SHP components.
(k) In the development of SHP projects, specify the activities which the domestic enterprises are capable of handling for each project; ensure that overtime, there is an increasing amount of domestic participation in subsequent projects, thereby reducing the foreign cost component for SHP projects.
(1) Liaise with government authorities for the securing of funds for financing SHP projects.
(m) Coordinate the activities of the manufacturers, support institutions, private enterprises users or communities during the implementation phase of SHP projects.
(n) Recommend standard design and specifications for SHP, which could be followed by all manufacturers and also enable interchangeability of replacement parts.
(o) Promote the optimum utilization of the energy that can be generated from the SHP project by creating economic activities for the rural population.
70. The focal unit created at the national level is an institution which stimulates the continues development of SHP for the benefit of the rural areas of the country. The institution's principal aim is to make energy available to the rural areas at prices affordable to the rural community. In the government's administration structure, the focal unit can be placed either in the ministry of energy, water resource commission, rural development agency, or any appropriate department which will be concerned with the promotion of SHP, for the economic development of the rural community.
For instance, in Nepal, the Agricultural Development Bank acts as a focal unit for the
manufacturing of the domestic turbines in the country by providing fast-credit, and coordinating the activities of manufacturers, private entrepreneurs, and users.
71. The creation of a focal unit at the regional level (at ECA) would assist member States of Africa in making use of their indigenous energy resources, so as to provide better living conditions for the rural population. To accomplish this task, the regional focal unit shall conduct workshops, seminars, and demonstration plants - at appropriate subregional locations - concerning quick identification of SHP sites, feasibility studies, construction and installation strategies, manufacturing of SHP components, and optimum utilization of the generated energy for rural economic development.
72. The regional focal unit shall collect data and information on SHP developments and disseminate these to member States through periodic publications. The focal unit shall assist member States in formulating standard designs and specifications for SHP components, so that users can call for bids from a wider number of manufacturers. In order to help improve the operational efficiency of SHP plants, the availability of manuals and guidelines for manufacturing, installing, operating and maintaining is desirable; and the regional focal unit's intervention in the preparation of such documents, as well as conducting periodic subregional seminars would enhance the SHP development.
73. The regional focal unit may also promote inter-trade between neighbouring member States in the sales of SHP components, as well as engineering services. In this regard, periodic publication by the regional focal unit on status of SHP development in the member States, detailing the engineering capabilities, workshop facilities, new technology additions, and other related information and data shall make the member States well informed on their neighbours capabilities, and thus evaluate their individual degree of cooperation with each other.
6.0 Government's Role for the Sustainable Development of SHP
74. All African countries have given priority to rural electrification programs, but only very few of them have achieved their goals satisfactorily. The usual forms of electricity supply to rural areas is either through the extension of the national grid to the area to be supplied, or through the installation of isolated diesel generating sets. Both options satisfied neither the national utilities - who are usually responsible for the extensions of such supplies - nor the consumers in the supply area. Because of the high level of under utilization of the installed capacities, the national utilities cannot recover their investment costs for the extension of the grid, nor can they meet the operating and maintenance costs for the operation of the isolated diesel generators. Within the area served, the ratio of the supply connection to the number of dwellers is very small, thus a very low degree of utilization. Consequently, the national utilities show reluctance to sustain the development of rural electrification programs committed by their governments.
75. This study has demonstrated that the above discussed obstacles are overcome through the utilization of SHP for rural electrification programs in lieu of the conventional supply options. The creation of a focal unit for the promotion of SHP development within the government structure would coordinate the activities of the private industries (workshops), communities, financing institutions, utilities, and appropriate government authorities. Although the national focal unit has taken the tasks for the sustainable development of SHP, government intervention would be sought in several areas. In particular, these are:
(a) Government guidance on the use of streams or rivers for drinking water, irrigation, water-mill operation and electricity generation
(b) Conducting feasibility study of SHP or subsidizing their study by private consultants.
(c) Tax rebate (custom duty and sales tax exemptions to the extent possible) for the raw materials to be employed in the manufacture of SHP components.
(d) Government subsidy in the initial phases of SHP programs.
(e) Providing credit facilities and access to international funding.
(f) Assisting in the development of local institutions (regional offices, cooperations, municipal, or private companies.)
(g) Supporting and promoting of quality control facilities, (h) Promotion of standard design and specifications.
(i) Assisting in the preparation of manuals and guidelines for the manufacture, operation, and maintenance.
(j) Organize and coordinate national training programs on SHP.
