• Aucun résultat trouvé

Contrôle optimal appliqué au problème de rentrée atmosphérique

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2021

Partager "Contrôle optimal appliqué au problème de rentrée atmosphérique"

Copied!
6
0
0

Texte intégral

(1)

HAL Id: hal-00086454

https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00086454

Submitted on 18 Jul 2006

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- entific research documents, whether they are pub- lished or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers.

L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

Contrôle optimal appliqué au problème de rentrée atmosphérique

Emmanuel Trélat

To cite this version:

Emmanuel Trélat. Contrôle optimal appliqué au problème de rentrée atmosphérique. 2004, 6 p.

�hal-00086454�

(2)

!"$#&% ' % ()*,+- ./ (-01'2

3 40*5 67"#&%'

8:9;9=<?>$@BADCFEHGJI

KMLNBOFP

PRQ

<?SUTWVX<ZY[TW\]VXA_^7`bac8edgf

h<ZYXi,j]kMl7hmonWpqZnrkBs<tYujwv$qWx"kwyrzuv{Wx}|gV~[<u€‚ƒA…„rA‡†ˆkU‰MVX<?>BŠDA?j

‹tŒ$ŒwZŽ"B‹’‘”“•‹W?“r–ZŒw?“—˜‘™BšZ›UœržŸ‘¡ "•

—"“"“›¢£$£Z¤$¤$¤ƒ‘¥ŒM?“—‘™wšZ›Uœ¦žƒ‘¡ $•B£B§¦“"•‹BW?“

¨ƒ©

ª™«­¬®

©

ª°¯²±F³2´cµ·¶¸³º¹»¼X½™¼X´¥´¥¼0¾‡¿=À¦½™ÁDÃÅļ[Æe¼gÇu¼HÈcÁD³º¹”½ÊÉÁDÃ˼gÁ‡À…¹¡¶ÌƟ¾‡Ã

Ç?µ·¿¦³…¼(³…¾ͺ¼R¹¥¹”¼ƒ´™Àu¾[¹¡¶Ë¾‡Ã·¼Ÿ¼X³JÀÎ…¾º´°¼˜Çu¼b½”¼X³º¹”½»¼R¼ƒ¾[¹¡ÆŸÁ‡´™ÀÎM»¼½c¶ËÏu¿…¼ºÐ

ÁWÄ¿3Ã˼;ÈcÁD³º¹”½ÊÉÁDÃ˼ѼX´Ò¹HÃÓµ¾‡³…ԅ÷¼ÑÇu¼=ÔXÉÕ·¹™¼ºÐÖ¼×¹ØÃ˼;ÈcÁÉ¿D¹J¼´°¹HÃ˼ÑÙZ¿…Ú

¹¡Î…¼X½cƃ¶¸Ïu¿…¼¹”Áʹ™¾‡ÃŸÛÓÜžºÈ¡¹”¼X¿u½gÇ?µ·¿u´™¿u½”¼ÑÇu¼Ñ÷¾2³…¾͇¼×¹¥¹”¼XÝcÞ,ßµÁ‡Â…఼ȡá

¹¡¶ËÜâ¼´Ò¹ƒÇu¼(ÇU»¼×¹”¼½cƶ¸³…¼X½e¿¦³…¼b¹¡½™¾[à°¼XÈ¡¹™Á…¶Ë½”¼ƒÁ‡À…¹¡¶ÌƟ¾‡Ã·¼Öà™¿u´¥Ïu¿ZµÌľg¿¦³…¼

ÈR¶¸ÂÃ·¼HÇuÁD³¦³U»¼R¼‡Ð,´¥¾ºÈc΅¾‡³Ê¹(Ïu¿…¼HÃ˾ѳ…¾ͺ¼R¹¥¹”¼g¼´Ò¹_Çu¼JÀÃÌ¿u´b´°Á…¿¦Æƒ¶¸´°¼

ľÇu¼X´ãÈcÁD³º¹”½”¾‡¶Ì³Ê¹”¼´;´”¿u½‚ÃÓµ¥»¼R¹™¾[¹Ð7ľ´°¾XͺÁD¶¸½=´”¿u½-Ã˼äÙZ¿…Ú¹¡Î…¼½™á

ƶËÏu¿…¼ºÐuÃŵ¾ºÈ×È?»¼[ỼX½™¾[¹c¶·Á…³e³…Á‡½cƟ¾‡Ã·¼‡Ðº¼×¹âÃ˾’À¦½™¼X´¥´”¶·ÁD³ƒÇu妳…¾‡Æ¶ËÏu¿…¼ºÞ…戼

À¦½”Á‡ÂÃ¡»¼XƟ¼w¾(»¼×¹»¼ˆÈcÁDƃÀÃÅļR¹™¼[Æe¼[³Ê¹½»¼´¥ÁDø¿ÖÇu¾‡³u´"¿¦³…¼â´u»¼½c¶Ë¼UÇ?µ¾º½¥¹c¶ËÈ÷¼X´

çè[é

Ð

çËê×é

Ð çëXé

Þ

ìeícî

«­ïñð¥ò

©

ª¥«ó¯ ¹”½”¾[à°¼Èc¹™ÁD¶¸½”¼ôÁ‡À…¹c¶¸ÆŸ¾‡Ã˼ºÐ_À¦½¡¶Ì³uÈR¶¸À¼Ç¿ÆŸ¾ÊÚu¶ÌÆe¿¦Æ(Ð

Æe¹¡Î…ÁuÇu¼õÇu¼’¹c¶Ë½Þ

ö[÷Ÿø;ùúeû

ütýDþÓÿþ

ù ú ?ù

ýüÖü

ú ü ü

ütü

ù ÿ

û

ü þ

ü

!#"%$&"('*)&!,+.-0/

)21"

354768:9<;=4 >@?BA4 >A46#9DCA4E6?<8GFH4I3JIK5LNM<4 >@4OCP>GQR9&>:SUTVA4E6?&8GFXWSHQ0Y

6Z9<8:>[?&\#] 4E] 8[9<S^C:C[?&\D>:45_45F^?`>:aEA4O9<8[SH4_bR] 9<\D>[8dc9eFH4eMO4>_bR] 9e\D>:8.c9<FU4

9<6>:SUQR?<F(M#_?&\CEFU4OC>[4O]fa\SUgDb4hCi_W?A4O8:9]?<6>:b8:4kj

l

68[9<mF(n4OQR4OC_45o<bS^_?<o<4<M>:8f?&\CPp48:>[C_W9<8[mSq>[4OC?A4O8:9D?<C[CPS^C=>A4OCOM

l

_A4T<4OFH9e66Z4QR4\D>r_4sF^?&\]4b8fCR_4BC:?&>:4OFHFUSq>[4OC

ht-h/

$<uvH

w

F(W4\.;=4Obyx\?<\] SU48E>[8On4hCSHQR6Z9<8:>[?&\D>{z{M

l

68[9<mF(n4OQR4OCi_4k8:4O\D>:8A44|?.>[QR9eC:6aEA4O8:S^gDb4}jZ]<W4hC=>IF(W9<m;=4>~_b

p*?<Q04Ob€68:9<;=4 >}

$

}‚$.ƒ`/ZvHR„`"X- !

