A S2`i2b /2 +?`;2 /Mb H2b +QM/mBi2b

(1)

kyRe

S?vbB[m2Ĝ*?BKB2 R

SaA

9 ?2m`2b *H+mHi`B+2b miQ`Bbû2b

*2ìBM2b [m2biBQMb- `2Tû`û2b T` mM2 #``2 2M K`;2- M2 bQMi Tb ;mB/û2b 2i /2KM/2Mi /2 HǶBMBiBiBp2 /2 H Tì /m +M/B/iX 1HH2b bQMi i`ĕb bB;MB}+iBp2K2Mi pHQ`Bbû2b /Mb H2 #`ĕK2X JāK2 bB 2HH2b MǶQMi Tb #QmiB- H2b TBbi2b /2 `2+?2`+?2 /QBp2Mi āi`2 +QMbB;Mû2b T` H2 +M/B/i 2i b2`QMi pHQ`Bbû2b bB 2HH2b bQMi T2ìBM2Mi2bX G2

#`ĕK2 iB2Mi +QKTi2 /m i2KTb Mû+2bbB`2 TQm` 2tTHQ`2` +2b TBbi2b 2i ûH#Q`2` mM `BbQMM2K2MiX

6BM kyRk- mM2 bQ+Bûiû ;û`Mi H T`Q/m+iBQM 2i H /Bbi`B#miBQM /Ƕ2m /2 HǶ;;HQKû`iBQM /m :`M/ M;QmHāK2 URRy yyy ?#BiMib bm` Re +QKKmM2bV /û+B/û /2 bm#biBim2` H2b /2mt KQi2m`b bvM+?`QM2b 2Mi`BMMi H TQKT2 HBK2MiMi H2 +?i2m /Ƕ2m /2 _m2HH2 bm` hQmp`2 T` mM b2mH KQi2m` bvM+?`QM2 ¨ BKMib T2`KM2Mib /2 TmBb@

bM+2 j8y q ¨ R8yy i`਼KBM^ƐR+QKKM/û T` mM p`Bi2m` bTû+B}[m2X JāK2 bǶBH bǶ;Bi H2 THmb bQmp2Mi /2 `û;BK2 +QMiBMm- +2 /2`MB2` T`iB+BT2 ¨ `û/mB`2 H 7+im`2 ûM2`;ûiB[m2 HQ`b /2 p`BiBQMb /2 /û#Bi BKTQbû2bX G2b T2`i2b

`QiQ`B[m2b /ǶmM KQi2m` bvM+?`QM2 UHBû2b ¨ H /Bzû`2M+2 /2 pBi2bb2 2Mi`2 H2 `QiQ` 2i H2 +?KT biiQ`B[m2 iQm`MMi U;HBbb2K2MiVV `2T`ûb2Mi2Mi T`ĕb /m iB2`b /2b T2`i2b iQiH2bX G2b T2`i2b /Mb mM `QiQ` ¨ BKMib T2`KM2Mib bQMi Mû;HB;2#H2b 2M +QKT`BbQM 2i H2 p`Bi2m` MǶm;K2Mi2 H +QMbQKKiBQM ûM2`;ûiB[m2 [m2 /2 jWX G +QMbQKK@

iBQM ûM2`;ûiB[m2 /2 HǶBMbiHHiBQM 2bi `û/mBi2 /2 RyW T` Kĕi`2 +m#2 i`Mb7û`û 2i HǶBMbiHHiBQM T2mi bbm`2` mM /û#Bi /2 RR8W /2 bQM `û;BK2 MQKBMH T2M/Mi H2b 3 ? /2 i`B7 /2 MmBi /2 +QMbQKKiBQM ûH2+i`B[m2X lM2 ûim/2 KQMi`û [m2 H2 bm`+Qȿi HBû ¨ H pBi2bb2 p`B#H2 b2`Bi KQ`iB 2M R9 KQBbX

.Mb +2 bmD2i- MQmb MQmb BMiû`2bb2`QMb ¨ mM2 mi`2 BMbiHHiBQM /2 KāK2 ivT2X T`ĕb pQB` ûpHmû H2b T2`i2b /2 +?`;2 /Mb H2b 39yy K /2 +QM/mBi `2HBMi H TQKT2 m +?i2m /Ƕ2m- MQmb T`QTQb2`QMb mM2 TQKT2 +2Mi`B7m;2 m TQBMi /2 7QM+iBQMM2K2Mi +QMp2M#H2 +QKTi2 i2Mm /m /û#Bi 2i /2 H ?mi2m` KMQKûi`B[m2 iQiH2X lM2 i`QBbBĕK2 T`iB2 b2` +QMb+`û2 ¨ HǶûim/2 /2 T`BM+BT2 /ǶmM KQi2m` bvM+?`QM2 ¨ BKMib T2`KM2Mib +2Mbû 2Mi`BM2` +?+mM2 /2b TQKT2bX

A S2`i2b /2 +?`;2 /Mb H2b +QM/mBi2b

>Q`KBb H [m2biBQM AX"Xj bm` H2b T2`i2b bBM;mHBĕ`2b- MQmb +QMbB/û`2`QMb /Mb iQmi2 +2ii2 T`iB2 /2b +QM/mBi2b

`2+iBHB;M2b ¨ b2+iBQM +B`+mHB`2 +QMbiMi2X

AX Ĝ 6HmB/2 2M û+QmH2K2Mi ?QKQ;ĕM2 BM+QKT`2bbB#H2 HKBMB`2

AXXRV Zm2 /2pB2Mi H `2HiBQM /2 "2`MQmHHB /ǶmM ~mB/2 pBb[m2mt 2M `û;BK2 HKBMB`2 biiBQM@

MB`2 \

V_TT2H2` H2b /û}MBiBQMb /ǶmM û+QmH2K2Mi T`7Bi /2 ~mB/2- /ǶmM û+QmH2K2Mi ?QKQ;ĕM2 BM+QKT`2bbB#H2- /ǶmM û+QmH2K2Mi biiBQMMB`2X

