UNITED NATIONS
MANUEL DE STATISTIQUES
DE LA CNUCED UNCTAD HANDBOOK OF STATISTICS
UNCT AD HANDBOOK OF ST A TISTICS MANUEL DE ST A TISTIQUES DE LA CNUCED
U n i t e d n a t i o n s C o n f e r e n C e o n t r a d e a n d d e v e l o p m e n t ConferenCe des nations Unies sUr le CommerCe et le développement
UNCT AD UNITED NA TIONS
2013
13-51700
ISBN 978-92-1-012076-0
2013
UNITED NATIONS
New York and Geneva NATIONS UNIES New York et Genève
MANUEL DE STATISTIQUES DE LA CNUCED
UNCTAD HANDBOOK OF STATISTICS
U N I T E D N A T I O N S C O N F E R E N C E O N T R A D E A N D D E V E L O P M E N T
CONFERENCE DES NATIONS UNIES SUR LE COMMERCE ET LE DÉVELOPPEMENT
NOTE
Symbols of United Nations documents are composed of capital letters combined with figures. Mention of such a symbol indicates a reference to a United Nations document.
General disclaimer
The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
Where the designations “economy” or “country or area” appear in tables, they cover countries, territories, cities and areas.
The designations “developing”, “transition” and “developed” are intended for statistical convenience and do not necessarily express a judgement about the stage reached by a particular country or area in the development process.
Material in this publication may be freely quoted or reprinted, but acknowledgement is obligatory, together with a reference to the document number (TD/STAT.38). A copy of the publication containing the quotation or reprint should be sent to the UNCTAD secretariat.
*
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La cote des documents de l’Organisation des Nations Unies se compose de lettres majuscules et de chiffres. La mention d’une telle cote indique qu’il est fait référence à un document de l’Organisation.
Déni de responsabilité
Les appellations employées dans cette publication et la présentation des données qui y figurent n ’impliquent, de la part du secrétariat de l’Organisation des Nations Unies, aucune prise de position quant au statut juridique des pays, territoires, villes ou zones, ou de leurs autorités, ni quant au tracé de leurs frontières ou limites.
Les appellations «économie» ou «pays ou zone» figurant dans certaines rubriques des tableaux désignent des pays, des territoires, des villes ou des zones.
Les termes «en développement», «en transition» et «développés» sont utilisés pour plus de commodité dans la présentation des statistiques et n’impliquent pas nécessairement un jugement quant au stade de développement atteint par un pays ou une zone donnée.
Le contenu de la présente publication peut être cité ou reproduit sans autorisation, sous réserve qu’il soit fait mention de ladite publication et de sa cote (TD/STAT.38) et qu’un justificatif soit adressé au secrétariat de la CNUCED.
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UNCTAD Handbook of Statistics, please contact:
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TD/STAT. 38
UNITED NATIONS PUBLICATION – PUBLICATION DES NATIONS UNIES Sales number / Numéro de vente : B.13.II.D.4
ISBN 978-92-1-012076-0 e-ISBN 978-92-1-056200-3
ISSN 1992-8408
© Copyright United Nations 2013 All rights reserved
How to order the Handbook Comment commander le Manuel
FOREWORD INTRODUCTION
The UNCTAD Handbook of Statistics provides essential data for analysing and measuring world trade, investment, international financial flows and development. Reliable statistical information is often considered as the first step during the preparation of recommendations or decisions that will commit countries for many years as they strive to integrate into the world economy and improve the living standards of their citizens. Whether it is for research, consultation or technical cooperation, UNCTAD needs comparable, often detailed economic, demographic and social data, over several decades and for as many countries as possible.
In addition to facilitating the work of the secretariat’s
economists, the UNCTAD Handbook of Statistics also enables other users, such as policymakers, research specialists, academics, officials from national governments or international organizations, executive managers or members of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) from developing, transition or developed countries to have access to this rich statistical information. The Handbook further offers journalists comprehensive information in a presentation that meets their needs.
This publication is available in printed copy and DVD.
Moreover, the underlying data of the Handbook are available online at UNCTADstat (http://unctadstat.unctad.org). Unlike the
Handbook, which captures statistics at one point of time, UNCTADstat is continuously updated, enriched and providesusers with the latest available data. In this regard, users should use caution when comparing data between the Handbook and
UNCTADstat, as the date of update may differ.The list of the country groupings presented in the DVD version of this new edition of the Handbook has been aligned with the list of groupings included in the UNCTADstat database.
To help us provide better and more relevant statistics to users, you are invited to send your comments to
[email protected].Le but du Manuel de statistiques de la CNUCED est de fournir les données statistiques essentielles à l’analyse du commerce mondial, de l’investissement, des flux financiers internationaux et du développement. Une information statistique fiable est souvent le préalable à la formulation de recommandations et à la prise de décisions qui engageront les pays pour de longues années dans leur processus d’intégration dans l’économie mondiale et l’amélioration des conditions de leurs peuples. Que ce soit pour la recherche, la concertation ou la coopération technique, la CNUCED a besoin de données économiques, démographiques et sociales comparables et souvent détaillées, disponibles si possible sur plusieurs décennies et pour un maximum de pays.
Au-delà de la mobilisation et de la vérification des données, du calcul d’indicateurs dérivés qui alimentent les travaux des économistes du secrétariat, le Manuel de statistiques de la
CNUCED est l’occasion de partager une base statistique richeavec les décideurs et les chercheurs, qu’ils soient universitaires, fonctionnaires d’administrations nationales ou d’organisations internationales, cadres d’entreprises ou membres d’organisations non gouvernementales de pays en développement, en transition ou développés. Les journalistes trouvent aussi dans ce manuel une information synthétique dans une présentation bien adaptée à leurs préoccupations.
Le Manuel est disponible en version imprimée et DVD. Les données présentées dans le Manuel sont disponibles en ligne, dans UNCTADstat (http://unctadstat.unctad.org). À la différence du
Manuelqui présente des statistiques figées à un moment donné, UNCTADstat est actualisé et enrichi régulièrement pour mettre à la disposition des utilisateurs les données les plus récentes. À cet égard, il est important de signaler que les données d'UNCTADstat et du Manuel ne pourront être comparées systématiquement en raison de la différence de date de leur mise à jour et de publication.
