• Aucun résultat trouvé

Asymptotically efficient estimates for nonparametric regression models

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2021

Partager "Asymptotically efficient estimates for nonparametric regression models"

Copied!
17
0
0

Texte intégral

(1)

HAL Id: hal-00129706

https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00129706

Preprint submitted on 8 Feb 2007

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- entific research documents, whether they are pub- lished or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers.

L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

Asymptotically efficient estimates for nonparametric regression models

Leonid Galtchouk, Sergei Pergamenshchikov

To cite this version:

Leonid Galtchouk, Sergei Pergamenshchikov. Asymptotically efficient estimates for nonparametric regression models. 2004. �hal-00129706�

(2)

&%'()$!) $*$,+-$./0% 21&3034

5 6-798:<;>=@?BACBDBEGF-H6)I&J.KMLN8OPJ.QBR>?B=S? TUDVA.WX

EY[Z&\^]`_Nacb

dfeNgShjiGdfkld>mionpd

\

g@i#q

b

dfkrg@i#sut.vpd>w

_

x

m/szy{dfhGw|szi

b

d}npd`~iGh#gwj€vph|‚

ƒ

hGvpd Z9b

d>mpd

a

dfw|„>gShjiGdfw

~i#h#gwj€Vvph|‚l…d>npd‡†^ˆ/h#gm/„‰d

d‡Š‹krgsŒŽ ‚gŒzi#„qp{vV‘}k’g@i#q“”v!Š‹w•iGh#gSwj€/‚“—–˜h

X#™

gS€hšg›i#{sh|d}npd

\

g@i#q

b

dfkrg@i#st!vpdfw

Z

gSeqgSdfŒB~gSŒdfk

_

xœ\Z

…Ÿž

Z

~9 {¡{¢£

_

~!sziGd¤…Œz€d¥hji _/x

ˆ Z

~!„fszd>m/„‰d>w

_

x

m/szy{dfhGw|szi

b

d}npd

Z

vpdfm _ˆ ƒ

 ¦¢§p¨

\

{mi©~i

]

s‚mgSm

_

…d>npd‡†

_

ˆph#gm/„‰d{“

d‰ŠkrgsuŒŽ~.d¥h|‚{d“«ª dfh|‚gk¬d>m/„qi#„q/s­SMy‘©v/m/s®y.Šhj{vpd>m“¯–˜h

°²±³0´‹µ¶‰·j´

¸¹‡º%»¥¼•»½º0¾)¿‰º¼jÀ¯ÁÃÂNįÅ<¹œºÁ˜Å<įÆÃ¼•Å<Ä—Ç‡È »‰¾<ÉjÊfÀ˺ÆÌÉj;<º0Èj¾<ºÁ<ÁUÄËÉ|Ç(ÍÏΉljЏÅ<ÄËÉ|Ç

¼•Å,¼ È|ÄËÑjºÇŸÁ˜Å<¼•ŘºÒ»>É|ėÇGÅįÇoLJÉ|LJ»¥¼•¾Ó¼jÆ º0Ř¾UįÐ,¾<º0Èj¾UºÁ<Á<ÄËÉ|ÇoÆ Éš¿‰ºÀ¯ÁÂNįÅ<¹%È|¼jΉÁÕÔ

Á<ė¼jÇLJÉ|įÁ<ºÁ¼jlj¿ÃÂVÄËÅ<¹ÃLJÉ|LJÈ|¼jÎ¥Á<Á<į¼jÇÃljÉ|įÁ˜ºÁ.¹¥¼ÑÄ¯Ç‡ÈΉlj֚LJÉ[ÂNÇÿ‰Ä—Á˜Å˜¾UÄËʥΉÅ<ÄËÉ|ÇM×

Ø

Ç-¼jÁ˜ÙÆ »‰Å˜ÉjÅ<įÐ0¼jÀ—ÀËÙ)º0Ú)Ð0Ä˺ÇGÅNÖjº0¾ULJºÀ½ºÁ˜Å<įƼ•ŘÉj¾VįÁЏÉ|Ç¥Á˜Å˜¾UΉЏŘº¿%Í«Éj¾N¼ÃÀ¯ÉšÐ0¼jÀ

ÆÃėljįÆÃ¼Û²¾UįÁ˜Ö>×

Ü'݉Þàß²á›â#ã.äšåçæšèUéfêë>ìíšìî”ï•æšðñ[òïî”ñó½ï‹éôõšñ[öó½ñ[ðBñèUìî«êoæ#ìñèôêî«ó½î”êŸæ|÷ôVó½íófø

ëMæšöæ#êoñ‹ìöî”ï öñ[ùöñ[èèî”íó{ôMð”ífïæšðöÓî«èõ›ú

ûüþýrÿ)ý ÝMä•ä®á ^å"!.â#%$&>â|Þ(' ) *,+ - .!äݐá ã>â|Þ

')/*0) +

(3)

½ñ,ë½öÓí½ð«ñ[êcíMêî«ó½î”êŸæG÷BñèUìî«êoæ#ìî«íóíMó½íšó½ëMæšöæšêoñ‹ìöÓî«ïöñ[ùöñ[èèî”íó½ó½ï‹ìî”íóMæ#è

Sñ[ñó`èUì½î”ñ î«ó æ'ó½ê@ñöíëMæšë@ñöè èÓññ#ô!®íöÃñ‹÷>æšêë½ð”ñšô#"$½öæšùšî«êí&%œæšó('Òæšè<ø

êoî”ó½èõ‰î«î*) 1,+-+/. ô102½ó½èUìæšó43}æšèÓíó5) 1,+67/. ô10 íð8Sñ9%:) 1,++<;<. ô>=Bíó½í½í½ô>?í½ó¥ø

èÓìíšó½ñšôA@ ñöÓõ‰éæšïBMæšöÓîÏæšó&æšóDCî«ïæšöEF)

1G++<H.