_A4T<4OFH9e66EA406?<8|FH4

3JIK5LNM…gDbS] 9<\#CPS^C=>[40n?|4O\…T<9.†<4O8@b\4~\?dTe4 >P>[4`C:6?.>[SU?<FH4Ia?.Y

mSH>A44`Te48fC@F^?6F^?&\n4 >[4`‡B?&8fCOMe_?<\CVFU4`mb>E_4I8f?&QR4\485C:b8

ˆ 48[8:4|_4hC‰A4O]fa#?&\D>:SUFHFU9<\#C5Q}?<8P>[SH4O\CŠ

K@\‹o<8[9eCOMFH48.c9<FU4_4~FXW?&8f]~?&>:QR9eC:6aEA48[SUgDb4~4OCP>|j

l

_478A4h_bSU8:47C:bŒrC:?<Q0QR4O\e>@FXW=A4\4O8:oeSH4E] SU\EA4>:S^gDb4<M.6?<8Gp8[9&>P>[4 Y

QR4\D>`_?<\CEFXW?&>:QR9eC:6an4O8:4eM

l

_W?&QR4O\48F(W4\o<SU\‰CP6#?.>:S^?&FN_Wb\4~6#9DCPSH>:SU9<\‰SH\SH>:S^?&FU4~68A4O] S^C:4

n

?0b\4]SHmFH4_9e\\EA4O4<M

l

_476FHbCVSHFp*?&b>@68[4\#_8:474O\}] 9<QR6>[4i] 4O8P>f?&SU\4OCG]9<\D>:8f?&SU\D>:4OC

C:b8iFXW=A4 >[?&>|j] 9e\e>[8[?<SH\D>[4C:b8iFU4bŽ>:a4O8:QRS^gDb4 w]O?&87SUF†Ž?

_4hCGo<4O\C`n?FXWSU\D>A4O8:SU4b8@_47FU?\#?dT<4 >:>:4Gz{MDCPb8VF(W?<]O]NA4OF A4O8[?&>:SU9<\

\9e8:Q}?<FH4

w

] 9<\p9<8:>V_4iT<9eF^z M&4 >CPb8VFU?68[4OC[C:SH9e\0_†…\?<QRSUgDb4

w

] 9<\D>[8[?<SH\D>:4~>[4O]fa\S^gDb4|_4CP>:8[b]{>[b8:4dz{M

l

4O\x\M#9<\s]fa48f]fa4_4|6FHbC0n?RQRSH\SUQRSUC:48`b\B] 8[Sq>On48[4|_W9<6Y

>[SHQRS^C:?&>:SU9<\‘jFH4#b‰>[a48[QRSUgDb4~>:9<>[?<F_4FU?R\#?dT<4 >:>:4eŠ

’ 4I]9<\D>:8.c9<FU474OCP>VF^?] 9e\xoeb8[?&>:SU9<\}?A48[9…_†D\#?&QRSUgDb47_4IFU?\?.Y

T<4>P>[4<Š ’ ?,68[4QRS(n48[4ŽgDb4hC=>[SH9e\“gDbSiC:4y6#9DCP4y4hC=>}F^?,C:bSUT.?&\D>:4‘j

FU4OC|p9e8[]4OC?A48[9_†…\?&QRS^gDb4OC6Z4bTe4\D>PY%4FUFU4OC]9<\D>:8[SHmb48Žn?sp8:4OSqY

\4O8”F^?B\?dTe4 >P>[4‰_4rQ}?<\S(n48[4r?<_A4hgDb?.>[4•‹KV\‘p*?&SH>0C:S5FXW?<Fq>[Sq>[b_4

4OCP>>:8[9<6–A4FU4TVA44

w

C:b6EA4O8:SU4b8:4Žn?,—d˜&™rš…Qrz{M?<FH9e8[CIF^?Ž_4O\C:Sq>A40?&>PY

QR9eC:6aEA4O8:S^gDb4~4OCP>7>:8[9<6‹p*?&SUmFU4<M4>iSHF4OCP>`6a…†CPS^gDb4QR4\D>7SUQ06Z9eCPY

C:SHmFU4s_4soGA4\EA4O8:4O8k_4hC0p9<8f] 4hC}?A4O8:9_†…\?<Q0S^gDb4OCkCPbŒ}C[?&QRQR4\D>

SU\e>[4\C:4OCOŠ›ib]9<\D>:8f?&SU8:4eMC:S5FXW?<Fq>[Sq>[b_4‹4OCP>”>[8:9e6œm?<C[CP4 wQR9<SU\C

_4˜<™€š…Qrz{MVFU?‘_4O\CPSH>A4y?&>:QR9eC:6aEA48[SUgDb4Ž4OCP>}>:8[9<6“o<8f?&\_4eMG4 >

FU4rCP4ObF@4QR6FU9<S5_4OCp9e8[]4OC|?A48[9_†…\?&QRS^geb4OC] 9e\_bSU8[?<Sq>‰n?yb\

_A4O6?<C[C:4QR4\D>0_bžC:4bSHFi?<b>:9e8:S^CA4‰6Z9<b8}FU4‹bŸ>[a48[QRSUgDb4y9<b

F^?y68:4hC:C:SU9<\‘_†…\?&QRS^geb4<ŠKV\‘4  N4 >”F^?y8:4O\D>:8A44R?.>[Q09DCP6aA48[S^geb4

COW4 Z4h]{>:b4sn?‹_4hCIT…SH>:4hC:C:4OCI>:8hn4hCyA4OFH4OTVA44OCOŠ#KV\€8[4T.?<\]fa4kC:SF(W?&FH>:SHY

>:b#_4”4hC=>] 9<QR68[S^CP44O\D>:8[4k˜&™}4>k—d˜&™Rš…QyM#9e\B6#4Ob>~>:8[9<bTe48ib\

] 9eQR68:9eQRSUCOŠ…3IW4OCP>5] 4~gDbW9e\r?&66Z4FUFU4`F^?

