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HAL Id: jpa-00225696

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Submitted on 1 Jan 1986

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PROTEIN REMOVAL FROM TUNGSTEN FIELD-EMITTER TIPS

J. Panitz, D. Sandison

To cite this version:

J. Panitz, D. Sandison. PROTEIN REMOVAL FROM TUNGSTEN FIELD-EMITTER TIPS. Jour-

nal de Physique Colloques, 1986, 47 (C2), pp.C2-401-C2-407. �10.1051/jphyscol:1986262�. �jpa-

00225696�

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JOURNAL DE PHYSIQUE

Colloque C2, suppl6ment a u n 0 3 , Tome 47, mars 1986 page c2-401

PROTEIN REMOVAL FROM TUNGSTEN FIELD-EMITTER TIPS

J . A . PANITZ and D.R. SANDISON'

S a n d i a N a t i o n a l L a b o r a t o r i e s , S u r f a c e S c i e n c e D i v i s i o n 1134,

Albuquerque, NM 87185, U.S.A.

Abstract

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The r e m o v a l o f p r o t e i n m u l t i l a y e r s , a n d i n d i v i d u a l p r o t e i n m o l e c u l e s from t u n g s t e n f i e l d - e m i t t e r t i p s i s d e s c r i b e d . T i p s e x p o s e d t o U V r a d i a t i o n f o r s e v e r a l m i n u t e s i n a i r , o r t o a

low p r e s s u r e glow d i s c h a r g e remain c o v e r e d w i t h a p r o t e i n r e s i d u e t h a t c a n n o t b e removed w i t h o u t m o d i f y i n g t h e t i p s u r f a c e . High t e m p e r a t u r e p y r o l y s i s i n vacuum c a n r e m o v e a l l p r o t e i n r e s i d u e f r o m t h e s u r f a c e o f a t u n g s t e n t i p w i t h o u t c h a n g i n g i t s s h a p e o r morphology. A s i m p l e method t o p y r o l y z e p r o t e i n on t h e s u r f a c e of a t u n g s t e n t i p i s d e c r i b e d . The i m p o r t a n c e o f h a v i n g a r e l i a b l e t i p c l e a n i n g p r o c e d u r e f o r f i e l d - i o n and f i e l d - e l e c t r o n e m i s s i o n a p p l i c a t i o n s i s reviewed.

I

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INTRODUCTION

F o r t h e p a s t few y e a r s , we h a v e b e e n d e v e l o p i n g p r o c e d u r e s t o p l a c e p r o t e i n m u l t i l a y e r s ( f o r m e d by t h e immune r e a c t i o n ) , and i n d i v i d u a l p r o t e i n m o l e c u l e s o n t o t h e s u r f a c e o f t u n g s t e n f i e l d - e m i t t e r t i p s /1,2/. P r o t e i n s can be r e l i a b l y p l a c e d on t h e s u r f a c e of l a r g e r a d i u s f i e l d - e m i t t e r t i p s by u s i n g e i t h e r o f two d e p o s i t i o n p r o t o c o l s i n t r o d u c e d d u r i n g t h e p a s t y e a r / 3 , 4 / . The t r a n s m i s s i o n e l e c t r o n m i c r o s c o p e ( T E M ) c a n b e u s e d t o v i s u a l i z e t h e m o r p h o l o g y o f p r o t e i n m u l t i l a y e r s on t h e t i p s u r f a c e /l/. I n d i v i d u a l p r o t e i n m o l e c u l e s can be v i s u a l i z e d on t h e t i p s u r f a c e w i t h c o m p l e t e c o n f i d e n c e , i f t h e t i p i s r o t a r y "shadowed" p r i o r t o i m a g i n g w i t h a h e a v y m e t a l i n o r d e r t o e n h a n c e i m a g e c o n t r a s t / 5 , 6 / . The s t u d y o f p r o t e i n d e p o s i t i o n on f i e l d - e m i t t e r t i p s h a s been m o t i v a t e d by a n ongoing a t t e m p t t o image b i o l o g i c a l s p e c i e s w i t h f i e l d - i o n t e c h n i q u e s /7/. The i n t r o d u c t i o n of a n o v e l immunochemical s e n s o r c o n c e p t t h a t u s e s f i e l d - e l e c t r o n e m i s s i o n t o d e t e c t a p r e s e l e c t e d b i o l o g i c a l s p e c i e s i n s o l u t i o n h a s r e i n f o r c e d t h i s e f f o r t /g/.

