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Large-scale networked systems: from anarchy to geometric self-structuring

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HAL Id: inria-00196714

https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00196714v2

Submitted on 13 Dec 2007

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- entific research documents, whether they are pub- lished or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers.

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Large-scale networked systems: from anarchy to geometric self-structuring

Anne-Marie Kermarrec, Achour Mostefaoui, Michel Raynal, Gilles Trédan, Aline Viana

To cite this version:

Anne-Marie Kermarrec, Achour Mostefaoui, Michel Raynal, Gilles Trédan, Aline Viana. Large-scale

networked systems: from anarchy to geometric self-structuring. [Research Report] PI 1876, 2007,

pp.21. �inria-00196714v2�

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I R

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I N S T IT U

T D E R

E C H E R C H

E E N I N F O R M

A T IQ U E E T

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AL É A T O IR ES

P U B L I C A T I O N I N T E R N E

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I R I S A

CAMPUS UNIVERSITAIRE DE BEAULIEU - 35042 RENNES CEDEX - FRANCE

ISSN 1166-8687

1876

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ANNE-MARIE KERMARREC ACHOUR MOSTEFAOUI

MICHEL RAYNAL GILLES TREDAN ALINE VIANA

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I NSTITUT DE R ECHERCHE EN I NFORMATIQUE ET S YSTÈMES A LÉATOIRES

Campus de Beaulieu – 35042 Rennes Cedex – France Tél. : (33) 02 99 84 71 00 – Fax : (33) 02 99 84 71 71 http://www.irisa.fr

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