• Aucun résultat trouvé

Law of spreading of the crest of a breaking wave

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2021

Partager "Law of spreading of the crest of a breaking wave"

Copied!
20
0
0

Texte intégral

(1)

HAL Id: hal-00426015

https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00426015

Submitted on 23 Oct 2009

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- entific research documents, whether they are pub- lished or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers.

L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

Law of spreading of the crest of a breaking wave

Yves Pomeau, Thimotée Jamin, Michael Le Bars, Patrice Le Gal, Basile Audoly

To cite this version:

Yves Pomeau, Thimotée Jamin, Michael Le Bars, Patrice Le Gal, Basile Audoly. Law of spreading of

the crest of a breaking wave. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series A Mathematical and

Physical Sciences, 2008, 464, pp.1851. �10.1098/rspa.2008.0024�. �hal-00426015�

(2)

!"$#%

&'(

)+*,.-0/21436587:9<;=>?*@A30/2BDCFEG=IHJ*IKL1M(36N:OPEQ=

,*KR1S30T

E

30CUVMW*XY5U-ZT\[^]

_a`Gbdcfeghbjikelmghnpo:nrqPs:tvuwlyx{z|nR}|ikbji~lu€i~lyx{z|n€ƒ‚„†… e‡ˆnr‰egwŠ‹b‡ˆn}ŒzŽ

‚

n{gwlknzgfn€’‘a“8g€z|n”`0s•eŠ‹e–—ov

˜a™

‘:šd›.qbg€lupœ

‚

no:nŸž 

™

Z¡¢g£b– … n¤

¥§¦

–¨u€i~l~i~z¨iodnr©n

…

sng

…

snuwzgL‡ˆn€uªqs

‚

n–«eŠ­¬n{–—n€uª®egwuV‚

„

x{zlm‡¯lkcgfn€L°G±(©³²

™§´

“rœG‰ª©ª}Yµ

l·žj¸k±¹bgwu{n{l‡m‡·n°0–Œlºjngwuwl~i

‚

n€Q“ ´ g€z|n”¡»¤A¼e‡<lyeji~¸œ0zg€lynZ½Pq›{“—²Ž›jš§š:¾“^±¹bjgŸunlm‡‡ˆnœ

‚

no:nŸž

›jšZ¡¢g£b– … n¤

¿ `Gb:cŸeghbjikelmghnpo:nr±¹eao

‚

n‡<lÀu{bji~lye–Án–±

‚

n …

b–|l~xzŒnL°¢±^©

˜

²§ 

˜

°6–Œlmºn{gŸu€lmi

‚

n”qlyn{gwgfnn{i

±¹bg€lknpœ0zg€lyn6“qP‡·b … n¼•z•uŸu€lyn{zd … bvu{n"›:²‘j ˜a™ ‘ ™ ‘$q†bgwlupœ

‚

nodnfž  ™ A¡4ghb– … na¤

Â$Ã0Ä{ÅaÆvnjÈjÅ

É£Ê(Ë.͈̆ΨÏrПËjʌÑjÏRÒjÓAԏҧʌΌͷÕf͈ҧʌÖҐԏϝËjÊ(ÌP˝×jϝ֔،ПϝËÙ«Ú|ۆ܌͈ÖÔ{ËjÊ^Ø4ÏLÖhÏ{ϝÊ^ËjÖIÕfܨÏRÝ.ËjʌͷÓmϝ֣Þ

ÕfËÕfÍ·Ò§ÊÒjÓ6ËÖf͈ʌѧߌàˆËПͷÕâá‹ÍˆÊ$ÕfܨÏrΨáÊŒËj݋͈Ô{ÖÒjÓ0Õfܨϔã|ߌ͈Î$ÖfߨÐfÓ~ËjԏÏjäŒÝҎו͈ʌÑ"ß|ʌΨÏ{ÐPÕfܨϔϏå—ϝԏÕ

ÒjÓ»ÕfܨÏ"ã|ߌ͈ÎFÝÒjÕfÍ·Ò§Ê8ߌʌΌÏ{ПʨϝËÕfܢڗæ%ϋÖfܨҎÌçÕf܌ËÕ{äGËՔÕfܨÏ"ҧʌÖhÏ{ÕrÒjÓØ|ÐfϝËٕÍÀʨѨä«Õf܌ÏÌP˝×jÏ

ԏÐfϝÖfÕϏè•é|ËjÊ|ΌÖ"͈ÊÁÕfܨÏÖhé|ËjʐÞkÌI͈ÖhÏΌͷÐfϝԏÕfÍ·Ò§ÊËjÖÕf܌Ï֟êdߌËПÏ$ПÒdÒjÕÒjÓIÕf͈ÝÏjڒÛ܌ÍÀÖ͈ÖëŒÐwÖhÕ

ΨÏ{ÐwÍ·×jϝÎìÓmÐfÒ§ÝíˋÕf܌Ï{ÒjÐfÏ{Õf͈Ô{ËjàQËjÊ|Ëjà·á•ÖŸÍˆÖËjʌÎìÕfܨϝÊ^ԏҧÝé|ËÐfϝÎ(̆ͷÕfÜϏèé4Ï{П͈ÝϝÊdÕfËjà¢ë|ʌÎ|͈ʨѧÖ{Ú

Û܌ÏLËÑjÐfÏ{ϝÝϝÊdÕI͈ÖPϏè¨ÔÏàˆà·ÏÊdÕ{Ú

î ïŽð6ñjò§óAôõ»ö•ñj÷\óQð

øùú•ûaühý—þ€ûùdÿ ¢ù”ù€ûvþ^ù+ý6û€ûvû ù 4ûÁû4þ€û !" 4ûÁþ€ûù

#•þ$!%&" 4û'()(*4þ€þwû)(Žû+%ù,-*~ù•þ-./0" —û-*10%2" —ûWû34*¢ù"5%

"6%7þ8" 4û9%kþ€ûŽû-*4þ-%\ù(vû:<;^û=> ¢ù.þ€û~ù€û)$,$4ûvù? ¢ùúû(ý6ûŽû)@—þ€û)wû)Aû$ ýA

øB ¢ùDCFEGAHI4JK> *1L IûŽúûŽþMFùdÿN4þ€û$(="O%7þL 4û>>$4ûP%Q 4û

þR(vþwû)S:UTM 4û?”ùúûühý4þwûù•ÿ4Vù5*mù•þW.FýQû)(vù*wûN >€û=2%û3*4ù"

X$—ûvþÀúû$*1$4ûvþX 4ûLù-*Y1"R" ¢ùZX" 4ûM-*4þ-%\ù(vûMO(wû#"8 1þ[)A{ù\Kdù$ý6ûü

(ù*1€û>X*1"ìù%]€ûvþù_^`Wû#(û# ¢ùIùú•ûvþS"(vù1ùû4a1~ù4û:TM O4þý1mû)

>-*$û)$^4þ-bYù5$4û)cK¢ù-*(û)$d"(ý6ûNû)—ûvþ(N%7•þ> M.QûP%e*mù•þW.gf

h

ԏÒjПÐfϝÖhé4ҧʌΌ͈ʌÑËjߨÕf܌ÒjÐ

„ Š‹bl‡0b§o§ogfn€uwu"ikj4l)mnop4qr)j`sut\nvsut\wZx5yz Ú{0Ò§ÝϝËjß|wÚ

hal-00426015, version 1 - 23 Oct 2009

Author manuscript, published in "Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series A Mathematical and Physical Sciences 464 (2008) 1851"

DOI : 10.1098/rspa.2008.0024

(3)