Dans la version DVD de cette nouvelle édition du Manuel, la liste des groupements de pays a été étendue pour correspondre à la liste des groupements présentés dans la base de données
UNCTADstat.Pour mieux nous adapter aux besoins de nos utilisateurs et
mettre à leur disposition des statistiques pertinentes, vous
pouvez nous faire part de vos commentaires en nous écrivant à
[email protected].TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE DES MATIÈRES
Note ... ii Note... ii
How to order the
Handbook... ii Comment commander le
Manuel... ii
Foreword ... iii Introduction ... iii
Table of contents ... iv Table des matières ... iv
Explanation of symbols... vii Signification des symboles ... vii
General notes... viii Notes générales... xxii
Distribution of countries and territories... xi Répartition des pays et territoires ... xxv
- Developing economies ... xii - Économies en développement... xxvi
- Transition economies ... xiv - Économies en transition ...xxviii
- Developed economies ... xiv - Économies développées ...xxviii
Distribution of developing economies by economic Répartition des économies en développement par grouping ... xv groupements économiques ... xxix
Distribution of economies by trade group ...xviii Répartition des économies par groupements commerciaux ... xxxii
Distribution of economies by interregional grouping... xx Répartition des économies par groupements interrégionaux ... xxxiv
Abbreviations and acronyms ... xxi Abréviations et acronymes ... xxxv
Product classification for international trade ...xxxvi Classification des produits pour le commerce international... xxxvi
PART ONE PREMIÈRE PARTIE
International merchandise trade Commerce international des marchandises 1.1.1 Exports and imports of countries and geographical 1.1.1 Exportations et importations des pays et des régions regions géographiques - Value ...2 - Valeur ... 2
- Share...10 - Part ... 10
1.1.2 Exports and imports of economic 1.1.2 Exportations et importations des groupements groupings économiques - Value ...20 - Valeur ... 20
- Share...22 - Part ... 22
1.1.3 Exports and imports of 1.1.3 Exportations et importations des groupements trade groups commerciaux - Value ... 24 - Valeur ... 24
- Share...26 - Part ... 26
1.2.1 Annual average growth rates of exports and imports 1.2.1 Taux d’évolution annuels moyens des exportations et of countries and geographical regions ... 28 importations des pays et des régions géographiques... 28
1.2.2 Annual average growth rates of exports and imports 1.2.2 Taux d’évolution annuels moyens des exportations et of economic groupings...38 importations des groupements économiques... 38
1.2.3 Annual average growth rates of exports and imports 1.2.3 Taux d’évolution annuels moyens des exportations et of trade groups ...40 importations des groupements commerciaux... 40
1.3.1 Value of trade balance, and as percentage of imports 1.3.1 Valeur de la balance commerciale et sa part dans les of countries and geographical regions ... 42 importations des pays et des régions géographiques... 42
1.3.2 Value of trade balance, and as percentage of imports 1.3.2 Valeur de la balance commerciale et sa part dans les of economic groupings...52 importations des groupements économiques... 52
1.4 Intra-trade of trade groups...54 1.4 Commerce interne des groupements commerciaux ...54
TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE DES MATIÈRES
PART TWO DEUXIÈME PARTIE
International merchandise trade by region Commerce international des marchandises par régions 2.1 Country trade structure by partner 2.1 Structure du commerce des pays par partenaires
- Exports by main region of destination...58 - Exportations par principales régions de destination ... 58
- Imports by main region of origin...70 - Importations par principales régions d’origine ... 70
2.2 Export and import structure by partner and product 2.2 Structure des exportations et importations par partenaires group et groupes de produits A. World ... 82 A. Monde ... 82
B. Developing economies ...86 B. Économies en développement...86
C. Developing economies: Africa...90 C. Économies en développement : Afrique...90
D. Developing economies: America ... 94 D. Économies en développement : Amérique...94
E. Developing economies: Asia ...98 E. Économies en développement : Asie ...98
F Developing economies: Eastern, Southern F. Économies en développement : Asie orientale and South-Eastern Asia...102 méridionale et du Sud-Est... 102
G. Developing economies: Western Asia ...106 G. Économies en développement : Asie occidentale...106
H. Developing economies: Oceania ...110 H. Économies en développement : Océanie... 110
I. Developing economies: Major petroleum and gas I. Économies en développement : principaux exporters ...114 exportateurs de pétrole et de gaz ...114
J. Developing economies: Major manufactured J. Économies en développement : principaux goods exporters ...118
exportateurs d’articles manufacturés...118K. Transition economies...122 K. Économies en transition ...122
L. Developed economies ...126 L. Économies développées ...126
PART THREE TROISIÈME PARTIE
International merchandise trade by product Commerce international des marchandises par produits 3.1 Country trade structure by product group 3.1 Structure du commerce des pays par groupes de produits - Exports ...132 - Exportations... 132
- Imports ...145 - Importations... 145
3.2 Export structure by product 3.2 Structure des exportations par produits A. World ...158 A. Monde ... 158
B. Developing economies ...163 B. Économies en développement...163
C. Developed economies ...168 C. Économies développées ...168
D. Individual countries and territories ...173 D. Pays et territoires individuels ...173
E. Major exporters for leading products among E. Principaux exportateurs de produits majeurs parmi developing economies ...195 les économies en développement ... 195
3.3 Concentration and structural change indices of 3.3 Indices de concentration et de changement structurel product markets des marchés de produits - Exports ...204 - Exportations... 204
- Imports ...208 - Importations... 208
PART FOUR QUATRIÈME PARTIE
International merchandise trade indicators Indicateurs du commerce international des marchandises 4.1.1 Export and import concentration and 4.1.1 Indices de concentration et de diversification des diversification indices of countries and exportations et importations des pays et des geographical regions...214 régions géographiques...214
4.1.2 Export and import concentration and 4.1.2 Indices de concentration et de diversification des diversification indices of economic exportations et importations des groupements groupings...224 économiques ... 224
4.2.1 International merchandise trade indices of 4.2.1 Indices du commerce international des marchandises countries and geographical regions des pays et des régions géographiques - Volume indices of exports and imports ...226 - Indices du volume des exportations et importations ... 226
- Unit value indices of exports and - Indices de la valeur unitaire des exportations et imports...234 importations ... 234
- Terms of trade indices and purchasing - Indices des termes de l’échange et du pouvoir power indices of exports ...242 d’achat des exportations ...242
4.2.2 International merchandise trade indices of 4.2.2 Indices du commerce international des marchandises economic groupings des groupements économiques - Volume indices of exports and imports...250 - Indices du volume des exportations et importations ... 250
- Unit value indices of exports and - Indices de la valeur unitaire des exportations et imports...252 importations ... 252
- Terms of trade indices and purchasing - Indices des termes de l’échange et du pouvoir power indices of exports ...254 d’achat des exportations ...254
4.3 Average applied import MFN tariff rates on 4.3 Droits de douane moyens NPF appliqués à l’importation