F i e l d - i o n and f i e l d - e l e c t r o n e m i s s i o n p r o c e s s e s r e l y upon t h e e x a c t shape of a f i e l d - e m i t t e r t i p because t h e t i p shape w i l l i n f l u e n c e t h e magnitude and t h e g r a d i e n t of t h e e l e c t r i c f i e l d a t t h e t i p apex. For example, t h e m a g n i f i c a t i o n of an image of a p r o t e i n m o l e c u l e formed by f i e l d - i o n t o m o g r a p h y ( a n d t h e a b e r r a t i o n s i n t h e i m a g e ) c a n b e i n f l u e n c e d by t h e morphology of t h e t i p a p e x on a subnanometer s c a l e /7/. S i n c e it i s i m p o s s i b l e t o f a b r i c a t e many d i f f e r e n t t i p s w i t h t h e 'Summer s t u d e n t employee. P r e s e n t a d d r e s s : The U n i v e r s i t y o f New

Mexico, Department of P h y s i c s and Astronomy, Albuquerque, NM. 87123, U.S.A.

Article published online by EDP Sciences and available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jphyscol:1986262

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c2-402 JOURNAL DE PHYSIQUE

e x a c t same a p e x m o r p h o l o g y , t h e same t i p s h o u l d b e u s e d o v e r a n d o v e r a g a i n ( t o i m a g e d i f f e r e n t p r o t e i n s ) i f t h e s a m e i m a g e m a g n i f i c a t i o n a n d i m a g e a b e r r a t i o n s a r e t o b e m a i n t a i n e d . I n p r a c t i c e , t h i s m e a n s t h a t a t i p c o v e r e d w i t h a p a r t i c u l a r p r o t e i n m u s t b e c o m p l e t e l y c l e a n e d w i t h o u t c h a n g i n g t h e t i p m o r p h o l o g y , b e f o r e a new p r o t e i n c a n b e imaged. Immunochemical s e n s o r s t h a t employ f i e l d - e l e c t r o n e m i s s i o n a s a d e t e c t o r may a l s o b e n e f i t from a " r e u s e a b l e " t i p

/a/.

O u r e v e r y d a y e x p e r i e n c e s u g g e s t s t h a t i t i s d i f f i c u l t t o r e m o v e p r o t e i n f r o m m e t a l s u r f a c e s , p a r t i c u l a r l y i f t h e p r o t e i n h a s d r i e d . The a l b u m i n r e s i d u e t h a t r e m a i n s i n a f r y i n g p a n a f t e r c o o k i n g e g g s i s a f a m i l i a r e x a m p l e o f t h e c l e a n i n g p r o b l e m . Upon d r y i n g , p r o t e i n d e n a t u r e s : i t s amino a c i d s u n c o i l ; t h e y c r o s s - l i n k t o e a c h o t h e r , and b i n d t e n a c i o u s l y t o a l m o s t a l l s u r f a c e s t h e y c o n t a c t . M e c h a n i c a l a b r a s i o n ( i n t h e p r e s e n c e o f a s t r o n g d e t e r g e n t c o n t a i n i n g p h o s p h a t e ) , i s u s u a l l y n e e d e d t o r e m o v e d r i e d p r o t e i n f r o m a m e t a l s u r f a c e . F o r o b v i o u s r e a s o n s , t h i s t e c h n i q u e c a n n o t b e u s e d t o remove d r i e d p r o t e i n from t h e a p e x of a f i e l d e m i t t e r t i p .

