• Aucun résultat trouvé

Do Female Researchers Face a Glass Ceiling in France? A Hazard Model of Promotions

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2021

Partager "Do Female Researchers Face a Glass Ceiling in France? A Hazard Model of Promotions"

Copied!
30
0
0

Texte intégral

(1)

HAL Id: hal-00825992

https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00825992

Submitted on 25 May 2013

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- entific research documents, whether they are pub- lished or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers.

L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

Do Female Researchers Face a Glass Ceiling in France?

A Hazard Model of Promotions

Mareva Sabatier

To cite this version:

Mareva Sabatier. Do Female Researchers Face a Glass Ceiling in France? A Hazard Model of Promo- tions. Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis (Routledge), 2010, 42 (16), pp.2053-2062. �hal-00825992�

(2)

1 1 1

231456785195A579BC59A147B5171D87AA1B5E8EFD1EF1497FB51 71C779216325813419363E3FA1

1

2

2 2

34567428494AB65C2 2

C2DEFF2D382B765BA262847B625462 45674494AB65B747B652

2 2

2 2

1 1

23456785911 2

!62 "566A2 45AB#62 6$4B62 %!6A!652 56!2 64#62 56645!652 462 42 &#42 6B#B&2 42 B7BB9#62 9455B652A2"5AB2B&2425B&B4#24A4946252A!62'4AB4#2DABAA6252(&5B#A54#2E6645!2

%626AB4A6254AB26#252"5AB2 !626A!#&)2624##%622A2A4*62BA24A2 656296574AB242965762!6A65&66BA)2+5256#A2!%242B&BB4A2&665266A2A!4A2 62A2A54BA2A!62&#46B#B&2!)"A!6B2D24BAB24A52A!4A29A2"5AB2662A2962 54B4##)2 B656A2 45B&2 A2 &6652 42 %62 "566A2 67B662 A!4A2 "5AB2 A54A6&B62 4562 B656A2524#624264#62

2

,6)%5-2.5AB2#42/6B#B&266524"2 /620F1-20122/311

2 2 2 2 2 2 12 2 2 2

(3)

1 4 D2DA5AB2

1

5!4A67652A!62"56B26(#A7B2829#4*21:::252427657B6%242(#956!A2A51 7BC2 4;;<=2 0)2 1::>=2 8"552 82 86)!B2 1::32 52 AB62 2 "6BB2 79?2 A!62

#BA654A562 "57B62 42 #45&62 4A2 2 67B662 52 &66556#4A62 B65662 B2 645B&2 42 "5AB2 B&2 2 "5AB2 64#62 662 A2 962 65 56"566A62 B2 6B52 "BAB2 &&6AB&2 A!4A2 %62 462 42DB7441 8AEBEFD2 A!4A2

#BBA2 A!6B52 "5AB2 !B2 &#42 6B#B&2 B2 42 56#A2 2 &6652 B5BB4AB2

%!B!2#B*62A!652522B5BB4AB2B2B4##)246"A49#62@%67652A!62

&#46B#B&2 "!662 4)2 4#2 &6654A62 6&4AB762 B6AB762 52 %62 696462 A!6)2 4562 #62 #B*6#)2 A2 962 "5A62 A!6)2 #2 ABA62 54AB4##)2 B76A2

#62 B2 A!6B52 %5*?2 6"5B7B&2 A!62 6)2 2 "6A6B62 A!4A2 #2 962 62 5626BB6A#)2 !662B4#2426B2A2!4762"57B62425B7B&24A52 5256645!2BA2A!626$BA6624266A2242&#426B#B&22

D2446B42A!62A6AB22%!6A!65252A242&#426B#B&26$BA2B24##2A!62562 BA656AB&2 96462 A!B2 6A52 B2 4AA54AB&2 B564B&2 9652 2 %6=2 A!656562 6&4AB762 B6AB762 4)2 &6654A62 !B&!652 A2 A!42 B2 A!652 6A52 '6765A!6#629674B261:::?2A62A!4A2446B4262A2662A2!476264"62 A!62 &#46B#B&2 "!662 !62F ('2E6"5A264;;;?2A4A62A!4A2B24##2+F/B2 A5B62 A!62 "5"5AB2 2 64#62 656462 5A!652 "2 A!62 54*2 #4652 +2 47654&62A!65624562A!5662AB62424)2%62B2C4BA4AD2"BAB26<;EF24562

%6?2 42 A%B62 42 4)2 %62 B2 G#6A565G2 "BAB2 64;EF2 4562 %6?2 A!42B2G##2"565G2"BAB261;3F?22

!662 A4ABAB2 662 A2 962 BA6A2 %BA!2 A!62 "56662 2 42 &#42 6B#B&2 9A2 965762 &6652 B65662 4&2 446B2 #2 962 462 9)2 &6652

(4)

1 <

B"45BAB62B2A!62B656A2456422446B42526$4"#628!6B65261::>?2A62 A!4A2 42 &564A652 "5"5AB2 2 %62 4562 B7#762 B2 A64!B&2 4AB7BAB62 %!B!2

#26$"#4B2%!)2%62A62A2"9#B!2#6242%!)2A!6)24562#62#B*6#)2A2962

"5A6222

D25652A26A49#B!2A!626$BA662242&#426B#B&2B2446B42A!6524A52A!4A2 46A2456652A2962A4*62BA24A2F6A5B244#)624562A!256AB562 B25652A29A4B28A5A6E4176E342674#4AB22A!62BA4AB24B&2%622

@%67652B566A5B2AB62456256#4AB76#)2456242A22A!62!4762 62 2 %4&62 8AB62 455B62 A2 B&2 3B652 6A4AB2 &6654##)2 B2 B&BB4A2 %4&62 &4"2 96A%662 62 42 %62 6762 4A652 A5##B&2 52 BB7B4#2 !454A65BAB2 "9#B4AB2 562 42 6"45A6A2 !454A65BAB2 6A2 B&2(65B424A4252A!628576)22BA54A62E6B"B6A268BE?2BA!65242

@4)6261:::?24##4A62A!62&6652&4"2B2@428B662A2962:F2B247522 62(5B&2A2545264;;1?2%62B28AAB!2446B42645242F2#62A!42 A!6B52 4#62 A65"45A2 (#A!&!2 A!662 AB62 2 A2 56A62 A!62 &#46B#B&2

!)"A!6B2 A!6)2 !%2 A!4A2 A!62 "!662 4)2 A2 962 #645A2 B5A2 A!62

&6652 %4&62 &4"2 !42 656462 B62 A!62 1:H;I2 6E42 82 36&4#2 1::<?22 862 6AB4A62 %4&62 &4"2 4562 4B#)2 462 9)2 &6652 B65662 B2 965749#62 !6A65&66BA)2 52 6$4"#62 9)2 4""#)B&2 42 +4$442 6"BAB2 5452 64;;1?2 !%62 A!4A2 #)2 A!5662 "656A4&62 "BA2 2 A!62 6AB4A62 42F2 B65662B2%4&62429624AA5B9A62A2B5BB4AB2BA!65242@4)6264;;<?2 B562A!B256#A2426A54A62A!4A2&6652%4&62&4"24562A#)262A2

&665254*2B656AB4#2 !B2&&6A2A!4A2%4&624562B56A#)256#4A62A254*2 2

(5)

1 3 3562566A#)256645!2!42622A!62"5AB2"562BA!65242@4)62 64;;<?2 6AB4A62 "5AB2 "5949B#BAB62 B&2 B745B4A62 "59BA2 6#2 !6)2

#62 A!4A2 %62 B2 A!62 @42 8B662 4562 B&BB4A#)2 #62 #B*6#)2 A2 962

"5A62 A2 A6562 "BAB28A5A6E41 76E34-2 A!62 6AB4A62 &4"2 B2 49A2 >F2 8BB#45#)2 3B$2 42 567B2 64;;E?2 56"5A62 B5BB4AB2 4&4BA2 64#62 6BA2B2A!62828A!2(""#)B&2A!62+4$4426"BAB2A242#&BA26#2 2"5AB2A!6)22A!4A2A!62"5AB2"5949B#BA)2B21442"656A4&62"BA2