/¡$d$&"(ƒ})dX/¡

'*¢-

Š

£

b8f?&\D>‰]4 >P>[4s6a?eCP4s?.>[QR9eC:6aEA4O8:S^gDb4<MF^?€\#?dT<4 >:>:4sC:4B] 9<Q0Y

6Z9<8:>:4] 9eQRQ04b\

/NvH$.!N -

MZ]&W4OCP>PY n?.Y2_SH8[4geb4|FH4hCEQ09<>:4Ob8[C`CP9e\e>

] 9eb6EA4hC“j|SHF}\W†¤?¥6?eC‘_4žp9<8f] 4ž_4ž6#9ebC[CA4O4<Š ’ W4\o<SU\¤4hC=>

_9e\]¦C:9<bQ0S^C§b\S^geb4QR4\D>¨n?©F^?©p9e8[]4¥_4¦oe8[?dT…SH>A4ª4>ª?<b

p9<8f] 4hC?A4O8:9_†…\?<Q0S^gDb4OCOŠ ’ 4}] 9<\D>[8dc9eFH4k4OCP>FXW?&\oeFH4R_4Rodc«H>:4RgDbS

8[468A4OC:4\D>[4‰FXW?<\o<FU4y4\D>:8[4sFH4hC}?&SUFH4hCR4 >rb\ž6F^?&\ª]9<\D>:4O\?&\D>RFU?

\?dTe4 >P>[4<ŠK@\x\MN9<\,]fa9<S^CPSH>|] 9<QRQR4R] 8[Sq>On48[4”_W9<6>[SHQRS^C:?&>:SU9<\€FH4

bŽ>:a4O8:QRS^gDb4~>:9&>f?&F_4~F^?R\?dTe4 >P>[4<Š

¬ 

)h+

v­'^$."X'*).!Ÿ+.-0/

)<uv ®ƒR

’ ?~QR9…_A4FUSUC[?.>[SH9e\”68A4h] S^CP4E_bR68[9<mF(n4QR4E?BA4 >A454 Z4h]{>[bA447_?<\C

¯°.±M ¯²d±Š³I\ªb>:SUFUSUC:4BFU4OCrFU9<S^C‰_4BFU?‘Q§A4h]?<\SUgDb4B]FU?eC:C:S^geb4<M@b\

QR9_Nn4FU4B_4_4\C:Sq>A4B?.>[QR9eC:6aEA4O8:S^gDb4y4 >‰b\´Q09_n4FU4s6#9eb8rFU4OC

p9<8f] 4hC‰COW448eµ]?&\D>ŽC:b8ŽFU?\?dT<4>P>:4eM5F^?œp9e8[]4Bo<8f?dT…Sq>f?.>[SH9e\\4FUFU4

4 >F^?Žp9<8f] 4}?A48[9…_†D\#?&QRSUgDb40gDbSVC:4R_A4O]9<QR6#9DCP404\‘b\4r] 9<Q0Y

6Z9eC[?&\D>:4‘_SH>:4œ_4

"

$¶·¸!

h

4 >sb\4,]9<QR6#9DC:?<\D>:4‘_Sq>[4œ_4

/)

"2$.!Ztf ’

4~C:†C=>On4QR4`4hC=>EQR9<\9<YX4O\D>:8A44i4>7FH4] 9e\e>[8dc9eFH4I4OCP>7FU?Rº

¶·¸"2

t'¸!

ƒR$&"('*¢-

wFXW?&\oeFH4_W?.>:>[?egeb4~4hC=>7x5A4hz{Š

³I\_9<\\4kb\QR9_Nn4FU4”oGA4\EA48f?&FN>[4\?<\e>|] 9eQR6>:40_4kF^?r8[9&>f?.Y

>:SU9<\ wb\SHp9<8[Q04dz0_4sFU?

ˆ

48[8:4y?&b>:9<b8r_4sF(W?.4y»½¼¿¾ÀEM`n?

T…Sq>[4OC[CP4s?<\o<bF^?&SU8[4y_4sQ09_bFH4Á~Š³I\ž\9<>:4BÂü w(Ä&ÅdÆ:ÄdÇ<Æ:ÄdÈ z

b\}8[46n48[4oD?&FUSHFA4O4\R_9<\D>VFXW9e8:SUo<SU\4E4OCP>VFU4`] 4O\D>:8[4`ɖ_4iF^? ˆ 4O8:8[4<M

Ê Å ¼ w(ËÆÌÆ

»€zb\”8[46n48[4V_W9<8[SHoeSH\4ɞ4O\”8[9&>[?&>:SU9<\Žn?`FU?IT…Sq>[4OC[CP4

Áž?&b>:9<b85_4IF(W?.4`»Me4> Ë F(WSH\D>[48fCP4h]{>:SU9<\r?dTe4O]EFU4`Q§A4O8:S^_SU4\r_4

Í~8[44\…Î7S^]faŠ

L…9<SH> Ê FU4}8[?d†e9<\,_4}FU? ˆ 48[8[404>”ÏÐFU4r] 4O\D>:8[4r_4}Q}?<C[CP4}_4

F^?r\?dTe4 >P>[4<Š³I\B\9<>:4

Ê~ÑÅ

¼ w*ÄdÒ&Æ[ÄOÓ2Æ[ÄdÔ z`FU4k8[46n48[4?<C[CP9] SA4”?<b

] 9…9e8[_9e\\EA4O4OC0CP6aA48[S^geb4OC0_4BÏÕ¼ wÖ.Æ:×PÆ:Ø z{M ֞Ù

Ê A4 >f?&\D>RFU?

_S^C=>f?&\]4ÉÏRM × FU?0FU9<\oeSq>[b_4|4> Ø F^?0FU?&>:SH>:b_4<Š

4C:†…CP>On4QR4|_4] 9…9<8f_9e\\EA4O4OCECP6aA48[S^geb4OC68A4OC:4\D>:4b\4CPSU\Y

(3)

QRSUgDb4~CP9ebCGp9e8:QR4i6FHbCC:SHQR6FU4`9e\rSH\D>[8:9_bSH>5FU4`8[46n48[4EQ09emSUFH4

Ê Ç ¼ wfÆeÆ

z_9<\D>|FXW9e8:SUo<SU\4R4OCP>”Ï _4}FU?‹Q}?&\SXn4O8:4RCPbSHT.?&\D>[4<Š

L…9eSq> j wwPz ÆNwPz Æ#wPzPz|F^?Ž>:8f?.;=4h]{>:9eSH8[4R_4rÏÐQR4hCPb8A4O4

_?<\C@FU4`8[46n48[4

Ê Å 4>

FU?|T…SH>:4hC:C:4i8[4F^?.>:SUT<4

¼ »ŸŠ

9<b8~_A4 x\SU8

9<\B6Z9eC:4Žj

¼

Š ’ 40T<4h]{>:4Ob8

4OCP>~b\T<4h]{Y

>:4Ob8|b\SH>[?<SH8[4R_b€6FU?<\

wfÆ[ÄhÒ

z`6Z48[6Z4\_S^] bFU?<SH8[4yn?