34*¢ùA"W"mû 4ûvù•þP 4ûV-*~ù•þ?"^û:b*4ùW " 4ûFù¢ùW-P% " 1 Y$4û)aPü

€û)$'"Y$4û)Qû)$—û)(Žû > Wþwû)-6û(24ûP-¢ù(ŽûP(þ-$4ùû‹ù1$"5"^û:TM &

*Y()û)A9%7þN" 4û8ý—þ€ûùdÿ6%LþwûùL”ùú•û)5¨úú$4û%7•þ^ù"N%Rù

*4þS%\ù(vû$ù$4ûvû$Y" 4ûŽþ€û=%7þ€û?.#V¢ù(Žû (þ-$4ùû):*Sù%]€ûvþLý4þ€ûvù•ÿ4Y"

*4þS%\ù(vû?()*$4û)”ù5(wû)$' 1~ù¢ùdþ ()*4þŸúû8> 4ûŽþ€û? {ù•û)A>~ù4û_IúûvþS"(ùcK

" b(*4þwú•û þ->5%kþ ùYgAùb 4ûN€û=_%e*mù•þW.:.ù5 Ag 4û(vù

þ$@" 4ûV-"*1$1%M 4û6E *4þûŽþû34*¢ù"@ *$ ùW,+" —ûV.(vù

W"*¢ù %7þ>ªùjú•ûaü£ý4þ€ûvù•ÿ4%ù$ 4ûP(*4þwú•û-*S_(û)A"4û$d *$Áþ€û$*(Žû €û%

" ù/¢ùþ5%_ A):.*4þ #þ-$uKO 4ûdªùúûý—þ€ûùdÿ@()(*4þû)—ûvþ(ù

ùùgA_ù-*4þ-%\ù(vûìù1$ 4þwûù$2~ù€ûvþ26+ 4ûR-¢ù«ü\>€û $mþwû)(Q: TM 1

¢ùQûvþ_úû2" —ûP"^ûP$4û)Qû)1$4û)(Žû9%O" 1_-4þ€ûvù$1:Lûù<ªùjú•û)‹ù•þwûR$4û(vþ-mýQû)$

ýA 1614ûùdþ"û)34*¢ù1?>W" *1N QûY%rùAû11(?û4ûvþ€ùO*1u:

TM 4ûvþwû%7þwûLIûþ€û_$ù.ù4ùk%" 4ûý4þwûù•ÿ4$>P%1- N-*"u%$4û

û)34*¢ù1#> V.#9-¢ù(Žû8()þ$¢ù€û)):." 1 Y$—û)U" 4û2>$1" V%k" 4û21*~ùdþ

þ€ûY1(vþ€ûvù€û#û4ûvþ-(vùWRÿ•ûM" —ûb-3*4ù•þ€ûþL%Q(û&$16ûvþ€û(vûRýQû.Iûvû) 4û

ù(*¢ùX(ûù$ " 4ûYS{ùA8> 4ûŽþ€ûY" 4û5*1?ýQû)()^ûN-*~ù•þ_^4þ-):ŽTM 4û)

ªûV " 4ûþ€û="(vùW6" 4ù 4ûù^û^ý4þ€ûvù•ÿ46—þ(vû)-9(()*4þ-R¯þwûùªù€ûvþ

”ùú•ûKU 4û‹ù4þ-1FùZ"%1R”ùúûKGþ€û)mù"ÀúûY^ù0ùYW"*$4ûù$'4ûdü

ûù•ý1mû9$Qûvþ-Q:./" —ûmù-N¢ù•þSPIûV—þ€û)wû)Aû6ûŽþ(û)Aùaý€ûŽþwúdùN%

" 4û&—þ€ûù$N%g" 4û>(vþwû)S#%0ý4þ€ûvù•ÿ4:ü‚ªùjú•û2^ù?~ùdýgþ€ù"•þ-RwûŸü.*^ù>‹ù(ü

()*4þ€ùû ^ûvù*4þwû)(û)A"2+- ¢ù ªùûŽþ)Kg b >%ùFþwû)^ù•þ€ÿ:ù•ýû.ùþ€ûŽû)(û)A

> ' 4û8" 4ûþ€û="(ù4þ€û$(=û)$Wû= 4û4):

Aò§ó! î#" ñjó$%"'&)(+*-,.0/»ò1,#(2A÷\ð4356(7! óAô4,8

ªû) Iû^¢þ--.þ€û(ùO-{ù$¢ù•þ-$ þ€û*W"N " 4û5:ü.(ùmû$ 4ûY$(û)-4ù>CSE9?J

¨ú-()$:#*4þ•ûvþû34*¢ù"ù$ìûû)1$5 4û) "_. 8¢ù(vûM$^û>C ?J=:ZTM 4û

FùWþ€û)-*2%O" —û; Jù4ùb& ¢ùb" 4û >$1" %O" —û *mù•þRþ€û)þ>

ÿ•û_" —ûN-34*¢ù•þ€û.þM%<(ûK¢ù%]€ûvþ 4û8^¢þSb-*~ù•þ-.:

./E9<=<?><-Yû~ù4û)$' "5Àúû8" —û)@”ù*( A—þýû) %7þ " 4û‹û3*4ù"

A%B

ACED

B

A%B

AFHG

=JI CFE˜J

TM ¢ù4ÿ4R P*1"P g-ýmûY"6- 4û (()*4þwþ€û(vû %>-*~ù•þ-mû)

ù%]ûŽþ†ù?^`1ûM(û#%7þ†ù?>$4û>()mùa%QY 5W"~ù1$¢ùù1:ATM 4ûRû)34*¢ù+CSEJe ¢ù

" 4û?( *1"

B CF4K0C J G

BML C FONPB%C J K CJ

> 4ûvþwû BML C F J " 4û ~ù&()1$uK {ù•ÿdû) ùZ C G

=1:RQbû " ¢ùZC7]JVB 4û

hal-00426015, version 1 - 23 Oct 2009

(4)

*1"V%#*4þ•ûvþrû34*¢ù"Vù•ÿ•ûM~ù(Žûù C G

='C]" 4û2W"~ù`()$1"V 4û)

(û> —ûvþ€ûù C =AJPù$5" 4ù2C‹JIûb$? -6û()W%]R> ¢ùL" OW"mù($W"

NC]ªûNW4ûŽû)$dM"ýQû‹ý6ûÀü‚ ¢ù6û$¹ù$dY UJ=:

" 4ûŽþ ªùV%uLþ-"P L*1a"R($4ûvþL" 4ûù•þ*^ûA % BML

KV 4û

þ Awü. 4ù$'$4û8%»û)34*¢ù@C JK¢ùRùR%7*(="d% B C F4K C J=f

C B C F4K0C

JJ

G

FN$B%C K C AJ

> 4ûvþwû C IJM>" 4ûP¨úûŽþwû %7*(="% BL C IJ=:‚2ùV(~ù-(ùAþwû)*12 ¢ù&%7þùA

ý6ûˆü. 4ù6û$%ù$'-" ~ùU$¢ùZ{ù BML K1 4û_^¢þS>*mù•þW.% B CF4K0C JªùQûùdþ

ù2 4ûR¢û)(="+ A2%O" 4ûN%7*(="

BML

6" —û$þ A_%O 4ûR^ùZR*1 > 4û)

BML Mg-úûYC7€ûŽû?^*4þ€û5E˜J:

.$4ûŽû)$uK 4û#-*~ù•þ-.8 4ùQû)X> 4ûR" 4û *1" B CF4K0C J=KdùeúûýA$û34*¢ù"