#%652 52 64#62 42 A!4A2 H22 2 A!662 1442 "BA2 4A2 962 6$"#4B62 9)2 B65662B2"5AB7BA)2424562A!65656262A2B5BB4AB22

!62&#426B#B&242AB##2962662%!62A!62)4B2"5622"5AB2B2A4*62 BA2 4A2 B&2 42 5466A2 "59BA2 6#2 32 B%6##2 A51 7BC2 61:::?2

#62 A!4A2 A!62 G47654&62 %4G2 B2 <2F2 #62 #B*6#)2 A2 962 "5A62 A2 A!62 G4BA4A2"565G254*242:F2#62#B*6#)2A2962"5A62A2A!62G##2"565G2 54*2 8BB#45#)2 ,4!2 61::<?2 2 A!4A2 A!62 5B*2 54AB2 52 64#62 6BA2 9A4BB&2A6562B249A2A%A!B522A!624#6254AB2BA!65242@4)6264;;<?2 2 BB#452 56#A2 B2 A!62 @4BAB62 %!6562 A!62 6AB4A62 &6652 &4"2 B2

"5AB254A62B2#45&6-2%6245624EF2#62#B*6#)2A2962"5A628A5A6E4176E342 2

!626"B5B4#2#BA654A56262A256A62A!62!)"A!6B2A!4A2%624562#62#B*6#)2 A2&4B2462A26B52"BAB2%!B!2&&6A2A!4A242&#426B#B&2626$BA252 446B2 %!4A67652 BB"#B62 A!6)2 4562 B2 @%67652 6$BAB&2 56#A2 4562 9462 2 4A42 52 (65B42 52 A!62 BA62 ,B&2 A5B62 A!4A2 !4762 765)2 BB#452 446B2 )A62 42 BA2 #2 962 45&62 A!4A2 &6652 &4"2 56#A2 52 65A4B2

!454A65BAB22A!662)A62A!4A245624B52A264#62 !656562BA2%#2962

(6)

1 E BA656AB&2A2A6A2A!62&#46B#B&2!)"A!6B2B24A!652A)"622446B2)A62 D2 A!B2 56"6A2 A!62 56!2 )A62 "57B62 42 BA656AB&2 4#A654AB762 42 56!2 446B42!424296522"6BB264A562A!4A26A2BA24"45A252A!62(65B4252 95BAB!2 )A62 6662 BA!652 64;;1?142 F%4#2 82 5452 64;;;?2 52 6A4B#62 65B"AB22A!662A%2446B2)A6?22

B5A#)2 B2 A54A2 A2 A!652 A5B62 A!62 56!2 446B2 6A52 !42 A%2 954!6-2 B765BAB62 42 4AB4#2 56645!2 #4954A5B62 F4!2 954!2 B2 B6"66A242!42BA2%2%5*B&25#62526$4"#6256645!652%5*B&2B2 A!624AB4#256645!2BABAA62!47622A64!B&2AB62#B*62A!62%5*B&2B2 B765BAB622

86#)2B2A!628(252A!62BA62,B&2446B24566524562B4A629)2 A65625#62(A652"#6AB&242.!B242)&256645!652B2!B56242424BA4A2

"5652 2 42 B$62 A652 A54A2 6562 A4A2 642 42 ##2 .565?2 B2 A2 4%4562 AB#2 #4A652 B2 42 446BJ2 456652 42 A!B2 A4A2 B2 A2 6562 A2 4##2 446B2.5AB25BA65B42B#62B6ABB24!B6766A2!242A!629652 2 "4"652 "9#B!62 42 A!6B52 A4#BA)2 56!2 446B42 B2 5&4B62 ABA62 B656A#)2 (2 *6)2 B65662 A!4A2 4""#B62 A2 4##2 56!2 BABAAB2 6B765BAB62 424AB4#256645!2#4954A5B6?2424##2BB"#B62B2A!4A2#B6AB62A54A24562 4%4562 2 4A652 !B5B&2 E65BA6A2 B2 9462 2 A!62 A4#BA)2 2 A!62 56645!2 455B62A25B&2A!62.!B29A256645!6529662A6562B7B#26574A24A652

#)2 142 A!J2 "594AB2 42 A!B2 52 4#A2 4A4AB4##)2 /B7B#2 6574A2 A4A2B"#B6242#B6#&2792425242&B76254*242B$62%4&624#62 !65624562 A%2 4B2 42 6AB74#6A2 54*2 B2 56!2 446B4-2 4BA4A2 "5652 42 ##2

"5652 B2 A!62 B765BA)2 )A62 42 56645!652 42 6B52 56645!652 B2 A!62

(7)

1 2 4AB4#2 56645!2 #4954A5B62 84#45B62 52 64!2 54*2 42 A4A2 4562 B$62 9)2 42 4AB4#2 ##6AB762 4&5666A2 42 4562 A!62 462 52 4##2 B765BAB62 42 56645!2

#4954A5B62 (46B2 4A2 A!62 462 #676#2 B2 A!62 !B6545!)2 4##2 566B762 A!62 462 4#45)22

D2 5462 A!62 976AB762 2 66*B&2 "5AB2 B2 A2 A2 &6A2 A6562 6B62 A!B2 B2 4A4AB?29A2A2645242!B&!6524#45)242A29A4B2&564A65256"B9B#BAB626!2 42 96B&2 42 .!B2 "657B52 52 44&B&2 42 A642 2 56645!65?2 (2 B2 A!652 A5B62 "5AB2 A2 A!62 6B52 54*2 6"62 2 B6ABB2 4!B6766A2

%!B!24562674#4A629)2"5AB2BAA6622

(A!652 B65662 B2 A!4A2 4##2 BB"#B62 B2 56!2 446B42 4562 5&4BK62 45B&2A2A!B2&6654#2546%5*242A!6)24##2##%2A!62462&6654#2!B5B&2 42 456652 5#62 (2 A5662 B2 A!62 A)#BK62 4A2 42 6$4B4AB2 2 A!62

"5AB2 "562 56764#2 #45&62 B65662 96A%662 A!62 &6652 !B2 &&6A2 A!4A2 6"BA62 A!62 B65662 96A%662 A!62 56!2 42 (65B4L95BAB!2 446B2 6A5256!264#6256645!65245624#26556"566A62B2A!626B5254*2 42A!65656242&#426B#B&26$BA22

2

!624B22A!B245AB#62B2A2A6A2%!6A!65242A)22"5AB2"4A!2""5A2A!B2

!)"A!6B2 (2 B2 A!62 #BA654A562 %62 %B##2 A4*62 BA2 4A2 9A!2 965762

!6A65&66BA)2 !2 42 BB7B4#2 4AA5B9A62 42 B6ABB2 4!B6766A2 %!B!2 42 6$"#4B2 "5AB2 &4"2 42 965762 !6A65&66BA)2 %!B!2 4562 A62 6&#6A62(2456652"4A!2B256!2446B4242#)296265B9629)2!4&62

(8)

1 H B254*2A!62&665266A2B2674#4A6245B&2A2A!62"5949B#BA)2296B&242 6B5256645!652

D25652A2455)2A2A!B256645!2%62!42A2765624247529A4#6-2A!6562B2 2&6654##)2474B#49#624A426A22446B2456652B25462D26AB2A%2%62 6$"#4B2!%2%62A5A6242"46#24A426A25256645!65I2456652 !B24A426A2 4##%62 2 A2 6$4B62 A!62 456652 "4A!2 2 42 &5"2 2 9B#&BA2 %5*B&2 4A2 A!62 '4AB4#2 DABAA62 52 (&5B#A54#2 E6645!2 6D'E(?2 62 2 546J2 4AB4#2 56645!2BABAA629)2B&22#B62B6ABA24A242B&#62BABAA62%62%656249#62