non-agricultural and non-fuel products...256 des produits non-agricoles et non-pétroliers ... 256
TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE DES MATIÈRES
PART FIVE CINQUIÈME PARTIE
International trade in services Commerce international des services 5.1.1 Value of exports and imports of services of 5.1.1 Valeur des exportations et importations de services
countries and geographical regions ...274 des pays et des régions géographiques... 274
5.1.2 Value of exports and imports of services of 5.1.2 Valeur des exportations et importations de services economic groupings...282 des groupements économiques... 282
5.1.3 Value of exports and imports of services of 5.1.3 Valeur des exportations et importations de services trade groups ...284 des groupements commerciaux... 284
5.2 Exports and imports of services by 5.2 Exportations et importations des services par service category catégories de services - Transport ...286 - Transports ... 286
- Travel ...288 - Voyages ... 288
- Communications ...290 - Communications ... 290
- Construction...292 - Bâtiment et travaux publics... 292
- Computer and information...294 - Informatique et information... 294
- Insurance ...296 - Services d'assurance... 296
- Financial services ...298 - Services financiers ... 298
- Royalties and licence fees...300 - Redevances et droits de licence ... 300
- Other business services ...302 - Autres services aux entreprises ... 302
- Personal, cultural and recreational services...304 - Services personnels, culturels et relatifs aux loisirs ... 304
5.3 World merchant fleet by flag of registration and 5.3 Flotte marchande mondiale par pavillons type of ship of countries and geographical
d’immatriculationet par types de navires regions...309 des pays et des régions géographiques... 309
PART SIX SIXIÈME PARTIE
Commodities Produits de base 6.1 Annual and quarterly indices of free-market 6.1 Indices annuels et trimestriels des prix d’une prices of selected primary commodities ...324 sélection de produits de base sur le marché libre... 324
6.2 Instability indices and trends in free market 6.2 Indices d’instabilité et tendances des prix sur le prices for selected primary commodities...330 marché libre d’une sélection de produits de base...330
PART SEVEN SEPTIÈME PARTIE
International finance Finance internationale 7.1.1 Balance of payments: Current account net of countries 7.1.1 Balance des paiements : compte courant net des pays and geographical regions ...334 et des régions géographiques ... 334
7.1.2 Balance of payments: Current account net of economic 7.1.2 Balance des paiements : compte courant net des groupings...342 groupements économiques... 342
7.1.3 Balance of payments: Current account net of trade 7.1.3 Balance des paiements : compte courant net des groups...344 groupements commerciaux... 344
7.2.1 Foreign direct investment: Inward and outward 7.2.1 Investissement étranger direct : flux entrants et flows of countries and geographical regions...346 sortants des pays et des régions géographiques ... 346
7.2.2 Foreign direct investment: Inward and outward 7.2.2 Investissement étranger direct : flux entrants et flows of economic groupings ...354 sortants des groupements économiques ... 354
7.2.3 Foreign direct investment: Inward and outward 7.2.3 Investissement étranger direct : flux entrants et flows of trade groups...356 sortants des groupements commerciaux ... 356
7.3.1 Migrants' remittances: Receipts of countries and 7.3.1 Envois de fonds des migrants : recettes des pays geographical regions...358 et des régions géographiques ... 358
7.3.2 Migrants' remittances: Receipts of economic 7.3.2 Envois de fonds des migrants : recettes des groupings...366 groupements économiques... 366
7.4.1 Migrants' remittances: Payments of countries and 7.4.1 Envois de fonds des migrants : paiements des pays geographical regions...368 et des régions géographiques ... 368
7.4.2 Migrants' remittances: Payments of economic 7.4.2 Envois de fonds des migrants : paiements des groupings...376 groupements économiques... 376
7.5.1 International reserves of developing economies 7.5.1 Réserves internationales des économies en by country and geographical region ...378 développement par pays et régions géographiques ... 378
7.5.2 International reserves of developing economies 7.5.2 Réserves internationales des économies en
by economic grouping...384 développement par groupements économiques ... 384
TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE DES MATIÈRES
7.6.1 Official financial flows from bilateral and multilateral 7.6.1 Flux financiers publics bilatéraux et multilatéraux
sources by country and geographical region ...386 par pays et régions géographiques ... 386
7.6.2 Official financial flows from bilateral and multilateral 7.6.2 Flux financiers publics bilatéraux et multilatéraux à sources to developing economies by economic destination des économies en développement par grouping ...400 groupements économiques... 400
7.7 External long-term debt by lending source 7.7 Dette extérieure à long terme par catégories de prêts A. Developing economies ...404 A. Économies en développement...404
B. Developing economies: Africa...405 B. Économies en développement : Afrique...405
C. Developing economies: America...406 C. Économies en développement : Amérique...406
D. Developing economies: Asia ...407 D. Économies en développement : Asie ...407
E. Developing economies: Oceania ...408 E. Économies en développement : Océanie...408
F. Developing economies: Major petroleum and gas F. Économies en développement : principaux exporters ...409 exportateurs de pétrole et de gaz ... 409
G. Developing economies: Major manufactured G. Économies en développement : principaux goods exporters ...410 exportateurs d’articles manufacturés...410
PART EIGHT HUITIÈME PARTIE
Development indicators Indicateurs du développement 8.1.1 Nominal gross domestic product: Total and per capita 8.1.1 Produit intérieur brut nominal : total et par habitant of countries and geographical regions ...414 des pays et des régions géographiques... 414
8.1.2 Nominal gross domestic product: Total and per capita 8.1.2 Produit intérieur brut nominal : total et par habitant of economic groupings...422 des groupements économiques... 422
8.2.1 Annual average growth rates of total and per capita 8.2.1 Taux de croissance annuels moyens du produit real gross domestic product of countries and intérieur brut réel total et par habitant des pays geographical regions...424 et des régions géographiques ... 424
8.2.2 Annual average growth rates of total and per capita 8.2.2 Taux de croissance annuels moyens du produit real gross domestic product of intérieur brut réel total et par habitant des economic groupings...432 groupements économiques... 432
8.3.1 Nominal gross domestic product by type of 8.3.1 Produit intérieur brut nominal par catégories de expenditure and by kind of economic activity of dépenses et par branches d’activité économique countries and geographical regions ...434 des pays et des régions géographiques... 434
8.3.2 Nominal gross domestic product by type of 8.3.2 Produit intérieur brut nominal par catégories de expenditure and by kind of economic activity of dépenses et par branches d’activité économique economic groupings...453 des groupements économiques... 453
8.4.1 Population and labour force of countries and 8.4.1 Population et main-d’œuvre des pays et des geographical regions...456 régions géographiques... 456
8.4.2 Population and labour force of economic 8.4.2 Population et main-d’œuvre des groupements groupings...475 économiques ... 475
0 Zero means that the amount is nil or negligible. 0 Un zéro signifie que le montant est nul ou négligeable.
_ The symbol underscore indicates that the item is not
applicable. _ Un tiret signifie que la rubrique est sans objet.
