Fracturation des roches en compression: le processus de localisation en tant que phénomène critique
Texte intégral
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(513) Ú â"#D ]@
(514) # %CH%CDX# %CD ]@
(515) JH
(516) H%'! H e
(517) B F ( È Ò Ë ³ B'%CDE (&%`HDX
(518) #Dn@
(519)
(520)
(521) DE#%C DEB
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(523) Q BHB
(524) D F DX%'W ! # @
(525) F $# e Ý G @
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(529) (#$Õ (ÓÔ e %DE F (!
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(547) DØ%CDEH%CDX
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(549) (#ÈLD e ÓÔ H e %@
(550) (#$Õ F H6# e
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(552) H F H F e H F DX#CH%DE WÈH e # e
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(555) "$!
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(559) A% CH
(560) # DX%DE. F e È? %C $ÈL $&% ]@H
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(575) ( e È $# #DØÇ # Ú H Ú H#nÓÔ $H%C@
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(577) DØ% Ú H% Ú $ È"â"HÈLDØÝ e H F Ú H# A%C CH
(578) #DØ%CDE½&
(579) (ÓÔ È H%CDE F e H F D$ (# ]@
(580) D e F âH%9G HDEh# e H F ÓÔ È % Ú
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(583) # % Ú ÈG $
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(585) #AH% F H G 6# e H F $# Ò_Ú ( H#ADE
(586)
(587) DØÇ"DE
(588) @H F ÈLD e e CH e "## %D FEF G
(589) DXHã# %CHB F QÈ H
(590) $ (Õ# ÈL F H G # e H F J#%C @ e %@
(591) (#ãÖÔ# Ú $H *BH
(592) # Ù H
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(595) ? H # %C $# #$Õ
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(599) H ½B?% Ú % CH
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(601) H F Hß %H%CDEH F #â"ÈÈL (% DE (#AÓn% Ú W
(602) B F (È Ò -
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(604) G¨# % $# # ç #%C HDEdH%CH¨B%HDX
(605) $> >
(606) D ( (]%Ä e ]#ÄH
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(609) #(Õ
(610) # Ú
(611) % Ú H% Ú% (â
(612) (# $&%H Ú DEG Ú
(613) $G $ WÓn@
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(615) UH F H
(616) Ö ! Ù $ # & %('$# ) Õ
(617) Ú ( DX#H É DEH F #%C (##(Õ nDE
(618) F H#%CD e H É DÞH F (ÓÔ È H%DE ÕH
(619) .- !%
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(621) H CHÈL (% $ #Ç $ â e F # *%C% Ú WÇH F @
(622) (# Ó ß (% nH%? H ã#%C $## Ò AÚ LÓ×H e %Ä% Ú H%% Ú DE#Ä É ?
(623) $&%Q# $ (È#DE
(624) $? $
(625) H]%QÓ e Õk%C G (% Ú $
(626) DX% Ú % Ú L# â"ÈLÈ Â%C â>B
(627) $HÝ ]DEG #0H
(628) ³Hå $H CH e QÓ9HÈH e # e
(629) D e #%C @ e %@
(630) CH%DE ÕåDX#%:â"
(631) D e H F Ó,H e DX%D e H F å DX&% Ò-0e(e
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(633) G F â Õ
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(635) (Ç F >ÓÔ È¿H¨# DEÈL F å# %C@ F H% JÓÈ H É DXÈD H%DE ¨Ó $&% &â ÕH¨#%H%DE#%CD e H F Ú â'# D e #WÓÔ ÈH F DX#È H
(636) H%C (L%Ä% Ú DE#¥ B F $È Ò 6G (%#H*
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(638) HB