4 >|9e8:SU4\D>A4

6?<8 ! Ä Ò#" ™Š³I\s6#9DCP4 ¼ %$ Š ’

?r_SU8[4O]{>[SH9e\s_4”F^?}T…Sq>[4OC[CP4

4OCP>6?&8f?&Q§A4>:8[SUCA44_?&\CIFH4R8[46n48[4

ÊÑÅ

¼ w(Ä Ò Æ:Ä ÓÆ:Ä Ô zI6?&8_4Ob

?&\o<FU4OCj

l

F^?‹6#4O\e>[4'& M?<bC[CPSG?&66#4OF A4O4

$.!

º

vHŽ+<)(d)&v

MgDbS@8[468A4hCP4O\e>[4

FXW?<\o<FU4”4O\D>:8[4”b\€6FU?<\Ba9e8:S+*9e\e>f?&F4 >b\6F^?&\€] 9<\D>[4\?<\e>

F^?0\?dT<4>P>:4eM

l

FXW?,*SUQ”b>.-5M<gDbS4OCP>GF(W?&\oeFH44\D>[8:4EF^?I68:9<;=4O]{>[SH9e\k_4'

_?&\C

b\y6F^?&\ya9e8:S+*9e\D>[?&FN4>EFU4|T<4h]{>[4b8 Ä Ô Š

’

WPA4hgeb#?.>:SU9<\ p9e\_?&QR4O\e>f?&FU4´_4¦FU? Q§A4h]?<\SUgDb4eM”gDbS‰4hC=>“b\4

A

4hgeb#?.>:SU9<\‘_SH `A48[4\D>:SU4FUFH4}_bŸC:4O]9<\_,9e8[_8[4}CPb8/0 È

MC:4R>:8f?<_bSq>

6?<87b\sCP†CP>On4OQ04_?<\CEFH4hCi] 9…9e8[_9e\\EA4O4OC

wÖ.Æ[×=Æ:Ø`Æ

Æ& Æ -z{Š

G?&8V?<SHFUFH4Ob8fCMe9<\rC:b66Z9eC:4`_Wb\4`6#?&8:>5gDb4iF^?\?dTe4 >P>[474OCP>5b\

6F^?&\4Ob8hM]&W4OCP>PY n?.Y2_SH8[4geb4

vU$~/).-…f

O0+<”vH$}!N$1(. "X"2” f"5!-v¸vH

M

4 >_W?&b>:8[4k6?<8P>|9e\€C:b66Z9eC:40gDb4RF^?‰T…SH>:4OC[C:40_4RFXW?&>:QR9eC:6an48[4

4OCP>|FU?ŽT…Sq>[4OC[CP4R_4RF^? ˆ 48[8:4.2NF^?‹TDSH>:4hC:C:408:4OFU?&>:SUT<4k_40F^?Ž\?dT<4>P>:4

6?<878[?<66#9e8P>”n?0F^? ˆ 48[8[4~4hC=>i_9e\]~FU?RT…SH>:4hC:C:48:4OFU?&>:SUT<43

Š

’ 4OC”p9<8f] 4hCk?<o<S^C:C[?&\D>kC:b80FU?€\?dTe4 >P>[4ŽC:9<\D>kF^?sp9e8[]4Ž_4‹o<8f?.Y

T…Sq>A4r4>”FU?sp9<8f] 4‰?A48[9_†…\?&QRS^geb4<MgDbSECP4‰_A4O]9<QR6#9DCP4R4O\Ÿb\4

] 9eQR6#9DC:?<\e>[4r_SH>:4‰_4

"

$¶·¸!

h

w9e66Z9eCA44Bn?yF^?sT…Sq>[4OC[CP4dz{M4>”b\4

p9<8f] 4B_Sq>[4€_4

/)

"2$.!Ntf

w6Z48[6Z4\_S^] bFU?<SH8[4§n?œF^?œT…Sq>[4OC[CP4dz{Š³I\

\9<>:454}4OCP> FXW?<\o<FU4V_4o.c«q>[4<M76

zF^?`_4O\CPSH>A45_45F(W?.>[Q09DCP6an48[4<MO4 >

859 Æ 8 Ô

FU4OCG]9…4 Œr] SU4\D>[C_45>:8f?dc«H\EA44@4>G_46Z9<8:>[?<\] 4eŠ.354hCG] 9…4 ŒRY

] SU4\D>fC_A4O6#4O\_4O\e>_4@FXW?<\o<FU4V_W?.>:>[?egeb4<MSXŠ4<ŠhF(W?&\oeFH4V4\D>:8[4@FXW?&…4

_bB6FU?<\4b8I4 >~FH4kT<4O] >:4Ob8`T…SH>:4OC[C:4.2Z]<W4hC=>?}68[SH9e8:Sb\] 9e\D>:8.c9<FU4

Q}?&S^C@9e\rCPb66#9DCP4~geb4`_b8f?&\D>VFXW?<8[]`?.>:QR9DCP6aEA48[SUgDb4ESUF#4hC=>Vx5A4<Š

Ji9<>:8[4‰C:4bF] 9<\D>[8dc9eFH4R4OCP>k_9e\]}FXW?<\o<FU4r_4Žodc«H>:44ª_9e\e>kF(W4  N4 >

4OCP>I_9ebmFU4}jQR9_SHx48IF(W?&FH>:SH>:b_4Q}?&S^Ci?&bC[C:S>:9eb8:\48kn?}_8[9<SH>:4

9<bn?RoD?&b]fa4<ŠZ³I\B]fa9eSUC:SH>`6#9eb8iF^?r_4O\CPSH>A4?.>:QR9DCP6aEA48[SUgDb4b\

QR9_Nn4FU404 6#9e\4\D>[SH4OF:6 z¼;6!<h4>=?,@fM4 >|6?&8|?<SHFUFH4Ob8fC`9e\€C:b6Y

6Z9eC:4gDb4BA w*Ö

zV¼DCE

ÒF

Š ’ 4V8[46n4O8:4V\W=A4 >[?<\D> 6?eC?<mC:9<FUbMOF^?I\?dT<4>P>:4

4OCP>œA4Ooe?<FH4OQ04O\D>”CP9ebQRSUC:4€n?sF^?yp9<8f] 4r_4y359<8[SU9<FUSUC4>yn?sF^?yp9<8f] 4