.. Two dots indicate that the data are not available or are not
separately reported. .. Deux points signifient que les données ne sont pas disponibles ou ne sont pas communiquées séparément.
- The use of a hyphen on data area of individual countries means that data is estimated and included in the aggregation but not to be shown; on data area of country aggregates, it signifies non-publishable estimates.
A hyphen between years (e.g. 1985-1990) signifies the full period involved, including the initial and final years.
-
Le trait d’union dans le champ de données des paysindividuels indique que le chiffre est estimé et inclus dans l'agrégation mais n'est pas publié; dans le champ de données des agrégats de pays, il indique que le chiffre estimé n'est pas publiable.
Le trait d'union entre deux millésimes (par exemple 1985-1990)
indique qu’il s’agit de la période tout entière, y compris la premièreet la dernière année mentionnées.
(b) Break in the series (b) Interruption de la série
(e) Estimate (e) Estimation
(f) Forecast (f) Prévision
(p) Provisional data (p) Donnée provisoire
(r) Revised data (r) Donnée révisée
(u) Preliminary estimate (u) Estimation préliminaire
Some exceptions are indicated in footnotes. Les exceptions sont indiquées dans les notes en bas de page.
EXPLANATION OF SYMBOLS SIGNIFICATION DES SYMBOLES
TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE DES MATIÈRES
These notes summarize the content of each part of the
Handbookaccording to the revised Table of Contents of the present issue of the
Handbook of Statistics.The tables included in this book represent analytical summaries of the full time series contained in the
UNCTAD Handbook of Statistics 2013on DVD.
PART ONE
International merchandise trade
Table
1.1shows the value of total exports (f.o.b.) and imports (c.i.f.), expressed in millions of dollars and percentages of the world total, of individual countries and geographical regions (1.1.1), economic groupings (1.1.2), and trade groups (1.1.3).
The trade flows shown in table 1.1.1 refer to the General Trade System except for the countries which employ the Special Trade System and which are marked with an asterisk. The General Trade System is used when the statistical territory of a compiling country coincides with its economic territory.
Consequently, imports include all goods entering the economic territory of a compiling country and exports include all goods leaving the economic territory of the compiling country. The Special Trade System is used when the statistical territory comprises only a particular part of the economic territory within which
“goods may be disposed of without customs restriction”.In such a case, imports include all goods entering the free circulation area of the compiling country, which means cleared through customs for home use, and exports include all goods leaving the free circulation area of a compiling country.
Average annual growth rates of international trade derived from table 1.1 are presented in table
1.2.
Table
1.3contains trade balances (exports f.o.b. minus imports c.i.f.) and these balances as a percentage of imports of individual countries, geographical regions and economic groupings.
Table
1.4shows the relative importance of trade among group members as compared to the regional or total trade of that group.
PART TWO
International merchandise trade by region Table
2.1shows the export and import structure of individual countries by main regions of origin and destination. Data are presented for as many individual countries as possible, while trade partners are grouped in 14 major clusters.
Table
2.2(
A to L) presents the structure of exports by destination and imports by origin by major commodity groups for 12 selected country groups. The table provides detailed information on the world trade network for 19 regions of origin and destination and six commodity groups.
Totals of international merchandise trade presented in the tables found in parts one and two are not strictly comparable due to complementary but different sources and remaining unallocated trade flows, despite efforts to distribute trade flows by destination, origin and commodity group.
Exports by destination may differ considerably in some cases from data on imports as reported by countries of destination for a variety of factors, among which the following may be of particular importance:
- Most import data are reported on a c.i.f. rather than an f.o.b.
basis;
- There is a time lag between the date on which goods are recorded as exports and their arrival at their destination;
- There may be considerable differences between the recorded destination of exports and the actual destination as shown in import statistics.
PART THREE
International merchandise trade by product Table
3.1 shows the export and import structure of individualeconomies by commodity groups for selected years for nine commodity groups (total, all food items, agricultural raw materials, fuels, ores and metals, manufactured goods, including chemical products, machinery and transport equipment and other manufactured goods).
Table
3.2(A,
B andC, respectively) presents the structureof exports for the world, for developing and developed economies, by product, at the SITC group (Revision 3, 3-digit) level. Each product share of world exports is calculated for each economic grouping as well as the average annual growth rate and the latter’s deviation in relation to the world growth rate.
Table
3.2D establishes for each economy the list of mainproducts exported (SITC group, Revision 3, 3-digit level). Each product’s share of total exports of individual countries, geographical regions and the world is also indicated.
Table
3.2Elists major exporters of 70 leading products among developing economies at the SITC group (Revision 3, 3-digit) level as well as corresponding shares in world trade.
Table
3.3provides concentration indices and structural change indices for exports and imports by product group at SITC (Revision 3, 3-digit) level. The first indicator shows how a product market is concentrated in a few countries or homogeneously distributed among several countries. The structural change indicator shows whether the market share for a given product among export countries has changed significantly when compared with a reference year.
Totals of international merchandise trade presented in the tables of this third part may also differ from the data contained in the first part for the above reasons, to which must be added margins of exports and imports not distributed by commodity group or the use of different product nomenclatures by the exporting and importing countries.
PART FOUR
International merchandise trade indicators Table
4.1 includes calculation results of concentration anddiversification indices for individual countries, geographical regions and economic groupings. This concentration index specifically shows how exports and imports of individual countries or country groupings are concentrated on several products or otherwise distributed in a more homogeneous manner among a series of products. The diversification indicator signals whether the structure of exports or imports by product of a given country or country grouping differs from the structure by product shown for the world.
Table
4.2contains volume indices of exports and imports, rounding out trade value available in tables 1.1 and 1.2, unit value indices of exports and imports and derived terms of trade and purchasing power of exports. They are all presented at the level of individual countries and geographical regions (4.2.1) and economic groupings (4.2.2).
To improve data coverage, especially for the latest periods, the following procedure was used in the calculation of unit value indices:
- A set of average prices indices at SITC (Revision 3, 3-digit) group level was constructed using
UNCTADstat CommodityPrice Statistics, international and national sources and UNCTAD secretariat estimates;
- At the country level, unit value indices were calculated using current year’s trade values as weights at the SITC (Revision 3, 3-digit) level. Trade values are available in table 3.2.
