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Pastis: a Highly-Scalable Multi-User Peer-to-Peer File System

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HAL Id: inria-00070712

https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00070712

Submitted on 19 May 2006

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Pastis: a Highly-Scalable Multi-User Peer-to-Peer File System

Jean-Michel Busca, Fabio Picconi, Pierre Sens

To cite this version:

Jean-Michel Busca, Fabio Picconi, Pierre Sens. Pastis: a Highly-Scalable Multi-User Peer-to-Peer File

System. [Research Report] RR-5288, INRIA. 2004, pp.29. �inria-00070712�

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ISRN INRIA/RR--5288--FR+ENG

a p p o r t

d e r e c h e r c h e

Thème COM

INSTITUT NATIONAL DE RECHERCHE EN INFORMATIQUE ET EN AUTOMATIQUE

Pastis: a Highly-Scalable Multi-User Peer-to-Peer File System

Jean-Michel Busca — Fabio Picconi — Pierre Sens

N° 5288

Août 2004

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