ôI,æšöÓöíóôJIî«öÓùLKñ æšóM3}æšèÓèæšöUìN)

1,+++/.

ô

O>®öÓíî«êí,%¥î«ïB) 1,+++/. ôPñêî«öí,%¥èõ‰î”îL) ;777/. ôQ@Ãæšð”î8zæ)æšó3}æšð”ðÏæ#ì*) ;R77S/. æšóöñ9®ñö<ø

ñó½ï[ñèÒï[î”ìñì½ñ[öñ[î«óQTú

½î”è!ë½æšëSñ[ö!>ñ•æšð”èUî—ì)ó½íó½ëMæ#öæšêñ[ìöî«ï/ñ[èÓìî«êoæ#ìî”íóÃí>ìE½ñöÓñùöÓñèèÓî«íóV½ó½ï‹ìî«íšó

W æ#ì!æùšî8%ñ[ó)ë@íî”ó‰ì#XGYjôGîuúñšúì>ñ>%#æšð8½ñ W )ZXGY . ô[U\½ñ[ó)ìE½ñVèÓêoí¥íšìE½ó½ñèÓè!íR W î”èõ¥ó>í&Uóú

"˜ó ñæšöð”î«ñ[öÒë>ð«î«è]½ñœë½æšëSñ[öè ï[íó½ïñ[öó½î”ó½ù ñèUìî«êoæ#ìî«íó©æ#ìÃæ2ùî^%ñóœë@íî”ó‰ìBíó½ð”é'ì>ñ

íöE½ñ[öí>ì½ñVíë>ìî”êŸæ#ð‡öæ#ìñ_®íö!æ3êî«ó½î”êŸæ|÷ öî”èõ2Uæšè!®í>ó>ì!ì½ñVèEMæ#öëï[íó½èÓìæšó‡ì

U,æšèó½íšìõ‰ó½í,Uó{ú

Píšìñ`ìEMæ#ì î«ócñèUìî”êŸæ#ìî«íó ë½öí>ð«ñêè`®íöœó½íšó½ëMæšöæšêoñ‹ìöÓî«ï`öÓñùöÓñèèÓî«íó ñ‹÷>æšï‹ì

æšèÓé¥êë>ìíšìî«ï[è1½æ,%šñ*@ññ[óa®í½óQoíó>ð”é%î”óèÓíêñïæšèñ[è*bLPc½è]Mæ½êd)

1G+6<H.

ô/0Ãíð8@ñe%

æšóaPc½èÓèEMæ>êf) 1,++<;<. ®íöæNgh,iöî”èõ%æšóQìE½ñ3öÓñùöÓñèÓèî«íšó½ó>ï[ìî”íójSñ[ð«íó>ùî«ó½ù ìí

èíêñakfí@íð«ñ9%œèëMæ#ïñšô!@ íöíšèÓìñ[ð«ñ9%l) 1,++S/. ®íöBìE½ña>ó½î8®íöÓê ó½íšöê æšóQ¤æD'míð8½ñö

öñùšöñèÓèî”íó{ú

"˜órì>î«è2ëMæ#ëSñ[öUñnMó ì>ñœèEMæšöÓë æšèÓé¥êë>ìíšìî«ïæšðÒð”í&UVñöo@í½óQp®íšö æ`ð«í¥ï•æšð

öî«èÓõ æšó`ë½öÓí,%ñŸìEMæ#ì²æ©õšñ[öó½ñ[ðñèUìî”êŸæ#ìñoî”èæšèUé¥êoë>ìíšìî”ï•æšð”ð”é©ñ[òïî”ñó‡ì®íöN'míð8½ñö

ïðÏæ#èèñ[è2Uî”ì}æ2õ¥ó>í&Uó èêí¥íšì½ó>ñèè[úVq ñ%êoæšõšñ>èñ%íì>ñ-æšë½ë½öÓí‡æšïB½ñ9%ñð”íë@ñ

‰éM0Ãæšð—ìïB½í>õ2æšóDCñ[öù‡æ#êoñ[ó½èE½ïB>î«õší,%F) ;77<;. ú

½ñoêŸæ#î«ór½î”òïe½ð”ì˜é(î”ó ífì0æšî”ó½î«ó½ùìE½ñoñ÷>æšï[ì²ïíó½èUì0æšó‡ì)î«ó ì½ñð«í,UVñöVSí>ó

®íöNìE½ñöî«èÓõ%î«ó-ì½ñë½öÓí½ð«ñ[ê í{ñ[èÓìî«êoæ#ìî”ó½ùæs½ó>ï[ìî”íó2æGìæùî8%šñóoëSíî”ó‡ìVî”è>Sí>ó

Uî”ì ìE½ñìöæR½î”ìî«íóMæ#ð_½ñ9nMó½î—ìî«íšó íöî«èÓõt)èÓññ#ôu 11 T. U\½î«ïB4½í¥ñè%ó½í#ìæšð«ð”í&U íó>ñ

ìíë@ñö]®íšöê ì½ñ%æR½î”ìî«íó½æšðð«î«êî”ììöæšó>èî”ìî«íó&î«ó©ìE½ñj'Òæ,vÓñõøxwñjy,æšê î«ó½ñezMæšð«î—ì˜éú

q¤ñUVí½ð{ öñ[êoî”ó’ì½æ#ì ì½ñ(õšñ‹é î{½ñæ î«óp½ñöÓî8%¥î«ó>ù`ì½ñ(ð«í,UVñö@í½óp®íö2ì>ñ

öî«èÓõ‰èoî”èìí öñë>ðÏæšï[ñ2ì½ñ'èE½ë>öñê½ê í,%ñö-ì>ñU\>íð«ñD'míšð{½ñ[ö%ïðÏæ#èè-í|½ó½ï[ìî«íó>è