"562!&624A42A!4A2#296262A2A6A2A!62&#46B#B&2!)"A!6B2 A!6569)2"57BB&2A!62B5A2A)22A!B2"!662B254622

2

DD2 !62B4A42

(2A!6562B22BB4#24A46A265B9B&2A!62456652"4A!2256645!652B25462

%62 A5A62 62 B&2 B54AB2 52 A!62 4BBA54AB762 B#62 2 D'E(2 D'E(2 %42 62 B2 1:322 A2 676#"2 B6ABB2 *%#6&62 B2 A!62 B6#2 2 4&5B#A562 2 42 A!62 67B56A2 D2 A652 2 "9#B4AB2 B2 A!662 B6#2 D'E(254*62B262B2A!62%5#2D24;;42D'E(2!4242;256645!26"45A6A2 42 6"#)62 49A2 1>;;2 56645!652 <HF2 2 %!2 %6562 64#62 (2 B2 A!652 4AB4#156645!2 BABAA62 D'E(J2 56645!652 4562 B7B62 BA2 A%2 54*-2 56645!652 42 6B52 56645!652 D2 4;;42 <EF2 2 D'E(J2 56645!652 !6#2 A!62 6B5256645!65254*2

(#2#B*62A!6524AB4#256645!2BABAA62A!6562B24#A2&6652"45BA)24&A2 56645!652 9A2 %62 4562 6556"566A62 4&A2 6B52 56645!65-2 #)2 EEF2 2 56645!652 4562 64#62 6B52 56645!652 5A!65562 A!62 BA4AB2 52

(9)

1 >

64#62 56645!652 4A2 D'E(2 B2 %562 A!42 4A2 A!652 "9#B2 56645!2 BABAA62 52 B765BAB62 49#62 12 !%2 A!4A2 A!62 "5"5AB2 2 6B52 56645!652 4&2

%62B2A62"656A4&62"BA2#%6524A2D'E(2A!424A2A!652"9#B2BABAA62 2

MD'8FE 2 (91F21N2

3A22A!62B6ABA2565BA629)2D'E(24562!B5624256645!652%BA!2"5AB2 A2 A!62 6B52 56645!652 54*2 B2 7ABB62 96B&2 4%4562 #4A652 B2 A!6B52 4566512 +5256645!2622A!B2"45AB#452"5AB2"4A!2.5AB2A2A!626B52 56645!652 54*2 4B#)2 52 A!5&!2 42 54#2 BA654#2 "6ABAB762 "562 A!4A2 96&B2 %BA!2 A!62 "9#B4AB2 2 474B#49#62 "BAB2 2 D'E(I2 %69BA62 52 B2 754#2 D2 5652 A2 4""#)2 4""#B4A2 A2 #B#2 65A4B2 6#B&B9B#BA)2 5BA65B42 B#B&2 "6B2 2 42 .!B2 42 4A2 #64A2 6B&!A2 6$"65B662 )6452 64A2 D'E(2 52 4A!652 56645!2 BABAAB?2 (""#B4A2 A2 9BA2 A!6B52 /O2 A&6A!652 %BA!2 A#B62 2 A!6B52 "567B2 56645!2 4AB7BAB62 6A#)2 455B62 A2 %!B#62 4A2 D'E(?2 422A!6B52A562"576A2(""#B4AB245626$4B629)2"5AB2BAA662

"62 2 56645!652 52 D'E(2 42 A!652 BABAA62 52 B765BAB62 %!2 54%2 "2 42 !5A2 #BA2 2 A!62 A2 BA49#62 6#B&B9#62 4B4A62 !662 !5A#BA62 4B4A624562A!62BA657B6%6254*6242676A4##)2"5A622

!B2 65B"AB2 2 A!62 "5AB2 "562 4A2 D'E(2 !B&!#B&!A2 A!62 4A2 A!4A2 4""#B4AB2 52 6B52 "A2 4562 A#)2 6&62 E6645!65J2 6BB2 A2 4""#)2 52 6B52 56645!652 "A2 4562 4##)2 9462 2 6B5BA)2 A!62 A4#BA)2 2 A!6B52 B6ABB2 %5*2 42 A!62 9652 2 "BAB2 474B#49#62 !62 "5949B#BA)2 2 4""#)B&2A2A!6565629626$4B625A4A6#)2524BBA54AB7624A46A2 1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111

12342567648296A5BC2A2BDAEE24FD6522B7648B8B2A6266425675F8625678E92AB2B645256B6A5765B2B28B2896227A56652A826B2 48274B88F8625D8428423282AB2482A4AE9B62428B2B8F92

(10)

1 :

#)2"57B62B54AB249A2"5AB26BB242A249A24""#B4AB2 5A!6556226A4B#24562"57B6249A26BB265B&2A!626#B&B9B#BA)22 4""#B4A2 52 A!62 9652 2 "BAB2 474B#49#62 D2 5652 A2 BBBK62 9B42 A!62 6"B5B4#2"45A2252A)262256645!652%!2!4762BB6A26$"65B662 A2 962 "5A62 '6765A!6#62 A!62 "A6AB4#2 6&66BA)2 9B42 #2 A2 962 ##)2 A5##62 B2 52 A)2 42 52 56#A2 A2 A!656562 962 BA65"56A62 %BA!2 4AB22

2

B6"BA62 A!B2 #BBA4AB2 A!62 4A46A2 4##%62 2 A2 965762 BB7B4#J2 6AB562 4566524A2D'E(242A!62#6&A!22AB62"6"#62A4)24A2A!6256645!65254*296562 96B&2 "5A62 A2 6B52 56645!652 86AB2 A!5662 2 A!62 "566A2 45AB#62 B76AB&4A62 %!6A!652 &6652 !42 42 B&BB4A2 66A2 2 A!B2 54AB2 %!B!2 B2 6AB625B&!A65622

+2A!6256645!6524A2D'E(2%626B62A222A!62E><256645!652B29B#&)2 D'E(J24B2BB"#B62D25652A265B962A!6B52456652"4A!2%629B62A%2 4BBA54AB7624A426A2 !62B5A2#BA2A!62#6&A!22AB62"6A2B264!254*=2A!62 62A4B2A!624AB7BA)256"5A264!256645!652""#B6252!B252!65244#2 674#4AB2 !662 4A42 4562 ##6A62 52 A!62 AB62 42 56645!652 96&B2 %5*2 4A2 D'E(2AB#2A!624A62A!4A2"652B2"5A62A2426B5256645!652"BAB252A2 A!626224;;42B2!6252!62B2AB##24A2A!6256645!652&54624A2A!B2AB6252A!62 E><256645!652965762%626#6A62BB7B4#2525A!652A)22A!6294B22 A%25BA65B4-2A!6)2!42A2!4762!42562A!426B&!A2)645J26$"65B6624A2D'E(242 A!6)2 !42 A2 !4762 9662 565BA62 5B&2 42 )6452 B2 %!B!2 9A!2 4#62 42 64#62 56645!652%6562565BA62 !662A%25BA65B424##%622A22256645!652

(11)

1 1;

%!2 #B##62 A!62 6#B&B9B#BA)2 5BA65B42 52 "5AB2 42 A2 "4562 !5A2 A4BB&2 9A!2 4#62 42 64#62 976A2 +52 B4#2 4"#62 A4B62 <EH2 56645!652

!662<EH256645!652%6562A!62B7B62BA24296522!5A1##%B&2A!62 6$4"#62 2 E42 42 36&4#2 61::<?2 %62 564A62 42 )2 745B49#62 /+@12 6!B5629)2D'E(2965621:>;?2B25652A24"A562!5A266A2%!B!2#252 BA462 962 "562 9)2 !4&62 B2 A!62 "5AB2 "562 D2 4A2 B2 566A2 )6452 565BA6A2 42 "5AB2 "56562 B2 A!62 56!2 446B2 6A524242