In some instances these indices may differ from the estimates published in official sources, since the main aim is to provide tentative estimates for most developing countries on a comparable basis.
Table
4.3presents average applied import MFN tariff rates
for major categories of non-agricultural and non-fuel products
by individual markets.
GENERAL NOTES
PART FIVE
International trade in services
Tables
5.1.1, 5.1.2 and 5.1.3 present exports and imports oftotal trade in services by individual country, geographical region, economic grouping and trade group. The statistics shown are a result of the common work of UNCTAD and World Trade Organization (WTO) and they correspond to the definitions of the IMF
Balance of Payments Manual (BPM5, 1993). The aggregate data from tables 5.1 include estimates ofmissing values that are not shown separately. Services are defined as the economic output of intangible commodities that may be produced, transferred and consumed at the same time.
However, services cover a heterogeneous range of intangible products and activities that are difficult to capture within a single definition and are sometimes hard to separate from goods.
Services are outputs produced to order, and they typically include changes in the condition of the consumers realized through the activities of the producers at the demand of customers. By the time production of a service is completed, it must have been provided to a consumer.
Table
5.2 presents statistics on international trade inservices by category of service for selected country groups and for major individual economy exporters and importers among developing and transition economies, as well as among developed countries. The data shown are a result of the common work of UNCTAD and WTO and they correspond to the definitions of the IMF
Balance of Payments Manual (BPM5, 1993). The following services categories are included:transport, travel, communication, construction, computer and information services, insurance, financial services, royalties and licence fees, other business services, and personal, cultural and recreational services.
To the extent possible, the inter-agency Task Force on Statistics of International Trade in Services aims to explain and reduce the divergences noticed in statistics for trade in services published by different international organizations. An overview of existing databases covering statistics on international trade in services is described at
http://unstats.un.org/unsd/tradeserv/TFSITS/matrix.htm.
Table
5.3describes international maritime transport. It contains data on the size of the world merchant fleet by flag of registration and by type of ship by region and economy. The table incorporates consolidated time series from various issues of the
UNCTAD Review of Maritime Transport. The Reviewreports on the worldwide evolution of shipping, ports and multimodal transport related to the major traffics of liquid bulk, dry bulk and containers.
PART SIX
Commodities
Table
6.1includes aggregated price indices for primary commodity groups such as food, tropical beverages, vegetable oilseeds and oils, agricultural raw materials and minerals, ores and metals, as well as an all groups price index in current United States dollars. Also included are the annual and quarterly free-market price indices for selected commodities exported by developing economies. The weight of price indices for the above mentioned commodity groups (2000=100) are based on the value of exports of developing countries from 1999 to 2001.
Table
6.2presents instability indices and trends in free- market prices for selected primary commodities that are of particular interest to developing economies.
PART SEVEN
International finance
Tables
7.1.1, 7.1.2 and 7.1.3 present values of the currentaccount net in millions of dollars and as percentages of GDP for individual countries, geographical regions, and trade and economic groupings. Balance-of-payments current account data cover all transactions between residents and non-residents of a reporting economy. In general, the current account balance describes the difference between current receipts and
expenditures for internationally traded goods, services and income payments. At the same time, from a national perspective, the current account balance would equal the gap between national savings and domestic investment.
Tables
7.2.1,
7.2.2and
7.2.3contain information on foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows and outflows by individual country, geographical region, economic grouping and trade group. These figures correspond to the Statistical Annexes of the UNCTAD
World Investment Report 2013. FDI is defined asan investment involving a long-term relationship and reflecting a lasting interest in and control by a resident entity in one economy (foreign direct investor or parent enterprise) of an enterprise resident in a different economy (FDI enterprise or affiliate enterprise or foreign affiliate). Such investment involves both the initial transaction between the two entities and all subsequent transactions between them and among foreign affiliates. A direct investment enterprise is defined as an incorporated or unincorporated enterprise in which the direct investor, resident in another economy, owns 10 percent or more of the ordinary shares or voting power (or the equivalent).
Tables
7.3.1 and7.3.2 present values of receipts (credits) of total migrants’ remittances, in millions of dollars, for individualeconomies and regional and economic groupings. They also show total remittances receipts as percentage of GDP and international trade. Migrants’ remittances are the sum of
workers’ remittances, compensation of employees and migrants’ transfers.Tables
7.4.1and
7.4.2include data on payments (debits) of total migrants’ remittances, based on the same approach used for tables 7.3.1 and 7.3.2.
Tables
7.5.1and
7.5.2present statistics on total international reserves (including gold) of developing countries by country, region and economic grouping, in millions of dollars.
Other calculations included show months of imports that these reserves could finance at current import levels, as well as the annual change in total reserves. According to the IMF definition,
international reserves consist of the sum of the country’s foreignexchange, its reserve position in the IMF, the monetary gold reserves, and the United States dollar value of SDR holdings by its monetary authorities.
Tables
7.6give a summary of official financial flows by type of flow, country, region and economic grouping. Flows from bilateral and multilateral sources are shown, as recorded by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Development Assistance Committee (DAC).
Tables
7.7present time series on the external long-term
indebtedness of developing economies. They also provide a
detailed breakdown of public and publicly guaranteed debt by
source of lending. External debt data in this table are based on
the Debtor Reporting System (DRS) maintained by the World
Bank.
GENERAL NOTES
PART EIGHT
Development indicators
Table
8.1provides information on total and per capita nominal gross domestic product (GDP) (in United States dollars) by individual country, geographical region and economic grouping.
The GDP figures in dollars are derived from GDP data provided in national currencies. The prevailing annual average market exchange rates, as reported by IMF, have been used for the conversion from national currencies to dollars.
Table
8.2contains annual average growth rates of total and per capita real GDP by individual country, geographical region and economic grouping. The growth rates are based on GDP in United States dollars at constant 2005 prices.
Table
8.3provides data on GDP by type of expenditure and kind of economic activity by country, geographical region and economic grouping.
Tables
8.4.1and
8.4.2provide some estimates on population and labour force: total population, urban population (as a percentage of total population), total labour force, female labour force (as a percentage of total labour force), total agriculture labour force and female labour force (as a percentage of total agriculture labour force). The figures for certain groups may be different from those published by the sources cited when the UNCTAD definitions for those groups are different.
OTHER NOTES
Unless otherwise specified, country aggregates are the sums of the relevant country data by group. Calculations of aggregates may in some cases include data estimated by the UNCTAD secretariat that are not necessarily all reported separately.