Uî”ì¦ìMæGìoí,%šñöŸèÓíêñ&î—ìè-ëMæšöæšêoñ‹ìöÓî«ïèEQSï[ðÏæšèÓèŸæšóQ¬ìí¤æšë½ë½ð—é`ì>ñ}'3æ&vÓñõ`øwñ

y,æšê î«ó½ñez/½æšð«î—ì˜é®íöëMæšöæšêoñ‹ìöÓî«ïÃë½öí½ð«ñ[êoè[ú'3í,UVñe%ñ[öBî«ó'íö]½ñöìíoùñ[ìì½ññ‹÷>æšï‹ì

ïíó½èUì0æšó‡ì î”ó'ìE½ñ²ð”í,Uñ[ö*@í½ó©ìE½ñ)æ½î—ìî«íšóMæšð{ìöæšó½èÓî”ìî”íó ìíoìE½ñ²ð”î«êî”ìî”è3ó>ññ>ñ

Uî”ìœìE½ñj'míð8½ñöÒïíó½èUì0æšó‡ì2®íö3ì½î”è èE@ïð«æšèèBìñó½î”ó½ù2ìí î”óQnMó½î—ì˜éús"ÕìÃï•æšó>ó½íšìs@ñ

½íó½ñoî8íó>ña½èÓñè²ìE½ñoìöæ>î”ìî”íóMæšð>ñenMó½î—ìî”íó íRöî”èõU\½î«ïB`æšèè]½êoñ[è)ìEMæ#ìNSíšìE

ì½ñ*'míð8½ñöNïð«æšèèæšóoìE½ñu'míð{>ñöNïíó½èUì0æšó‡ìæ#öñ\n>÷fñ{ú>"˜óŸìE½î«èNëMæšë@ñö>UñÒë½öíë@íèÓñ

ìí ïBMæšó½ùñ ì>ñ'ìöæ½î—ìî”íóMæšð_½ñenMó>î”ìî”íóçíBöÓî«èÓõ~‡é¬ñ[êoë>ð«íjé¥î«ó½ùœèÓíêoñ'ëMæšöæšêñ[ìöÓî«ï

zæšêoî”ð”éoUî—ìœæšó}æšöE½î—ìöæšöÓé'ðÏæ#öùñ'míð8½ñöeè3ïíó½èUì0æšó‡ìô{ìMæ#ìÒî«è*UVñî”ó‰ìöí/½ï[ñ%æŸèñ‹ì

í½ó½ï‹ìî«íšó½èN®íöVU\½î«ïB íšó½ð”éœìE½ñ2èêí¥íšì½ó>ñèè²íöE½ñ[ö²î”èNn>÷fñçæ#ó`ì½ñoèñ‹ì%êŸæ•é

î«ó½ï[ð{½ñ-ì>ña½ó½ï‹ìî”íó½èNUî—ì¤æšöE½î—ìöæšöÓéœð«æšöùšñoï[íó½èÓìæšó‡ìè[úM.í©ì>î«èñó€UVñŸï[íêñ

ìíì½ñ%î”ó‡ìñùšöæšð!½ñèÓïöî”ë>ìî”íóœí>%¥î«ï[î«ó½î—ìî«ñ[è*Mæ#èñ(íóœìE½ñUñæšõ'míð{½ñ[öBïíšó½î”ìî«íó

æšó~U\½î”ïB ïíó‡ì0æ#î«ó æšð”ð1'míð8½ñöeèV½ó½ï[ìî«íó>èUî”ìE æMn>÷fñ èÓêoí¥íšìE½ó½ñèÓèíö]½ñöNú

½î«èVêoñæšó½èVìEMæ#ìNì½ñ3íë>ìî«êoæšðMñèUìî«êoæ#ìî«íóöæ#ìñ|®íšöVè]½ïB½ó½ï‹ìî«íšó½èî”è_‚ƒ„[…]†

h

„[‡JˆŠ‰Óô

(4)

nMó æ ï[íó½èUì0æšó‡ìVU\½î«ïB æšèuUVñð«ðæ#è î«óœì½ñ-ëMæ#öæšêñ[ìöî«ï²ï•æšèÓññezMæšð«è ìE½ñ-êoñæšó(í

ì½ñVð«íèÓè#½ó>ï[ìî”íó²ï[íêë>ìñe®íöèíšêoñNù‡æ½èÓèî«æšó²öæšó½íê %#æšöÓîÏæ½ð”ñšú½î”è!ï[íó½èÓìæšó‡ì

½ð«ð—é²ï[íî«ó½ï[î{½ñ[è Uî”ìE-ìE½ñïíöÓöñ[èë@íó½î”ó½ùÃó½íöêoæšð”îñe%ð«î”êoî—ìî«ó>ùñ÷fëSñ[ï[ì0æGìî«íšóoí@ì>ñ

ð«íèÓè>>ó½ï[ìî«íó-ï•æ#ð«ï>ðÏæ#ìñ®íö/ì>ñèUìí¥ïBMæšèUìî«ï,ìñöÓê î«ó%ì>ññ÷fëMæšó½èÓî«íóí@ì½ñõšñ[öó½ñ[ð

ñèÓìî«êoæ#ìñ`Uî—ìrì>ñ î”ó½î”ï•æ#ìíö ½ó½ï‹ìî”íó

†^ƒQˆ ˆŠ‰

æšè æçõšñöÓó½ñðú ½î«èë½öÓíë@ñöÓì˜é

î«è-ïíó>ó½ñï‹ìñ4Uî”ìEçìE½ñozæšï[ì-ìEMæ#ì%ì>ñ%#æšöÓîÏæšó>ïñíì½ñ'èÓìífïB½æšèÓìî«ï2ìñ[öê íì>ñ

î«ó½î”ï•æ#ìíöõšñ[öó½ñ[ðñèÓìî«êoæ#ìñÃæGìì0æ#î«ó½èî—ìèêoî”ó½î«êoæšðJ%#æšð{½ñ[èî«ó ì½ñÃï[ðÏæšèÓèíR/æšð”ð{õšñ[öó½ñ[ð