%!#62 662 A2 !4762 9662 562 "6ABAB762 A!42 A!6)2 %6562 B2 A!62 645#)2 6B&!AB622

562 4#2 !42 B54AB2 49A2 67654#2 BB7B4#2 4AA5B9A62 52 6$4"#62 %62

*%2 %!B!2 56645!652 &544A62 52 A!62 G5462 F#6G2 546J2 A"2 B765BAB62 6 +.P'DO?2 %!B!2 4562 B6562 A2 4AA54A2 A!62 96A2 A6A2 562 4#2*%2B24256645!65242"657B62.!B2A6A2425#6252%!B!242"6BB2 B"#426@BE4?2B256AB562 !662A%2745B49#62 +.P'DO242@BE24562#B*6#)2 A2BB4A6242!B&!652!424"BA4#242"#4)2425#62B2A!62"5AB2"562 +524A424#2A4B2B54AB224256645!65J29B#BA)2 !B29B#BA)2#2 962 62 A2 65A4*B&2 42 "AA54#2 6##%!B"2 6.+8 B+/?2 42 7BBAB&2

"565!B"252424994AB4#2495424A65296B&2!B5624A2D'E(263+9?239B#BA)2B2 A62 7B6%62 42 42 ""5ABA)2 52 4AB5B&2 6%2 "6A6B62 42 52 6A%5*B&2 '6A%5*2 9B#A2 "2 %BA!B2 A!62 B6ABB2 BA)2 "57B62 &564A652

1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111

42D25652A29A4B242G@BEG2B"#424#2*%24242G@49B#BA4ABG2424B4A62A2"56"456242%5BAA626A2A#BB&2

!B252!652A5B9AB2A2B662(25242.!B2A!B26A2A2A!629626662B25A224275)2

(12)

1 11

""5ABAB62 52 "654AB2 42 42 B56462 B6ABB2 4!B6766A=2 A!656562 9B#BA)242B56462A!62!4622"5AB2

D2 A54A2 A2 A!652 4A42 6A2 65B962 B2 A!62 #BA654A562 52 4"#62 A4B62 B54AB2 2 4##2 4"6A2 2 42 56645!65J2 %5*2 B#B&2 64!2 56645!65I2

"9#B4AB25652 !662"9#B4AB25652%65629B62%BA!24A4252A!62 8B662 /BA4AB2 D6$2 %!B!2 "57B62 42 B"4A2 4A52 69462 2 A!62 754#2 A4#BA)2 B6$?<2 52 64!2 "9#B4AB2 B2 5652 A2 A5A2 42 "9#B!B&2 562 645AB#62 "9#B!62 %6B&!A62 9)2 754#2 A4#BA)?2 A!4A2 56#6A2 "9#B!B&2

"5AB7BA)26.9P8/+EF?21B*623B%6##2A517BC264;;1?2%62"5665562A!B2B$62 BB4A52 A2 42 B"#62 A4ABA4AB762 64562 2 "9#B4AB2 %!B!2 62 A2 A4*62 BA24A2A!62B"4A25256"A4AB22A!62B6ABB2%5*2D24BAB2%624#2

!42 B54AB2 49A2 64!2 56645!65J2 6&5662 2 B7#766A2 B2 B6ABB2

"576A2 642 42 "45ABB"4A2 '.E+0F/ 2 52 42 5B4A52 '.E+0P/?2 42 B2 4BBA54AB762 4AB7BAB62 !662 4AB7BAB62 B#62 44&B&2 42 56645!2 A642 52 42 6"45A6A269+88?2526A%5*B&24AB7BAB62!24296#&B&2A242"56B4#2 9)26'F 5?2526965!B"22A54A6&B2565BA6A252"5AB2BAA662 6/+33D ?2(##2A!6624AA5B9A62"57B622%BA!25626A4B#62B54AB2242 56645!65J2 B6ABB2 4!B6766A2 42 56"A4AB2 %!B!2 4562 "B##452 2 A!62

"5AB25BA65B422

@%67652A!625B!622524A426A24)2!4762426&4AB762A65"45A-2B6ABB2

%5*2B&!A29626&62526$4"#62A!62A2!B&!#)2AB74A6256645!652

#2962A!6262%!22A!62A256645!242A5B9A62A2A2A!62#BA654A562 1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111

<2 !62 B"4A2 4A52 B2 "#6A62 52 4##2 "9#B4AB2 52 A!62 645#)2 1:>;I2 %452 9A2 BA2 4)2 962 562 B"56B62 52 645#B652

"9#B4AB2 !B2A2A!62962A4*62BA24A2B2A!6266A5B256#A2426A2562A!656562BA5624252 745B49#6296A%662/+@1242.9P8/+EF2B25652A2A564A2A!62"A6AB4#2##B645BA)2

(13)

1 14 42%!24562A!62A2#B*6#)2A2962"5A629A274#B2BA56A245626662A2 B6AB)2A!662"56625A4A6#)2524A46A2B2A2B54AB7626&!2A2 4##%2 2 A2 A6A2 9A!2 A!62 6A65B4A2 2 B6ABB2 4!B6766A2 42 A!62 2

#6&A!22657B6296562"5AB22

D24BAB2524BBA54AB7624A426A262A2"57B62B54AB22"654#2

!454A65BAB2!24245BA4#2A4A24296522!B#562522A!624AB7BAB62 264!256645!26"45A6A2.567B2AB62!47622A!662745B49#62!476242 B&BB4A2 66A2 2 A!62 "5AB2 "56=2 A!656562 6&#6AB&2 A!62 #2

&6654A62 42 BAA6745B49#62 9B42 !B2 "BA2 %B##2 962 B62 B2 A!62 ##%B&2 6AB2

49#6242"57B6265B"AB762A4ABAB252A!62%!#624"#62425294"#62 6A65B6245B&2A2&66524L52&5462(&2A!62<4H2BB7B4#2B2A!62 4"#62 <E2F2 %6562 64#62 42 3;:F2 %6562 6B52 56645!652 @%67652 #)2 1:4F2 2 %62 !6#2 6B52 "BAB2 !662 B&562 4562 765)2 BB#452 A2 A!62

&6654#2 BA4AB2 4A2 D'E(2 6ECAC2 52 4##2 BB"#B6?-2 %62 4562 6556"566A62 B2A!62!B&!6A254*11

MD'8FE 2 (91F24N1

52 62 A42 "5AB2 54AB2 66B62 B2 A!?2 B2 5B&!A656=2

!%67652 A!62 6B42 AB62 A4*62 A2 4!B6762 "5AB2 B2 1<22 A!2 %BA!2 A!62 6B42AB62524#6296B&2>2A!2#62A!42A!626B42AB625264#62D2 5652 A2 A4*62 BA2 4A2 6562 96574AB2 %62 6AB4A62 B"#62 ,4"#42 36B65257B74#254A622)645#)2BA6574#2

MD'8FE 2DEF21N2

(14)

1 1<

'"4546A5B2!4K45254A62!B&!#B&!A2A!624A2A!4A2A!5&!A242"65J2456652 A!62 !4K452 54A62 52 64#62 B2 4#%4)2 #%652 A!42 A!62 !4K452 54A62 52 4#6-2 A!62

#4AB762!4K45254A62B249A2HHF2524#629A2#)23:4F25264#6222

@%67652A!B2B65662#29624629)2&6652B65662B2A!652745B49#62 A!4A2 46A2 "5AB2 6662 49#62 4?2 B5A2 #45&62 B65662 6$BA2 96A%662 BB7B4#2%!2!47629662"5A62A2A!626B5256645!65254*242A!62AB##2 4A2 A!62 56645!652 54*2 D2 &6654#2 A42 "5A62 A2 A!62 6B52 56645!652 54*2 7B62D'E(24A242645#B6524A6-2233F2%6562!B562965621:>;26#)2<4F2B2A!62##2 4"#6?235625"5BB&#)26B5256645!652!42#%652"9#B!B&256264A2A!62

!B5B&24A6?242%6562562B7#762B24BBA54AB7624AB7BAB6286264#62 6B52 56645!652 !42 "6BB2 !454A65BAB2 D2 &6654#2 A!6)2 !42 9662 !B562 562 566A#)2 A!42 4#62 6B52 56645!652 A!6)2 !42 !B&!652 "9#B!B&2 562 A!42A!624#6242A!6)2455B62A26%6524BBA54AB7624AB7BAB622