When there are not enough representative reported or estimated data points within a country aggregate, no aggregation is undertaken and symbol (-) is assigned.
Because of rounding, details and percentages in tables do not necessarily add up to totals.
Data were checked to ensure that they matched the geographical coverage of the countries, as described at the beginning of the
Handbook. However, some gaps could not beavoided due to data unavailability and are described in the notes at the end of tables.
Unless otherwise stated, dollars ($) refer to United States dollars and data in dollars are expressed in current United States dollars of the year to which they refer.
Average annual growth rates are defined as the coefficient
bin the exponential trend function y = ae
btwhere
t stands fortime. This method takes all observations in a period into
account. Therefore, the resulting growth rates reflect trends that
are not unduly influenced by exceptional values.
DISTRIBUTION OF COUNTRIES AND TERRITORIES
The country distributions presented are for statistical convenience only and follow those used by the Statistics Division, Department of Economic and Social Affairs (DESA), of the United Nations. They are grouped by economic criteria or by adhesion to commercial agreements for the purpose of statistical analysis and research.
The term “economies”, as used in this publication, refers to regions, countries and territories. In case of change in the statistical coverage of a country, it is identified by adding an end
year after the country name. For example, Indonesia (…2002)indicates that the statistical coverage of Indonesia, including Timor-Leste, was valid until 2002.
The composition of country groupings presented in the
Handbook is evolving in order to provide relevant statistics forresearch and analysis. In this regard, UNCTAD reviews and updates the definition and composition of groups every year.
User should be aware that the changes may impact significantly the figures from one given release to the other. The changes in the groups are thoroughly outlined in the section Methodology and Classifications under 'Useful links' at UNCTADstat website.
1. Developing, transition and developed economies
There is no established convention for the designation of
"developed" and "developing" countries or areas in the United Nations system. In common practice, Israel and Japan in Asia, Bermuda, Canada, Greenland, Saint Pierre et Miquelon, and the United States in North America, Australia and New Zealand in Oceania, and Europe are considered "developed" regions or areas. This section includes all countries and territories divided into three major categories: developing countries, transition economies and developed economies. Each category is further divided into geographical regions.
1) Developing economies
This category includes countries and territories in America, Africa, Asia and Oceania not specified below. The geographical regions are further subdivided into subregions in order to present more detailed statistics. Exceptions are specified in table footnotes.
2) Transition economies
This group includes countries in transition from centrally planned to market economies.
3) Developed economies
This category is subdivided into four geographical regions:
America, Asia, Europe and Oceania.
World’ total represents the sum of the figures of the three above-mentioned groups plus the figures of a group of territories and partners not elsewhere classified, whose composition is detailed below. Data of these territories are included in the world total if they have been reported but are not presented individually or in any group..
The composition of the group “not elsewhere classified” is as follows:
- Territories: Antarctica, Bouvet Island, British Antarctic Territory, British Indian Ocean Territory, Christmas Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, French Southern Territories, Heard and McDonald Islands, Norfolk Island, Pitcairn, Saint Barthélemy, Saint Martin (French part), South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands, United States Minor Outlying Islands, and United States Miscellaneous Pacific Islands.
- Partners: “Confidential information and differences”,
“Neutralzone”,
“Free zones”, “Bunkers”, and “Ship stores”. Thesespecific partners are only used in the merchandise trade tables.
The total of each group presented in the Handbook is also completed, should the case arise, with data that have not been allocated to the different elements composing the group.
2. Economic groupings of developing countries
The
Handbookincludes numerous and varied groups of countries and territories in order to provide easy access to the statistics necessary for socio-economic analysis and development research.
Developing economies are presented at three levels of aggregation: the total group, the group excluding China (referring to continental China) and the group excluding the least developed countries.
The category of heavily indebted poor countries includes those economies benefiting from the HIPC debt reduction initiative of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund.
LDCs and landlocked developing countries (LLDCs) are recognized by the United Nations as categories that require special attention from the international community.
Since 1994, the United Nations has recognized the particular problems of the Small Island Developing States (SIDS), even though the criteria for drawing up an official list of SIDS were never determined. The unofficial list is used by UNCTAD for analytical purposes only.
The developing economies are also categorized into three subgroups according to their average 2004-2006 per capita GDP: high-income (above $4,500), middle-income (between
$1,000 and $4,500) and low-income (below $1,000).
The group of major petroleum and gas exporters consists of countries whose share of petroleum and gas (SITC code 33 plus 34) was not less than 50 per cent of their total exports, and whose exports of these products amounted to at least 1 per cent of petroleum and gas world share for the period 2004–2006.
This group is divided into three geographical zones: Africa, America and Asia.
The group of major manufactured goods exporters consists of economies whose share of manufactured products (SITC 5 to 8, excluding 667 and 68) was not less than 50 per cent of their total exports, and whose exports of these products amounted to at least 1 per cent of manufactured goods world share for the period 2004–2006. The group comprises countries in America and Asia.
The composition of the groups of emerging economies (in America and Asia) and newly industrialized Asian economies (composed of first and second tier) corresponds to UNCTAD’s
Trade and Development Report.The different geographical regions are also presented at various levels of aggregation:- Africa: Northern Africa excluding Sudan, sub-Saharan Africa, including Sudan, including and excluding South Africa.
- America: Central America and Greater Caribbean Islands excluding Puerto Rico, including and excluding Mexico, South America and Central America, and South America excluding Brazil.
- Asia: Eastern and South-Eastern Asia excluding China, and Southern Asia excluding India.
3. Trade groups and interregional groupings
Statistics of trade groups with special analytic interest are
presented according to their pertinence. These groupings
include all relevant economies and are sub-classified by
geographical regions, with the exception of the following
interregional groups: African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of
States; Asia–Pacific Economic Cooperation; Black Sea
Economic Cooperation; and Commonwealth of Independent
States.