#V.Mb H2 +b /ǶmM~mB/2 T`7Bi2M û+QmH2K2Mi ?QKQ;ĕM2 BM+QKT`2bbB#H2 biiBQMMB`2- `2i`Qmp2` H `2HiBQM /2

"2`MQmHHB ¨ T`iB` /m T`2KB2` T`BM+BT2 /2 H i?2`KQ/vMKB[m2 2tT`BKû `2HiBp2K2Mi ¨ mM bvbiĕK2 Qmp2`i 2M

`û;BK2 T2`KM2MiX S`û+Bb2` HQ`b H ;`M/2m` pQHmKB[m2 ûM2`;ûiB[m2Ԕյ mMB7Q`K2 bm` mM2 HB;M2 /2 +Qm`MiX PM HmB bbQ+B2` mM2 ?mi2m`ӽTT2Hû2 ?mi2m` KMQKûi`B[m2 Qm +?`;2 iQiH2 ,

ӽ ԩ ԟ ᅶԖ ԥ^ϵ

Ԗ

Qɍԩ2bi HǶHiBim/2-ԟH T`2bbBQM 2iԥH pBi2bb2 /m ~mB/2 m TQBMi +QMbB/û`û-ᅶb Kbb2 pQHmKB[m2 2iԖHǶ++ûHû`iBQM /2 H T2bMi2m` UԖ N਼T^·ϵVX S`û+Bb2` H `2HiBQM 2Mi`2Ԕյ2iӽX

+V.Mb [m2HH2b xQM2b /2 HǶû+QmH2K2Mi HKBMB`2 /ǶmM ~mB/2 `û2H- HǶ?vTQi?ĕb2 /ǶmM û+QmH2K2Mi T`7Bi 2bi@2HH2 BM2MpBb;2#H2 \

/VaB QM iB2Mi +QKTi2 /2 H pBb+QbBiû /m ~mB/2 BM+QKT`2bbB#H2 2i 2M TQbimHMi iQmDQm`b mM `û;BK2 biiBQMMB`2- H ;`M/2m` pQHmKB[m2 ûM2`;ûiB[m2Ԕյ /û}MB2 T`û+û/2KK2Mi /BKBMm2 /2Ӷ¨ӷH2 HQM; /ǶmM2 HB;M2 /2 +Qm`MiX _2HB2` +2ii2 p`BiBQM /ǶûM2`;B2 pQHmKB[m2 ¨ mM2 BMiû;`H2 /2 +B`+mHiBQM /2Ӷ¨ӷ/2 H /2MbBiû pQHmKB[m2 /2 7Q`+2 /2 pBb+QbBiûԕϾЏϣͩܙ X

2V.Mb mM ~mB/2 BM+QKT`2bbB#H2 pBb[m2mt- H /2MbBiû pQHmKB[m2 /2 7Q`+2 /2 pBb+QbBiû bǶû+`BiԕϾЏϣͩܙ ᅬ࿿ ܙԥ- Qɍᅬ 2bi H pBb+QbBiû /vMKB[m2 /m ~mB/2 2i࿿ ܙԥH2 HTH+B2M p2+iQ`B2H /2 H pBi2bb2 HQ+H2X

1M /û/mB`2- bQmb 7Q`K2 BMiû;`H2- H p`BiBQMӽ ӷ ਲ ӽ Ӷ/2 ?mi2m` KMQKûi`B[m2 /ǶmM TQBMiӶ¨ mM TQBMi ӷH2 HQM; /ǶmM2 HB;M2 /2 +Qm`Mi HHMi /2Ӷ¨ӷX G [mMiBiû࿿ӽ ӽ Ӷ ਲ ӽ ӷUTQbBiBp2 Qm MmHH2V bǶTT2HH2 H T2`i2 /2 +?`;2X

(2)

kyRe@yk@kj Rd,kd,jk S;2 kf3 AXXkV ú+QmH2K2Mi /2 SQBb2mBHH2

PM ûim/B2 H2 +b T`iB+mHB2` /2 HǶû+QmH2K2Mi HKBMB`2 /ǶmM ~mB/2 pBb[m2mt BM+QKT`2bbB#H2 /Mb mM2 +QM/mBi2

`2+iBHB;M2- /2 /B`2+iBQM ֓ܙԔ ?Q`BxQMiH2- /2 b2+iBQM +B`+mHB`2Ԉ+QMbiMi2 U/2 `vQMԡЈVX *QKTi2 i2Mm /2b bvKûi`B2b /m T`Q#HĕK2- H2 +?KT /2b pBi2bb2b bǶ2tT`BK2 bQmb H 7Q`K2 ܙԥ Ԃ ԥ ԡ ԧ ܙԔ֓Qɍԡ ఄԨ^ϵ ԩ^ϵ 2bi H /BbiM+2 /m TQBMiԂ¨ HǶt2 /2 `ûpQHmiBQM /2 H +QM/mBi2X

V JQMi`2` [m2 H pBi2bb2ԥ ԡ ԧM2 T2mi /ûT2M/`2 /2ԧX

#V 1M bmTTQbMi H T2`i2 /2 +?`;2 HBMûB[m2 mMB7Q`K2 iQmi m HQM; /2 H +QM/mBi2 2i 2M MQiMiၫӽ

ၫԧ ਲԐUp2+

Ԑ V- KQMi`2` [m2

ԥ ԡ ԥζ͘Ђ঒ ਲ ॼ ԡԡЈॽ^ϵও p2+ ԥζ͘Ђ ᅶԖԐᅬ ԡ^ϵ^Ј .Mb H bvKûi`B2 /m T`Q#HĕK2- QM

࿿ ܙԥ ࿿ԥ֓ ֓ܙԔ ԡ ၫၫԡ ঒ԡၫԥ֓

ၫԡ ও ܙԔ^֓

+V G pBi2bb2 /û#BiMi2Ԋbm` mM2 b2+iBQM /`QBi2 2bi H pBi2bb2 [mB- mMB7Q`K2 bm` H b2+iBQMԈ- +Q``2bTQM/ m KāK2 /û#Bi pQHmKB[m2ԆX