(2 A!62 &6654#2 "5B#62 2 6B52 56645!652 42 2 64#62 A42 %6562 765)2 B656A2 BA2 %42 6645)2A2455)2A24266A5B244#)B22A!624A46A2B2 5652A2674#4A62A!62&6652&4"2B2"5AB254A624A2D'E(2

2

DDD2236##B&2A!626A65B4A22"5AB254AB2

!62 65B"AB762 67B662 #645#)2 BB4A62 A!4A2 %62 4562 6556"566A62 B2 6B52 56645!652 "BAB2 4A2 D'E(2 +52 4B2 %42 A2 A6A2 %!6A!652 A!B2 &6652 B656AB4#2564B24A652A5##B&25296576242965762!6A65&66BA)2 DA64226AB4AB&2A!62"5949B#BA)2296B&2"5A62642B23B$282 567B2 4;;E?2%62622A!62!4K45254A626A62λ1( )1 2 !B24##%622A2A4*62BA2

(15)

1 13 4A2 9A!2 A!62 )4B2 B6B2 2 A!62 "5AB2 "562 42 "A6AB4#2 965762!6A65&66BA)2A652%!B!2429B426AB4AB2 !B2!4K45254A6242 9626$"566242##%-2

( ) ( )

( ) 3( )2

2 4 2

5 6

2 5 72 2 5 2 2 6

1

2 3

4 =

+

<

=

λ 22 2 2 61?2

%!65622B2A!62#6&A!22AB626B2A!?2"6A24A2A!6256645!652&546252B2A!62 6BA)2BA5B9AB24252A!6257B74#2AB2

B&2A!626#2232B%6##2A517BC261:::?2λ429627B6%6242A!62"5949B#BA)24A2 AB6252 A!4A2 42 BB7B4#I2 "5AB7BA)2 6$662 A!62 6"45A6A2 "5AB7BA)2 A!56!#2 6"5949B#BA)2 2 96B&2 "5A6?2 &B762 A!4A2 A!B2 "5AB7BA)2 B2 #%652 A!42A!62A!56!#24A2#64A2AB#2526"5949B#BA)2296B&2A2"5A62AB#25?2(2 9A!2 BB7B4#2 "5AB7BA)2 42 A!62 "5AB7BA)2 52 52 A!62 6"45A6A2 4562

#4A6A2745B49#62λ26A62A!62"5949B#BA)2296B&2426B5256645!652&B762 A!4A22"5AB2529656252

FAB4AB22A!B2!4K45254A62%6562"65562B&254AB26#26144A652 1::;?2%!B!24##%622A2A4*62BA24A2A!624A2A!4A22H2F22A!62BB7B4#2 AB62%6562AB##24A2A!6256645!652&54624A2A!624"#B&24A6=2A!4A2B2A24)2562 A!42 A%2 A!B52 2 A!62 965762 54AB2 %6562 5B&!A6562 562 6AB4A62 42

"4546A5B2 6#2 6%BA!2 42 46#654A62 4B#56AB62 5?2A!4A2 4##%62 2 A2 A5#2 52 9A!2 965762 42 965762 6$"#44A5)2 4A52 ,4"#436B652 6AB4A62!4762!%2A!4A2!4K45254A624562AB242A!65656242#&

#&BAB2BA5B9AB32%424""#B622

1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111

32O45B2"6BB4AB252BA5B9AB2254AB26#&54#2%6B9##26A?2%6562A6A62 !6256#A2%6562A246A629)2A!62

"6BB4AB2!62

(16)

1 1E D2 52 "4546A5B2 "6BB4AB2 A!62 !4K452 54A62λ12 %42 462 A2 6"62 2 A!5662 4A5-2 42 76A52 2 965749#62 !454A65BAB2 812 42 BB7B4#2 "6BB2 66A2912424265552A652ε122

!62 2 76A52 B#62 &6652 9B#BA)2 !454A65BAB2 "9#B!B&2 562 B76A6A2 B2 "576A2 42 4BBA54AB762 4AB7BAB62 !62912 A652 %42 462 A2 4"A562BB7B4#2965762!6A65&66BA)2B&2"46#26#232B%6##2A51 7BC2 64;;1?2 "BA62 A2 A!4A2 6&#6AB&2 965762 !6A65&66BA)2 #2 462 6&66BA)29B4242#642A2"5B256#A2867654#24AA5B9A62!2429652 2!B#56245BA4#2A4A242A!62!454A65BAB22A!6256645!26"45A6A2%6562 BB&2 52 A!62 4BBA54AB762 4A46A2 62 52 52 A)2 (2 A62 645#B652 AB62 !4762 !%2 A!4A2 A!662 745B49#62 !4762 B&BB4A2 66A=2 A!656562 A!6B52 BB2 B56462 A!625B*226&66BA)29B422562%656249#62A276562A!B2 BB#A)29)26##B&291242A652%BA!242&442BA5B9AB26Γ( )21 ?2BA2642 42745B462θ22

!6257B74#2AB26A625242A!62962%5BAA6242##%-2

( ) ( ) ( ) 1 9

1 1 1

1 3 2 9 4 9 79

2 3

1

= 2 2 2 2 2 64?2

%BA!-2

(21 91) [ ( 121)]

3 4 =Φσ56 λ 22 2 2 2 2 2 2

2 6<?2

%!6562 λ1 =Aβ781 2 212 B2 A!62 "5AB2 54AB2 42 Φ2 B2 A!62 #4AB762 BA5B9AB2AB252A!62A445254#2BA5B9AB24-222222222222222222222222 2 2 22222222222222

(17)

1 12

( ) ( )

8

= Γ 1B B9 B

1 A 9

B 9 B

4 1 2%!6562

θ 8

B = 22 2 2 2 2 6<?2

52 A!B2 &6654#2 "6BB4AB2 A!5662 B656A2 6#2 %6562 6AB4A62 36#2 12 6AB4A62 A!62 66A2 2 &6652 2 "5AB2 54AB2 52 A!62 %!#62 4"#62 B#B&2 9A!2 A!62 965762 42 A!62 965762 !6A65&66BA)2 36#2 42 42 <2

&476256#A29)2&6652B25652A2A6A2%!6A!65252A2A!6266A226$"#44A5)2 745B49#622"5AB254AB24562&66526"66A2

2

52 64!2 6AB4A62 6#2 59A2 AA4ABAB2 %6562 4##4A62 65!BA62 1:>4?2 !62 56#A2 4562 "566A62 B2 49#62 32 !6)2 56#6A2 A!628A5A6E41 76E342 66A2 2 64!2 745B4A62 2 A!62 "5AB2 54AB2 B62 54AB2 4562 4#2 &B762 (2 AB62 54AB2

#%652 6!B&!65?2 A!42 62 BB4A62 A!4A2 A!62 !454A65BAB2 656462 6B5646?2

"5AB254AB2 B6254AB2"57B62BA656AB&2B54AB29646242%6##2 42&B7B&2A!62B&22A!6266A2242745B49#62A!6)2649#62BA2A4ABA4AB76266A2A2 962 674#4A62 9)2 BB4AB&2 !%2 !2 A!62 "5AB2 54AB2 B56462 52 656462 52 42 &B762 6$"#44A5)2 745B49#62 52 6$4"#62 B2 A!62 AB62 54AB2 2 42 745B4A62 Q2 B2 1412 A!62 "5AB2 54AB2 52 56645!652 %BA!2 A!62 Q2 4AA5B9A62

%B##2 962 1412 AB62 !B&!652 A!42 A!62 54AB2 52 56645!652 #4*B&2 A!B2 454A65BAB28A5A6E4176E342

36#212!%2A!62B"5A4622556AB&252965762!6A65&66BA)2B2A!4A2 BA2 "57B62 42 6AB4A62 2 A!62θ2 "4546A652 %!B!2 B2 B&BB4A#)2 B656A2 52 K652 !2A!626#2A2A4*62BA24A29657624A52426&#6AB&2A!62 912A652%#2BA5629B42BA2A!626AB4A6266A2B#B&2A!62B"4A22