DISTRIBUTION OF COUNTRIES AND TERRITORIES
DEVELOPING ECONOMIES AFRICA
Eastern Africa
Burundi Malawi Uganda
Comoros Mauritius United Republic of Tanzania
Djibouti Mozambique Zambia
Eritrea Rwanda Zimbabwe
Ethiopia Seychelles
Kenya Somalia
Madagascar South Sudan
Middle Africa
Angola Congo Sao Tome and Principe
Cameroon Democratic Republic of the Congo
Central African Republic Equatorial Guinea
Chad Gabon
Northern Africa
Algeria Morocco Western Sahara
Egypt Sudan
Libya Tunisia
Southern Africa
Botswana Namibia Swaziland
Lesotho South Africa
Western Africa
Benin Guinea Nigeria
Burkina Faso Guinea-Bissau Saint Helena
Cape Verde Liberia Senegal
Côte d’Ivoire Mali Sierra Leone
Gambia Mauritania Togo
Ghana Niger
AMERICA
Caribbean islands
Greater Caribbean Small Caribbean islands
Cuba Anguilla Dominica
Dominican Republic Antigua and Barbuda Grenada
Haiti Aruba Montserrat
Jamaica Bahamas Saint Kitts and Nevis
Barbados Saint Lucia
Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba Saint Vincent and the Grenadines British Virgin Islands Sint Maarten (Dutch part)
Cayman Islands Trinidad and Tobago
Curaçao Turks and Caicos Islands
Central America
Belize Guatemala Nicaragua
Costa Rica Honduras Panama
El Salvador Mexico
DISTRIBUTION OF COUNTRIES AND TERRITORIES
DEVELOPING ECONOMIES ( concluded )
AMERICA (concluded)
South America
Argentina Ecuador Suriname
Bolivia (Plurinational State of) Falkland Islands (Malvinas) Uruguay
Brazil Guyana Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)
Chile Paraguay
Colombia Peru
ASIA
Eastern Asia
China Macao, Special Administrative
Democratic People’s Republic Region of China
of Korea Mongolia
Hong Kong, Special Administrative Republic of Korea
Region of China Taiwan Province of China
Southern Asia
Afghanistan India Nepal
Bangladesh Iran (Islamic Republic of) Pakistan
Bhutan Maldives Sri Lanka
South-Eastern Asia
Brunei Darussalam Malaysia Thailand
Cambodia Myanmar Timor-Leste
Indonesia Philippines Viet Nam
Lao People’s Democratic Republic Singapore
Western Asia
Bahrain Oman Turkey
Iraq Qatar United Arab Emirates
Jordan Saudi Arabia Yemen
Kuwait State of Palestine
Lebanon Syrian Arab Republic
OCEANIA
American Samoa Micronesia (Federated States of) Samoa
Cook Islands Nauru Solomon Islands
Fiji New Caledonia Tokelau
French Polynesia Niue Tonga
Guam Northern Mariana Islands Tuvalu
Kiribati Palau Vanuatu
Marshall Islands Papua New Guinea Wallis and Futuna Islands
DISTRIBUTION OF COUNTRIES AND TERRITORIES
TRANSITION ECONOMIES
Albania Kyrgyzstan Turkmenistan
Armenia Montenegro Ukraine
Azerbaijan Republic of Moldova Uzbekistan
Belarus Russian Federation
Bosnia and Herzegovina Serbia
Croatia Tajikistan
Georgia The former Yugoslav Republic
Kazakhstan of Macedonia
DEVELOPED ECONOMIES
AMERICA
Bermuda United States of America
Canada including Puerto Rico and
Greenland United States Virgin Islands
Saint Pierre and Miquelon
ASIA Israel
Japan
EUROPE
Andorra Gibraltar Poland
Austria Greece Portugal
Belgium Holy See Romania
Bulgaria Hungary San Marino
Cyprus Iceland Slovakia
Czech Republic Ireland Slovenia
Denmark Italy Spain
Estonia Latvia Sweden
Faeroe Islands Lithuania Switzerland including Liechtenstein
Finland including Åland Islands Luxembourg United Kingdom of Great Britain and
France including French Guyana, Malta Northern Ireland including Channel
Guadeloupe, Martinique, Mayotte*, Netherlands Islands and Isle of Man
Monaco and Réunion Norway including Svalbard
Germany and Jan Mayen
* Since 2012, Mayotte has been included in the statistical territory of France
OCEANIA Australia
New Zealand
DISTRIBUTION OF DEVELOPING ECONOMIES BY ECONOMIC GROUPING
Heavily indebted poor countries (39)
Afghanistan Ethiopia Mozambique
Benin Gambia Nicaragua
Bolivia (Plurinational State of) Ghana Niger
Burkina Faso Guinea Rwanda
Burundi Guinea-Bissau Sao Tome and Principe
Cameroon Guyana Senegal
Central African Republic Haiti Sierra Leone
Chad Honduras Somalia
Comoros Liberia Sudan
Congo Madagascar Togo
Côte d’Ivoire Malawi Uganda
Democratic Republic of the Congo Mali United Republic of Tanzania
Eritrea Mauritania Zambia
Landlocked developing countries (32)
Afghanistan Kazakhstan* Rwanda
Armenia* Kyrgyzstan* South Sudan
Azerbaijan* Lao People’s Democratic Republic Swaziland
Bhutan Lesotho Tajikistan*
Bolivia (Plurinational State of) Malawi The former Yugoslav Republic
Botswana Mali of Macedonia*
Burkina Faso Mongolia Turkmenistan*
Burundi Nepal Uganda
Central African Republic Niger Uzbekistan*
Chad Paraguay Zambia
Ethiopia Republic of Moldova* Zimbabwe
* These countries are classified as economies in transition (neither developed nor developing).
However, as they are landlocked States, they are also members of this group.