ñèÓìî«êoæ#ìñ[èú

"˜ó(íšìE½ñö*UVíö]½èôî«óœíšöE½ñ[öÒìíë½öÓí,%ñ%ì½ñ%íšë>ìî”êŸæšð”î”ì˜éë>öíë@ñöUì˜é`®íöÒìE½ñ%õšñ[öó½ñ[ð

ñèÓìî«êoæ#ìñíó>ñ|½æšè/ìíèE½í,U’ìEMæ#ìì½ñë½öÓî«ó½ï[î«ëMæ#ð>ìñ[öê î«ó%ìE½ñÒæ#èÓé¥êoëfìíšìî«ïöñ[ë½öñ[èñ[ófø

ì0æ#ìî«íóœî”èBì½ñ%èUìí¥ïBMæšèÓìî«ï%íó>ñšú ½ñ[öñæšöî”èñ[èÃæz½ñ[èÓìî«íó(î8Níó>ñ%ï•æšó ñ‹÷fïð8½ñ%ì>ñ

î«ó >ñó½ï[ñÒíSì½ñÒæšë½ë½öÓíj÷fî”êŸæ#ìî«ó½ùBìñöÓê&ú UVí²öÓñ•æšèÓíó½èVêŸæšõ#ñ3î—ìNëSíèÓèî8½ð«ñ#úî”öèÓì>UVñ

ïíó½èÓî{½ñ[ö æŸð”ífïæšðöî«èÓõ î«ó}U\½î”ïB©ì>ñèE½ë>öñê½ê î”èìæšõšñ[ó í,%šñö æŸèÓëSñ[ïî«æšð#%¥î”ïî«ó>î”ì˜é

Uî”ìì½ñVïñ[ó‰ìöñ_MæG%fî”ó½ù3ìE½ñèÓêoí¥íšìE½ó½ñèÓè!íšöE½ñ[öèð”î«ù‡ìð”éu>î«ù½ñ[ö.ìEMæšóì½ñVæšèè]½êñ

íó½ñ €)èñ[ñSñ[ð«í,U¦ì½ñ½ñ9nMó½î—ìî«íšóíñ[öí#øÕïíó>èÓì0æ#ó‰ìV'míð8½ñö!ïíó>î”ìî”íóî”ó%èñï‹ìî”íó

. úukfñï[íó{ô@ì½ñï[íêë½ð«ñ[êoñ[ó‰ìæšöÓéìñöÓê ìíŸì>ñ²ïñ[ó‡ìöæ#ð!½ó½ï‹ìî”íó{ôJU\½î«ïB`½æšèÒì>ñ

èêífíšìE½ó½ñ[èèpíö]½ñö!Vôšî«è!%šñöUé²èÓêŸæšð”ð>æ#óî«ó)ì½ñ,ð”î«êî”ì.æšè.ì½ñöæ½î8½èíRMì½ñ %¥î”ïî«ó>î”ì˜é

ìñóQ½èVìíñ[öíì½ñÒæšë½ë½öÓíj÷fî”êŸæ#ìî«ó½ù ìñöê %#æšó>î«èE>ñè,æ#ó ½í¥ñèNó½íšìVî«ó ½ñó>ïñÒíšóoì>ñ

ð«î«êî”ìî«ó½ù)ïíó>èÓì0æ#ó‰ìc®íöì½ñÃöÓî«èõíRì>ñ)õ#ñöó>ñð.ñèÓìî«êoæ#ìñÃæ#ó&ìE½ñ)èUìí¥ïBMæšèUìî«ïÃìñ[öê

ì½öÓó½è²ífì)ìíM@ñìE½ñŸë>öî«ó>ïî«ë½æšð/íó½ñ#úoP3íšìî«ï[ñìEMæ#ìN‰é(ìE½ñoèÓî«êî«ð«æšö*Uæjé(ìE½ñoñ‹ò%ø

ïî«ñ[ó‡ì)ñ[èÓìî«êoæ#ìíöÒî«è ïíšó½èÓìöE½ï‹ìñ(‡éFIñð”î”ìèÓñö ) ;777. ®íöBì½ñj½ñ[ó½èî—ì˜éœñèUìî”êŸæ#ìî«íó

ë½öí>ð«ñêÌæ#ìæ%ùî8%šñó'ëSíî”ó‡ì•ú

½ñ%ë½æšëSñ[öBî«èÒíöù‡æ#ó½î[ñœæšèc®íð«ð”í&Uè[ú2"˜ó}ì½ñ%ó>ñ‹÷¥ìÃèñ[ï[ìî”íó`UVñ®íöê>ðÏæ#ìñ)ì>ñ

ë½öí>ð«ñê æšóùî8%šñ½ñenMó>î”ìî”íó½è/íæ2½ó½ï[ìî«íó-ï[ðÏæšèÓèô<%¥î«ïî”ó½î”ìî«ñ[è/æšóæÃð«í¥ï•æšðföî«èÓõ›ú "˜ó

èñï‹ìî”íó

S

ìE½ñBè]MæšöëŸð«í,Uñ[ö_@í½óQ ®íöì½ñ3ð«í¥ï•æšð›êî«ó½î”êŸæG÷öî”èõ%í,%ñ[öæšð«ð›ñ[èÓìî”êŸæGìñè

î«èÒñ[èÓìæ½ð«î”èE½ñe{úu"˜ó}èÓñï‹ìî«íšó Uñ²ë½öí,%ñìEMæ#ì3ì½ñN½ë½ë@ñöu@í½óœíR/ì½ñ)ð«í¥ï•æšðöî”èõ

®íö3ìE½ñõšñ[öó½ñ[ð/ñèUìî«êoæ#ìñ)ï[íî«ó½ï[î{½ñ[è*Uî”ìE©ì>ñð«í,UVñöu@í½óô{îuúñšúÒìE½î«è3ñèUìî«êoæ#ìñ²î«è