&66522

(18)

1 1H 9ABCDEF1FD11

2

36#2124#24##%22A26$4B62A!6266A22&6652 !626#2!%2A!4A242 G47654&62%4G2ECAC24264#6256645!652%BA!2A!62462!454A65BAB242424#62 56645!652!42A2%4BA2#&65252"5AB2.5AB254AB25264#624562 1142AB62#&652A!4252A!6B524#62A65"45A26652B2622A!62745B49#62

%BA!2A!62!B&!6A266A22"5AB254AB2

!B2 56#A2 ""5A2 A!62 &#46B#B&2 !)"A!6B=2 !%67652 42 562 6A4B#62

"BA562 42 962 56764#62 9)2 6$4BB&2 6AB4A62 !4K452 54A62 9)2 &6652 6B&562 4?2 !662 6AB4A62 !4K452 54A62 %6562 674#4A62 52 64#62 42 4#62 47654&62

!454A65BAB2

MD'8FE 2DEF24N2

(#A!&!2 %62 !42 #%652 "56BA62 !4K452 54A62 2 47654&62 A!42 62 %62 965762 A!4A2 A!B2 7654##2 56#A2 62 A2 4""#)2 A!5&!A2%6J2456652D2 A!62B5A2!4#22A!6B52456652%62!42#%652"56BA62!4K45254A629A24A652 1>;2A!2A!6B52!4K45254A62%6562#B&!A#)2!B&!652 !B256#A2%429A4B624A652 A5##B&2 52 965762 42 965762 4A52 DA2 4A2 962 6$"#4B62 9)2 BAA62 BB7B4#2 4AA5B9A6=2 !%67652 42 A4ABAB4#2 6$"#44AB2 B2 "B9#62 (2 64#62 4562 "5A62 #4A652 A!42 4#62 6662 96#%?2 4A652 1E2 )6452 6"#)6A2 64#62 %BA!2 A!62 "6A6B62 6662 52 "5AB2 4562 562 652 A!42 4#62 !2 4A2 A!B2 A4&62 B2 A!6B52 456652 %62 965762 562 64#62 4A2 5B*2 A!42 4#62 B4##)2 A!62 "5AB2 54A62 52 64#62 B2 !B&!652 A!42 A!4A2 52 62

@%67652A!62!B&!652!4K45254A625264#62B2A!6262!4#22A!6B524566522 A2 "64A62 52 A!62 #%652 !4K452 54A62 B2 A!62 B5A2 !4#2 !B2 #B2 B2

(19)

1 1>

A56&A!662 9)2 A!62 4A2 A!4A2 A!62 64#62 !4K452 54A62 "64*2 #4A652 42 4A2 42 #%652 74#62A!42A!624#62!4K45254A6264#624562#62#B*6#)2A2962"5A6242%!62 A!6)24562"5A62BA2A62A2962#4A652B2A!6B52456652@6624#A!&!2A!65624562 B65662 B2 A!62 456652 "4AA652 2 64#62 42 4#62 56645!652 42 &#42 6B#B&2 AB##2662A26$BA2 !B2B2BA6A2%BA!2A!62BB&22"5AB2B2A!628(2 56"5A629)2,4!261::<?232B%6##2A517BC261:::?242BA!65242@4)6264;;<?2 (#A!&!2 A!6562 4562 4752 B65662 96A%662 A!62 56!2 446B2 )A62 42 A!62 (65B42 42 95BAB!2 )A62 64#62 56645!652 4A2 D'E(2 AB##2 B2 BA2 562 BB#A2A2&4B2"5AB2A!42A!6B524#62A65"45A22

(2 %6##2 42 &6652"5AB254AB24#2662A296246A629)2565BA6A2 4A62+5256#A2!%2A!4A2#652!5A2%6562"5A62562AB*#)2A!42562 566A2 !5A2 52 6$4"#62 A!62 "5AB2 54AB2 52 "656#2 565BA62 965621:>;2%42;>:2AB62A!4A22562566A2!5A2 !B2#296262A242#62

"6ABAB762 565BA6A2 67B56A2 96562 1:>;2 A2 42 &564A652 474B#49B#BA)2 2

"5AB2 4L52 A2 6%652 56645!652 96B&2 6#B&B9#62 52 "5AB2 (&2 B6ABB2 4!B6766A2 %!B!2 4562 A!62 4B2 5BA65B42 52 "5AB2 A!62 A2 B#6AB4#2745B49#62B29+882344&B&242A6425662"5AB254AB29)242 4A52 2 ;>12 B676#"B&2 42 5B4AB&2 "576A2 4#2 !5A62 "5AB2 54AB2 9A2 A!62 "9#B4AB2 562 6.9P8/+EF?2 !42 2 B&BB4A2 66A2

@662 BA2 662 A!4A2 A!62 "5AB2 5BA65B42 2 A2 4##2 !4762 A!62 462 66A2 2

"5AB254AB242A!4A2B76AB&2B244&65B4#24AB7BAB62B2562"5BA49#62 A!42455)B&2A256645!2B2A65224!B67B&2"5AB2

36#2 42 42 <2 "57B62 67B662 2 BA654AB2 96A%662 &6652 42 A!652 745B49#62 &&6AB&2 A!4A2 &6652 46A2 "5AB2 54AB2 9A!2 B56A#)2 42

(20)

1 1:

BB56A#)2A!5&!2BA266A22A!626$"#44A5)24A522"5AB2(2B656A2 456652 "4A!2 42 962 B6ABB62 52 64!2 &6652 52 64#62 "5AB2 B2 46#654A62 9)2 !B&!652 B6ABB2 "5AB2 B2 A652 2 "9#B4AB2 562 6.9P8/+EF?2 52 "576A2 6'.E+0F/ ?2 %!65642 52 4#62 "5AB2 B2 46#654A62 9)2 44&65B4#2 4!B6766A2 644&B&2 42 56645!2 A642 69+88?2 52 5B4AB&2 "576A2 6'.E+0P/??2 !B2 56#A2 BB4A62 A!62 6$BA662 2 A%2 A54A6&B62 52 "5AB-2 A!62 B5A2 9462 2 B6ABB2 4!B6766A2 "9#B4AB2 52"45ABB"4AB2B2"576A2A!62629462244&65B4#256"B9B#BAB62+52 4A42 &&6A2 A!4A2 A!62 !B62 2 A54A6&)2 6"62 A5&#)2 2 &6652 5A!652

%5*2B26662A2B52A!626$BA6622!2&6659462"6B4#BK4AB22 FAB4A62 2 "5AB2 54AB2 9)2 &6652 !B&!#B&!A2 A!4A2 965762

!6A65&66BA)2 #)2 46A2 A!62 "5AB2 54AB2 2 64#62 6662 6#2 <?2 !B2

#29626$"#4B629)2A!624A2A!4A2524A46A262A2B#624AA5B9A62!2 4245BA4#2A4A296522!B#56242456652BA655"AB262A2A!65!2 E66A2AB62!4762!%2A!4A2A!6624A52246A2%6J24566522

+52"5AB254AB26#24##%622A24*624296522"56BAB242 B#4AB2

9ABCDEF1FD12

!6256#A226#212%656262A26AB4A62A!626B42"5AB254AB252 4#62 42 64#62 5!62 6562 96574AB2 42 965762 42 965762 745B4A62%6562A4*62BA24A2%622A!4A264#62!4762A2%4BA249A24HE2 )6452 #&652 52 "5AB2 A!42 4#62 @%67652 B#4AB2 455B62 A2 %BA!2 64#624AA5B9A62674#4A626A4##)2A24#624AA5B9A626B&2βCDEA?242B7656#)2

%BA!2 4#62 4AA5B9A62 674#4A62 6A4##)2 A2 64#62 4AA5B9A62 6B&2 6#2 42 42

(21)