CAJKŒý6û()(û) R*údù*4û)$uK" ¢ù a> 4û4ûŽú•ûvþ

G

=1K 4û&$4ûvþ-údù"ÀúûRý6ûN{ù•ÿdû)

t

initial condition breaking

-0.8 -0.4 0 0.4 0.8

-0.8 -0.4 0 0.4 0.8

t>0

x

u

-0.8 -0.4 0 0.4 0.8

-0.8 -0.4 0 0.4 0.8

t<0

x

u

-0.8 -0.4 0 0.4 0.8

-0.8 -0.4 0 0.4 0.8

t=0

x

u

zoom (a)

(b)

ZͷѨÚÚ yËZ|ÙjÏ{ÕfÔŸÜ ÒjÓrÕfܨÏÕ\á•é|͈Ô{Ëjà†Õf͈ÝÏÏ{×jÒ§àÀߨÕfÍ·Ò§Ê?ÒjÓrË J،ÐfϝËِ͈ʨÑ%ÌP˝×jÏjäÖhÕfËÐfÕfÍÀʨÑ

ÓmÒjÐ͈Ê|ÖhÕfËjʌԏÏÓmÐfÒ§Ý ËìѧËjß|ÖfÖf͈ËjÊ%é|ÐfÒjë|à·ÏjÚGÛ܌Ï.ÖhÕfËÐÍÀʌΌ͈Ô{ËÕhϝÖrÕf܌Ï.͈ʨãŒÏÔÕf͈ҧÊ8é—Ò§ÍÀÊ:Õr̆܌Ï{ÐfÏ

ÕfܨÏÖf͈ʨѧߌàÀËПͷÕ\ápëŒÐŸÖhÕËé|é—ϝËÐwÖ{Ú yØ1|†ÏÖhÒ§àˆß¨ÕfÍ·Ò§ÊìËÕIÕfܨÐfÏ{ÏRÎ|Íå—Ï{ПϝÊ:ÕÕf͈݋ÏLÒjÓ6Õf܌ÏRߌʌͷ×jÏ{ÐwÖfËjà

ϝê•ßŒËÕfÍ·Ò§ÊÓmÒjЋÕfܨÏÌP˝×jϏÞk،ПϝËÙ•ÍˆÊŒÑ y |wä’×ËjàˆÍˆÎËÕëŒÐŸÖhÕ"ÒjПΌÏ{ÐÓÒjÐ.ËjÊdáÁؗϝàÀàÞ\Öf܌Ëé4ϝÎWËjÊ|Î

Öf݋ÒdÒjÕfÜ8͈ʌ͈Õf͈ËjàGԏҧʌΌ͈Õfͷҧʢä«ÔÒ§Ê|Öf͈ΨÏ{ПÍÀʨыÕf܌ËÕªÕfܨÏ"ëŒÐŸÖhÕªÖf͈ʨѧß|àˆËПͷÕâá$ÕfËÙjϝ֔é«àˆËjԏÏËÕ

ËjʌΠ!Y̆ͷÕfÜ#" ! yËÓÕhÏ{ÐìÔw܌Ëjʨѧ͈ʨÑYÕfܨÏ(ÒjÐwͷѧ͈ʌÖ.ÒjÓrÕf͈ÝÏ^ËjÊ|Î Öhé«ËjԏÏFËjʌΠËÓÕhÏ{Ð

$ ËjàÀ͈à·ÏËjÊÕhПËjʌÖfÓÒjÐŸÝ |wÚ

hal-00426015, version 1 - 23 Oct 2009

(5)

ù>()-ùA :`TM mû)$

C D $

$ B G

=I C7I4J

`þLùYúû C B

J=K 4û?^ùû)-M(û2> 4ûû)34*¢ù/C7I4J ¢ùù5-*"dM> 4û)

" 5*1" 5-ù"¢ù•þS> ƒþwû)Qû)(=V C KO" 4ùY9> 4û) $ C G

=1K C ù$ B

ý6ûYþ€û~ù€û)$ýAC‹I4J:<TM Pmû$)=

G $ C G N $ B

Kþ -Y

G

=1: Aû

*M •ÿ^ùZ " 4û8T»ùþ”û¢ù-'%

C B

J†ù•þ*1$ " gA:@#-ùAù$

4ûù•þ5ûŽþYV(vù ýQûÁû)Y¢ùZû)$+ýA ( 4ù@" —û+þ-%_"^ûYù$-¢ù(ŽûK

ù$?ýA‹ùmûvùd€þù1-%7þ- C‹c:¯û:g 4û ^¢þ--?*mù•þW.'{ù•ÿdû)?~ù(vûìù C G

=¹ù$

F G = >W"

B G

=AJ=:OTM —ûvþ€û=%7þ€ûKO" 4û'T»ùþìû=¢ù1 % C B

J$þwûù$1

C B J G

N B

D B

D IIIKM" —û/(«û (mû4%

B

ý6û 4û¨ùúû "! ¢ùúû ù!-*~ù•þ-.

ùQûù•þ- %7•þ-ªù•þ$ "^û):_(Žû*A"?û)34*¢ù CJP" Yúû(ùYªûŽþ

þ$—ûvþa" 4ûb*ú•ûvþ-ùQû)34*¢ùY%7þa" 4û ªùúûaü£ý4þ€ûvù•ÿ4K|ú•ù$9%7þIùA(ý6ûˆü. 4ù6û$

ù$dY" 1"mù ()$1"¹ù C L

=1f

= G B D

FONPB%C I CJ

`þ> þS>"(û)PC7\:û:Gù•þ-*$'" 4û.ý4þwûù•ÿ41Y(û C G

=AJ=K B (ùmû)&ÿ•û C ù$ F

ÿ•û C

K" MFùdÿ5%" 4ûNù(û?þ$—ûvþ)K C

KGùQ€ûvþY>'" 4û.þ Awü. 4ù$'$4û

%»û)34*¢ù/CJ=:

Qb€û#" 4ùX" —û”þ€û*W B C F J%XCJXûaü£údù*4û)$N%7þ C 4û¨ùúû”ù$Rþ-ûaüDú•ù*4û$

%7þ

C

gú•û?C‹wûvûM^`*4þwû?E˜J=: ‚%Zù_-Fù1$-¢ùú•û#ûŽþ ù$$4û$9"8" 4ûrû34*¢ù"

CSE˜J 5Fù•ÿdû?rþwû)€ûýû? 4û QùúmûŽþŸüS;4"ÿdû)Lû)34*¢ùQK`4û8ý1ù1 " 4û?:ü.(ùmû$

#*4þ-ûvþ-Rû34*¢ù"uf

A%B

ACED

B

A%B

AFHG A B

A%F

K CAJ

> 4ûvþwû

(ù/-Fùrù$ gú•ûd(«û Y()mûA:LTM 4ûù$1$ %b" Y$1-¢ùZ"ú•û

ûŽþ 8ù,”ù%‹þ€û)*~ù•þ-[ " 4û+*1"V%CSE˜JKL 4û6R*W"ˆü£údù*—û)$ þ€û*W"

ý6û þwû)mù(vû$ ý4çù -* ùdþ*1$ F G

=K#" ¢ùZ%þ€û4þ€û€û)AÁù0 1({ÿ %7•þV"

$4û\:

TM 4û8júû.V%*4þ S"*$1V()(û) %kþ " 4ûûû)1 %Ž" -ù$¢ù•þ-$¹ù4þ-¨ù(

"@ 4û64þ-ýû) %_%7þ-FùZ" %?- ({ÿ -*11V%?4ûù•þ5 A6ûŽþ€ý (

û)34*¢ù1_>" Yþ€ûP" ¢ù —û9¢ù(Žûìú•ùdþ~ùdýmû: @#1$—ûvþ_%7þ_-ù(ŽûR" 4û5(ù€û

%2. -¢ù(vûWúdù•þmù•ýmû)K

F

ù$! Kù$ B C

F4K K0C

Jù$!"gC F4K K0C

JýQûd 4û'.#

@”ù•þ-€û)-~ù9( 4ûA"O%` 4û”úû().?^¢û$u:TM 4ûMû4ûvþ€ù[ùP%U" 4û 14ûùdþ

û)34*¢ù/CFE˜J”þ€ûù$

A%B

ACED

B

A%B

AF D "

A%B

A G = K CcHJ

hal-00426015, version 1 - 23 Oct 2009

(6)

A "

AC D B A "

AF D " A "

A G

=I C <AJ

TM †þ€û4þ€û€û4#" —û `*$(û)( ¢ù( Œû)34*¢ù1L%7þ†ù?¨ùa> *1L4þwû)-*4þ€ûK 4û

þ %#> ( @(ù ýQû5€þù(Žû)$ ý¢ù({ÿ6"'" —û >þ()~ùKŽ;( * ù?" 4û(û)1$@%

W" RK˜4þ•ýmû 0 K #ÿ K> 4ûŽþ€û QRûM $4ûŽþÀúû)" 4ûL34*¢ù$4þ€ù"( mù%

$4þùP%7þý $û)Ljú1N8ù `*$ ú$V%gû)4ù()W.-5" —û& þ$1 %Q 4ûO-

þ€ùmù"‹ýAd€û_C]" 4ûL4ûIûvþþ€ùmù"‹ýA:@# 4û)$ù$pøB 1"^ù?þ€ùmùû

" 4ûM•þ¢ù4mù" A;mù({ÿ4_ìþ$W.J:ZTM 1O€û=a%Qû)34*¢ù1O ¢ùPýQûvûY*1€û)$

ýA0û $jú( CFEGAH =AJ#Fû=mùd" 4ûN%7þ^ù'%Omù•þ•ûP-(ùûPSþ*1("*—þ€û)2 4û

bÀúûŽþ€ûK4ù-*Y1ù ûA"~ù ˜?:|ø ûb *•û)-#" ¢ù 4þ-§ú$4û)rùN$4û

%7þ_" —û9(()*4þwþ€û)1(vûY%L1*~ùdþmûb%7þ2(ûaü‚$4û)Qû)$—û)A8%7*(="8%L.#d¢ù(vû

()þ$1¢ù€û)NC F4K

J:

;Ymù•þW9"9" —ûYE9 (vù€ûK¢û)34*¢ùPCcHJ”ù$@C<AJ”ù$WLùR%7þ^ùg*1"

FON C B CF4K K C J

G

C B4K "J K C‹GAJ

ù$

NPC

"gC F4K K0C

J

G

C

B4K

"J

K

CSE9=AJ

> 4ûvþwû

CB4K "JRù1$

C B4K "JRù•þwûR$4û=^`4û)$?ýAd" 4ûR~ùk($W"): (Žþ*(~ùþ€ûü

Fùdþ€ÿ %7þO 4û&%7>8O" 4ù 4û&mû%]Ÿü. ¢ù$5$—û)L%u" —ûû3*4ù"bCcGAJù$+CSE9=AJ

ù•þ€ûd¨údù•þ-~ùA5*$—ûvþYû)4ûŽþùM€þùS%7þ^ù9%2" —ûd4ûvù•þ9þ-*u: ýQû

" 4û8•û)4ûŽþùu. ý4V.#YFùZþ…%< #þ*1uK1> '«ü‚[vûvþ-5$4û€ûvþY4ùA:‚>

ý¨ú*L" ¢ùZ?CBK "1J

G C B4K "Jù$ CF4K J

G C F4K 1Jù•þ€û&*1"L%Aû3*4ù"

%L" 4û9€ù^ûR%7•þ ù_" 4û9û%]wü‚ ¢ù$ -$4û9%†û3*4ù"YCcGJ"ù$ CSE=J=:uTM 8 $

þ-*4û_> ' 4û8^ù€þW ù(9@C

B4K

"JIù$/C F4K

J:2%<()*4þ-€û8" —û8ù(û

û)—ûvþùQ4ûùdþ ^ùV> ( ¢ùû2û4ûvþ€ùg 4û2%7*1("

CB4K "Jù$

CB4K "JO

ùWþ€ù" —ûvþ?()Y(ùZû)$ ªù: #*1KAýQû)(vù*wû" —ûY^ù,?4ûùdþ_?>XN( ¢ùû

" 4û'$4ûþ€ûŽû%"ù gY~ùL

B

ù$ " :OTM 4ù4ÿ4Y " (þwû)^ù•þ€ÿ,ªûd 4ù”ýQû

ù•ýû& 1˜?K4> *1 (ù()*1~ùuK" ¢ù *mù•þW"û)Xmû$P$1(A"*1"û)a%

$4ûvþ-údùúû&>W" Yþ€û)-6û(_

F

^ù'4þwûù$6ùAd$þ€û)(="uK" —ûù¢ùRýQû)

Fù$4ûýAWù-*R^¢þ--&" ¢ùM 4û?*mù•þW.V-4þ€ûvù$&þ^ù "

F :

`þOY" 91"mù$¢ù{ùK

ù$

ù•þwûM*( Y" ¢ùZO" 4û>1"mùFù1_%kþ- CB4K "J

"'C F4K

1JO#—ûb"P4û:1TM 4ûb*1"L%’û)34*¢ù18C\HJ†ù1$ C<AJýQû)()^ûb1*~ùdþ

> 4û)—ûŽúûŽþ" 4û'"^û'$4û6û$4û4 ù()ý1~ùaC C J9%_ 4ûdFù1 %kþ C B4K "J "

CF4K 1JªýQû)()^û&-*~ù•þ”ùRù9(vûvþS{ù "(û C :`TM ù()ý1~ù¹þ€ûvù$f

aCC J G A

A " D C

A

A%B D

C N A

AMB A

A " I CSEE˜J

hal-00426015, version 1 - 23 Oct 2009

(7)

AûM*ªù-*(û2" ¢ùZ#" —û_*mù•þW.5(()*4þ-#^¢þSrù

G

=$ù$%ù

G G

=P>W"

B G " G

=5": _d 4ûE (ùwûKg &~ù-þ€û)Sþ-(&"ù2 þ-ùARù

4û5()*$­ý6ûûŽúûR^4þ-)fk" 4û5þ-¢ùû34*¢ù".ù•þwû ‹ùmûvù+¨ú•ùdþ~ù4)Ku'" 4ù

4û&(ùFùªùIý4þ-?"