W e h a v e u s e d a v a r i e t y o f c h e m i c a l s i n c l u d i n g s t r o n g a c i d s and b a s e s ( w i t h a n d w i t h o u t u l t r a s o n i c a g i t a t i o n ) i n a n a t t e m p t t o remove d r i e d p r o t e i n from t h e surface of t u n g s t e n f i e l d - e m i t t e r t i p s . I n a l l c a s e s , TEM i m a g i n g d e m o n s t r a t e d t h a t a p r o t e i n r e s i d u e r e m a i n e d on t h e t i p s u r f a c e . T h r e e o t h e r c l e a n i n g t e c h n i q u e s w e r e a l s o i n v e s t i g a t e d : (1) E x p o s u r e t o i n t e n s e , u l t r a - v i o l e t r a d i a t i o n i n a i r , ( 2 ) e x p o s u r e t o a l o w p r e s s u r e g l o w d i s c h a r g e , and ( 3 ) h i g h t e m p e r a t u r e p y r o l y z a t i o n i n vacuum. E a c h t e c h n i q u e h a d b e e n u s e d b y o t h e r s t o r e m o v e o r g a n i c r e s i d u e f r o m s u r f a c e s , b u t t h e s u b n a n o m e t e r l e v e l o f c l e a n l i n e s s r e q u i r e d by t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y had n e v e r b e e n documented. The f i r s t two c l e a n i n g t e c h n i q u e s were n o t s a t i s f a c t o r y . O n l y t h e l a t t e r t e c h n i q u e ( h i g h t e m p e r a t u r e p y r o l y z a t i o n ) c o m p l e t e l y removed a l l p r o t e i n r e s i d u e from t h e s u r f a c e of a t i p w i t h o u t c h a n g i n g i t s morphology.

II

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CLEANING

A p a r t i c u l a r l y s i m p l e a p p r o a c h t o r e m o v i n g o r g a n i c c o n t a m i n a n t s from a s u r f a c e i s t o e x p o s e t h e s u r f a c e t o t h e r a d i a t i o n from a h i g h p r e s s u r e m e r c u r y a r c l a m p i n a i r /g/. A l t h o u g h t h e m e c h a n i s m r e s p o n s i b l e f o r p r o t e i n r e m o v a l i s n o t known i n d e t a i l , it i s t h o u g h t t o i n v o l v e t h e f o r m a t i o n of an a c t i v e oxygen s p e c i e s ( m o s t p r o b a b l y o z o n e ) , b e c a u s e t h e r a t e of c l e a n i n g d e p e n d s on t h e p a r t i a l p r e s s u r e of oxyqen / g / . I n a p r e v i o u s p u b l i c a t i o n , we d e s c r i b e d how UV i r r a d i a t i o n i n a i r c o u l d be u s e d t o remove t h i c k p r o t e i n m u l t i l a y e r s from i n d i u m s u r f a c e s , and f r o m t u n g s t e n f i e l d - e m i t t e r t i p s / l / . We s p e c u l a t e d t h a t t h e U V p h o t o n s h a d s u f f i c i e n t e n e r g y t o b r e a k p r o t e i n b o n d s w i t h i n t h e p r o t e i n l a y e r , t h e r e b y a l l o w i n g p r o t e i n r e s i d u e s t o b e o x i d i z e d b y f r e e oxygen and o z o n e i n t h e v i c i n i t y of t h e t i p s u r f a c e .