æšèÓé¥êë>ìíšìî«ïæšð«ð—é ñ‹òïî«ñ[ó‡ì•úl"˜óçèñï‹ìî”íó H ìE½ñ'æšèÓé¥êë>ìí#ìî«ïæšðñ‹òïî«ñ[ó½ï[éçî”è%ë½öí,%šñ

î«ólìE½ñœï•æšèÓñ}íÃó½íšó½ù‡æ½èÓèî«æšóró½íî”èñèaUî”ìt>ó½õ‰ó½í,Uó5>î«èÓìöî8>ìî”íó½è[úÒë½ë@ñóQ½î—÷

ïíó‡ì0æ#î«ó½èèíšêoñBìñïB½ó½î”ï•æšðöÓñèE>ð”ìè[ú

N 2 ! "# $&%(')

yíó½èî8½ñöìE½ñ2®íð«ð”í&Uî”ó½ùöÓñùöÓñèèÓî«íó'êí ½ñ[ð

*,+.-

W

)0/

+

.2143

+5

17698:6 ‚ 5 ) ; ú1R.

U\½ñöÓñ W );

.

î«èVæšó½ó>õ¥ó>í&Uóo½ó>ï[ìî”íó{ô</

+.- 8>=

‚©æšó@?

3

+BA

æ#öñÒîúîúúDCFE ) 7

5HG h . ú

½ñ)ë½öí½ð«ñ[ê î”èìíŸñ[èÓìî”êŸæGìñÃì½ñV½ó½ï[ìî«íó W )I;. æ#ìÒæan>÷fñ©ëSíî”ó‡ìuXGY2Jt 7 5 1 Tuô

îuúñšúpì>ñs%#æšð8½ñ

W

)ZXGY . ‡é í½èÓñö %šæGìî«íšó½è?

*K+5

17698L6 ‚ A ú

(5)

- 5

F) .

-

Y

F)

5  . 5 ) ; ú;.

F)

5  .

î”ès'míð8½ñöeè ï[ðÏæšèÓèuUî”ì(æï[íó½èÓìæšó‡ì æšóQ ñ÷fëSíó>ñó‡ìs

- 1 1

ô J

) 7 5 1[. ú

.í èíð^%ñ%ì½î”èBë½öÓí½ð«ñ[êfUVñUî”ð«ð.êŸæ#õšñj½èñ-íæ2èë@ñï[îÏæšð/ð”ífïæšðöÓî«èÓõ@ú î«öÓèÓìuUVñ

ïíó½èUìö]½ï[ìì½ñ2%¥î«ï[î«ó½î—ìî”ñèú

Míö)ñ•æšïB ½ó½ï‹ìî”íó

W Y JF)  . æšó 7 1 UVñ'î”ó‡ìöí/½ï[ñæ}zæšêî«ð—é(í

%fî”ïî”ó½î”ìî«ñè

) W Y .

î”óF)

.

æšè

< ) W Y . -

W

);. b W ) / . - W

Y,)0/ . 1 )0/ . 5 J&

ˆ 5 èE>ë

"!$#&%('

)0/ . % 6 g 5

)))

)+*

ˆ

ƒQˆ

) )XGY

1-, X . i

)ZXGY

.].

X ))))

6,=

‚

„&…]†

h

„&‡JˆŠ‰/.

5 ) ; ú

S/.

U\½ñöÓñ~gî”è&æçùî^%ñó ë@íèî—ìî8%šñœïíó>èÓì0æ#ó‰ìú Píšìî”ïñœìMæGì'ìE½ñ(ïð«æšèè'íV½ó½ï[ìî«íó>è

) W Y .

ï[íêoë>öî«èÓñè[ô®íöñ‹÷>æšêë½ð«ñ#ôMæ%èñ‹ì3íRL½ó½ï‹ìî”íó½è W Uî—ì

)0/

.

-10

ƒQˆ

243

)

/ailXGY

, . 5 ) ; ú .

U\½ñöÓñ

0 -

‚J„&…]†

h

„&‡JˆŠ‰Óô

253 )0/

.

-6

ƒQˆ

*87

ƒ 7 9 : 3

)<;

.>=@?

; i4/

6 A

B;

5 ) ; ú

H.

9

: 3 )<;

. -

DCEFCG ˆ ƒ h 3 1 ; ˆ ƒ h 3

G(CEFCG ˆ ƒ 3 5

=

)ZX

. - H IKJML

ñ÷fë ?i) 1 i X h . ƒQˆ

A 5 %X % 6 1 5

7 5 %X

%ON 1 5

7P

6 1 = ô/æ©ë@íèî—ìî8%šñoï[íó½èUì0æšó‡ì

L

î«è)èE½ïB ì½æ#ìRQ

ˆ

ƒQˆ

= ) X . X

- 1

ú@Míö²æ#ó‰é

7S

6 1 = ô½íó>ñV½æšè

2 3 ) 7/.

- 1 5 æšóQ

* ˆ

ƒQˆ

243 ) / . /

-

;UT

½ñöÓñe®íöÓñšô

* ˆ

ƒQˆ

) ) XGY 1-, X . i )ZXGY .]. X - 7VT

(6)

% '

)0/

. %

-10

ƒQˆ

,

ƒQˆ

% ' 243

)

/ailXGY

, . % 6 ‚

ƒ[…]†

h

„[‡JˆŠ‰

6 ƒ h '

=

5 '

=

-

è]½ë

% '

=

)0/

. %5

ì½ñu½ó>ï[ìî”íó W - W Y

1P

@ñð”íó½ùèVìí

) W Y .