_W4\D>:8f?dc«H\4OQR4\D>OŠ

G SU\?<FH4OQ04O\D>OMhF(W?&8f]@?.>[QR9eC:6aEA4O8:S^gDb4G4OCP> _A4O] 8[SH>6?&8FH4CP†CP>On4OQR4

C:bSHT.?<\e>j

H Ò

HI

¼

CPSU\&

HJ

HI

¼ KACPSU\&)K

ÅÇ

6.LNMO

P Ç

Á Ç Ö

]9eC ØIw

C:SH\5&~]9eC

Ø

K‘] 9DCQ&IC:SH\

Ø

] 9eCQ-z

HR

HI

¼ ]9eCQ&

w

KC

J JÒ z Å

Ç

6.L!M%S

P

]9eCT4

˜eÁ‹] 9eC

Ø

CPSU\-

Á Ç ÒJ

]9eC ØIw

] 9DCQ&I]9eC ØU

CPSU\&~C:SU\

Ø

] 9eCV- z

H Ô

HI

¼ JÒ

]9eCQ&] 9eCV-

H Ó

HI

¼ K J

ÒXWZY[

R

[]\^%_

WZY[

Ô

H _

HI

¼ ÅÇ

6.L!M%S

P J

WZY[

R

C:SH\`4 JÒ

]9eCQ&I>[?<\

Ø

CPSU\-

˜eÁ

w

C:SH\

Ø

K€>[?<\&~] 9DC

Ø

]9eCQ- z Á Ç Ò

J

[\^ Ô WZY[

Ô

[\^%_

WZY[

R w—hz

9<b8|FU4OC_9<\\EA44OC~\…bQ§A4O8:S^gDb4OCb>[SHFUS^CA4O4OCOM9<\œC:408A4p2n48[40?<b

?&8:>:S^] FU4OCE68A4h] SH>A4hCŠ

a cb

7/

)eu v ®ƒ}0+eRt[)&!"

).vH0)[/N"('¸ƒ}$.v

’ 4‹68:9emF(n4QR4‰4hC=>}_W?&QR4\48RF(W4\o<SU\§C:6?.>[SU?<F_Wb\4yT.?&8[S A4 >A4

SU\Sq>[SU?<FH4)de<n?Žb\4}T.?&8[S A4>A4kx\?<FH4fd

Å

M9nb,FU4R>:4QR6C>:4O8:QRSU\?&F

hg”4OCP>VFHSUm8[4<MD4 >FH4hCV] 9e\_SH>:SU9<\C5?&bRFUSHQRSH>:4OCC:9<\D>_9e\\EA4O4OC@_?&\C

?&FH>:SH>:b#_4 wji

z —<—lkŠmD˜|š…Q — ²

š…Q

T…Sq>[4OC[CP4 w z npoe™,oŠk ² Qfq&C o!o ² Qfq&C

?&\o<FU4_4~Te9<F

w

&z Y[—eŠm,o0_4Oo FUSHm8:4

F^?.>:SH>:b#_4 w*Ø z ™ —h™Šk,k”_4o

FU9<\oeSq>[b_4 w*×z FHSUm8[4~9eb‰x5A44rn?‹—<—lrŠ² k”_4Oo —sr,rŠo!mk_4o

?>*OSHQkb>

w

-z FHSUm8[4 FUSHm8:4

tTuwv%xQy)z

{}|>~>>€‚p€ƒ|,~,„†…1‡1ˆ‰€ƒŠ%€‚p‹l„

’

?–\?dTe4 >P>[4ž4OCP>OM”?<b ]9<b8fCœ_4ªF^?–6a?eCP4ª_4 8[4\D>[8A4O4“?&>PY

QR9eC:6aEA4O8:S^gDb4<MC:9<bQRS^CP4rn?k>:8[9<S^C7] 9e\D>:8f?&SU\e>[4OC~j

l

359e\e>[8[?<SH\D>[4~C:b87FU4Œ

-,Ž‰"¡

ƒk'*¢-

j



¼8‘l’ 6

ȓ



P`”–• Æ w

˜<z

l

359e\e>[8[?<SH\D>[4~C:b8

vh—$et[t

v

$."X'*).!‘!Z)

ƒR$&vH

j

&T˜R¼™&Q˜><

w]š

zZ6

Ǔ

& P`”–•

˜ Æ w(°

z

l

359e\e>[8[?<SH\D>[4~C:b87F^?

/

ff'*)&!,+>›.!Z$.ƒ0'*¢-

j

—˜ 6 Ç “œ

P`”–•

w

oDz

K@FUFH4hC|CP9e\e>|8[468A4hCP4O\e>A44hC`C:b8|F^?‹xoŠG—r_?<\CFU4r_9<Q}?&SU\4}_4

T<9eF(M4O\‹p9<\] >:SU9<\y_4|F(W?<]O]NA4OF A48f?.>:SU9<\fž0¼

Å

Ç

LNMO

P 6 Ç

4 >`_4

Š

normal acceleration dynamic

pressure

thermal flux

J

H

Ÿ¡ ‚¢p£

P

£¤%¥–¦¨§©ª ‚¦7§j«­¬:¬j®p©}¯±°²«­§ª§h³1«Z§X¬]§©ª§l²«­¢– ‚«†´p«†µXª©¶>¥–¯‚´>·–¸:©¹ª­º¨«­¬

’

4`68:9emF(n4QR4i_4I]9<\D>:8.c9<FU479<6>:SUQR?<F#4hC=>E_4iQRSU\SHQRS^CP4O85FU4i#b

>:a48[Q0S^gDb4>:9<>[?<FGj

8 w 4zV¼¼»

Ij½

< 8 ‘ ’ 6 È

ž!

wX²

z

359<\]48[\?&\D>“]4¦]8:SH>On4O8:4¦_W9e6>:SUQRSUC[?.>[SH9e\MR6FUbCPSU4b8[C“]fa9<SH

C:9<\D>”4\Ÿp*?&SH>06Z9eC[CPSUmFU4OC”4 >kFU4OC0] 8[SH>On4O8:4hCrn?B68[4\_8:4r4O\] 9eQR6>:4

C:9<\D>@FH4ip*?<]{>[4b8_WbCPb8:4iFUS A4”n?|FXWSU\D>A4Oo<8f?&FU4_brb0>:a4O8:QRS^geb4i4 >

FU4] 9<\p9<8:>7_4T<9eFFHS A4rn?RF(WSU\e>A4oe8[?<FH4_4|FXW?e]]NA4F A48f?.>[SH9e\}\9<8[Q}?&FU4<Š

³I\y]fa9<S^CPSH>7FH4|68:4OQ0SU48i]8:SH>On48[4<M…FH4~>[4QR6CEx\#?&F}hgA4>[?<\e>7FUSHm8:4eŠ

¾

‚Z"

$&"