1tT`BK2` +2ii2 pBi2bb2 2M 7QM+iBQM /2ԥζ͘Ђ2i 2M /û/mB`2ԥ ԡ2M 7QM+iBQM /m /û#Bi pQHmKB[m2Ԇ/2 ~mB/2 /Mb H +QM/mBi2X

/V PM bQm?Bi2 mM /û#Bi /Ƕ2MpB`QM jy G਼b^ƐR /Mb mM2 +QM/mBi2 /2 /BKĕi`2ӹ DNX .Mb mM2 +QM/mBi2 +vHBM/`B[m2- H i`MbBiBQM HKBMB`2 im`#mH2Mi2 b2 bBim2 mt H2MiQm`b /2 MQK#`2b /2 _2vMQH/b /2 kjyy U/Mb HǶ2tT`2bbBQM /m MQK#`2 /2 _2vMQH/b- QM +?QBbB` `2bT2+iBp2K2MiԊ2iӹ+QKK2 Q`/`2b /2 ;`M/2m` /2 H pBi2bb2 /m ~mB/2 2i /2 H /BK2MbBQM i`Mbp2`bH2 /2 HǶû+QmH2K2MiVX

ਲ *b /ǶmM2 ?mBH2 Ua1@NyV TQm` H[m2HH2ᅬ 1B਼T^·φ2iᅶ LH਼N^·ϯ

r *H+mH2` H T2`i2 /2 +?`;2 HBMûB[m2 2i /QM+ H bm`T`2bbBQM Mû+2bbB`2 TQm` H2 i`MbTQ`i /2 +2ii2 ?mBH2 bm`

mM i`QMÏQM /2 8y KX

r *H+mH2` H2 MQK#`2 /2 _2vMQH/b /2 HǶû+QmH2K2MiX *QM+Hm`2X ਲ *b /2 HǶ2m ,ᅬ ੉ ^·ϯ1B਼T^·φ2iᅶ ੉ ^ϯLH਼N^·ϯX

r *H+mH2` H2 MQK#`2 /2 _2vMQH/b /2 HǶû+QmH2K2MiX *QM+Hm`2X

AX" Ĝ 6HmB/2 pBb[m2mt ?QKQ;ĕM2 BM+QKT`2bbB#H2 2M `û;BK2 im`#mH2Mi AX"XRV *?`;2 KQv2MM2 /Mb mM2 b2+iBQM ¨ bvKûi`B2 /2 `ûpQHmiBQM

G +?`;2ӽ- 2tT`BKû2 2M mM TQBMiԂ/2 HǶû+QmH2K2Mi- TT`Bi +QKK2 mM2 7QM+iBQMӽ ԧ ԡ/2ԧ2i /2ԡX PM /û}MBi mM2 +?`;2 KQv2MM2ӽ ԧ~ KQv2MMû2 bm` mM2 b2+iBQM /2 +QM/mBi2 T`

ӽ ԧ ௳~

ϣ΄ͩϬЏπμ

ӽ ԧ ԡEԆԆ

QɍEԆ2bi H2 /û#Bi pQHmKB[m2 i`p2`bMi mM ûHûK2Mi /2 bm`7+2EԈ /2 H b2+iBQM /2 H +QM/mBi2 2iԆH2 /û#Bi pQHmKB[m2 iQiH /2 H +QM/mBi2X

SQm` 2tT`BK2` H2 i2`K2 +BMûiB[m2 /2 H +?`;2 2M 7QM+iBQM /2 H pBi2bb2 /û#BiMi2Ԋ- QM BMi`Q/mBi H2 +Q2{+B2Mi /2

*Q`BQHBb ,ᅦ ԅԅվ ϷμЏΒπϝζ΄^{վ ϝс΄ΰΰ΄}

- Qɍԅվ ϝс΄ΰΰ΄2bi H TmBbbM+2 +BMûiB[m2 i`p2`bMi H b2+iBQMԈ/2 +QM/mBi2 2iԅվ ϷμЏΒπϝζ΄

H TmBbbM+2 +BMûiB[m2 [mB i`p2`b2`Bi +2ii2 b2+iBQM TQm` mM2 pBi2bb2 mMB7Q`K2 ԊU+?[m2 T`iB+mH2 /2 ~mB/2 i`p2`b2 H b2+iBQMԈ¨ H pBi2bb2ԥ ԡ- 2KTQ`iMi p2+ 2HH2 bQM ûM2`;B2 +BMûiB[m2 pQHmKB[m2 HQ+H2^φϵᅶԥ^ϵ ԡVX V JQMi`2` [m2ᅦ Ԋ^ϯԈ ௳

ϣ΄ͩϬЏπμ

ԥ^ϯ ԡ EԈX

#V 1M /û/mB`2 [m2 H +?`;2 KQv2MM2 bm` mM2 b2+iBQM /2 HǶû+QmH2K2Mi UHKBMB`2 Qm im`#mH2MiV bǶû+`Bi ӽ ԩ ԟ~ ᅶԖ ᅦԊ^ϵ

Ԗ

+V *H+mH2` MmKû`B[m2K2Mi H2 +Q2{+B2Mi /2 *Q`BQHBb TQm` HǶû+QmH2K2Mi mMB7Q`K2 2i TQm` HǶû+QmH2K2Mi HKBMB`2 /2 SQBb2mBHH2X

/V .Mb H2 +b /2 `û;BK2b im`#mH2Mib +Qm`Mib- H2b pH2m`b /m +Q2{+B2Mi Qb+BHH2Mi 2Mi`2 R-y8 2i R-kyX *QKK2Mi2`X

(3)

AX"XkV _m;QbBiû- /B;`KK2 /2 JQQ/v

G T2`i2 /2 +?`;2 `û;mHBĕ`2 KQv2MM2- TQm` mM û+QmH2K2Mi BM+QKT`2bbB#H2 /Mb mM2 +QM/mBi2 +B`+mHB`2 `2+iBHB;M2 /2 HQM;m2m`ԁ2i /2 /BKĕi`2ӹ- 2bi /QMMû2 T`