1 4;

<?2&4762#&652"5AB254AB2A!42A!62"56BA629)26#212@%67652 A!62 &6652 &4"2 B2 A!662 B#4A62 "5AB2 54AB2 %42 AB##2 #62 A!42 62 )6452 B2 4752 2 62 D2 4A2 B2 A!62 !)"A!6AB4#2 462 2 4#62 4AA5B9A62 96B&2 674#4A62 6A4##)2 A2 64#62 4AA5B9A62 A!62 B#4A62 "5AB2 54AB2 52 4#62 %#2 962 4>2 )6452 #&652 A!42 A!62 "56BA62 54AB2 52 64#62 A!62 B#4A62"5AB254AB2%42#)212)6452#&652 !B256#A2662A2!%2 A!4A2 "5AB2 54AB2 B2 A2 #)2 46A62 9)2 &6652 B65662 B2 A!62 745B4A629A24#29)2A!62%4)2A!662745B4A624562674#4A62

2 2

DO2/#B2

(#A!&!2A!6562B29A4AB4#267B6625242&#426B#B&2B256!2446B422

"567B2 4AA6"A2 !42 9662 462 A2 "5762 52 B"5762 BA2 6$BA662 !656562 A!62 "566A2 A)2 B2 A!62 B5A2 A2 B76AB&4A62 %!6A!652 A!62 "5AB2 54AB2 2 56!256645!65245626"66A22&6652(2A!6562%422474B#49#624A46A22 56645!65I2456652%6296&429)2A5AB&2424A49462A!4A2%#24##%22A2 44#)62 "#6A62 456652 "4A!2 42 56645!2 4AB7BAB62 2 56!2 56645!652 B&2 2 9B#&BA2 4A2 A!62 '4AB4#2 DABAA62 52 (&5B#A54#2 E6645!2 %62 6$4B62 "5AB2 54AB2 52 6#674AB2 A2 A!62 6B52 56645!652 54*2 +52 54AB2 6#2 !%2 A!4A2 64#62 !4762 B&BB4A#)2 #%652 !4K452 54A62 B2

"45AB#452B2A!62B5A2!4#22A!6B52456652A!42A!6B524#62A65"45A2 !B256#A2

%42 9A4B62 4A652 A5##B&2 52 9A!2 965762 42 965762 !6A65&66BA)2 562 4#2 2 A!4A2 A!62 6$"#44A5)2 4A52 52 "5AB2 54AB2 4562 765)2 B656A2 52 A!62 A%2 &6652 !B2 662 A2 &&6A2 42 5A2 2 &6652

(22)

1 41

"6B4#B4AB2%BA!2&564A652B6ABB24!B6766A2"57BB&2A!624A6A25A62A2

"5AB2 52 64#62 56645!652 42 &564A652 44&65B4#2 56"B9B#BAB62 96B&2 A!6296A2%4)2265B&2"5AB2524#6256645!6522

+52 44#)B2 62 A2 56A62 A!62 !)"A!6B2 A!4A2 A!62 "5AB2 2 %62 4A2 D'E(2 B2 #BBA62 9)2 42 &#42 6B#B&=2 !%67652 5A!652 56645!2 B2 6662 A2 B76AB&4A62 A!62 66A2 2 A!62 B65662 B2 A!62 "5AB2 A54A6&B62 4"A62 9)2 4#624264#6256645!652222

2 2

2 2 2

28FBADAF54911

A17564176A1D675AB1517BB15A1765E8E7F541EF15A16A4A76816A851 A7BA1876AA641EF1787AE7!1A4A8E7BB"1

#6E45EFA1$44ABEF!1%EF8AF51$7FDA75EF17F1$"6E71#766A6A!161A6161F15A17574A5C1&A1B17B41BEA1 5157F15AAF1'7(AF17F1'7651#8)!1615AE61ABB18AF541F1A76BEA616754115A17A6!1741ABB17415A1

*75EF7B1+F45E55A1612D6E8B567B1,A4A768!1616-EEFD1788A441515A175717F1EF7F8E7B1465C12F"1A66641 76A161FC2

2

E665662 1

(#956!A2 02 975*#2 (2 O542 82 64;;<?2 D2 !6562 42 #42 /6B#B&2 B2 8%66R2.6F7B1 1 /7361 08FE8427#41S12""13E1HH2

(#A7B20229#4*2E23261:::?2E462426652B214952345*6A217F311/736108FE8427#2

</2""2<13<<4E:2

94596K4A2 B2 61:>H?2 84#45)2 BB656AB4#2 9)2 86$2 B2 A!62 (46B2 14952 345*6A2.6F7B1 1 17F1 ,A468A427#44S<""234434:2

9674B2 F2 61:::?2 BB"45BAB62 B2 A!62 84#45B62 42 (""BA6A2 2 (46B2 562 42 362 287AA27#>E2S12""2;242

(23)

1 44

B6#474#A2@29*!9K42'2@6542/264;;4?2/A410F4AEDF7F5A428A68A4A4131B45FE-A64E561718A7EF1B71 976E561:21I@454AA42

F%4#2E24254523264;;;?2 !62E6654AB2295BAB!2(46B2+;218E4844EF197A62S1H>2 BA!652 B2 64;;1?2 B62 8B662 BB5BB4A62 (&4BA2 56R2 F7B662 52 (46B42 1:HH1::H2

AA67B1,A4A6-A1'7F1125B7F571&6EFD197A62S42

BA!652 B2 @4)62 ,2 64;;<?2 6652 BB65662 B2 84#45)2 42 .5AB2 52 4#A)2 B2 A!62

@4BAB621:HH1::E2.6F7B1117F1,A468A427#<>2S12""<3H<2

BA!652B2@4)62,261:::?26652BB65662B284#45)242.5AB2B2A!62@4BAB622A6E87F1 08FE81,A-EA27#>:2S42""<:H3;42

5476AA652 382 2 61:H<?2 !62 8A56&A!2 2 564*2 B622A6E87F1 .6F7B1 1 8EBD"2 7#>12 ""14>H 1<>;2

0)21261::>?25!)2(5625626556"566A62B2.9#B28!#2(BBA54ABR2(2F"B5B4#2 6A2 2.5AB2BB5BB4AB208FE84110875EF1,A-EA27#21H2S42""1:<4;32

,4!28261::E?2562B2A!62FB2.56B2.6F7B1108FE819A64A85E-A427#:2S32""1:<

4;E2

,4!2 82 61::<?2 6652 BB65662 B2 (46B2 /456652 .4A!2 2 FBA22A6E87F1 08FE81 ,A-EA197A6417F1968AAEFD427#><2S42""E4E22

2144A65261::;?2A108FA56E812F7B"4E41167F4E5EF187572F6A5B28B6A)23&54"!2'6%2 T5*2/495B&62B765BA)2.562

1B75629#4264;;4?2/A41 AA417F41B71,A8A68A1 67F<7E4A23BBAU56262#42E6!65!62

1&202(##B2.2E23BB261::<?2E4*2(7466A2B2(46B2/45665-286$2BB6566242 A!62F6A22.5AB7BA)22A6E87F18EBDE87B1,A-EA27#E>2SE2""H;<H442

32B%6##2028B&6##21202VB#B4*264;;1?26652.5AB2B2A!62FB2.56B2+F456E7B17F1 /7361,AB75EF41,A-EA27#E32S42""4434332

3B$22 567B21264;;E?2D2A!6562&6652B5BB4AB2B2462"565!B"R2(2F6A5B2 44#)B226B26"45A6A2B2A!62828A!22BEA108FE8427#2<H2"">3:>E32 +4$442 E2 61:H<?2 34#664#62 54&62 BB656AB4#2 B2 5942 14952 345*6A2+F5A6F75EF7B1 08FE81