(k) Monitor and evaluate SHP developments.
7.0 Comparison of Local and Imported Costs for SHP Manufacturing
76. The main objective of this study is to make Africa member States aware that significant reductions in the foreign exchange component of capital investment for SHP can be made through the domestic production of electric equipment. Furthermore, the cost per kwh will be substantially reduced if the generated energy is optimally utilized for rural economic development.
Table 3
1. Capacity
2. Annual Demand 3. Cost per kw 4. Total Cost 5. Life Expectancy 6. Annual Maintenance
and Operating Cost 7. Fuel Consumption 8. Fuel Cost per Liter 9. Capital Annuities
Assumed rate of Interest 7%
10. Annual Operating and Maintenance Cost
11. Fuel Cost
12. Total Annual Cost (9+10+11) 13. Cost per kwh
SHP-Option 100 kw 350,000 kwh US$ 3,500 US$ 350,000
20 years 1.5% of investment.
US $ 33,000
US$ 5,520
US$ 38,250 US$0,109
Diesel Generation Option 100 kw 350,000 kwh US$ 340 US$ 34,000 10 years 5% of investment.
0.4 lts/kwh 0.5 US $/lts US$ 4,840
US$ 1,700
US$ 70,000 US$ 76,540 US$ 0.219
Maintenance and Repair Cost Small-hydropower
Diesel-generators set
Operating personnel: helper skilled supervisor
1.5% per annum 5.0% per annum US $50/month US $100/month US $200/month Investment Cost for 100 kw Size Plant
Small hydropower plant Diesel generators set
US $350,000 US $52,000
77. Assume electrification of a small town in a remote area: the annual utilization of the installed capacity is to be 40%, and the plant is 5 km from the town, the investment costs have taken into account the distribution line from the plant to the town to be supplied. Total annual output is 350,000 kwh.
78. The comparison of the annual expenditures is as follows:
SHP PLANT DIESEL GENERATING SET
Capacity of plant 100 kw 100 kw
Capital annuities US$ 32,900 US$ 6,500
Operating personnel US$ 8,000 US$ 6,000
Maintenance and repair US$5,300 US$ 2,600
Fuel and lubricant US$ 68,200
Total annual expenditure US$ 46,200 US$ 83,300
Specific cost per kwh US$ 0.13 US$ 0.24
Note: subject to availability of water flow, and consumer demand; for every incremental kwh demand, the unit cost per kwh will be reduced for SHP option. There will be no change in the cost per kwh for the diesel generating sets, as the fuel cost is the major component of expenditures.
8.0 Case Study of SHP: Yadot Project in Ethiopia
79. In order to demonstrate that domestic manufacturing of SHP components can have a significant impact on the capital cost of SHP, an actual situation of a SHP project in Ethiopia was analyzed. The Yadot SHP is a run of the river type project commissioned in 1990, having a capacity of 365 kw.
80. The feasibility study for the Yadot small hydropower plant was concluded in May 1984, as a part of the UNDP/Ethiopia development program for small scale hydropower projects in Ethiopia. Under this program, 12 sites have been studied at a cost of US$ 1,313,500, for the foreign currency component, and equivalent of US$ 1,492,570 for the local component. On the average US$ 234,000 has been incurred on the feasibility study of each site.
81. The Swedish Development Aid (SIDA) has selected the Yadot project for implementation;
SIDA also has contracted a consultant for a social, environmental, and a further assessment of the study. Finally, the same consultant carried out the final design of the project, and provided supervision services during the construction and commissioning, at a total cost of US$ 500,000.
82. A daily pondage has been added to the Yadot SHP in the final design stage, created by a 4 meter high weir. The head race system in the final design consists of a contour canal, 1,140 meters long a forebay, and a penstock, some 180 meters long. The head of 30 meters is used by two Francis turbine to develop 2 x 365 kw of electric output. The water is returned to the river via an open tailrace canal.