B G " G

=8" 4ûLúû()W.9^¢û)$Fù ^û> AL%Q(ûRù$

¢ù(vû:aTM 4ûd()$ û34*údùû)A5" " 4ûd(ù(vû~ù0%b" 4û'wû)()$ $4ûŽþÀú•ùZ"ú•û

% C B B G = 4ûvþwû'R" —ûd—þQûvþS.0" ¢ù)KX4ûvù•þ C G B G " G

=1K<" 4û ^¢þ--

«üDúdù- 1Rûvþ->" 4û?T»ùþLû=¢ù-d%" 4û ù(ýmù aC

C

Jªþwûù$

aCC J G C D B

D

" D

B " D IIIK CSEJ

> 4ûvþwû

K K

ù$%ùdþ€ûN()S{ùA_$4ûvþ-ú•û)$+%kþ- W"mùu()$1):UT<ú•ûN 4û

34*¢ù$4þ€ù"(PûŽþ C B

D

" D

B

"J d" 4û:ù()ý1~ùuK

C B4K

"Jrù$

C B4K

"J ¢ùúû

"^ý6ûpû=¢ù$—û)$ Tù•þbwûvþû)&"V mþ-$+þ-$4ûvþKU> 1( 6$4û6û$8d.#V€û_%

û()|û Y()û)A": *1 4û"ùûŽý4þù?Lþ€ûvù"W91^4û)$ýAY_4û)wû)%Q"P 4û

mûvù$1Pþ-$4ûvþLûŽþY 4ûvù•þ 4û2-*~ù•þ-.:+.$4ûvû$uK4ùZ C G

=N 4û ù(ýmùV^ùþ-W

¢ùrùR[Žûvþ-ìû)•û)¨údù*4û&" ¢ùZM(ù%ýQûù-()mùû$"ìù%ûû¨úû)(="þM 4PV 4û

F $mþwû)(="u:`TM 4ûvþwû%7þwû " —û ()|û Y(mû)A_%X 4ûPT»ùþû=¢ù-+%

C B4K "Jrù$

C B4K

"Jù•þwûR*( ¢ù

G

=1K

G

=Fù$

G

=%ù

B G " G

=1:gTM bû)$

" ¢ùZK—ûù•þe 4û -*1~ù•þ-.K 4ûMmûvù$12þ-$4ûvþe€ûvþ-

C BK

"1J’ù$

C B4K

"JŽ *1$

ý6û

CB4K "J

G

" D B

D

B " D B " ù$

C B4K "J G

" K CSE9AJ

> 4ûvþwû 4û†údù•þ-*1(«û Y()mûA"e(vù$ýQû†ûù-"þ€û)mùû$N

K K K

b 4þ* $û34*¢ù"

CSE1J=:TM 4ûuKQù>mûvù$9þ$—ûvþ)K¢û34*¢ù"PCcGJ”ù$@CSE=AJªýQû)((û

FONPB%C

G

" D B

D

B " D B " K CSE)I4J

G

" K CSE J

" 4û9€ûvþ

C

"+ CFE=AJýQû) 4û)mýûP(4ù•þ€û$

" : U*—þ-" —ûvþ?^`(vù"

%û3*4ù" CSE)I4JRùdþ€û -mý1mû:eþSKU4ûP(ù61"(vûP ¢ù&" 4ûNûŽþ " G

C

J ( ¢ùû " 4û2* þS>%k" 4û21*~ùdþ.9%kþ- ùR-€þù A 4û>"ù$ýQû)A

> *1?1~ùWùA 4ûvþ8-1^`(vùA‹þûfu4ûvù•þ_" —ûY-*~ù•þ-.4û5^ù

ùªùù4þ^ù€û2" 4û84û2%e-*~ù•þ-.(ýA¹ù9-€þù AM4û:;«û)($uK`—û8(ù

ù-b—û)û)(Ž 4ûL€ûvþ-

B " G C J B K(vûLŽ(vù$ýQûIù•ý•þ€ýQû)$ A"ù&( ¢ùû

%

B

A"

B

D gK

ý6û.ù?()1-{ù4):

%]ûŽþþ€û)-(ù1Kû)34*¢ù+CSE)I4J<^`¢ù mûù$

"‹ù2*1ú•ûvþ€ù4û3*4ù"R%7þ< 4û ”ùú•ûaühý—þ€ûùdÿA? RK§ú•ù$N%7þPù4$ý6ûˆü. 4ù6û$

ù$dY" A~ùg()$1"f

= G B D FONPB

CC N J I CSE AJ

Qb€ûL ¢ùùûvþ-.û)34*¢ùZ" CSE AJAù•þ€ûL%•þ$4ûŽþC 4ûvù•þŽ" 4ûL*mù•þW.K)>W"

C K B C ù$ F C :QTM _ >8*—þ_Fù+ 4)Kg4ù^û'" 4ù

hal-00426015, version 1 - 23 Oct 2009

(8)

”ùú•ûaühý—þ€ûùdÿ4Jk4þwûù$1<mÿ•û C ùZ%]ûvþu 4ûa(Žû)1?%" —ûL-*~ù•þ-.K)^û="

" ¢ùZMªû?>Q ú•ûvþW%]Yùþ€ûvù `*$(û)( ¢ù( `()1^`*4þ€ù"u:

Aû&*Lû)$'" 1M€û('> ' 4þ€ûŽûpþwû)^ù•þ€ÿ4:

Q&û ¢ù F ù$ @$1,15 ¢ùúû'"ýQû ()þ$1¢ù€û)ù þS" ¢ùªùZK

ý6û(ù*1€û " 4û ù(ýmùBFù€þ…%þ€û)$1*(vû$ !W" $mù4ùb%7þ- ýA ù0û4ûvþ€ù

( ¢ù•û%M(þ-$4ùûN ¢ùRP1 —û)(vû€ù•þ ùYþ{ùuKu 4û ù()ýmù ýQû)

LþwûùkSY(ûþ-(8d•û)4ûŽþùc:

;*1g-Y" ¢ùZ B C

F4K K0C

J”ýQû) ¢ùú•û)_" —ûP€ù^û?ªùÁù>" 4û.úûŽþ-"(ùŽ W"

C F4K K0C J G B C F4K K0C J&, 4û5*4þS%\ù(vû5%ªù%ý4þ€ûvù•ÿ4'ªùjú•û6C]> ( ,_ 4û5(ùwû5

¢ù ªùûŽþ)Kg€ûvû9—û=?€û("UJKQ4ûP^`$2 4û9()Ž%L A2%ú•ûvþ-(vùe-Qû

V 4û2-*4þ-%\ù(Žû5C7 4û_(A"*4þ %k" —û2*—þ-%\ù(ŽûJIýA$4ûvþ-úN%kþ û3*4ù" CSE AJO 4û

()þ$1¢ù€û)<%`" 4û gA"> 4ûvþwû $ G

=1:TM —û 4þ1wû)( " —û þ-[)4ù4~ù4û

%" M()*4þŸúûN ¢ù @”ù•þ-€û)-~ùWû)34*¢ù

H F G

IUCC N J K

ù * " 4û

(þ-$4ùû X-*( Y ¢ù

G

K 4û $4û=ûvþ-¢ù

G

ý6û/{ù•ÿdû) > 4û)

F

g-úûù$

G N

>

F

4û)¨ùZ"ú•ûKªù>"

ý6û(ù*1€û

F G

C C N Jrù$

C :