࿿ ~ӽև ԕ ॼԇր ᅾӹॽ ԁӹ ԊԖ^ϵ

/û}MBbbMi BMbB H2 +Q2{+B2Mi /2 T2`i2 /2 +?`;2ԕ ԇր ᅾӹ[mB /ûT2M/ /m MQK#`2 /2 _2vMQH/bԇր- 2i T`

+QMbû[m2Mi /m `û;BK2 /Ƕû+QmH2K2Mi- 2i /2 H `m;QbBiû `2HiBp2 ᅾӹ/2 H +QM/mBi2X G pH2m` MmKû`B[m2 /2 +2 +Q2{+B2Mi 2bi /QMMû2 T` H2 /B;`KK2 /2 JQQ/v U};m`2 dV- 2M 7QM+iBQM /m MQK#`2 /2 _2vMQH/b- TQm`

/Bzû`2Mi2b pH2m`b /2 H `m;QbBiû `2HiBp2ᅾӹUHm2 ¨ /`QBi2 /m ;`T?2VX

G `m;QbBiû #bQHm2ᅾ H /BK2MbBQM /ǶmM2 ?mi2m` bMb iQmi27QBb `2T`ûb2Mi2` mM2 ?mi2m` KQv2MM2 /2b bTû`Biûb /2 H bm`7+2 BMiû`B2m`2 /2 H +QM/mBi2 , T` 2t2KTH2- TQm` /2b +QM/mBi2b KûiHHB[m2b `Bp2iû2b- H2 `2pāi2K2Mi T2m /ǶBKTQ`iM+2 /2pMi H2 MQK#`2 2i HǶû+`i2K2Mi /2b }H2b HQM;Bim/BMH2b 2i i`Mbp2`bH2b /2 `Bp2ibX V JQMi`2` [m2 HǶû+QmH2K2Mi /2 SQBb2mBHH2 +QM/mBi ¨ԕ ॼԇր ᅾӹॽ

ԇր

X

AMi2`T`ûi2` H2 7Bi [m2 H2 +Q2{+B2Mi /2 T2`i2 /2 +?`;2 BMbB Q#i2Mm M2 /ûT2M/ Tb /2 H `m;QbBiûX

#V SQm` `2HB2` H biiBQM /2 TQKT;2 m +?i2m /Ƕ2m- QM BMbiHH2 mM2 +QM/mBi2 2M 7QMi2 /2 /BKĕi`2ӹ DN- /2 HQM;m2m`ԁ LNX .Mb H2b +QM/BiBQMb MQKBMH2b /2 7QM+iBQMM2K2Mi- +2ii2 +QM/mBi2 /û#Bi2Ԇ -਼T^·φ /Ƕ2mX G `m;QbBiû /2 H +QM/mBi2 2M 7QMi2 /ûT2M/ /2 bQM ûii /2 bm`7+2- b2HQM [mǶ2HH2 2bi M2mp2 Qm THmb Qm KQBMb +Q``Q/û2X PM /BbiBM;m2 i`QBb +b

ਲ 6R Ŀ 7QMi2 M2mp2 ŀ ,ᅾφ NNc ਲ 6k Ŀ 7QMi2 +Q``Q/û2 ŀ ,ᅾϵ NNc ਲ 6j Ŀ 7QMi2 /ûTQbû2 ŀ ,ᅾϯ NNX

1M miBHBbMi HǶ#[m2 /2 JQQ/v- ûpHm2` /Mb +?+mM /2 +2b +b H T2`i2 /2 +?`;2 KQv2MM2 ࿿ ~ӽև/2 +2ii2 +QM/mBi2 /Mb b2b +QM/BiBQMb MQKBMH2b /ǶmiBHBbiBQM UԆ -਼T^·φVX

AX"XjV S2`i2b bBM;mHBĕ`2b

G2b T2`i2b /2 +?`;2b bBM;mHBĕ`2b 2M `û;BK2 im`#mH2Mi T2mp2Mi bǶû+`B`2 bQmb H 7Q`K2

࿿ ~ӽ֎ Ԁ ԊԖ^ϵ

UT2ì2b T`QTQìBQMM2HH2b ¨ԀԆ^ϵV- +2 [mB T`ûb2Mi2 mM BMiû`āi ûpB/2Mi TQm` H2 +mKmH /2b T2ì2b /2 +?`;2b TmBb[m2 HǶQM û+`Bi

࿿ ~ӽև ԕ ॼԇր ᅾӹॽ ԁӹ ԊԖ^ϵ

UT2ì2b `û;mHBĕ`2b T`QTQìBQMM2HH2b ¨ԁԆ^ϵVX AH T2mi bǶ;B` /2 T2ì2b /Mb H2b `ûi`û+Bbb2K2Mib- H2b 2Mi`û2b- H2b ;`BHH2b- H2b /Bzmb2m`b- H2b pMM2b- H2b `Q#BM2ib- H2b +HT2ib- H2b +Qm/2b- 2i+X

SQm` mM2 +QM/mBi2 +vHBM/`B[m2 /2 /BKĕi`2ӹ DN2i iQm`MMi /2 Nyê p2+ mM `vQM /m +Qm/2 /2 R-8 K- QM m` mM +Q2{+B2MiԀ/2 y-kX Zm2HH2 2bi H HQM;m2m` /2 +QM/mBi2 2M Ŀ 7QMi2 M2mp2 ŀ û[mBpH2Mi2 ¨ +2 +Qm/2 \

§ iBi`2 /2 +QKT`BbQM- mM2 2Mi`û2 bBHHMi2 /2 +2 /BKĕi`2 mM +Q2{+B2MiԀ/2 HǶQ`/`2 /2 HǶmMBiû- mM2 pMM2

¨ Tbb;2 /B`2+i /2 y-R- mM `Q#BM2i ¨ bQmTT2 /2 e 2i mM +HT2i MiB@`2iQm` ¨ bQmTT2 /2 dy UbQBi mM2 HQM;m2m`