º '*”+}—¿k$

/).vH+y"ÁÀ

$>(d

L…S<9e\p*?&SH>F(W?&668:9dSUQ}?.>:SU9<\Â

KžMOFH45] 9cb>6#4Ob>Vc4>:8[4kA4O]8:SH>@j

8 w

4z5¼ »;»

J E Ç

’ ž ž Æ » " ™ Æ

4 > FU? C=>[8[?&>A4Oo<SU4 9<6>[SHQ}?&FU4Õ]9<\C:SUCP>:4 ?&FU9<8fCÕn? Q}?.SUQRSUC:48

FXW?e]]NA4F A48f?.>[SH9e\Ğ06Z4\_?<\D>5>[9<b>[4IF^?k_b8A44`_bŽT<9eF(Š3IW4hC=>EF^?6Z9&Y

(4)

8[SUCA4OCOM_?&\#CF(W9<8f_8[4RC:bSUT.?&\D>}jb€>:a4O8:QRS^geb4}QR?&SHQ}?&FXM6bS^C

?<]O]NA4OF A48f?.>:SU9<\‘\9e8:Q}?<FH4‹Q}?.SHQ}?<FH4eMG6bS^CR68:4hC:C:SU9<\_†…\?<QRSUgDb4

Q}?.SUQR?<FH4eMT<9eSH8xo#Š—<Š

’ W?dTd?<\D>[?&oe4B_4]4 >P>[4Q§A4>:a9_4B4hC=>‹geb4FU4BFH9e\o_Wb\´?<8[]

p8[9<\D>:S(n48[4FH4`]9<\D>:8.c9<FU47CW4 68[SUQ047C:9<bCGp9<8[Q04i_4

u[)&-t vU

ƒ

O

M

]&W4OCP>PY n?.Y2_SU8:4ž4O\¤p9e\]{>[SH9e\ _4 FXW=A4>[?&>OŠk354 >:>:4ªp9e8:QR4ª4hC=>ŸmSU4\

?<_?&6>A44?&bŽ68:9emF(n4QR4OC4O\‰>[4QR6C78A44OF(M…4>`CP468Oc4 >[4ImSH4O\y?<b

68[9<mFXn4OQ04hCE_4C=>f?&mSUFUSUC[?.>[SH9e\Š

3546Z4\_?<\D>I] 4>P>:4kQA4 >[a9_4

! —{{"/$.k)[/N"('¸ƒ}$.vH

6Z9<b8I\9&>[8:4

] 8[SH>On4O8:4eM4 >0\9&>[8:4Žmb>k4hC=>R_4Ž]fa48f]fa48b\4r>[8[?&;=4O]{>[9<SU8:4}9e6>:SHY

Q}?&FU4<Š

öRöX÷Ñû

ütÿ

ý D$ÿ˜ü ÿþ¸

ý<þ ù

ÿ

û

ü þ

üZÿ

‚#"

$&"

º

'*0¢-$d{'

¹

)[/N"('¸ƒ}$.vH

³I\B8[?<66Z4FUFH4FU4”8A4hCPbFH>[?&>IC:bSHT.?<\e>hM#QR9e\e>[8A4_?&\C

¯˜ ±

oe8dc?e] 4Žn?

b\4‹?&\?<FH†C:4}oGA4O9<Q§A4>:8[SUgDb4kx\4‰_4OC4…>:8A4Q}?&FU4OC|_9<\\EA44OC6?&8

FU4|68:SU\]SH6Z4_byQ}?.SHQkbQÐ?dTe4O]~] 9<\D>[8[?<SH\D>:4hCECPb87FXW=A4 >f?.>OŠ

)[/)d{'¸"X'*).!

L…4FU9<\ FU4OC©_4Ob¿68:9emF(n4QR4OC¥4\…T…S^C:?<oGA4hC

w

Te9<SU8E>[?<mFH4/Pz M9<\s?‹j

—<ŠiL…S~F^?‘FH9e\o<SH>:b_4BSH\Sq>[SU?<FH4B4hC=>ŽFHSUm8[4<MVF^?ŸCP>:8f?.>A4oeSH4y9<6>:SUQR?<FH4

4OCP>OMD?dT<4h]5b\47m#9e\\4`?<668[9dSHQ}?.>[SH9e\M

=

g

Ó

•

” EM<9nb

w

8[4OC:6Š

=

zI4hC=>b\‘?&8f]”] 9e8:8[4OC:6Z9<\_?<\D>I?&b,] 9<\D>[8dc9eFH4 4§¼¨™

w8[4OC:6Š4 ¼z{ME4>sg Ó

• w8:4hCP6Š

”

z‰4OCP>yb\¦?<8[]Bp8:9e\e>[S(n48[4

] 9e8:8[4OC:6Z9<\_?<\D>0n?‰F^?‹] 9<\D>[8[?<SH\D>:40CPb8~FU40bs>[a48[QRSUgDb4 w8[4OC:6Š

C:b87F(W?<]O]NA4OF A48f?.>:SU9<\}\9<8[QR?<FH4dz{Š

˜ŠiL…S…F^?iFU9<\oeSq>[b_4SH\Sq>[SU?<FH454OCP>xA4O4<MOFU?~C=>[8[?&>A4Oo<SU4G9<6>[SHQ}?<FH454OCP>OM

?dT<4h]`b\4|m#9e\\4?<668[9d…SUQ}?.>[SH9e\M

= lg

Ó

• = Š

’ 4OC~] 9e\D>:8.c9<FU4OC`]9<8[8:4hCP6Z9<\#_?&\D>0n?‰b\€?<8[]p8[9<\D>[S(n4O8:4kCP9e\e>]?<FqY

] bF A4hCp9<8[QR4FUFH4OQ04O\D>E6#?&8i_A4O8:SUT.?.>[SH9e\Š

354}8A4hCPbFq>f?.>|_W?<668[9dSHQ}?.>[SH9e\\W4OCP>6?eC~p*?<] SUFU4sn?‹QR9<\D>[8:4O8OŠ

9<b84\_9<\\4O8b\4ŽSU_A44eM8[4Q}?&8fgDb9<\C|gDb4‰FH4‹CP†CP>On4OQ04 w—hz

_A4h] 8[SHT.?<\e>EFXW?<8[]?.>[QR9eC:6aEA4O8:S^gDb4`4hC=>`_4|F^?kp9<8[QR4

¼

w

&z

Å Å&w

&z

NÇZÇ<w

&z

Æ

?dT<4h]

Å

¼¤] 9DCT4GM Ç

¼¤CPSU\`4Ÿ4>!‰¼ w*Ö.Æ

Æ &

Æ:Ø`Æ:×=Æ

- z ŠZKV\€6Z9&Y

C[?&\D>"

Å ¼ wÖ.Æ

Æ

&z`4 >#

Ç ¼ w(ØiÆ[×=Æ

-z{M#9<\B6Z4b>|_A4h] 9eQ06Z9eC:48`FH4

C:†…CP>On4QR4~_4|FU?0Q}?&\SXn4O8:4CPbSHT.?&\D>[4}j

Å

¼%$

Å&w

ÅdÆÅ

z É w

Á7z Æ Ç

¼&$

Çew

ÆNÇ

z

’

4068[4QRSU48CP9ebC=Y2C:†…CP>On4QR4|8:4O68A4OC:4\D>:4|F^?