ô½î^íó½ñ ïB½í¥íèÓñè

®íöñ•æšïB‚

1

èE½ïB'ìMæ#ì

‚

ƒ„[…]†

h

„[‡JˆŠ‰

6

ƒQˆ

= 1 ‚

ƒ[…]†

h

„&‡JˆŠ‰

6 ƒ h '

= 5 = -

è]½ë = ) / . T

$ ) !"$#$ %'&)(*,+.-/102#43657 89"$#$:S

;

6#$<=>?@8

#43A09B

;

CD !"$#$ %E*

F

0?GE8.#$ % ,HIH94J#KLH9M#$,H$0:J#$3

;

=NPOQ9<R8%$#4 %

;

$#$3SD%E9#

TD8%@H#K#

M#UV%##XGYWX0

))))* ˆ

ƒQˆ

) )ZXGY 1-, X . i )ZXGY .]. X ))))

6 , „ T

YZ6<#4 89?<["09%<\

- 1 1

5 7 P 1 5

#$3\<].M#$ %

* ˆ

ƒQˆ

) ) XGY 1-, X . i )ZXGY .]. X - * ˆ

ƒQˆ

? *

^K_

‡@`

^

^K_

) '

)4a . i '

) XGY .E. a

A X

HZ3

;

Hb#43GM#IX0 ,HbXcd9<=9#$4e.BV6#$3S9<Z5fM#$5%bH9M#4,H$AHJ#43V?HZ?@MOgQ9<

8%$#4 %

;

$#$3h%E9# 5 7 P 1 5

228%@H#K# [i#439 H9M#$,H$AHL#$3

;

=N\OQ9<b8%$#$ %

;

$#432#43\%E9#  - 1 1

j#43LH9k2V8%@H# #

*

39<= 09%<]W#$3W57 89"$#$:

l&)(*,+.-28%km<Z,H.HI0?GE8.#4 %@H W - W Y 18

;

$#$3

H9M#4,H$0:fCn#$3

;

=NoOgQ9<o8%$#4 %

;

$#43/%E9#L

- 1 1 p8%@H#K#

M#q#43r%#!XGY*

Míöæ#ó‰é ñ[èÓìî«êoæ#ìñ

9

W )ZXGY

.

í W )ZXGY

.

UVñs½ñenMó>ñìE½ñÃð«í¥ï•æšðSöî«èÓõæšè

s ) 9

W 5 W Y . -

è]½ë

t

!=u%vxwy †t _

‰.z t|{

) 9

W 5 W . 5 ) ;

ú~}

.

U\½ñöÓñìE½ñÃñ‹÷fëSñ[ï[ìæ#ìî”íó

z t

î«è,ìæšõšñ[óDUî—ì'öñ[èë@ñï[ììíìE½ñÃðÏæGUT

t

î”ór) ; ú1R. ô

{ ) 9

W 5 W . - 0 % 9 W ) XGY

. i W )ZXGY

. % 5 0 - ‚ „&…]†

h

„&‡JˆŠ‰

T

$ )€ YZ#,HR=%HZ:d#)dH.U#$3GM#‚#$3R57 89"$#$:

) W Y .

8%#K@Hq#$3‚0?E8.#$ %@H

10D#$3J09%<Zk W - W Y 1 [ ;

39<= e.B%CfH2#)pOQ9<8.%HH.H F)

5  . ;

$#$3

6 * F Ho,H

;

.ƒN7E

;

„&KH.[A…‡†|†1ˆ‡-6#43‰<1M#K610‰8%"5%9<KC|9E8o,H‰=Š.?@Mi#K

0

09%<LOgQ9<"‹HJ8.%HH

;

$#43h%E9# U*PŒ:j#$3|,Hd<==%H.%Ž#$3\B78=M"<Z,HZNS,Hm !E=2e9:

&)(*4Z-%*

(7)

$ )€ € H ; ;

$"H.JE8.#4 %p+j%<19<m#K‰9<Z5%J#43bB

;

9<be%?G

09%<j#43W<Z,HZNh%EW3G%HV<=%?MC%3:DH‡=N7C6#Kj<]78=h#)#43jkj$#Ug#43jkj"k‰

<,HZN

;

$#$3<]H‡8.#d#)pOgQ9<"‹H68%@H# #m%H */Y#

;

$Ue|eH.9<Z5%=/#43GM#

#43V8%kjk2%p !"$#$ % 10d<Z,HZN6&KH.[…‡†|† ˆ‡-

;

39nOQ9<b8.%HH F)

5  . ,Hƒƒ|=%[

7HDE#U9<Zkj$#m#$3|,H6kj$#L#4<1@HZ$#$ %E* 39<] 09%<]h #$3|,HV99<

;

n9|:/#$3

!"$#4 % 10h57 89"$#$:l&)(*,+.-88%<1C#K

;

3| 893 57 89"$#$: 8%# @HnD0kj$:

100?E8.#$ %@H W - W Y 1 ;

$#$3 0<]%k &)(*-

;

$#$3 <.e9$#$<]<Z:p<)C|jOgQ9<

8%@H#K#K*

~ 2 %(a

Ý¥áMâGÝ $ "?|fH.V#$3GM# W Y.J F) . *‰39W09%<V": 7 1

ð«î«êlî«óQ

7

î”óQ

t s ) 9

W 5 W Y . z % %5

CFE ) 7

5HG

h

=;.(T

âGá{á= V=Bñó>íšìñ

W E )0/

. - W Y&) / . 1 ;

0 253

? / ilXGY

, A 5

U\½ñöÓñ

, - ‚

ƒQˆŠ…]†

h

„[‡JˆŠ‰

5  - 1 1-

5

ì½ñV½ó½ï[ìî«íó

243 )I;

.

î«è\½ñen½ó½ñ}î”ó€)

; ú H.

ô5;}î”è3æöñæšðó½ê@ñöú Míöæšó‡é

N 7 æ#ó

N 7 ôì>ñöññ‹÷fî”èÓìè1‚

N 7 è]½ïBŸì½æ#ì W E

J@

) W Y . ë½öí,%¥î{>ñoìEMæ#ì

%; % 6 æ#ó

‚t‚

ú

Míö ‚p‚

ôUVñNMæG%šñìE½ñÃî«ó½ñez/½æšð«î—ìî«ñ[è

) 9

W 5 W Y . è]½ë

CEFCG z t

{ ) 9 W 5 W E .