û[mBpH2Mi2 /2 H +QM/mBi2 T`û+û/2Mi2 /2 THmb /2 8yy KVX

AA SQBMi /2 7QM+iBQMM2K2Mi ?v/`mHB[m2 /ǶmM2 BMbiHHiBQM

AAX Ĝ *`+iû`BbiB[m2b ?v/`mHB[m2b /ǶmM2 TQKT2 +2Mi`B7m;2

lM2 TQKT2 +2Mi`B7m;2 2bi +`+iû`Bbû2 KBMBK T` i`QBb T`Kĕi`2b , bQM /û#Bi pQHmKB[m2 MQKBMHԆ֋- b ?m@

i2m` KMQKûi`B[m2 iQiH2 MQKBMH2ӽֈ֏[mB 2bi H p`BiBQM /2 ?mi2m` KMQKûi`B[m2 2M;2M/`û2 T` H TQKT2 Umbm2HH2K2Mi 2tT`BKû2 2M Kĕi`2 /2 +QHQMM2 /Ƕ2m , K*1V 2i bQM `2M/2K2Mi ?v/`mHB[m2 MQKBMHԇ ԅփԅֈ

Qɍԅփ2bi H TmBbbM+2 ?v/`mHB[m2 7Qm`MB2 T` H TQKT2 2iԅֈH TmBbbM+2 Kû+MB[m2 7Qm`MB2 ¨ H TQKT2X G2 +QMbi`m+i2m` 7Qm`MBi H2b +Qm`#2bӽֈ֏ Ԇ֋2iԇ Ԇ֋X PM /BbTQb2 U};m`2 kV /2 H +`+iû`BbiB[m2 ?v/`mHB[m2 /m ivT2 /2 TQKT2 `2i2Mm2 Uq.1 jkVX AH bǶ;Bi /ǶmM2 TQKT2 +2Mi`B7m;2 KmHiB@ûi;2b /QMi H2 7QM+iBQMM2K2Mi M2 b2`

Tb ûim/Bû B+BX

*2ii2 TQKT2 ûiMi 7#`B[mû2 mt la- H /Q+mK2MiiBQM 7Qm`MB2 T` H2 +QMbi`m+i2m` miBHBb2 /2b mMBiûb M;HQ@

btQMM2b , QM MQi2` [m2- /Mb H };m`2 k- H ?mi2m` KMQKûi`B[m2 iQiH2ӽֈ֏UĿ?2/ŀV 2bi 2tT`BKû2 2M TB2/b U7iV U¨ ;m+?2 /2 H };m`2V 2i H2 /û#Bi pQHmKB[m2Ԇ֋UĿ+T+BivŀV 2M ;HHQMb la T` KBMmi2 Ula;TKVX SQm`

+QMp2`iB` +2b mMBiûb M;HQ@btQMM2b- QM miBHBb2` H2b 7+i2m`b /2 +QMp2`bBQM BM/B[mûb 2M #b ¨ /`QBi2 /2 H };m`2 kX AAXXRV G TmBbbM+2 ?v/`mHB[m2 /ǶmM2 TQKT2 bǶû+`Biԅփ ᅶԖӽֈ֏Ԇ֋X CmbiB}2` +2ii2 2tT`2bbBQMX

(4)

kyRe@yk@kj Rd,kd,jk S;2 9f3

6B;m`2 R a+?ûK /ǶmM2 TQKT2 +2Mi`B7m;2

SQr2`U?TV

ӽֈ֏ Ԇ֋ ӻ

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1{+B2M+v Uԇ Ԇ֋V

1{+B2M+vUWV

>v/`mHB+ TQr2` ejXd ?T

SmKT bT22/ jkyy `TK

1{+B2M+v U*14RXyyV e3XjW

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JtBKmK TQr2` Ry3 ?T

.`Bp2` TQr2` Rk8 ?T f NjXk Fq SQBMi /2 7QM+iBQMM2K2Mi 2MpBb;û

Ryy la;TK U;HHQM T2` KBMmi2V 4 e-jR G਼b^ƐR R `TK 4 R i`਼KBM^ƐR

Ryy 7i 4 jy-8 K

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6B;m`2 k *`+iû`BbiB[m2b /2 H TQKT2 q.1 jk

(5)

S;2 8f3

AAXXkV *H+mH2` H TmBbbM+2 Kû+MB[m2ԅֈ¨ 7Qm`MB` bm` HǶt2 /2 H TQKT2 TQm` H2 TQBMi /2 7QM+iBQMM2K2Mi ӽֈ֏ Ԇ֋2MpBb;û- `2Tû`û T` H2 TQBMiӻ bm` H };m`2 k- 2M miBHBbMi H2 `2M/2K2Mi ?v/`mHB[m2 2M +2 TQBMiX AAX" Ĝ SQBMi /2 7QM+iBQMM2K2Mi ?v/`mHB[m2 2i +QMbQKKiBQM ûH2+i`B[m2

GǶHBK2MiiBQM 2M 2m TQi#H2 /ǶmM pBHH;2 Mû+2bbBi2 mM pQHmK2 /Ƕ2m /2 keyy K^jT` DQm`X PM /û+B/2 /2 7B`2 H2 i`Bi2K2Mi /2 HǶ2m /B`2+i2K2Mi ¨ +Ƭiû /2 H T`Bb2 /ǶbTBìBQM UHiBim/2 8yk KV 2i /2 i`MbTQì2` HǶ2m TQi#H2 m +?i2m /Ƕ2m /m pBHH;2 UHiBim/2 ded KV T` mM2 +QM/mBi2 /2 `27QmH2K2Mi 2M 7QMi2 /2 /BKĕi`2 MQKBMH kyy KK 2i /2 HQM;m2m` 3-j98 FKX PM Mû;HB;2` H2b T2ì2b bBM;mHBĕ`2b /2pMi H2b T2ì2b HBMûB`2b BMbB [m2 H2b T2ì2b ¨ HǶbTBìBQM /2pMi H2b T2ì2b m `27QmH2K2MiX