/$

"('*rt'¸!

ƒ}$."X'*¢ -

M

SXŠ4eŠFU4

ƒR)&-T(dƒR!"vH)&!

º

'¸"(-+&'¸!Z$.v

_4”FU?R\?dTe4 >:>:4<M>[?&\#_SUC`geb4|FH4

C:4O] 9e\_‹CP9ebC=Y2C:†…CP>On4QR4i8[468A4OC:4\D>[4`F^?

/$

"X'*0+1›.!Z$&ƒk'*¢- MSXŠ4eŠFH4

ƒ}).-T(. ƒ} !#"`vH$&"

$&v

Š}/2F@COW?dTNn4O8:4”gDb4RFU4R68:4OQRSH4O8CP9ebC=Y2C:†…CP>On4QR4

] 9e\CP>:SH>:b4Eb\47mZ9<\\47?&668[9dSHQ}?&>:SU9<\”_b}C:†C=>On4QR4E] 9<QR6FU4 >hM.4 >

4\€68[4QRS(n48[4”?&\?<FH†C:4”SUF p*?&b>|CP40] 9e\] 4O\e>[8:4O8~C:b8~FHbS(Š3IW4OCP>~b\

C:†…CP>On4QR4~?&Œ}\4|QR9<\9<YX4O\e>[8A44I_4c/0 È

M_4|F^?”p9e8:QR4Rj

¼&

w

z

'‰w]

z Æ “ —

³I8hM_?&\C_4hC|] 9e\_SH>:SU9<\CoGA4\EA48[SUgDb4hCM#FH4RmZ9<8f_€_4RFXW4O\C:4Q”mFH4

?<]O] 4hC:C:SHmFH4E4\R>[4QR6CV6#4>:SH>V4OCP>V] 9e\C=>[Sq>[bEA4i_4hC@C:b8Pp*?e] 4hC p9<8[QA44OC

6?<8“FU4OCž?<8[]OC

=

4 >

=

7MR4>ª_4¥6FHbC“>[9<b>ª6Z9<SU\D>©n?

FXWSU\D>A4O8:SU4b8 _4F(W4\C:4QkmFU45?<]O] 4hC:C:SHmFH4@6Z4b>c4>:8[45?&>P>:4OSH\D> 6?&8 b\4

>:8f?.;=4h]{>[9<SU8:4”_4kF^?}p9e8:QR4 = =

9eb = w] p ¯k ±z{Š'(5SU4\

C&cb8]4V8A4OC:bFH>[?.>\4@>:SU4\D>6?<C] 9eQ06>:45_W=A4OT<4O\e>[b4FUFU4OC]9<\D>:8f?&SU\D>:4OC

C:b87F(WPA4>[?.>hŠ

/2Fp*?<b>_9e\]74O\CPbSq>[4‹A4 >f?&mFUSU85] 4`o<4\8:4`_4i8A4OC:bFq>f?.>fCGFH9e8[C[gDbWSHF

4 S^C=>[4B_4OC‰] 9<\D>[8[?<SH\D>:4hCRCPb8}FXW=A4 >f?.>OŠ ?&\#C ¯— ±MVSHF`?¨A4>A4´A4>[?&mFHS

6Z9<b80FH4‹CP†CP>On4OQR4}68A4O]NA4O_4O\e>4hC=>R_4‰F^?yp9e8:QR4 =

*)

*+,)

= M

9nb ,)

4hC=>7b\s?&8f]I>[?<\o<4O\e>”n?0FXW?<8[]Ip8[9<\D>:S(n48[4 '+

Š

G

SU\?<FH4OQ04O\D>OM_?<\C ¯˜ ± SHF4hC=>74…6FHS^gDbA4] 9<QRQR4\D>i] 48A4OC:bFH>[?&>

6Z48[Q04>R_W=A4>[?<mFHSU8”F^?€68:9e6#9DCPSH>:SU9<\Ÿ]SqY2_4hC:C:bCk6#9eb8RFH4‹CP†CP>On4OQ04

] 9eQR6FH4>OŠ

¬

~

vº )

'¸"¡…ƒ}R+<”"('

ƒ0-v­"X'/ZvH

354 >”?&FUo<9e8:SH>:aQ04R4hC=>kCP>[?<\_?<8[_M4>b\4r8A4phA48[4\]4k]FU?eC:C:SUgDb4

4OCP>

¯

—<—

±

Š‰J`9<bCª8f?&66#4OFH9e\Cžm8[S(n4OT<4OQ04O\D>žFU4 68[SH\#] SU6#4¨_4 FU?

QA4 >[a9_4<Š|359<\C:S^_5A48[9<\#Cyb\ 68[9<mF(n4QR4Ÿ_4§] 9<\D>[8dc9eFH4œ9e6>:SUQ}?&F

oGA4\EA4O8[?<F(M<9nb‰FXW=A4 >f?.>E6#4Ob>c4 >[8:4~CP9ebQRSUC|n?0_4OC7]9<\D>:8f?&SU\D>:4OCOŠ

’ W?&6Y

6FUSU]O?.>[SH9e\r_br68[SH\#] SU6#4`_brQ}?.SHQkbQ 8A4h_bSH>@FH4`68:9emF(n4QR4”n?|b\

/

)<uv{® ƒ}R$.-,Ž)(d$&vH-

v­'¸ƒ0'¸"%

_b‹>=†D6Z4Rj

#wPzV¼%- w]ZwPz ÆPz@¼

.///

0///1 - < w ÆZwPzPz¦C:S < “

32 Å

- Å w ÆZwPzPz¦C:S Å “

32 Ç

ŠŠŠ

-54 w

Æ#w

PzPz´CPS 4

“ “ g wrez

9nbe

Å Æ Ç Æ7 7 l Æ

476

¯< Æ

hg

±

6Z4bTe4\D>‰c4>:8[4r_4OC”>:4OQ06#C”_4‹] 9<Q0Y

Q”b>[?.>[SH9e\M#_47;=9<\] >:SU9<\s9ebB_4”] 9e\D>[?<] >I?dT<4h]~b\?&8f]~p8[9<\D>:S(n48[4<Š