83. The main characteristics of the project feature are as follows: (presently only one of 365 kw set is installed).
Yadot Project Feature Jyps
Hydrology
catchment area average discharge specific yield average rainfall life storage Diversion structure
height length
spillway design flow location up-stream of fall Canal intake
type
cross-section(meters) for discharge of slope per mill bottom width flow velocity Forebay
cross-section
area
volume Penstock
type material diameter length
anchor blocks Power house
type size
enclosed space concrete volume Turbine
type capacity
maximum discharge rated head
speed Generator
capacity power factor voltage
Run of the river type with daily pondage
515 km2 5.6 mVs
10.8 liters/sec/km2 900mm/year
1,700m3 4 meters 67 meters 750m3 135 meters box culvert 2.00x1.55 2.8mVs
0.7
1.2 meters 0.8m/s rectangular
150m2 585m3 buried pipe GRP
l,100/l,000mm 183 meters 1
concrete
(8 x 13 x 4) meters 416m3
200m3
horizontal Francis (2 x 365)kw (2x 1.4)m7sec 30.0 meters 600rpm
(2 x 440)kva 0.8
380 volts
Generating capability
1st phase one unit
2nd phase two units Construction schedule
detail design, bidding, and award of contract manufacture and erection
The project cost can be summarized as follows:
feasibility study
engineering, consultancy service civil engineering construction electromechanical
Total cost per kw cost
of which the study and consultancy is
2.80 Gwh 4.90 Gwh
6 months 22 months
US$ 234,000 US$ 500,000 US$ 342,000 US$ 675,000 US$ 1,751,000 US$ 4,800 US$2,011/kw
84. At the time when SIDA decided to finance the Yadot Project, neither the consultant nor the Ethiopian Government considered the local ratio packaging for the project. In fact, all the components were considered to be imported, including the engineering services, (detail costs are given in Annex II.)
85. As a result of this study investigation was made on the local capability of manufacturing of some of the component of SHP. Accordingly one workshop who already has experience in the manufacturing of water turbines was approached to provide a quotation for the second unit of Yadot turbine. The quotation is enclosed with this study as Annex I. The comparison of the cost Yadot project as supplied in 1990 (all imported) and the quotations from Selam Children's Village Workshop 1995 prices is given below:
Yadot SHP Project 365 kw Size Domestic Manufactured
1. Penstock 180 mts 2. Water-turbine, valve 3. Generator
4. Panels, auxiliaries
Selam Children's Village Workshop 1995 Price Level
US $39,000 US $25,320
N/A N/A
Imported from Sweden 1990 Price Level
US $93,043 US $273,932 US $127,000 US $127r500
Total US $621,475
86. Quotations were not available for generators, panels and auxiliary equipment. At this time generators are not manufactured in Ethiopia, however, panels, and auxiliary equipment could be assembled locally and the overall price could be lower than that of the imported items. It is also possible that the generators can also be manufactured in neighbouring African member States such as Kenya or Zimbabwe and inter-trading between the countries can be arranged, thereby further lowering the cost. Even considering only the penstock and water turbines as domestic packaging the total price for the SHP component is less than 50 percent of the cost for the imported option.
Selam has also given its cost for turbines and penstocks for various capacities up to 50 kw sizes, (refer to Annex III.)
87. Furthermore, let us hypothetically consider the Yadot area supply with a 365 kw diesel generating set. The economic analysis for the three options of supply, assuming an annual energy consumption of 2,500,000 kwh, can be derived in Table 4:
Table 4
Economic Analysis for 365 size Power Plan
"SHP SHP Diesel Generator
Issues Partial Domestic Imported Option, Imported
(a) Capacity (kw) 3bS 365 365
(b) Annual Generation (Kwh) 2,500,000 2,500,000 2,500,000
(c) Cost per kw (US$) 1,800 2,640 1,200
(d) Capital Cost in (US$) 657,000 963,600 438,000
(e) Annual Operating and 1.5% of (d) 9,900 1.5% of (d) 14,500 5% of (d) 21,900"
Maintenance Cost (US$)
(f) Life Expectancy Years 25 25 I5~
(g) Interest Rate % 10 10 W
(h) Capital Annuities (US$) 7^,400 106,200 57,600
(i) Fuel Consumption Rate IZZII: (53-
(lts/kwh)
(j) Fuel Cost (US$/lt) 93"
(k) Fuel Cost (US$) 225,000
(1) Total Annual Expenditure ———
((c)+(b)+(k)) (US$) 82,300 120,700 304,500
(m) Cost per kwh (l)/(b) O53 O048 0.122
(US$)
88. The above economic analysis shows that the tariff rate is lower for SHP, compared to diesel generation option, even if the SHP components are imported. With partial domestic packing, the capital cost is significantly reduced, and kwh charge is also lowered. The long-term strategy for a sustainable development of rural electrification is to utilize the available hydro resource using local manufacturing and engineering servicing.
