HAL Id: inria-00073852
https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00073852
Submitted on 24 May 2006
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Detecting Diamond Necklaces in Labeled Dags (A Problem from Distributed Debugging)
Michel Hurfin, Michel Raynal
To cite this version:
Michel Hurfin, Michel Raynal. Detecting Diamond Necklaces in Labeled Dags (A Problem from Distributed Debugging). [Research Report] RR-2838, INRIA. 1996. �inria-00073852�
ISSN 0249-6399
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