1

; *

ƒ z t7{

) 9

W 5 W E . B;}b

-

)!

5 . 5 ) S ú1R.

U\½ñöÓñ

{"

) 9 W 5 W E .

-$#

) 0 ) 9 W

)ZXGY

. i W E ) XGY .E.E.

5%#

) / . - %/

%&

5 N

7VT

Píšìî”ïñ%ìMæGì²êñ•æšè]½öñ2

t'

î”è)ñez/>î8%#æšð«ñ[ó‡ì)ìí&êñ•æšè]½öñ2

t _

æ#ó¤î”ó ì>î«èÃï•æšèÓñ

ì½ñ(æ½íê%øxPî«õší/>é¥ê >ñöî^%#æ#ìî^%ñ ï•æ#óM@ñuUöî—ììñ[ó©æ#è

) )<;

. -

@

t

@

t _ -

ñ÷>ë ?i

1

; G h

*

+,+

ˆ

)])

*K+

i W E )0/

+

.].

h

it)

*,+

i W Y&)0/

+

.E.

h . A

-

ñ÷>ë ?i ;.-

i ; h

; - h

A 5 ) S ú

;.

(8)

- 1

G h - 0

*

+,+

ˆ

243

? / + ilXGY

, A 3

+5 - h

- 1

G h 0 h

*+ + ˆ 2 h

3 ? / + ilXGY

, A T

P3íšìî«ïñ ìEMæ#ì

CFE ) 7 5

1R.

®íöæ#ó‰é‚

1

æšó

ð”î«ê

7 - h -

ð«î”ê

7 1

‚ G h

*

+,+

ˆ 1 ,S2

h

3 ? / + ilXGY

, A - 1

G h * ˆ

ƒQˆ

2 h

3 ) ; . ;Mb - G h

3 T

½ñöÓñe®íöÓñVUVñ)ïæšóUöî”ìñBìMæGì

) )<;

. -

ñ÷>ë ?i ; G 3 i ; h G h3

; 1 A 5

U\½ñöÓñ

 t _ ið«î”ê

7 -

7VT

P3í,U ®íö,ìE½ñ ìñöÓê

)!

5 . î”ó()

S ú 1R.

íó½ñsMæšèìE½ñÃöñë>öñèÓñó‡ì0æGìî«íšó

) 5 . - 1

; *

ƒ z t _ { ) 9 W 5 W E . )

)<; . B;

1

; *

ƒ z t _

{ ) 9 W 5 W E

.

)<;

. ; 1

)!

5 .

b

-

) 5 . 1

)!

5 . 5

U\½ñöÓñ

- ? % % 6

A ô -9G

3 ) i . ô N 1 ô

)<; .

- E

ƒ

E

… h ô

)!

5 . - 1

; *

ƒ z t _ {"

) 9 W 5 W E

.

)<;

.

B;

5

)<; . - )

)<; . i )<; .(T

PíšìñBìEMæ#ìì½ñÃèÓñz½ñó>ïñ ? ) )<; . 5

‚ 1 A

î«è>ó½î8®íöÓêoð—éî«ó‡ìñ[ùöæ>ð«ñšú"˜óQ½ññe{ô

z t _ ) ); . - 1 5

®íö‚ 1 ôMèî”ó½ïñ

)

)<; . î«èæ ½ñ[ó½èî—ì˜éô@æšó

) )<; .

-"!

7 ) 7 )<; .

-#

E

ƒ

E$

… h 5 C E ) 7 5

1R.

Uî”ì

z ) 7 )<;

. - 1

®íöæ#ð«ð

%; % 6

kfî”ó½ïñ

)<;

.

î«è@í½óQ½ñ'íó% UVñÃí>ì0æ#î«óìMæGì

ð«î«ê

) 5 . - 7 T

(9)

)<; .

-

ƒ †E ƒ

‰ … h 5 -

… h 5 9

- = G 3 T

½ñóDUñVMæG%ñ

) 5 . - 1

; *

ƒ z t _ { ) 9 W 5 W E

.

) ; . B;

- z t _ 1

; *

ƒ # ) ;ai

L . ñ‹÷fë ?i G h

3

;

)<;ai 9

. h A B;

- z t _ 1

; * ƒ

ƒ ƒ #

)<;ai

L 1 9

. ñ‹÷fë ?i G h3

; ; h A B;

z t _ 1

; *

ƒ # ) ; i L 1 9

. ñ÷fë ?i G h3

; ; h A B;

5

U\½ñöÓñ

L - 0 ) 9 W

)ZXGY . i W YG)ZXGY .E. ú

3ë½ë½ð”é¥î”ó½ù²ì>ñÒó½ñ[öèÓíó&î”ó½ñzMæ#ð«î”ì˜é})èÓññ2"$½öæšùî”êoí,%ŸæšóD'ÒæšèÓêoî”ó½èõ‰î”îL) 1,+61R.

y "]"0ôAwñ[êoêoæ 1,7 ú1R. é¥î«ñ[ð{½è

) 5 . z t _ 1

; *

ƒ # ) ; . ñ÷fë ?i G h

3

; ; h A B; T

æšõ‰î”ó½ùoî”ó‡ìí-æšï[ïí½ó‡ììMæGì

z t _ - ; G 3

)!_i

.= ;

íó½ñÃùñ[ìè

ð”î«ê

7

ð«î«êlî«óQ

7

)!

5 . i

G 3

;

*

ƒ %; % ñ÷>ë ?i

; h G h

3

; A ; T

wî”êoî—ìî”ó½ù æšó2ìæšõ‰î«ó½ù%î”ó‰ìí-æšïï[í½ó‡ìì½æ#ì

G h

3

;=

G h æšè

6 7

é¥î«ñ[ð{2ì>ñ

½ñèÓî«öñe&öÓñè]½ð”ìú

$($ 2

"˜óì½î”è!èÓñï[ìî«íóNUñ Uî”ð«ðnMóQì½ñ_½ë½ë@ñöL@í½óQ®íööÓî«èÓõj)

; ú} .