,A-EA27#132S<2""2:<H1;2

E42328236&4#261::<?286$2BB65662B2A!62(46B214952345*6A2B2A!62(B54AB762(AB2 F54108FE84110875EF1,A-EA27#142S12""413<2

E4""5A2F ('264;;;?2 AA41A518EAF8A42/BB2F5"662

8!6B652 (2 61::>?2 5!)2 BIA2 562 .9#B!2 42 3!2 42 36R2#6FE8BA1 1 1EDA61 0875EF2 7#3E2S2""13122

8"552 82 86)!B2 2 61::3?2 57652 42 "5AB2 2 14%)65-2 (2 DAB5)2 BA2 6652 BB65662.6F7B1117F1,A468A427#4:2S<2"">1<>342

5452 32 64;;1?42 !62 6652 84#45)2 4"2 B2 95BAB!2 (46B422BEA1 08FE842 7#2 <<2 S1<2 ""2 122:12>122

5452 32 64;;1?92 6652 42 .5AB2 B2 A!62 (46B2 .56B2855E41 .6F7B1 1 9BE5E87B1 08F"27#3>2S<2""4><<;42

5!BA62@2261:>4?2G34$B21B*6#B!2FAB4AB223B"6BB6236#G208FA56E872SE<2""1 22

2 2 2

49#621-2.5"5AB2256645!652B26B52"BAB2

22 362 562

D'E(2 E1F2 1EF2

B765BAB62 3<F2 1>F2

.9#B256645!2BABAA62 3EF2 4EF2

856-21B75629#424;;42

2

(24)

1 4<

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

(25)
(26)

1 4E 49#624-2B65B"AB762A4ABAB2

1

O45B49#62 ##24"#62 64#62 86B52

E6645!652

64#62 E6645!652

34#62 E6645!652

64#6286B52 E6645!652

34#6286B52 E6645!652

.E+3-296B&2"5A62A26B52"BAB2 123456 773256 66 66 66 66 66

F3-296B&264#62 893A56 66 B43756 66 66 66 66

/+@1-2!B562965621:>;2 8B3456 B73A56 A13156 13256 B13856 173456 A43956

@BE-2!47B&2A!62.!B2"657B52B"#42 B13856 B93C56 BC3B56 A3B56 BC3456 923256 43856 +.P'DO-2&544A625242A"2B765BA)2 7C3C56 BD3456 193756 BC3756 B13856 793256 923256 .+8 B+/-2!47B&2!6#242"AA54#26##%!B"2 B23156 B13756 83156 BC3756 B83156 83A56 83156

3+9-29B#BA)2B626A5)24A2D'E(2 BC3156 B83156 BD3956 B13B56 BD3D56 B23C56 723856

.9P8/+EF-2"9#B4AB2"5AB7BA)2 773AA6 783A76 B93A96 B43486 813776 8A3AC6 B23AA6

'.E+0F/ -296522"576A2 B3846 B3896 B39B6 B32D6 B3976 73876 B38B6

'.E+0P/-296522"576A25B4A62 23986 23196 23A16 23896 23916 23C46 23A26

9+88-244&B&2A64252#4954A5)2 B93B56 C3B56 823D56 83256 93156 7B3156 883B56

/+33D -2"45ABB"4AB&2B2A54A6&B2BAA662 A73956 A43856 9D3456 AC3C56 A73956 C93256 993B56 'F 5-2!47B&26A%5*B&24AB7BAB62 B83156 D3C56 BC3D56 A3B56 B13856 BC3456 BC3D56

'9652296574AB2 87C6 B7C6 B1A6 446 BB76 7D6 BBD6

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

(27)

1 42

2 2

B&5621-2,4"#436B652!4K45254A62

23222379239223C9B322

B22 7 22 822 122

EFE6

662 66B

EEF6E6E6 6

2 2

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

(28)

1 4H 49#62<-2 !626A65B4A22"5AB254AB2

2

!"6B6 !"676 !"686

#6E6 E6 #E6

1234565789ABC5D789E6

$6

E!6 7F9578E6 $6

E!6 7F9578E6 $6

E!6 7F9578E6

%!FEF6 B3276 B 23446 B6EB B32B6 B6EB

#&'6 F(6E6 B3B76 B 6 FB 6 FB

%)*B'6+"6 !6B4D26 23D46 FB 23CB6 FB 23496 FB

$),-./01'6(E"E"6!6E6!6F26 23486 FB 23476 FB 234D6 FB6EB

*34'6+E2F(6+6,+33362!6"!E6 23426 FB 234D6 FB6EB 23476 FB ,)5$3)%'6+E2F(6+"6E6!"!6!E6!7+6 B32B6 FB6EB B3276 B6EB 234A6 FB

)8'6! 6F66F6E60/496 23496 FB 23416 FB 234D6 FB6EB

/,4):&%$'6F 6!6!;66 23DC6 FB 23DD6 FB 23496 FB

/,4):-%'6F 6!6!;666!!"FE"6 23D16 FB 23CA6 FB 234D6 FB6EB ,.8-5%)4&'6 6E!F6!"6266 234C6 FB6EB 23446 FB6EB 239A6 FB

8)55'6EFE(F(6E6!6E !E!6 23DB6 FB 23A86 FB B32B6 B6EB

/&$<'6+E2F(6F7!=F(6E626 234C6 FB6EB 234D6 FB6EB 234AB6 FB6EB

%)0$'6E6EF(6!6E(666!6 234D6 FB6EB 234C6 FB6EB B3286 B6EB

%)*B>,.8-5%)4&6 B32C6 B 23416 B B3216 B

6 B B B

5(E6 238B6 B 23786 B 23BD6 B

$+E6 B3986 B B3BD6 B B3C46 B

6 6 6 6

?!(?=+!!"6 7783976 7BD34B6 72B3A96

) 2E!F6 87C6 7826 B7C6

'9-2 2 FAB4A62 6BB6A2 !4762 9662 562 A2 A%2 6B4#2 "#462 E9A2 A54AB2 6B&2 !6A6564AB BA6A265552525!BA6I261:>4?2"5656?2456256"5A62

CCC-22A4ABAB4##)2B&BB4A24A21F2#676#2CC-2B&BB4A24A2EF2#676#2C-2B&BB4A24A21;F2#676#2-2A2B&BB4A2 2

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

(29)

1 4>

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

B&5624-2.56BA62!4K45254A629)2&665266#21?2 1

2322932B32B9*E@E"6F6!F

B22 722 822 122

EFE6

2 B

?!(!(66(!F

1 2

2 2 2 2

(30)

1 4:

49#623-2.56BA6242B#4A626B42"5AB254AB2

.56BA62526#212 8B#4A62526#24242<C2 2

4#62 64#62 4#62 64#62

36B4254AB2 1:41>2 44E422 44E;32 4<24<2

C2 !662B#4AB2%65629A4B62B&2A!6264274#622Q25264#6264#6?29A2A!626AB4A626BB6A2 524#62664#6?2

Références

Documents relatifs

To test whether the vesicular pool of Atat1 promotes the acetyl- ation of -tubulin in MTs, we isolated subcellular fractions from newborn mouse cortices and then assessed

Néanmoins, la dualité des acides (Lewis et Bronsted) est un système dispendieux, dont le recyclage est une opération complexe et par conséquent difficilement applicable à

Cette mutation familiale du gène MME est une substitution d’une base guanine par une base adenine sur le chromosome 3q25.2, ce qui induit un remplacement d’un acide aminé cystéine

En ouvrant cette page avec Netscape composer, vous verrez que le cadre prévu pour accueillir le panoramique a une taille déterminée, choisie par les concepteurs des hyperpaysages

Chaque séance durera deux heures, mais dans la seconde, seule la première heure sera consacrée à l'expérimentation décrite ici ; durant la seconde, les élèves travailleront sur

A time-varying respiratory elastance model is developed with a negative elastic component (E demand ), to describe the driving pressure generated during a patient initiated

The aim of this study was to assess, in three experimental fields representative of the various topoclimatological zones of Luxembourg, the impact of timing of fungicide

Attention to a relation ontology [...] refocuses security discourses to better reflect and appreciate three forms of interconnection that are not sufficiently attended to