AAX"XRV JQMi`2` [m2 /2mt 2t2KTHB`2b /2 H TQKT2 q.1 jk /QBp2Mi Mû+2bbB`2K2Mi āi`2 KQMiûb 2M T`HHĕH2X AAX"XkV 1M miBHBbMi H2b pH2m`b /2b T2`i2b `û;mHBĕ`2b࿿ ~ӽև+H+mHû2b ¨ H [m2biBQM AX"Xk- BMbB [m2 H2b };m`2b k 2i d- /ûi2`KBM2` H2 TQBMi /2 7QM+iBQMM2K2Mi UԆ2iӽֈ֏V bmBpMi HǶûii /2 `m;QbBiû /2 H 7QMi2 UM2mp2- +Q``Q/û2 Qm /ûTQbû2VX

AAX"XjV .Mb mM T`2KB2` i2KTb- H2b TQKT2b bQMi 2Mi`BMû2b T` /2b KQi2m`b bvM+?`QM2b /QMi H2 `2M/2K2Mi ûH2+i`QK;MûiB[m2 2bi /2 3yWX *H+mH2`- /Mb H2b i`QBb bBimiBQMb T`û+û/2Mi2b- H TmBbbM+2 ûH2+i`B[m2 +QMbQKKû2X

*QKK2Mi2` HǶ2z2i /m Ŀ pB2BHHBbb2K2Mi ŀ /2 H bm`7+2 BMiû`B2m`2 /2 H +MHBbiBQM bm` H TmBbbM+2 ûH2+i`B[m2 /2KM/û2 2i bm` H2 `2M/2K2Mi ûM2`;ûiB[m2 ;HQ#HX

AAX"X9V *QKTi2 i2Mm /2 H pBi2bb2 /2 `QiiBQM /2b TQKT2b- 2biBK2` H2 +QmTH2 KQi2m` Kû+MB[m2 /2 +?[m2 KQi2m` 2Mi`BMMi H TQKT2X *?QBbB` H2 KQi2m` bvM+?`QM2 ¨ BKMib T2`KM2Mib H2 THmb TT`QT`Bû T`KB H2b [mi`2 /û+`Bib 2M };m`2 j 2i miBHBb2` bQM `2M/2K2Mi ¨ H pBi2bb2 /2 `QiiBQM /2 H TQKT2 TQm` /ûi2`KBM2` H TmBbbM+2 ûH2+i`B[m2 +QMbQKKû2X *QKT`2` ¨ H TmBbbM+2 ûH2+i`B[m2 +QMbQKKû2 T` mM KQi2m` bvM+?`QM2X

N

Ry

RR

Rk

oBi2bb2 /2 `QiiBQM Ui`਼KBM^ƐRV

*QmTH2UL਼KV

N Ry RR Rk

oBi2bb2 /2 `QiiBQM Ui`਼KBM^ƐRV

_2M/2K2MiUWV

N Ry RR Rk

Ga_SJ kyy Glk , jeyy i`਼KBM^ƐRf RR8 Fq f kRj Ga_SJ kyy GR , jeyy i`਼KBM^ƐRf 38 Fq f R83 Ga_SJ kyy GR , jeyy i`਼KBM^ƐRf dy Fq f Rjy Ga_SJ kyy GR , jeyy i`਼KBM^ƐRf 8y Fq f Nd

6B;m`2 j *`+iû`BbiB[m2b /2 9 KQi2m`b

AAA _2KTH+2K2Mi /2b KQi2m`b bvM+?`QM2b T` /2b KQi2m`b bvM@

+?`QM2b ¨ BKMib T2`KM2MibX úpHmiBQM /m +QmTH2

G2b KQi2m`b bvM+?`QM2b ¨ BKMib T2`KM2Mib /Ƕbb2x 7Q`i2 TmBbbM+2 U+QKK2 H2 KQ/ĕH2 +?QBbB T`û+û/2KK2MiV bQMi 2M ;ûMû`H HBK2Miûb T` /2b p`Bi2m`b T`Q/mBbMi mM bB;MH /2 i2MbBQM 2i /QM+ /2b +Qm`Mib bBMmbQś/mt i`BT?bûbX S` bQm+B /2 bBKTHB}+iBQM- MQmb ûim/B2`QMb B+B mM bvbiĕK2 /2 +Qm`Mib biiQ`B[m2b /BT?bûbX AAAX Ĝ *?KT K;MûiB[m2 `QiQ`B[m2

G2 `QiQ` b2` bbBKBHû ¨ mM #HQ+ +vHBM/`B[m2 ?QKQ;ĕM2 /Ƕt2ԩ^஠ԩ- /ǶBKMiiBQM T2`KM2Mi2 mMB7Q`K2 /Ƕt2Ԩ^஠ԨX GǶt2ԧ^஠ԧ2bi mM t2 }t2 /Mb H2 `û7û`2MiB2H /m biiQ` T2`K2iiMi /2 `2Tû`2` H2b M;H2b /Mb H2 THM T2`T2M/B+mHB`2

¨ԩ^஠ԩU};m`2 9V ,

r ᅦ`2Tĕ`2 H /B`2+iBQM /2 HǶt2Ԩ^஠Ԩc

r ᅭ`2Tĕ`2 H TQbBiBQM M;mHB`2 /ǶmM TQBMiԂ[m2H+QM[m2X

.Mb H bmBi2- QM bǶBMiû`2bb2` bm`iQmi mt TQBMibԂbBimûb /Mb HǶ2Mi`272` 2Mi`2 H +mHbb2 biiQ`B[m2 U/2 `vQM BMiû`B2m`ԐV 2i H2 `QiQ` U/2 `vQM 2tiû`B2m`Ԑ ਲ ԔV- bQBi i2Hb [m2Ԑ ਲ Ԕ ԡ ԐX

(6)

kyRe@yk@kj Rd,kd,jk S;2 ef3

AAAXXRV_TT2H2` H `2HiBQM 2Mi`2ܟܠܠܠܠܡӷ֍-ӽܟܠܠܠܠܠܡ֍2iԂܟܠܠܠܠܠܠܡ֍`2T`ûb2MiMi `2bT2+iBp2K2Mi H2 p2+i2m` +?KT K;MûiB[m2- H2 p2+i2m` 2t+BiiBQM K;MûiB[m2 2i H2 p2+i2m` BKMiiBQM /m KBHB2m K;MûiB[m2 +QMbiBimiB7 /m `QiQ`X