89. It is to be noted that the engineering servicing for Yadot project amount to US $734,000, much too excessive for a simple run of the river type hydropower plant; besides the cost, the period wasted in the feasibility study as well as the socio-environmental study discourages the development of SHP. As discussed earlier, such extensive studies for SHP are not needed.
V. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
90. The economic development of the rural areas in a country is linked with the supply of low cost commercial energy which induces the promotion of new economic activities in the areas.
Attempts have been made by most governments of the African member States to satisfy this energy need of their rural population through a constructive rural electrification program. These programs were based on grid extension or off-grid electricity generation from diesel generating sets. In most cases, these programs have had a limited impact on electricity supply to rural population, because the geographical coverage of the grid was extremely restricted, while for diesel generator supply, the operation and maintenance costs were found to be prohibitive for the rural income. As a result, the intended consumers could not afford to pay for the electricity made available at the tariff rates set by the supplier.
91. Supply through the installation of small hydropower plants have been attempted by countries having the resources, however the capital cost per kw was extremely high, the pre-investment cost, and the period for the studies for SHP were discouraging. These constraints have been minimized by a number of developing countries who have built very small hydropower plants at very low costs, and in much shorter implementation period, using local initiatives.
92. This study, having confirmed that most African member States have the workshop facilities and technological capabilities for the manufacturing of small hydropower plant components, concludes that they can satisfy their rural electrification demand through a sustainable development of their SHP resources as there is a significant reduction of the capital cost of SHP through domestic packaging.
93. This study further notes that at present, there are not sufficient SHP studies for a sustainable development of hydro resources; consequently member States have to adapt quick study strategies for the immediate start of SHP developments. Finally, the institutional and organizational arrangements, and governments role in the promotion of small hydropower plant development is analyzed.
94. In order to promote the immediate sustainable development of SHP this study recommends the following action plan:
(a) The creation of regional and national focal units for the sustainable development of small hydropower plants in Africa member States having abundant hydropower resources.
(b) Snap-shot (quick) studies of small hydropower plants in African member States having the hydro power resources.
(c) Demonstration workshops for the production of small hydropower plants components in African member States and the optimum utilization of the energy generated for productive activities.
95. These action plans are prepared in Project format and are attached to this study as Projects I, II, and III. Project IV is also formulated and enclosed with this study; as this project is an implementation project, it calls for the participation of UNDP, World Bank, financing institutions, and donor countries.
Annex I
Yadot Small Hydropower Project
Offer for the 2nd Hydro-Turbine and Penstock Capacity 365 KW
As Submitted by Selam Children's Village, Addis Abeba
Description
1. Penstock made from 3mm black sheet with diameter of 1.1 meters
2. Shut-off slide gate 3. Expansion joint
4. Pipe - clip made from flat-iron (2000 x 50 x 8) mm
5. Adapter pipe made from 3mm sheet
- diameter: 1.1m to 1. 4m - length: 0.4m to 2m
Quantity 180 meters
3 pieces 3 pieces 36 pieces
1 piece
Unit Price US$
180.32
648.00 972.80 14.08
1,115.20
Total price US$
32,457.60
1,944.00 2,918.40 506.88 1,115.20
6, Draft pipe made from 3mm black sheet
1 piece 564.80 564.80
- diameter: 0.4m to 1.4m - length: lm to 1.1m
7. Water turbine to produce 365 kw 1 piece 17,001.60 177001.60 - width: 1.4m
- runner size diameter: 0.4m
- made from 6mm and 10mm black sheet
8. Mounting 4,480.00
9. Transport Total Cost
3,840.00 64,828.48
Annex II
Yadot Small Hydropower Project Capacity 365 kw
All Imported from Sweden Financed by SIDA
Description In Birr In US$
T. Penstock and Pipe fittings 192,600 93,043
T.—Turbine set complete 438,700 211,932
3. Generator 207,600 100,29ff
4. Transformers 31780 15,395
5. High voltage switch gear 20,860 10,077
6. Low voltage switch gear 95>^ ^/^
7. Control and protection 18,280 8,85T
8. Auxiliary plant 41,950 20,266
9. Packing shipping 61,000 29,496
"TO Engineering and erection cost 195,000 94,203
Total 1,303,700 *»*W
A. Penstock and pipe fittings
pp g ff!
B. Turbine set complete 211,932"
Packing and shipping (turbine set only assume 50% ot 15,000 the total)
Engineering and erection cost assume 50% of the total 47,000
Total for penstock and turbine component 366,975"
Compare this cost to locally manufactured set as 64,828
submitted by Selam Children's Village