³I\r?_4`6FHb#CV_4hCV] 9e\_SH>:SU9<\C w_4I] 9<\D>[SH\…bSH>A4eM<_4`C[?&b>OM<4>[]hzG4\

] 4hCi>[4QR6COMZ_4OC~] 9<\#_Sq>[SH9e\C~?&byFHSUQRSq>[4OC~4 >_4OC~] 9e\_SH>:SU9<\C~_4

>:8f?&\#CPTe48fC:?<FHSH>A4eŠ

›©68[SH9e8:SFH4”>:4OQ06#Cix\#?&F:hgr4hC=>~SH\]9<\\…bŠG?&8~?&SUFHFU4b8fCi_?<\C

F^?sQA4 >[a9_4r_4}>[SH8kQ”bFH>:SU6FU4‰FU4r\9<Qkm8[498‰_4Ž] 9<QRQkb>[?&>:SU9<\C

_9eSq>sc4>:8[4‰xA4.2V9<\“FH4s_A4>:4O8:QRSU\4ŽFU9<8fC[geb4y]<W4hC=>}6Z9eC[CPSUmFU4y6?&8

b\4?<\?&FU†CP4~oGA49<Q§A4>:8[SUgDb4~_b‹68:9emF(n4QR4<Š

’

?RQA4 >[a9_4|_4>:SU8iQkbFq>[SH6FH4”]9<\C:S^C=>[4}n?}C:bmN_SUTDS^C:48iFXWSU\D>:4O8PY

T.?&FUFH4 ¯Z< Æ g ± 4O\”¾ C:9<bCPY%SH\D>:4O8:T.?<FHFU4OCOM{FU?`T.?&FU4b8 _4 ZwPz?&b_A4Omb>

_4E]fa?<gDb4EC:9<bCPYXSU\D>:4O8:T.?&FUFU40A4 >f?&\D>SH\]9<\\…b4eŠ1@FUbC 68A4O] S^CA4QR4\D>hM

C:9<SH> < 2;:

Å

2=<<<*2;:,>?2 hg}b\40CPbmZ_SUT…SUC:SU9<\A@

Ž h

_4FXWSU\Y

>:4O8:T.?<FHFU4

¯< Æ

hg

±

ŠDKV\R>:9<b>V6#9eSH\D>:CB`F^?p9<\] >:SU9<\

4OCP>

tf).!"X'¸!-

Š

³I\“6#4Ob>r] 9<\#CPS^_A4O8:4O8D: B ] 9eQRQ04‹b\ž6Z9<SU\e>r_4s]9<QRQ”b>f?.>[SH9e\

x4<M4\‹FH4hgeb4F9e\‹?‹j

E

#w:

B

z@¼ #w: =

B z Æ

:CB~¼%:GF

B

x5A4

³I\y_5A4 x#\Sq>iQ}?<SH\D>:4O\?&\D>7FU4OC

!Z)h-+d

j

HsNÅ.Æ7 7 l Æh

PI

¼ H

Z<

Æ g

IKJ H :

ÅdÆl 7 7 OÆ

: >

I5J H

ÅdÆl 7 7 Æ

4

I

w

n&z

G

SH\#?&FU4QR4\D>9e\4OCP> ]9<\_bSq>?&b

/

)<uv ®ƒRI$.-,Ž(.$.vU -

v­'¸ƒk'¸"2

j

L

w

PzV¼- w

ÆZw

PzPz@¼

.///

0///1 - Å w ÆZw

PzPz C:S

Å “

32 Ç

- Ç w ÆZw

PzPz C:S

Ç “

32 È

ŠŠŠ

- P =

Å&w ÆZwPz:z C:S P = Å “ “ P

L!M

6 H ˜ Æ7 l 7 ÆON K§—

I Ö B w] B ÆZw

=

B z Æ#w]

B

z:z@¼ ™

L Ö P w

P

Æ#w]NÅ

z

ÆZw

P

z:zV¼´™

w

mez

9nb Å

¼Z<B4OCP>}xA4eM P

¼g MV4>‰FU4OC

Ö B 8:4O68A4OC:4\D>:4O\e>RFU4OC

] 9e\_SH>:SU9<\CESU\D>A4O8:SU4b8:4hC59ebŽFUSUQ0SH>:4hC768A4O]NA4O_4\D>:4hCŠ

³I\§?&Q§A4OFHSU9<8[4}F^?€CP>[?<mSHFUSH>A4‹_4ŽF^?€QA4 >:a9…_4‰4\“?&boeQR4\D>[?<\e>

FU4\9eQ”m8[4_4B\9D4Ob_COŠ73IW4OCP>ŽF2n?œ4O\ 4  N4 >‹FH4€68:SU\]SH6Z4€_4FU?

QA4 >[a9_4‰_4‰>:SU8kQkbFH>:SU6FH4eM6#?&8”9e66Z9eC:Sq>[SH9e\´n?sFU?QA4 >[a9_4‰_4

>:SU8`C:SHQR6FU49nbyFU4OCE48[8[4b8fC6?&878f?&66Z9<8:>n?kF^?}] 9e\_SH>:SU9<\‹SH\Sq>[SU?<FH4

A

4OT<9<FUb4O\e>E4 6Z9<\4O\D>:SU4FUFH4OQ04O\D>E4O\‹p9<\] >:SU9<\s_4hg.Y¹ MT<9<SU8 ¯—e— ± Š

Références

Documents relatifs

To test whether the vesicular pool of Atat1 promotes the acetyl- ation of -tubulin in MTs, we isolated subcellular fractions from newborn mouse cortices and then assessed

Néanmoins, la dualité des acides (Lewis et Bronsted) est un système dispendieux, dont le recyclage est une opération complexe et par conséquent difficilement applicable à

Cette mutation familiale du gène MME est une substitution d’une base guanine par une base adenine sur le chromosome 3q25.2, ce qui induit un remplacement d’un acide aminé cystéine

En ouvrant cette page avec Netscape composer, vous verrez que le cadre prévu pour accueillir le panoramique a une taille déterminée, choisie par les concepteurs des hyperpaysages

Chaque séance durera deux heures, mais dans la seconde, seule la première heure sera consacrée à l'expérimentation décrite ici ; durant la seconde, les élèves travailleront sur

A time-varying respiratory elastance model is developed with a negative elastic component (E demand ), to describe the driving pressure generated during a patient initiated

The aim of this study was to assess, in three experimental fields representative of the various topoclimatological zones of Luxembourg, the impact of timing of fungicide

Attention to a relation ontology [...] refocuses security discourses to better reflect and appreciate three forms of interconnection that are not sufficiently attended to