T r i p l e l a y e r s o f p r o t e i n c a n b e f o r m e d o n a t i p b y p l a c i n g a m o n o l a y e r o f b o v i n e s e r u m a l b u m i n (BSA) o n t o i t s s u r f a c e . The BSA m o n o l a y e r i s e x p o s e d t o anti-BSA ( r a b b i t ) IgG i n s o l u t i o n which s e l e c t i v e l y b i n d s t o t h e B S A b y t h e immune r e a c t i o n , p r o d u c i n g a s e c o n d l a y e r . A t h i r d l a y e r o f p r o t e i n i s a p p l i e d by e x p o s i n g t h e d o u b l e l a y e r t o a s e c o n d a n t i b o d y i n s o l u t i o n

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a n t i - r a b b i t ( g o a t ) IgG. UV r a d i a t i o n between 0.22 M i c r o n s a n d 0.37 M i c r o n s i s u s e d f o r c l e a n i n g / l / . I t i s p r o d u c e d by a H a n o v i a h i g h - p r e s s u r e m e r c u r y a r c l a m p t h a t p r o d u c e s a b o u t 6 W a t t s o f U V r a d i a t i o n a n d a b o u t 7 Watts o f v i s i b l e a n d i n f r a r e d r a d i a t i o n / l O / .

F i g u r e 1 shows a p r e v i o u s l y p u b l i s h e d r e s u l t where a t r i p l e l a y e r o f p r o t e i n w a s r e p e a t e d l y e x p o s e d t o UV r a d i a t i o n , and t h e n imaged i n t h e TEM /l/. The p r o t e i n m u l t i l a y e r was i n i k i a l l y a b o u t 2 7 5 t h i c k a s j u d g e d f r o m t h e TEM i m a g e c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o t i m e t = O . A f t e r a 3 0 0

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s e c o n d e x p o s u r e t o U V , t h e l a y e r b e g i n s t o l o o k " m o t t l e d " . A f t e r an a d d i t i o n a l 150 second e x p o s u r e ( 4 5 0 seconds t o t a l e x p o s u r e ) , t h e l a y e r t h i c k n e s s and i t s morphology h a v e n o t i c e a b l y changed. A f t e r a t o t a l UV e x p o s u r e of 750 seconds most of t h e p r o t e i n h a s been removed from t h e t i p s u r f a c e , b u t t h e s u r f a c e morphology h a s s u b t l y changed. We b e l i e v e t h a t t h e p r o t e i n l a y e r i n i t i a l l y p r o t e c t s t h e u n d e r l y i n g s u r f a c e from UV-induced o x i d a t i o n . ,However, b e f o r e t h e p r o t e i n l a y e r i s e n t i r e l y removed, r e g i o n s of t h e s u r f a c e a r e exposed t o UV and a t t a c k e d .

Fig. 1

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UV cleaning of a tungsten field-emitter tip in room air. The t l p was c o a t e d w i t h an immune m u l t i l a y e r of b o v i n e serum albumin (BSA) and two a n t i b o d i e s (AB1) and (ABZ). The d e p o s i t i o n p r o t o c o l i s g i v e n i n r e f e r e n c e /l/. A f t e r deposition, t h e t i p was r e p e t i t i v e l y imaged i n t h e TEM, and exposed t o UV r a d i a t i o n . The c u m u l a t i v e exposure t o UV i s shown. The l a y e r b e f o r e UV e x p o s u r e i s shown a t t = O .