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(646) e $# #CH âhÓÔ .% Ú $DX |ÓÔ È H%DE Òá È H`ÈL"
(647) F ÓÔ .% Ú # A (
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(659) #`%C % Ú ½
(660) # (%Ó6ÈLD e e CH e ]#hH e %CDØÇ"DX%:â Õn% Ú ½# e
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(662) %>% Ú ½ÈH e # e
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(670) # ( Ç $³DXß% Ú WH%HLH%% Ú H
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(672) H eÚ Ón% Ú # e
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(686) W
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(688) ! $ $#6 É ! ( DXÈ (]%CH F (# F DÞHB F $#H@¨ Ú $! È (
(689) e DØ%CD "@ ÒÒÄÒÒÄÒWÒ = ÒX=Ò 1 DX#A eÚ $ eÚ $! $#0H
(690) # F (#A
(691)
(692) ! $ $#6Â! ÓÔ ÈH%CDX çJe '%C CHDE&%C ÒÒÄÒÄÒÒÄÒÒÄÒWÒ = ÒØ= Ò ÒØ= Ì DX e DXå 0Ý @ eÚ $ eÚ $ 0@
(693) F D Ä@
(694) DE# #CH e ÒWÒÄÒÒÄÒÒÄÒÄÒÒÄÒÒÄÒWÒ = ÒØ= Ò Ò Ü@'% (# % É ! $ DEÈL $&%H F 4@
(695) DXÇ $ #H F DØ%'! ÒÄÒÒWÒÄÒÒÄÒÒÄÒÄÒÒÄÒÒÄÒWÒ = Æ = ÒX=Ò Å Ì %C e F `
(696) W%C CHDX%C (È (&%A
(697) $#6
(698) ! $ (# ÒÄÒÄÒÒÄÒÒÄÒÄÒÒWÒÄÒÒÄÒÒÄÒÄÒÒÄÒÒÄÒWÒ = = = ÒØ= Ò Å ÒØ= ) (# e DE%DE ]@H F DX%CH%CDØÇ ` $# e @
(699) Bå (# ÒÒÄÒÄÒÒWÒÄÒÒÄÒÒÄÒÄÒÒÄÒÒÄÒWÒ = = = ÒØ= Ò Å Ò CH# ÓÔ È H%DE ¨H
(700) F D ]@$! (# ÒÒÄÒÄÒÒÄÒÒÄÒÄÒÒWÒÄÒÒÄÒÒÄÒÄÒÒÄÒÒÄÒWÒ = = ÒØ= Ò Å Ò Å ) D e @ F %'$! #A
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(707) ( e h@ e ÈLå %C (È (]%0@
(708)
(709) DØÇ $ # F
(710) F H DXÇ ( G ( e
(711) F H e ÈL
(712) (## DEB
(713) D F DX%'! ÒÒÄÒÄÒÒÄÒÒWÒÄÒÒÄÒÄÒÒÄÒÒÄÒÄÒÒWÒÄÒÒÄÒÒÄÒÄÒÒÄÒÒÄÒWÒ = = ÒØ= Ò ÒØ= ) ! $ (#6 ) H Ç"DE 1 e " $ ÒÒÄÒÄÒÒÄÒÒÄÒÄÒÒWÒÄÒÒÄÒÒÄÒÄÒÒÄÒÒÄÒWÒ = = ÒØ= Ò Ò ) ! $ (#6 Ì DX $ ÄÜ$! # @
(714) FXF ÒÄÒÄÒÒÄÒÒÄÒÄÒÒWÒÄÒÒÄÒÒÄÒÄÒÒÄÒÒÄÒWÒ = = ÒØ= Ò Ò Å ) ! $ (#H
(715)
(716) DX%DE
(717) FXF $# É %C HDX% $#A
(718) F H F DX%%'$! H%C@
(719) ÒÒÄÒÄÒÒÄÒÒÄÒWÒ = = ÒX=Ò ! %HB F DX## (È (&%
(720) F É å#CH&%6
(721) W
(722) DXÇ $ G $ e ÒÄÒÒÄÒÄÒÒWÒÄÒÒÄÒÒÄÒÄÒÒÄÒÒÄÒWÒ = = ÒX=Ò ) Â! %C $ ÈDXH%DE ã F @
(723) #A
(724) "! e DE# Ä
(725) 9Ý ! ÇH F @
(726) H%CDX ½
(727) F $ $@ 6# @
(728) ÒÄÒÒÄÒÒÄÒWÒ Ê e F @#DE
(729) # ÒÒÄÒÄÒÒÄÒÒÄÒÄÒÒÄÒÒWÒÄÒÒÄÒÄÒÒÄÒÒÄÒÄÒÒWÒÄÒÒÄÒÒÄÒÄÒÒÄÒÒÄÒWÒ = ÒX=Ò 1 DX $ßH Ç e 4H@% (#% CH ÇH@ É É ! $ DEÈL $&%H@ É (%6å ( # å e %CDØÇ (# ÒÒWÒÄÒÒÄÒÒÄÒÄÒÒÄÒÒÄÒWÒ = Ò ÒX= 1 DE (ßHtÇ e 4H@%C $#A%C H ÇH@ É
(730)
(731) DØÇ ( G ( e Ä
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(734) (@
(735)
(736) e "! F H%CDE½H
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(740) e @ eÚ Ä#HB F ÒÄÒÄÒÒÄÒÒÄÒÄÒÒWÒÄÒÒÄÒÒÄÒÄÒÒÄÒÒÄÒWÒ = Ò Ò Ì $ # å e %DXÇ (#0 É ! $ DXÈ (&%H F $# ÒÄÒÒWÒÄÒÒÄÒÄÒÒÄÒÒÄÒÄÒÒWÒÄÒÒÄÒÒÄÒÄÒÒÄÒÒÄÒWÒ = Ò Ò ÒØ= ) Â! %C $ ÈDXH%DE >
(741) F H e &%C HDE&%C L
(742) D e (%Q
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(767) ## @
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(769) # eÚ H G e
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(772) ## @
(773) F e È? % $ÈL $&%A B# $ Ç9! Ò.ÒÄÒÄÒÒÄÒWÒÒ Å P / ÈJB >
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