HAL Id: hal-00277232
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00277232
Submitted on 30 May 2008
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Industrial applications of ion track technology
H. Hanot, E. Ferain
To cite this version:
H. Hanot, E. Ferain. Industrial applications of ion track technology. The Seventh International
Symposium on Swift Heavy Ions in Matter, Jun 2008, Lyon, France. �hal-00277232�
+ ,+.-/0124356,#798;:<-=>/24?@
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beamed film raw film
ion beam
damaged tracks porous membrane
membranes etching baths
sX
}
NOMINAL PORE SIZE (nm) MEASURED
PORE SIZE (nm))
!
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2 µm SEM
300 µm Optical Microscopy