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J O U R N A L D E PHYSIQUE

111

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DISCHARGE CLEANING

A l o w p r e s s u r e g l o w d i s c h a r g e ( i n a i r ) i s o f t e n u s e d t o c l e a n t h i n c a r b o n f i l m s p r i o r t o i m a g i n g n u c l e i c a c i d s o n t h e i r s u r f a c e i n t h e TEM / l l / . A l i q u i d - n i t r o g e n t r a p p e d , o i l d i f f u s i o n pumped vacuum s y s t e m i s u s u a l l y u s e d f o r t h e s e e x p e r i m e n t s . The g l o w d i s c h a r g e i s p r o d u c e d b e t w e e n a n i n s u l a t e d e l e c t r o d e b i a s e d t o a h i g h n e g a t i v e p o t e n t i a l ( - 2 k V t o - 5 k V i s t y p i c a l ) , a n d a g r o u n d e d c o u n t e r - e l e c t r o d e t h a t e n c i r c l e s it. When a i r i s a d m i t t e d i n t o t h e chamber ( a t a p r e s s u r e of a b o u t 5 M i c r o n s ) , a p l a s m a i s g e n e r a t e d w i t h i n t h e d i o d e d e f i n e d b y t h e t w o e l e c t r o d e s . The s p e c i m e n t o b e c l e a n e d i s e i t h e r g r o u n d e d o r i n s u l a t e d f r o m g r o u n d , and p l a c e d w i t h i n t h e c o n f i n e s o f t h e v i s i b l e p l a s m a t h a t l e a k s i n t o t h e chamber from t h e r e g i o n o f t h e d i o d e . E n e r g e t i c i o n s , n e u t r a l s a n d e l e c t r o n s w i t h i n t h e p l a s m a b o m b a r d t h e s p e c i m e n . W e f o u n d t h a t a o n e o r t w o m i n u t e e x p o s u r e t o t h e p l a s m a w i l l p r o d u c e a v i s i b l e m e t a l l i c l u s t r e on t h e s h a n k of a n o t h e r w i s e " d i r t y " l o o k i n g t u n g s t e n f i e l d - e m i t t e r t i p .

S a t u r a t i o n c o v e r a g e s of r h o p r o t e i n /12/, and r h o bound t o poly-C DNA w e r e p l a c e d on t u n g s t e n f i e l d - e m i t t e r t i p s u s i n g a n e s t a b l i s h e d d e p o s i t i o n p r o t o c o l / 4 / . T h e t i p s w e r e i m a g e d i n t h e T E M p r i o r t o g l o w d i s c h a r g e c l e a n i n g ; a f t e r 2 m i n u t e s o f c l e a n i n g , a n d a g a i n a f t e r 5 m i n u t e s o f c l e a n i n g . A t y p i c a l r e s u l t i s shown i n F i g u r e 2. I n g e n e r a l , a s i g n i f i c a n t a m o u n t of p r o t e i n i s a l w a y s r e m o v e d f r o m t h e t i p s u r f a c e d u r i n g t h e f i r s t 2 m i n u t e e x p o s u r e t o t h e p l a s m a . A d d i t i o n a l e x p o s u r e t o t h e g l o w d i s c h a r g e p l a s m a d i d n o t seem t o r e d u c e t h e a m o u n t o f p r o t e i n o n t h e t i p s u r f a c e , o r a f f e c t t h e m o r p h o l o g y of t h e t i p apex.