. 4ûŽþ9¢ù(Žû'$(û)-1)KX4þ€ù((vùW/HRKe 4û%þ€ûvù1­ù•ý júû'-

#•þ€ÿ4)K¢ùZMmûvù-M#û4ûvþ€ùQ4û):TM 4û2^¢þ--Rù$ YS ý¨ú*1 W"*¢ùV

wûX%1%7þ-Fù8%Gù&- ({ÿ?ªùúû $ù&()Y4þwû)-mýûa¨ù#C7" 1Ž ({ÿ8”ùú•û ()*1$

ý6û>û4ûvþ€ùû$^ýA91* NY*-ú•û)pù?¢ù•þ€ù•ýg( ^û={ù1 4ûŽû"L(ù8¨ùKmûvù$

"8" —û&%7þ-FùZ"R%0ùN- ({ÿRªùúûb4ûù•þO 4ûM%7(* JKA* -N4ûLû1-IýQû%7þwû

" 4ûN(vþ-(ùu"(û C G

=1: Yû.ûû)1+%X 4ûpù•þ*1^û4b—þ€û)wû)Aû$ >

" ¢ùZ " 4ûb^¢û)$ B C F4K K

K0C JK-*1%Ž" 4û24þ€û*—þ€ûaü‚mû ªûvþ-*Qû)34*¢ù1”ý6ûü

()(û)e1*~ùdþùX4û Ae 4ûRû(ûþ-(vù-¢ù(ŽûLù$ùPù_$4û^`1û "(ûK

{ù•ÿdû)ÁùM[vûŽþ:k(ùY" ^¢û)$Mú•û)Wý4%ùþ->%< 4û‹û)34*¢ùQf

= G B D FONPB

CC N N J I CSEHJ

. û3*4ù" ù$

ù•þwûb(þ-$4ùûO^ù?S-û%Qý134*4ûRùZO$4û)Qû)$1

4ûNW"~ùu()1$:%. 4ûP1 4-(ù ¢ù(vû >W" '" 4ûpþ€û)*~ù•þ-[vù"%ýA

$g*-d" 4ûP1*~ùdþ.'b-* þ-€û)$ýAÁùû)€û.û=¢ù1$V Y" 4û="(ù

> %ù [vûb(Žþ€ûù1ù

C

:TM 1 *$8ýQû2" 4ûb(ùwûù " 4û_€û= %k%7þ-FùZ"

%ùRû)4ûŽþ(8 ({ÿ”ùú•ûNWùR()Y4þ€û-mýû8¨ù):#*1M" —ûvþ€û? •þ€û_" 4ù " ¢ù

" 4û‹ùdýgjúû‹ù¢ù-): _4û8(ù¹ù-R-*$1 4û_(ù€û_> 4ûŽþ€û8" 4û2()|û Y()û)A>% B ¢ù

&$6ûvþwû)A2%kþ- " 4ûP4û2Yû)34*¢ùCSE˜HJ=:-@#-$4ûŽþb> ¢ùb ¢ù16û_%<"

()|û Y()û)AO>CC N D JŽSûù$9%<C C N N

J=: U•þùApú•ù*4û % C " 4û”û34*¢ù"

%7þ B K¢ù(û)W;=

G B D F N B CCN D JX ¢ùL 4þ€ûŽû&-*")KŒùaûùSL5(vûŽþ-{ù

hal-00426015, version 1 - 23 Oct 2009

(9)

$^ù1N% " 4û6C

J84ù(vûKe$^ù8" ¢ùP()~ù€û9"ù*—þ-%\ù(ŽûV*$—ûvþP 4û

ÁùZIû)<()1-þ-*(QK0ùV-*4þ-%\ù(vûR^ù•ÿ4Y" 4û ({ÿü‚ªùjú•û:‚2^ûvùb ¢ùb" 4ûŽþ€û

pù- ({ÿü\”ùúû -* þ-€û)$ýA ù-*4þ-%\ù(vûFýQû%7•þ€û^ù$ùZ%]ûvþ C G

=1:ŽTM 4û^û)$•ûV%

" 4ûP ({ÿü‚ªùúû9*—þ-%\ù(ŽûR>> 4ûvþwûìù$> 4û)6 4û («û (mû42%

B

2[vûŽþKU" 4ù2

ù+" —û 4Qûvþwýgmù C G N : C G

=+" 1R A6ûŽþ€ý ~ù6$—û)û4ûvþ€ùûYA"

_.#d-€þù A.ù-Y1"€û)K

G

: _ ù ~ù•þ-ûvþ8-(ùûR" 4ûŽþ€û(ù•þ€û5—ûY•þ_.#

({ÿV-*4þ-%\ù(vû) ¢ùM^ùFû 4ûvþ ^ûŽþû2ù û2 A •þ”ý4þ€ûvù•ÿYV. 5mû(vû)K

$4û)Qû)1$N9> ¢ùa-$4û>% " —ûM 4Qûvþwýgmù•û>û)e 4û> ({ÿU:ATM 4ûb(vù1 AQûvþ€ý mù•û

ù•þ€û8 4û‹û)$ûb%< 4û? ({ÿ *4þS%\ù(vûK`" 4û -*YÁù(vþM" 4û?- ({ÿ€û)$15"5[vûŽþ

ù>4û8Yjúû)ùR" —ûN- ({ÿ*4þS%\ù(vû?"ªù•þ$'" 1rû)$1û:

¢ùdþ$'"þ€ûvù$4ù6ûŽþ

ýA þ-$¹û=Rù\:ŽCFEGG=J $4ûù > Wùþwû)mùû$'(K1 4ûý%7*—þ(ùZ"M%»ù9 ({ÿ

*4þS%\ù(vû:

(+*-, /»ò1,#(2A÷\ð3 ÷âð(88kóJ& &:(—ñ9,|ò

TM 4û?ù¢ùV4þwû)€ûAû)$ýQû%7þwû6$|û)%ù1 $mþwû)( "/" 4û6(vù€û %?¯þwûù

”ùZûvþL”ùú•û))K—ý6û(ù*wû2" —û^ù•þ€ûb $4û)-(vþ-mýQû)$^ù" —û)^ù"(ùpý4Y" —ûû3*4ù"

%7þ”ù `*$^ú$%kû¢ù(.Kþ 4þ€û*—þ€ûaü‚mû): bªûaúûŽþ&W#(vù%ýQû2 1˜>QK¢ù#$14û

ý6û?Ke ¢ùK< ù6Iû)ˆü.$4û=^`4û$!Y)Ku" R" 4ûþ-@ìþ€ûmûaú•ù4 %7þR" 4û%ý—þ€ûùdÿ

%#ªùúûR, ¢ù ”ù€ûvþ:<TM ?N$4û(ýA?û)-^ù" " 4û5.(vùa34*¢ùA"W"mû

$4û)-(vþ-mýY 4û8”ùú•ûaühý—þ€ûùdÿVÁùRªù1mþ€û$¹ý4 4ûN4þ€û*—þ€ûaü‚mû2(vù€ûKQù$

ýA5 >1N ¢ùKA(ù‹þwû%kûŽþ€û)1(vûb%kþ€ù(ûMjú‹ùZL 4û>Qûvû$V%Q—ûù•þeªùúû)K4û

þ€û()júûŽþb 4û‹û)34*¢ù1&%< 4û?4þ€û*—þ€ûaü‚mû `*$'4ûvù•þM" 4û?-*1~ù•þ-.:

TM 4û?$1¢ùY( %1R”ùúûb¹ùR~ùûŽþM%¨ú-()$ *$'%$4û1" 'R*( d^ùmûvþ

" ¢ù " —û,.(ù‹þùû,%$údù•þ-~ù % " 4û?údù•þ*'34*¢ùA"W"mû'¨úÀúû$ C‹wûvû

€û("RI&%7þùb$-()*-R% 4û#þ-$4ûvþ<%`^ùW"*$—û)¨úÀúû$UJ(vùýQû#$4û(vþ-mýQû)$

ýAV" —û2%7>N€û=>%’û)34*¢ù1#%7þ 4ûý¢ù-(b3*4ùA"mû ()þwþ€û $R"

`*$,$—û)1 ŽC F4K K0C

J"ù$ " " 4û9. @”ùdþ-ûmù/(Yg—û)A"?%a" —ûY 1þ[)A{ù

`*$(ú•û)()W.K B C F4K K0C JPù$ "gC F4K K C J=f 4ûb($W"5%u^ùa(€ûŽþwúdù(þ€ûvù$

A

AC

D A C B UJ AF

D A C"UJ A G = K

CSE9<AJ

" 4û?($W" %eY(û)A"*1 ()€ûŽþwúdù"d " 4û F ü‚$mþwû)(%þwûù$1

A%B

AC D B A%B

AF D "