Small island developing States (29)
Antigua and Barbuda Maldives Samoa
Bahamas Marshall Islands Sao Tome and Principe
Barbados Mauritius Seychelles
Cape Verde Micronesia (Federated States of) Solomon Islands
Comoros Nauru Timor-Leste
Dominica Palau Tonga
Fiji Papua New Guinea Trinidad and Tobago
Grenada Saint Kitts and Nevis Tuvalu
Jamaica Saint Lucia Vanuatu
Kiribati Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Least developed countries (49)
Year of inclusion in the group Year of inclusion in the group Year of inclusion in the group
Africa and Haiti Asia
Angola 1994 Mali 1971 Afghanistan 1971
Benin 1971 Mauritania 1986 Bangladesh 1975
Burkina Faso 1971 Mozambique 1988 Bhutan 1971
Burundi 1971 Niger 1971 Cambodia 1991
Central African Republic 1975 Rwanda 1971 Lao People’s Democratic Republic 1971
Chad 1971 Senegal 2000 Myanmar 1987
Democratic Republic of the Congo 1991 Sierra Leone 1982 Nepal 1971
Djibouti 1982 Somalia 1971 Yemen 1971
Equatorial Guinea 1982 South Sudan 2012
Eritrea 1994 Sudan 1971
IslandsEthiopia 1971 Togo 1982 Comoros 1977
Gambia 1975 Uganda 1971 Kiribati 1986
Guinea 1971 United Republic of Tanzania 1971 Samoa 1971
Guinea-Bissau 1981 Zambia 1991 Sao Tome and Principe 1982
Haiti 1971 Solomon Islands 1991
Lesotho 1971 Timor-Leste 2003
Liberia 1990 Tuvalu 1986
Madagascar 1991 Vanuatu 1985
Malawi 1971
DISTRIBUTION OF DEVELOPING ECONOMIES BY ECONOMIC GROUPING
UNCTAD ECONOMIC GROUPINGS
2004-2006 average per capita current GDP above $4 500: High-income (57)
American Samoa Falkland Islands (Malvinas) Palau
Anguilla French Polynesia Panama
Antigua and Barbuda Gabon Qatar
Argentina Grenada Republic of Korea
Aruba Guam Saint Kitts and Nevis
Bahamas Hong Kong, Special Administrative Saint Lucia
Bahrain Region of China Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Barbados Kuwait Saudi Arabia
Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba Lebanon Seychelles
Botswana Libya Singapore
Brazil Macao, Special Administrative Sint Maarten (Dutch part)
British Virgin Islands Region of China South Africa
Brunei Darussalam Malaysia Taiwan Province of China
Cayman Islands Mauritius Trinidad and Tobago
Chile Mexico Turkey
Cook Islands Montserrat Turks and Caicos Islands
Costa Rica New Caledonia United Arab Emirates
Curaçao Niue Uruguay
Dominica Northern Mariana Islands Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)
Equatorial Guinea Oman
2004-2006 average per capita current GDP between $1 000 and $4 500: Middle-income (47)
Algeria Guyana Philippines
Angola Honduras Saint Helena
Belize Indonesia Samoa
Bolivia (Plurinational State of) Iran (Islamic Republic of) Sri Lanka
Bhutan Jamaica State of Palestine
Cape Verde Jordan Suriname
China Kiribati Swaziland
Colombia Maldives Syrian Arab Republic
Congo Marshall Islands Thailand
Cuba Micronesia (Federated States of) Tokelau
Dominican Republic Mongolia Tonga
Ecuador Morocco Tunisia
Egypt Namibia Tuvalu
El Salvador Nauru Vanuatu
Fiji Paraguay Wallis and Futuna Islands
Guatemala Peru
2004-2006 average per capita current GDP below $1 000: Low-income (55)
Afghanistan Guinea-Bissau Papua New Guinea
Bangladesh Haiti Rwanda
Benin India Sao Tome and Principe
Burkina Faso Iraq Senegal
Burundi Kenya Sierra Leone
Cambodia Lao People’s Democratic Republic Solomon Islands
Cameroon Lesotho Somalia
Central African Republic Liberia South Sudan
Chad Madagascar Sudan
Comoros Malawi Timor-Leste
Côte d’Ivoire Mali Togo
Democratic People’s Republic of Korea Mauritania Uganda
Democratic Republic of the Congo Mozambique United Republic of Tanzania
Djibouti Myanmar Viet Nam
Eritrea Nepal Yemen
Ethiopia Nicaragua Zambia
Gambia Niger Zimbabwe
Ghana Nigeria
Guinea Pakistan
DISTRIBUTION OF DEVELOPING ECONOMIES BY ECONOMIC GROUPING
Major petroleum and gas exporters (12)
Africa America Asia
Algeria Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) Iran (Islamic Republic of)
Angola Iraq
Libya Kuwait
Nigeria Oman
Qatar Saudi Arabia United Arab Emirates
Major manufactured goods exporters (8)
America Asia
Mexico China
Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region of China
Malaysia Republic of Korea Singapore
Taiwan Province of China Thailand
Emerging economies (10)
America Asia
Argentina Malaysia
Brazil Republic of Korea
Chile Singapore
Mexico Taiwan Province of China
Peru Thailand
Newly industrialized Asian economies (8)
First tier Second tier
Hong Kong, Special Administrative Indonesia
Region of China Malaysia
Republic of Korea Philippines
Singapore Thailand
Taiwan Province of China
DISTRIBUTION OF ECONOMIES BY TRADE GROUP
AFRICA
Year of accession Year of accession Year of accession
Arab Maghreb Union (5) - UMA Economic Community of Central Economic and Monetary Community
Algeria 1989 African States (10) - ECCAS of Central Africa (6) - CEMAC
Libya 1989 Angola 1999 Cameroon 1994
Mauritania 1989 Burundi 1983 Central African Republic 1994
Morocco 1989 Cameroon 1983 Chad 1994
Tunisia 1989 Central African Republic 1983 Congo 1994
Chad 1983 Equatorial Guinea 1994
Common Market for Eastern and Congo 1983 Gabon 1994
Southern Africa (19) - COMESA Democratic Republic of the Congo 1983
Burundi 1994 Equatorial Guinea 1983 Mano River Union (4) - MRU
Comoros 1994 Gabon 1983 Côte d'Ivoire 2008
Democratic Republic of the Congo 1994 Sao Tome and Principe 1983 Guinea 1980
Djibouti 1994 Liberia 1973
Egypt 1994 Sierra Leone 1973
Eritrea 1994 Economic Community of the Great
Ethiopia 1994 Lakes Countries (3) - CEPGL Southern African Development
Kenya 1994 Burundi 1976 Community (15) - SADC
Libya 2005 Democratic Republic of the Congo 1976 Angola 1992
Madagascar 1994 Rwanda 1976 Botswana 1992
Malawi 1994 Democratic Republic of the Congo 1992
Mauritius 1994 Economic Community of West Lesotho 1992
Rwanda 1994 African States (15) - ECOWAS Madagascar 2005
Seychelles 1994 Benin 1975 Malawi 1992
Sudan 1994 Burkina Faso 1975 Mauritius 1992
Swaziland 1994 Cape Verde 1977 Mozambique 1992
Uganda 1994 Côte d’Ivoire 1975 Namibia 1992
Zambia 1994 Gambia 1975 Seychelles 2007
Zimbabwe 1994 Ghana 1975 South Africa 1994
Guinea 1975 Swaziland 1992
East African Community (5) - EAC Guinea-Bissau 1975 United Republic of Tanzania 1992
Burundi 2007 Liberia 1975 Zambia 1992
Kenya 2001 Mali 1975 Zimbabwe 1992
Rwanda 2007 Niger 1975
Uganda 2001 Nigeria 1975 West African Economic and
United Republic of Tanzania 2001 Senegal 1975 Monetary Union (8) - UEMOA
Sierra Leone 1975 Benin 1994
Togo 1975 Burkina Faso 1994
Côte d’Ivoire 1994
Guinea-Bissau 1997
Mali 1994
Niger 1994
Senegal 1994
Togo 1994
AMERICA
Year of accession Year of accession Year of accession