AAAXXkVm b2BM /2b BKMib T2`KM2Mib- H `2HiBQM T2mi bǶû+`B`2ӷ ᅲܟܠܠܠܠܡ Јᅲ֋ӽ ܟܠܠܠܡܟܠܠܠܠܠܡ ӿ- Qɍᅲ֋2bi H T2`Kû#BHBiû

`2HiBp2 /2 Ŀ `2+mH ŀ /2 HǶBKMi UHû;ĕ`2K2Mi bmTû`B2m`2 ¨ HǶmMBiû TQm` H2b BKMib T2`7Q`KMibV 2iӿܟܠܠܠܡH2 +?KT K;MûiB[m2 `ûKM2Mi /2 HǶBKMiX m Tbb;2 /m KBHB2m BKMiû +QMbiBimMi H2 `QiQ` ¨ HǶ2Mi`272`- H2b +QMiBMmBiûb

#QmiBbb2Mi ¨ HǶ2tT`2bbBQM bmBpMi2 /2b +QKTQbMi2b /m +?KT K;MûiB[m2 `QiQ`B[m2

৓৑

৒৑

৐

ӷ֍ ԡ ᅭ ਲ ԧ^ր^ϵॼ ऺԐԡऻ^ϵॽ ӿ DPT ᅭ ਲ ᅦ ӷᇁ ԡ ᅭ ਲ ਲ ԧ^ր^ϵॼ ਲ ऺԐԡऻ^ϵॽ ӿ TJO ᅭ ਲ ᅦ TQm`Ԑ ਲ Ԕ ԡ Ԑ2iԧր ԔԐX

a+?Mi [m2 HǶ2Mi`272` pQBbBM2Ԕ NN2i HǶHûb;2Ԑ DN- QM +QMbB/ĕ`2 mM +?KT K;MûiB[m2 /Ƕ2Mi`272`

BM/ûT2M/Mi /2ԡX 1M /û/mB`2 HǶ2tT`2bbBQM TT`Q+?û2 /m +?KT K;MûiB[m2 `QiQ`B[m2X

AAAXXjVPM MQi2ဂH pBi2bb2 M;mHB`2 +QMbiMi2 /m `QiQ` /Mb H2 `û7û`2MiB2H }t2 /m biiQ` 2i QM T`2M/ᅦ ᅦ֍֎

MmH ¨ HǶBMbiMi BMBiBHX _ûû+`B`2 HǶ2tT`2bbBQM bBKTHB}û2 /m +?KT K;MûiB[m2 `QiQ`B[m2 ¨ mM BMbiMiԣ2M mM TQBMi Ԃ/2 TQbBiBQM M;mHB`2ᅭ/Mb HǶ2Mi`272`X

.QMM2` HǶHHm`2 /2 H +QKTQbMi2 `/BH2 /m +?KT `QiQ`B[m2 `2bb2MiB ¨ HǶBMbiMiԣ/Mb HǶ2Mi`272` /Mb H /B`2+iBQM ᅭ ᅵX

*mHbb2 K;MûiB[m2 /2 ;`M/2 T2`Kû#BHBiû Uᅲ ܽ ࠯ ܟܠܠܠܠܠܡӽ ܙ/Mb H2 pQHmK2 /2 H +mHbb2V

BKMi /2 +?KT K;MûiB[m2 `ûKM2MiӿܟܠܠܠܡmMB7Q`K2

ԧ^஠ ԧ

Ԩ^஠

Ԩ

Ԅ

ᅦ ԩ

ܙԤԂ

֍

ܙԤ

ᇁ ᅭ

ܟܠܠܠܡ ӿ Ԕ Ԑ

ԐԔ ԄԧԄԩ Ԃ ܙԤ֍ ܙԤԄԨᇁ

`vQM /ǶHûb;2 /m biiQ`

ûTBbb2m` /2 HǶ2Mi`272`

t2 /2 `ûpQHmiBQM

t2 TQHB`2 /2 `û7û`2M+2 U}t2V t2 /2 TQH`BbiBQM K;MûiB[m2

`2Tĕ`2 HQ+H

6B;m`2 9 AAAX" Ĝ *?KT K;MûiB[m2 biiQ`B[m2

PM +?2`+?2 HQ`b ¨ `ûHBb2` mM +?KT K;MûiB[m2 biiQ`B[m2ܟܠܠܠܠܡӷ֎iQm`MMi ¨ pBi2bb2 M;mHB`2 +QMbiMi2ᅽ֎

U/QM+ /Mb H2 b2Mb /B`2+iV ;`+2 ¨ mM2 BKTHMiiBQM T`iB+mHBĕ`2 /2 bTB`2b /Mb H2b 2M+Q+?2b /m biiQ`X SQm` +2H- MQmb miBHBb2`QMb /2mt 2M`QmH2K2Mib TQ`i2m`b /2 +Qm`Mib /ûT?bûb /2ᅵ,

ব Ԙ^φ ԣ Ӿ DPT ᅽ֎ԣ ᅧ֎ Ԙϵ ԣ Ӿ DPT ᅽ֎ԣ ᅧ֎ ᅵ

.Mb mM T`2KB2` i2KTb- mM2 b2mH2 TB`2 /Ƕ2M+Q+?2b- bBimû2 bm` HǶt2 T2`T2M/B+mHB`2 ¨ԧ^஠ԧU};m`2 8V 2bi #Q#BMû2 2i T`+Qm`m2 T` H2 +Qm`Mi /ǶBMi2MbBiûԘφ ԣX PM +?2`+?2 ¨ /ûi2`KBM2` H2 +?KTӷܟܠܠܠܠܡ֎φ2M iQmi TQBMiԂ/2 HǶ2Mi`272`X