A%B

A D

A

AF G = K CSEGAJ

ù$d " —û ¨ü.$1mþ€û(

A "

AC)D B A "

AF D " A "

A D A A G

=I C =AJ

hal-00426015, version 1 - 23 Oct 2009

(10)

%Rû)34*¢ù1ìù$Y |ü‚þ-ú~ùL-Ymû5ªùjú•û'*1" > 4û4ûŽú•ûvþ56%7*1("

$4û)Qû)1$O VC7%7þ<S{ù1(vûJ:Q&«ü‚€þÀúmùA*11()*1$ýg" ìù2$—û)Qû)$4û(vû

F K Yù$

C

$_€ûŽû)D"8û1-):QRûŽúûŽþ- 4û)û)?W22 -mýûN%ù¢ùW[vûP 4û

(()*4þwþ€û(vûN%<1*~ùdþmûªýA'ÀúR Mwûb¹ù5()¨úûmûA2Y:

Aû*1$W^¢þ--%7þV-*11$4û6û$ F 1:ø ûù-*(û+ ¢ù G

L D

<C F4K0C J&> 4ûŽþ€û L b" 4ûR(S{ùACâù$ gú•ûJ&$—û)1 uKuR*( mù•þûŽþb ¢ù

" 4ûN^ùQQûvþ-*4þ€ý4ù"

ŽC F4K0C

J=:`TM Rù˜>MY—û)û)(&€ûvþ->%eþ$4ûŽþ

C F4K0C

J B

> Wþwû)-6û(&" L B C F4K0C J=:1TM 4ûP—û wûb%»û)34*¢ùrþwûù$1)f

A

AC D B A

AF D L A%B

AF G = K C E˜J

ù$uf

A%B

AC D B A%B

AF D A

AF G

=I C J

Qb(ŽûN ¢ùKGù" 1*

+ ¢ùý6ûŽû)64ûmû(€û)$>W" Yþ€û)-6û(b" L

'%kþAb% K

B

4ùFýQûvû ÿ•û1KIý6û(ù*wû6^ù@4þ-þ-MV^ùûvþR" 4ùçùA!" —ûvþ€ûvþ-

LþWû8û=("WRFû)34*¢ùZ" C EJbC7Y¢ù•þ-(*~ù•þKŒù# 4û2-*~ù•þ-.Kªûû=6û(

" 4û

F

$4ûvþ-údù"Àúû_Y51^`W.1J=:

Tùdÿ•û_ L

ù *W %7þ

uKAþ$*(Žû6-*( " ¢ùZ

G L

C7 4û2-*4ý(Žþ1

>"^þ€û)(vùŽ" 4ùb Lúû()W.dªùb$4ûvþ-úû$6^¢þS"ýA ªûvþ-*]JK1{ùdÿ•û ù2*W

%7þ B ù$6( €ûR4û= *W"b%7•þ C ù$ F *1( 6" ¢ù&" —û)mþþùY&4û?> 4û)6 4û)þ

þù9d1 4-(ùk*> XK" —û.û34*¢ù"M%7þ

Wù$ B ýQû)()^ûf

A

ACED B A

AF D A%B

AF G = K C AJ

ù$uf

A%B

AC

D B A%B

AF

D A A%F

G

=I C ZI4J

TM wû$û)34*¢ùZ"ýQû)(^ûN$—û)A"(ùkW% B G

k:UTM b(þ€þwû)-g1$2"Y" 4ûN:ü.(ùmû$

ûªùúû:

B G

G

Ke" —û.#?û)34*¢ùZ"dC J$ù$ C ZI4JpýQû)()^ûV 4û

mû84ûf

A

AC D A

A%F D A AF G

=JI C J

hal-00426015, version 1 - 23 Oct 2009

(11)

ýA " —û6( ¢ù•û6%?*4ÿ4>B%7*(=" %kþ

"BC

D

EJ=: ‚ > ¢ùV 4û

*mù•þW./R" 4û €ù(û¹ùR" 4û 4û%7*$ ýQû%7þwûKX%2(*4þwû'ù 4û= þ€û*W

ùùcK¢ý6û(ù*wûR%O 4û -mýW. %O-ú1" —ûP%7*wû9CSE<AJKXCFEGAJLù$ C =AJrýA

&û)^ù M(û" 1$ > " G

=ù$d5$4û6û$4û)1(vû :

AûM*M1˜ ÿ(ù#" 4û_$1(û)-û)-ªû)34*¢ùZ"#%7þ# 4û_4ûù•þaªùjú•û?4þ4ù:ü

¨ù 4ù˜ ªù€ûvþM RK1*-P" 4û8€ù^û2(ù1:TM —û8Fù- ()€ûŽþwúdù"

mû)$)f

A

AC D A%B

AF D A "

A D B A

A%F D " A

A G = K C AJ

TM 4ûN()$1" %eY(û)A"*()1€ûvþŸúdù"Áù

F

ù$ Fþwûù$uf

A%B

AC D B A%B

AF D "

A%B

A D A

AF G = K C HJ

ù$

A "

AC D B A "

AF D " A "

A D A

A G

=I C <AJ

Aû_*1"ù-*(û ^¢þ--2 ¢ù&" 4ûP(vùVmù>&%7þ gK F K C

ù$

B

ù•þwûP 4û €ù^ûpùb

" 4û>û4ûvþ-(M-*1~ù•þ-.N% " 4û #*4þ-ûvþ-û)34*¢ùuK" ¢ùa C K F C

ù$ B "C :QTM 4û û3*4ù"!C J=K C 2$Y¢ùA2()Y¢ù•þwû)$

"

C L

:`TM 4ûvþwû%7þwû$ùZ>mûù$9•þ$4ûŽþRû34*¢ù"/C Jªý6û()(û)f

A

A%C D A%B

AF D B A

AF D " A

A G

=I

;Ymù•þW " " 4û ED(ùwûKOIû(vù! 4û) ÿ/%7•þù,-YmûVªùúû*1"uKXc:¯û:

G B

:QT»ù•ÿ4

G B D

Eù_4û *4ÿ4> %7*(="uKg4û ^`$1_" ¢ù5C AJù$

C HJªþ€û)$1*(vû?"(ù9mûû34*¢ù" %7þ

A

AC D A

AF D " A A G

=JI

Aû&*> Lþ-û‹û3*4ù"/C <AJ >W" " 1M4û= %7*(="

f

A "

A%C)D A "

AF D " A "

A N A "

A%FD A

A G

=I

TM 4û>^¢þS 4þ€ûŽû&€ûvþYa()þwþ€û $V? 4û #*—þûŽþ†û)34*¢ùuK> —ûvþ€ûvù 4û>~ùS

.#>ûŽþYŽ()þwþ€û)-g$NM" 4ûúûŽþ-(ùúþS"(.: AûŽ*Žÿùk" 4ûmþk(Aþý*1uK

hal-00426015, version 1 - 23 Oct 2009

(12)

$1*(vû¹ù4û)ûvù•ýû(þ€þwû)( "!%P•þ$4ûŽþ

C

:#TM ^ûvùV ¢ù S{ù•þS"