IV

- HIGH

TEMPERATURE PYROLYSIS

Thermal a n n e a l i n g a t a h i g h t e m p e r a t u r e i s f r e q u e n t l y u s e d t o p r e p a r e t u n g s t e n f i e l d - e m i t t e r t i p s f o r f i e l d - i o n and f i e l d - e l e c t r o n e m i s s i o n a p p l i c a t i o n s / 1 3 / . D u r i n g a n n e a l i n g , a t i p i s h e a t e d c l o s e t o i t s m e l t i n g p o i n t . S u r f a c e s e l f - d i f f u s i o n s m o o t h s t h e t i p a p e x , f o r m i n g a n a p p r o x i m a t e l y h e m i s p h e r i c a l e n d f o r m o f minimum s u r f a c e f r e e - e n e r g y / 1 4 / . W e d e c i d e d t o i n v e s t i g a t e h i g h t e m p e r a t u r e p y r o l y z a t i o n a s a means o f c l e a n i n g p r o t e i n d e p o s i t s f r o m t u n g s t e n f i e l d - e m i t t e r t i p s . The v e r y h i g h m e l t i n g p o i n t o f t u n g s t e n a l l o w s u s t o h e a t a t u n g s t e n t i p t o a t e m p e r a t u r e a b o v e 2000 K e l v i n , t h e r e b y a s s u r i n g t h a t a l l o r g a n i c m a t e r i a l w i l l b e v o l a t i l i z e d b y t h e r m a l a c t i v a t i o n a n d d e s o r p t i o n /15/. S i n c e p y r o l y z a t i o n i s d o n e i n v a c u u m ( t o a v o i d t i p d e s t r u c t i o n b y o x i d a t i o n ) , a c a r b o n a c e o u s r e s i d u e may r e m a i n o n t h e t u n g s t e n s u r f a c e , o r become c h e m i c a l l y i n c o r p o r a t e d i n t o t h e s u r f a c e a s a c a r b i d e /15/. W e h a v e n o t b e e n a b l e t o o b s e r v e a c a r b o n a c e o u s r e s i d u e on t h e t i p s u r f a c e i n t h e TEM a f t e r p y r o l y z a t i o n . S u b s e q u e n t b i n d i n g o f p r o t e i n t o t h e t i p s u r f a c e d o e s n o t seem t o be a f f e c t e d by t h e p y r o l y z a t i o n c l e a n i n g p r o c e s s t h a t c a n b e r e p e a t e d many t i m e s . Our f i e l d - e m i t t e r t i p s a r e f a b r i c a t e d f r o m t u n g s t e n r o d , 1.5 mm i n d i a m e t e r . The s i z e , t h e m a s s , a n d t h e t h e r m a l c o n d u c t i v i t y o f t h e s e t i p s m a k e s i t d i f f i c u l t t o i m p l e m e n t c o n v e n t i o n a l h e a t i n g m e t h o d s ( i . e . r e s i s t i v e o r e-beam h e a t i n g ) . I n o r d e r t o h e a t a n e n t i r e t i p t o t e m p e r a t u r e s a b o v e 2000 K e l v i n , w e p l a c e t h e t i p i n a t u n g s t e n " b o a t "

t h a t i s r e s i s t i v e l y h e a t e d i n a v a c u u m o f a b o u t - 0 1 M i c r o n . O u r e x p e r i m e n t s were p e r f o r m e d i n a l i q u i d - n i t r o g e n t r a p p e d , o i l - d i f f u s i o n pumped b e 1 l j a r . A b o a t t h a t h o l d s t w o t i p s / 1 6 / i s h e a t e d f o r 3 m i n t o a t e m p e r a t u r e t h a t i s j u s t b e l o w t h e e v a p o r a t i o n p o i n t of t u n g s t e n ( a s d e t e r m i n e d by a q u a r t z - c r y s t a l d e p o s i t i o n m o n i t o r ) . S i n c e h e a t i n g a t u n g s t e n t i p t o t h i s t e m p e r a t u r e c o u l d c a u s e a c h a n g e i n i t s e n d f o r m / 1 4 / , we a l w a y s s t a b i l i z e t h e e n d f o r m b y p r e h e a t i n g t h e t i p t o t h i s t e m p e r a t u r e f o r f i v e o r t e n m i n u t e s p r i o r t o i t s i n i t i a l u s e . F i g u r e 3 d e m o n s t r a t e s t h e s u c c e s s o f t h e p y r o l y z a t i o n c l e a n i n g p r o c e d u r e .

(6)

Fig. 2

-

Glow discharge cleaning of tungsten field-emitter tips.

(A-C): c o a t e d w i t h r h o p r o t e i n a n d p o l y - C DNA. ( D - E ) : c o a t e d w i t h r h o p r o t e i n . The d e p o s i t i o n p r o t o c o l i s g i v e n i n r e f e r e n c e /4/. The

e x p o s u r e t i m e t o t h e ( a i r ) plasma used f o r c l e a n i n g i s shown i n p a r e n t h e s i s .

(7)

CZ-406 JOURNAL DE PHYSIQUE

Pig. 3

-

Pyrolyzation cleaning of a tungsten field-emitter tip.