ԧ^஠ ԧ

Ԃ ԡ

ᅭ

6B;m`2 8

(7)

kyRe@yk@kj Rd,kd,jk S;2 df3

AAAX"XRV1M miBHBbMi H2 b+?ûK /2 H };m`2 8- H2b bvKûi`B2b 2i H +B`+mHiBQM /m p2+i2m` 2t+BiiBQM K;MûiB[m2- KQMi`2` [m2

৓৑

৒৑

৐ ܟܠܠܠܠܡ

ӷ֎φ ԡ ᅭ ԣ ᅲ^ЈԘφ ԣ

Ԕ ܙԤ֍ TQm`ᅭ ୩ >ਲᅵ ᅵ<

ܟܠܠܠܠܡ

ӷ֎φ ԡ ᅭ ԣ ਲᅲ^ЈԘφ ԣ

Ԕ ܙԤ֍ TQm`ᅭ ୩ >ᅵ ᅵ<

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*QK#B2M /Ƕ2M+Q+?2b `ûT`iB2b +Q``2bTQM/2Mi ¨ H +Qm`#2 /2 H };m`2 e \ S`û+Bb2x H2b `2Tĕ`2b M;mHB`2b bm` HǶt2 /2b #b+Bbb2bX

y ᅭ

ӷ֎φ

6B;m`2 e

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.2 [mQB /ûT2M/ H +QMbiMi2Ԁ֎\

AAAX"X9VPM `DQmi2 H2 b2+QM/ 2M`QmH2K2Mi /û+Hû bTiBH2K2Mi /2 HǶM;H2ᅵU/QM+ bm` HǶt2ԧ^஠ԧVX G2 +Qm`Mi Ԙϵ ԣ/2 +2i 2M`QmH2K2Mi 2bi 2M [m/`im`2 `2i`/ bm` H2 +Qm`MiԘφ ԣX

JQMi`2` [m2 b T`iB+BTiBQM m +?KT `/BH biiQ`B[m2 bǶû+`B`ӷ֎ϵ ᅭ ԣ Ԁ֎Ӿ TJO ᅽ֎ԣ ᅧ֎ TJO ᅭX

AAAX"X8VJQMi`2` [m2 H2 +?KT K;MûiB[m2 biiQ`B[m2 `ûbmHiMi 2bi mM +?KT iQm`MMi /Mb H2 b2Mb i`B;QMQ@

Kûi`B[m2 ¨ H pBi2bb2 M;mHB`2ᅽ֎/QMi QM /QMM2` HǶKTHBim/2X AAAX* Ĝ úM2`;B2 K;MûiB[m2 /Mb HǶ2Mi`272`

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`2HiBp2ᅲ֍X

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PM TQm`` HHû;2` HǶ2tT`2bbBQM }MH2 2M 7BbMi TT`Bi`2 H2 pQHmK2 /Ƕ2Mi`272`ԋ ᅵԐԔԛX AAAX. Ĝ JQK2Mi ûH2+i`QK;MûiB[m2 bǶ2t2`ÏMi bm` H2 `QiQ`

AAAX.XRV_TT2H2` HǶ2tT`2bbBQM /m +QmTH2 /2b 7Q`+2b ûH2+i`QK;MûiB[m2b 2t2`+û2b bm` H2 `QiQ`- ¨ T`iB` /2 HǶûM2`;B2 K;MûiB[m2X

1M /û/mB`2 HǶ2tT`2bbBQM /2 +2 +QmTH2 2M miBHBbMi H2 `ûbmHii /2 H [m2biBQM AAAX*XkX

AAAX.XkVZm2HH2b +QM/BiBQMb bQMi Mû+2bbB`2b ¨ HǶQ#i2MiBQM /ǶmM +QmTH2 KQi2m` KQv2M TQbBiB7 \

AAAX.XjV.Bb+mi2` H2 `ƬH2 /2ᅧ֎UM;H2 /2 Ŀ +H;2 ŀ /2b +Qm`MibV 2i H bi#BHBiû /2 /2mt TQBMib /2 7QM+iBQMM2K2Mi bbQ+Bûb ¨ /2mt pH2m`b /2ᅧ֎X

(8)

kyRe@yk@kj Rd,kd,jk S;2 3f3

10 310 410 510 610 710 8 10 −2 10−18 9 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 7 8 9

67823456782345678234567823456782345678 1e−005 2e−005 5e−005 0.0001 0.0002 0.0004 0.0006 0.0008 0.001 0.0015 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01 0.0125 0.015 0.0175 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04 0.045 0.05 0.06 0.07 Laminarflow Criticalzone Transition zoneComplete turbulence, rough pipes, R > 3500/r, 1/√f = 1.14 − 2 log r→→←←

Darcy−Weisbach friction factor f ! """"2hDg

LV²

Moody Diagram r = 5e−006

r = 1e−006 Smooth pipes, r = 01/√f = 2 log(R√f ) − 0.8 Material""""""""""""""Riveted steelConcreteWood staveCast ironGalvanized ironAsphalted cast ironCommercial steelDrawn tubing Reynolds number R !"" (V in m/s, D in m, ν in m 2/s) VD ν

Relative roughness r ! " (ε in mm, D in mm) ε

D

Hagen−Poisseuille equationR ≤ 2300, f = 64/R

Colebrook equation, R ≥ 23001/√f = −2 log(r /3.7 + 2.51/(R√f ))

Acceleration at sea levellatitude 45°, g = 9.80665 m/s2 VD for water at 20°C (V in m/s, D in cm)0.06|| 0.1| 0.2| 0.4| 0.6| 0.8| 1| 2| 4| 6| 8| 10| 20| 40| 60|| 100| 200| 400| 600|| 1000| 2000| 4000| 6000|| 10000|____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________VD for atmospheric air at 20°C1|2|4|6|8|10|20|40|60||100|200|400|600||1000|2000|4000|6000||10000|20000|40000|60000||100000|

ε (mm)"""""""""0.9−90.3−30.18−0.90.250.150.120.0460.0015

Fluid at 20°C""""""""""""""WaterAir (101.325 kPa) ν (m2/s) """""""""1.003e−0061.511e−005

6B;m`2 d .B;`KK2 /2 JQQ/v r r r6ALr r r