%kþ ù þ€þ-{ù4ù ()1$ C\ù,-" 0ªùúû+—þ¢ù¨ù" " —û F

$mþwû)(="'>W" d $4û)Qû)1$4û)(ŽûJKgú•þ-"()W. û)—ûvþùZ"dM"(ý6û‹û=Qû)(=û)$ù

" 4û ^4þ-Xþ$4ûŽþPþ€ûmûaú•ù4e"8*4þ<" 4ûþ-:QbûM IûŽúûŽþO" ¢ùe" X$|û)XO4þ€û()*$4û

úþS"(). û)—ûvþùZ"ùa 4ûvþOþ-$4ûvþùZO" 4ûrû$û>% " 4ûrý4þwûù•ÿ4?[)4ûKŒùO 1˜>

%7þ -ù(Žû8ýA$>»ûŽþ€ûþ4û CSEGGGAJ.ù 4û8û)$1û %Lý þ€û):eTM 1$ú•ûvþ-@AûŽþ€û-"

34*4û)S"!$ýQû$ " 4û-()Qû %>" —û4þ€û€û4Y¢ù6ûŽþ)KPý*R>IýQûV" —û%7(*R%

%7*1"*—þ€û8" 4ûþ€û="(ùAù$Yû6ûŽþ(û)Aùk-*$mû):

Qûmû("P 4ûLúþS"(.K4 4û2S-û$ýQû2úû$a" —ûb€ù^ûùa" 4ûb4û2-ú•û)$

%7þa" 4û&4þ€û-*4þ€û_û)- `*1$u:4TM 4þ-júû)#*4þLgAKA¢ù(û)W9" ¢ùZªùZ#ûù$Nþ$4ûŽþ

" 4ûV1*~ùdþ *1/P%7•þ B C IJCâù$6%7•þ

UJ?" —û ù(û8ùP%7þ " —û4þ€û-*4þ€û

mû>(ùwûK *'"5" 4û.ù$$1"'%" 4ûN()1-{ù4bQûvû$+4û(vûùdþ-'"YûRþ-$d%< 4û

.ùûùd( ¢ù1û9%O%kþù^ûP%†þ€û%kûŽþ€û(vûKu" 4û *$ú•û)()W. "YýQû) -*S?4þ þfü

"¢ùQ :.d¢ù•þS"(*~ùdþ)K1 4û8>$4ûY%" 4û?ªùjú•ûaü£ý4þ€ûvù•ÿ4$^ù'

$mþwû)(="d-(ùû)>ÿ•û2 4û?34*¢ù•þwûpþ->%<(û:

TM 4û>(ù()*mù"ùdýgjúûM-*û-a ¢ùO PýQû) 4ùjú*4þO *1úûŽþ€ù Z%7þO«ü‚4ûù•þ

«ü‚$-6ûŽþ-úûb”ùúû): 2" 4ûŽþ”ÿ4$ %ªùúûùdþ€ûÿ4> "ìý4þwûù•ÿUKmÿ•û&" 4û8(vûvù

”ùú•û)5$4ûŽû)0ªùûŽþ'C7>W" uK4þù("(ùKk1^`1û$4û)" UJP•þP" —ûþùú. ªùúû)

4û¹ù"Y- 4ûvþwû:_|û) 4û)þ94þwûù$1 " 4û @$1mþ€û(@%7 " —û ù(û

34*¢ù•þwû8þN~ùVTM 4û8ù-IûvþN"d" P34*4û-"$4û6û$R@¢ùdþ-"()*mù•þ?@ 1˜

4þ€û()€û?(ùWýQûNwû>" —ûN-ùA&%<(û_%" 4û‹ý4þwûù•ÿ454þ(vû):

(+*-,.0/»ò1,#(2A÷\ð43 ÷âð+ñ , î#" ö( ,M5ð’óQð 8\÷âð4,#(4ò:÷kñP* ^ô÷ 6,|ò ÷kóQð

TM &€û(dM"Yÿþwû?()€û)W¹ù>" —ûNªùúûaü£ý4þ€ûvù•ÿ4,ER: •þ€ûNQû)()W%~ü

(vùW ªû5^ù•ÿ•ûR 4ûR()4û)(="?ý6û=.ªûŽû)/ 4û9*16%L 4ûìû)34*¢ùZ"5CSE9<:ü =J

ù$6 4û ¯þwûù ªùúûühý4þwûù•ÿ41:uTM 4û94ûŽû)$ " $1" "ù•þ-€û_%kþ 4û9ûP•ý«ü

€ûŽþwúdù" " ¢ùZN 4û51dü‚ªùúûû)34*¢ù1pùdþ€û5()ûù•þ-6¨ú•ù$ù8" 4û5"^û %

ý4þ€ûvù•ÿü.* ù$uKL4þ€û*^ù•ýW!(ûd(û¹ý6û=%7þ€ûYý6û(ù*wû+" —û+Qû

" 4û$ˆü

úûŽþû)K6ù * 4û.û)34*¢ùRù•þwû?$4ûvþ-úû$+*1$4ûvþM" —û$ù-*Y1'%ùY-*4þ-%\ù(vû

> Yù9-FùQ-Qû:TM 1>W"*¢ù ”þùZ" 4ûŽþ&(Y Fù44þý1mû)Y#> 4ûŽþ€û

" 4ûV€û=9%M-*~ù•þ-. R-*Sù>W"4û ¢ùR-(û> 4ûŽþ€û%ù1$0(û(û^ù«ü

" —ûvþIù4þ-FùdC7þIù 4ûvþa(û" 1$UJX ¢ùL$ýQûb*wû)$Y" -ú•û& 4û&4þý1mû)

ùN ¢ù$QK»ù ù14þ^ù" $0ûŽþ€û)AN%kþ " 4ûY4û5" ¢ùZPûù$1?d 4ûY1*~ùdþ

ý6û ¢ùú*4þ:

‚2ÿ4>6 ¢ùb$-6ûŽþÁû 0û(2()()*—þ€þ8ùZb 4û 4û_þ-$4ûvþ&d" 4ûP ¢ù

”ùZûvþù4þ-1FùZ",C7" —û ^ùu¢ù•þ€ù^û=ûŽþýQû)Y 4û `*$$4û)" uKU" 4ûNmûvù$

þ$—ûvþý6û?" —ûû3*4ù"a%Q 4û&4þ€ûaú*a€û(UJXmû$9" 4û8þ-€ûIû)dü‚$4û þmû

C 8$ 8JIû)34*¢ùVV 4û8()YjúN%kþù(û:TM 4û8$ û3*4ù" ¢ù 1R^`€ûb(û

hal-00426015, version 1 - 23 Oct 2009

Références

Documents relatifs

To test whether the vesicular pool of Atat1 promotes the acetyl- ation of -tubulin in MTs, we isolated subcellular fractions from newborn mouse cortices and then assessed

Néanmoins, la dualité des acides (Lewis et Bronsted) est un système dispendieux, dont le recyclage est une opération complexe et par conséquent difficilement applicable à

Cette mutation familiale du gène MME est une substitution d’une base guanine par une base adenine sur le chromosome 3q25.2, ce qui induit un remplacement d’un acide aminé cystéine

En ouvrant cette page avec Netscape composer, vous verrez que le cadre prévu pour accueillir le panoramique a une taille déterminée, choisie par les concepteurs des hyperpaysages

Chaque séance durera deux heures, mais dans la seconde, seule la première heure sera consacrée à l'expérimentation décrite ici ; durant la seconde, les élèves travailleront sur

A time-varying respiratory elastance model is developed with a negative elastic component (E demand ), to describe the driving pressure generated during a patient initiated

The aim of this study was to assess, in three experimental fields representative of the various topoclimatological zones of Luxembourg, the impact of timing of fungicide

Attention to a relation ontology [...] refocuses security discourses to better reflect and appreciate three forms of interconnection that are not sufficiently attended to