( A ) F e r r i t i n m o n o l a y e r b e f o r e c l e a n i n g . ( B ) The same t i p a f t e r t h r e e m i n u t e s a t -01 Micron and a t e m p e r a t u r e >2000 K e l v i n . The d e p o s i t i o n p r o t o c o l i s g i v e n i n r e f e r e n c e /3/.

V

-

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

S e v e r a l c l e a n i n g p r o c e d u r e s h a v e been i n v e s t i g a t e d i n an a t t e m p t t o p r o v i d e a s i m p l e a n d r e l i a b l e method o f r e m o v i n g d r i e d p r o t e i n f r o m

(8)

t h e s u r f a c e o f a f i e l d - e m i t t e r t i p w i t h o u t c h a n g i n g t i p morphology.

By c l e a n i n g a t i p b e t w e e n e x p e r i m e n t s , a n d u s i n g t h e s a m e t i p o v e r a n d o v e r a g a i n , t h e same s u b s t r a t e m o r p h o l o g y c a n b e p r e s e r v e d . T h i s c a n b e a n a d v a n t a g e i n s e v e r a l h i g h - f i e l d a p p l i c a t i o n s /7,8/.

C h e m i c a l c l e a n i n g ( w i t h o r w i t h o u t u l t r a s o n i c a g i t a t i o n ) , a n d g l o w - d i s c h a r g e c l e a n i n g i n a n i t r o g e n (room a i r ) p l a s m a d o n o t c o m p l e t e l y r e m o v e p r o t e i n t h a t h a s d r i e d on t h e s u r f a c e o f a t u n g s t e n t i p . E x p o s i n g a t u n g s t e n t i p t o U V r a d i a t i o n i n a i r i s a n e f f e c t i v e c l e a n i n g p r o c e d u r e , b u t t h e s u r f a c e m o r p h o l o g y o f t h e t i p c a n c h a n g e ( p r e s u m a b l y b y U V - i n d u c e d o x i d a t i o n ) b e f o r e a l l o f t h e p r o t e i n i s removed. P y r o l y z a t i o n of d r i e d p r o t e i n ( a t t e m p e r a t u r e s >2000 K e l v i n i n v a c u u m ) , h a s p r o v e d t o b e a n e f f e c t i v e c l e a n i n g p r o c e d u r e . The m o r p h o l o q y o f t h e t i p s u r f a c e d o e s n o t a p p e a r t o c h a n g e a s a r e s u l t o f t h e c l e a n i n g p r o c e d u r e i f t h e t i p h a s b e e n p r e h e a t e d t o t h e same t e m p e r a t u r e f o r a l o n g e r p e r i o d o f t i m e . We r e c e n t l y d i s c o v e r e d t h a t a s i m i l a r p y r o l y z a t i o n p r o c e d u r e i s u s e d by e l e c t r o n m i c r o s c o p i s t s t o c l e a n t u n g s t e n o r molybdenum a p e r t u r e s t h a t h a v e become c o n t a m i n a t e d w i t h o r g a n i c r e s i d u e i n a n o p e r a t i n g TEM (Tom H e a d l e y , S a n d i a N a t i o n a l L a b o r a t o r i e s , p r i v a t e c o m m u n i c a t i o n ) .

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

T h i s w o r k w a s s u p p o r t e d b y t h e D e f e n s e A d v a n c e d R e s e a r c h P r o j e c t s A g e n c y , u n d e r ARPA c o n t r a c t 4597. The a u t h o r w o u l d l i k e t o t h a n k Tom H e a d l e y o f S a n d i a N a t i o n a l L a b o r a t o r i e s f o r p r o v i d i n g e x p e r t TEM s u p p o r t , a n d P r o f e s s o r D. G. B e a r f o r t h e u s e o f h i s l a b o r a t o r y f a c i l i t i e s a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y of N e w Mexico S c h o o l of M e d i c i n e .

REFERENCES

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aqd

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