®íšöæÒõ#ñöÓó½ñðfñèÓìî«êoæ#ìñ

W

)ZXGY . -

*

+,+

ˆ : ) / + ilXGY

,

.

ƒQˆ

*

+,+

ˆ : ) / + i XGY

, .

*K+5

) ú1R.

(10)

Uî”ì : )I;. -

ƒQˆ ˆ

æšóQ , - ‚ ƒQˆŠ…]† „[‡JˆŠ‰ ú

q ñÃó½ññe'ìE½ñ2®íð«ð”í&Uî”ó½ù½ñ9nMó½î—ìî«íšó{ú

Ý ®á 5½ó½ï‹ìî«íšó W î«èVèæšî8oìí²èæ#ìî«è]é-ìE½ñ79<] 8%@H#K#OgQ9<J8%

#4 %aUî”ì'æšó ñ÷>ë@íó½ñ[ó‡ì

N 7 æGìì½ñÃë@íî«ó‡ì|XGYî8

ð”î«ê

^)_

W )* . i W

)ZXGY .

%* i~XGY

% - 7 T

z $&! ®Ý \wñ‹ìc>èï[íó½èÓî{½ñ[öìE½ñ2®íð«ð”í,Uî«ó½ù>ó½ï[ìî«íó

W ) * . - *

Y

gY&)ZX

.

èÓî«ó

%X

% X 5

gY&)ZX

. - 1

1 1 % ð«ó

%X %% T

½ñu½ñ[öî8%#æ#ìî8%šñíR{ì½î”è1>ó½ï[ìî«íóoèæ#ìî«è]n½ñèVìE½ñ.ñ[öí#øÕïíó½èUì0æšó‡ì 'míð8½ñöNïíšó½î”ìî«íó

Uî”ì ì>ññ÷fëSíó>ñó‡ì

- 1 =;

ô½îúñ#úNìE½î«è ½ó>ï[ìî”íóDSñ[ð«íó½ùšè,ìíoæa'míð{½ñ[öïð«æšèè\Uî”ìE

ñ‹÷fëSíšó½ñó‡ì S =; ô fì î”ìc½í¥ñèBó½í#ìu@ñð«íšó½ùŸìíŸæšó‡é`'míð{>ñöÒï[ðÏæšèÓè*Uî”ìEœæšó}ñ÷fëSíó>ñó‡ì

ùöñæ#ìñ[öìEMæšó S =; ú

½öUì½ñ[öêíöñ#ô½æšð”ðA½ó>ï[ìî”íó½è U\½î”ïB èæ#ìî«è] éoì½ñs'míð{>ñö,ï[íó½î—ìî«íšó Uî”ìEñ‹÷fëSíGø

ó½ñó‡ì

N

!ôMèæ#ìî”è] é2ìE½ñ2ñ[öí#øÕïíó>èÓì0æ#ó‰ì'míð8½ñöï[íó½î—ìî«íšóUî—ìì>ññ÷fëSíó>ñó‡ì

Ý¥áMâGÝ $ €.# W Y2J F)

. 5  - 1 1 5 7 8 1

*mY0V#$3o9<5fM#$5%

'

W Y

M#U\%##XGYVH9M#$,H$AHb#$379<] 8%@H#K#dOQ9<S8%$#4 %

;

$#43%E9# [

#439#$3VN%9<ZE. H#4k‰M#K%<‰& *†9-SH9M#$,H$AHb#43A09B

;

CjE=Š.?@M$#$:!

ð«î«êlèE½ë

Y

ð”î«ê’è]½ë

7 s )

W 5 W Y . 6 z % %5

CFE ) 7

5HG

h

=;.(T

âGá{á= s½ññèUìî«êoæ#ìñBñöÓöíöî«è

W )ZXGY

. i W ) XGY

. - 1 1

" 5 ) ú

;.

U\½ñöÓñ

" -

*

+,+

ˆ : ) / + ilXGY

, . 5

- 1

"

*+ + ˆ : ) / + ilXGY

, . ) W )0/

+ . i W ) XGY .E.

5

- 1

"

*

+,+

ˆ : ? / + ilXGY

, A 3 + T

wñ‹ì|½èèE½í,U^ìEMæ#ì

ð”î«ê

Y

ð”î«ê’è]½ë

7

èE½ë

t

!u v,wy †t _ ‰ 0 % % - 7VT

) ú

S/.

Références

Documents relatifs

To test whether the vesicular pool of Atat1 promotes the acetyl- ation of -tubulin in MTs, we isolated subcellular fractions from newborn mouse cortices and then assessed

Néanmoins, la dualité des acides (Lewis et Bronsted) est un système dispendieux, dont le recyclage est une opération complexe et par conséquent difficilement applicable à

Cette mutation familiale du gène MME est une substitution d’une base guanine par une base adenine sur le chromosome 3q25.2, ce qui induit un remplacement d’un acide aminé cystéine

En ouvrant cette page avec Netscape composer, vous verrez que le cadre prévu pour accueillir le panoramique a une taille déterminée, choisie par les concepteurs des hyperpaysages

Chaque séance durera deux heures, mais dans la seconde, seule la première heure sera consacrée à l'expérimentation décrite ici ; durant la seconde, les élèves travailleront sur

A time-varying respiratory elastance model is developed with a negative elastic component (E demand ), to describe the driving pressure generated during a patient initiated

The aim of this study was to assess, in three experimental fields representative of the various topoclimatological zones of Luxembourg, the impact of timing of fungicide

Attention to a relation ontology [...] refocuses security discourses to better reflect and appreciate three forms of interconnection that are not sufficiently attended to